shǐ qián 'ōu zhōu Prehistoric Europe    dài zhì German Early History   zhōng shì de zhì Medieval Germany    zhì mín guó jiā de jiàn Building of Germany    zhì tǒng Unification of Germany    zhì guó shí German Reich   èr zhàn hòu guó Post-war Germany since 1945    zhì lián bāng gòng guó Federal Republic of Germany   


   zhì tǒng shēng 1871 nián 1 yuè 18 shì shǒuxiàng 'ào tuō · féng · mài chéng gōng tǒng liǎo duō zhì bāng guójiàn liǎo zhì guóyóu zhè shí jiān kāi shǐsuǒ yòu zhì bāng guó dōunéng bèi tǒng chēng wéi guó duì zhè wèitiě xuè zǎixiàngshì fǒu yōng yòu tǒng zhì de hóng jìhuàhái shì zhǐ shì chún cuì kuò zhāng shì de lǐng cháng jiǔ lái yòu hěn duō zhēng lùn
  
   mài quán de xīng
  
   lún zhōng xiàng chéng jiù shì jiāng yōng yòu chāo guò 1,000 bāng guó de shén shèng luó guó gǎi chéng 39 gèng jiǎn huà de bāng guózhè xiē bāng guó chéng liǎo zhì bāng lián hòu lái 1871 nián jiàn de zhì guó de chǔ
  
   shì shǒuxiàng 'ào tuō · féng · mài néng gòu jiāng zhè 39 bāng guó tǒng chéng guó jiā yòu shù guān jiàn yuán yīnduō nián qián fàn 'ěr màn zhù de xīng jīng kāi shǐ liǎo zhì de tǒng yùn dòngzuì chū yóu zhù xiāng guān。 1848 nián mìng héng 'ōu zhōu miàn lín jīng xiāo tiáo de duàn shí jiān héng zhōng zhǐ liǎo zhì bāng lián cháng shì tǒng de jìhuàzhè gèng qīng chǔ xiǎn shì liǎo 'ào guó bìng shì chéng wéi tuī dòng tǒng zhì de dài biǎo
  
  1860 nián dài zǎo shì guó wáng huì de chōng yǐn liǎo xiàn wēi shì guó wáng wēi lián shì 1862 nián rèn mìng mài wéi shǒuxiàng mài wàng néng gòu jiě jué zhè xiàn wēi bìng bài wài lái shì lìng shì chéng wéi zhì nèi de lǐng dǎo shì zuì zhōng chéng wéi bǎo shǒu shì lǐng dǎo de zhì guó jiā
   jiàn tǒng guó jiā
  
   jiàn zhè tǒng guó jiā de fàn 'ěr màn zhù xùn bǎi tuō 1848 nián mìng shí de yóu mín zhù zhēng xiàng mài chūquán zhù dexiàn shí zhèng zhì”。 mài néng gòu tǒng zhì zhù yào kào sān jūn shì shèng dān zhàn zhēng( 1864 nián)、 'ào zhàn zhēng( 1866 nián zhàn zhēng( 1870-71 nián)。 suī rán zhè zhì de rén xiàng guó rén xuān zhàndàn réng lìng men jué yào chéng qiáng tǒng de guó jiā
   dān zhàn zhēng
  
  1863 nián 11 yuè 18 dān mài guó wáng 'ān jiǔ shì qiān shǔ 11 yuè xiàn xuān shí liè wēi shì dān mài de fēnduì zhì bāng lián lái shuō shì wéi fǎn liǎo lún dūn dìng shū de dìngfèi chú 11 yuè xiàn de wài jiāo cháng shì shī bài zhī hòu, 1864 nián 2 yuè 1 jūn yuè guò shí liè wēi biān jièzhàn zhēng bào dān zhàn zhēng jiēguǒ shì shì 'ào jūn duì de shèng liǎng guó zài zhī hòu qiān dìng de píng tiáo yuē duó shí liè wēi hǎo dūn de kòng zhì quán。( dìng guó shí liè wēiào guó hǎo dūn
   'ào zhàn zhēng
  
  1866 nián pèi mài zhì zào liǎo 'ào shì xuān zhànbào 'ào zhàn zhēng de qíng kuàng léi zhàn de jué dìng xìng zhàn lìng dào shì néng gòu bìng xiē lǐng mài pái chú shì cháng jiǔ lái de jìng zhēng duì shǒu 'ào méng yǒubìng qiě zài zhàn zhēng zhōng zhī chí shì de zhì bāng guó chéng běi zhì bāng lián zhàn zhōng jié liǎo 'ào duì zhì bāng guó de kòng zhì
  
   xīn jiàn de bāng lián shì hòu zhì guó de chǔměi yīn nán de zhì bāng guó réng jiù dàn shì chéng jūn shì tóng méng。 1867 niánào huáng de quán yīn zhàn 'ér xuē ruòbèi xiàng xiōng de guì tuǒ xiéshòu tóng děng wèijiàn 'èr yuán jūn zhù guó 'ào xiōng guóào shì cóng zài néng shè zhì
  
   mài jīng jūn shì shèng xiāo chú liǎo 'ào duì tǒng de hǎo de shì jiǎn ruò 'ào de shì dàn shì huài de què lìng dào zhì gèng jiā fēn lièzài zhàn zhēng zhōng zhī chí shì de bāng guó zhī chí 'ào de bāng guó xiāng duì nán róng yóu zhè lìng dào zhì de mín zhù yòu suǒ xuē ruò yào yòu yīcháng zhàn zhēng chóngxīn tuán jié zhì bāngchú zhī wài mài yào zhì tǒng yào qīng chú guó lún sān shì zài zhì de shì zài zhàn zhēng zhōng jiù shí xiàn liǎo zhè liǎng biāo
   zhàn zhēng
  
  1870 nián guó fǎn duì mài zhī chí de huò hēng suǒ lún wáng cháo qīn wáng jiē shòu bān de wáng wèiér zài zhī qián lún sān shì jīng jué liǎo lìng wài sān 'ōu zhōu wáng shì de hòu xuǎn rénzhè xiē xíng dòng dāng rán jué duì néng gōng kāidàn zhì zhǐ mài de jìhuàruò huò hēng suǒ lún wáng cháo chéng yuán chéng wéi bān guó wáng guó jiē rǎng de liǎng guó jiādōu huì shì zhì de shì lìng dào guó bèi shòu dāng zhè jiàn shì bàoguāng de shí hòu guó bèi xiū guó de wài jiāo chén méng gōng jué 'ā nuò 'ěr xiě liǎo fèn zhǎn dīng jié tiě de shēng míngshuō ruò yòu shì de qīn wáng shì chéng wéi bān guó wáng de huà guó zhèng jiāng huì zhī chísuī rán shì tuì chū jìng zhú wáng wèidàn shì mài réng jiāng jīng xiū shìshān jiǎn wèi de 'āi diàn bào kān dēng zài bào zhāng shàng guó dòng zhàn zhēng lún sān shì wàng xiàng lún yàng néng gòu fēn liè zhì bāng liándàn shì guó wèi yòu zài 'ào zhī chí xià jiù běi zhì bāng lián nán zhì zhū bāng zuò zhàn。 1866 nián shì 'ào qiān dìng de tiáo yuē huī zuò yòngào méi yòu gān suǒ yòu zhì bāng guó jūn shì shàng tǒng duì kàng guó qīn zhàn hòu, 1870 nián 7 yuè 1 shēng de dāng huì zhàn jūn bài liǎo jūn zhù bìng qiě liǎo guó huáng lún sān shì
  
   shì xīn chéng de lán sān gòng guó réng rán zuò zhànzài zhī wéi zhī zhōnghuò nán zhì zhū bāng zhī chí de běi zhì bāng lián zhì guó。 1871 nián 1 yuè 18 wēi lián shì fán 'ěr sài gōng jìng tīng chéng wéi zhì huáng ”, ér xuǎn jìng tīng de yuán yīn shì zhè yòu zhòng duō bèi guó bìng de zhì de huàqiān dìng píng tiáo yuē shí guó ràng zài sān shí nián zhàn zhēng shí shí tūn bìng de chuán tǒng shàng shǔ zhì de 'ā 'ěr de luò lín
  
   zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng diàn dìng liǎo mài shì chéng wéi zhì tǒng hòu de lǐng dǎo zhě。 1871 nián fán 'ěr sài tiáo yuē shāo hòu de lán tiáo yuē zhōng dào què rènzhōng zhì nán de bāng guó zhèng shì bèi bìng tǒng de zhì guó jiābìng zhōng jié liǎo zhè chǎng zhàn zhēng mài zuò wéi xīn chéng guó de wèi shǒuxiàng lǐng dǎo liǎo zhì yóu lián bāng guò dào tǒng de mín guó jiā
   xīn de guó
  
   zhì guó bāo hán 25 bāng guódāng zhōng sān shì yóu hàn chéng shìzhè shìxiǎo zhìfāng 'àn de shí xiànpái chú liǎo bāo kuò 'ào zài nèi de zhìfāng 'àn
  
   mài běn rén 1866 nián zhì dìng liǎo běi zhì bāng lián xiàn , 1871 nián jīng shǎo xiū gǎi hòu chéng wèile zhì guó xiàn guó yōng yòu liǎo mín zhù de bié shì guó huìduì shì huì guó huì de yuán dōushì zhí jiē zài tóng děng nán xìng xuǎn quán xià chǎn shēng de shì 'àn réng yào lián bāng huì zhōng lái bāng de dài biǎo shěn tōng guòér lián bāng huì zhōng shì yòu zhòng de yǐng xiǎng zài xiàn de bèi hòu shì zài zhè liǎng huì réng rán yòu jué duì de yǐng xiǎngkào de shì gěi huáng de zhí zhèng quán huáng zhǐ pài de lián bāng zǒng héng 'ào tuō · féng · mài mài zhǐ duì huáng zài huáng de shòu quán xià wèitā zǒng zhèng shì shàng shì rén nèi chǔlǐ suǒ yòu guó shì ; shí shàngguó qīng zhǐ shì fēi guān fāng de wén jiàn chénchú liǎo 1872 1873 nián 1892– 1894 nián shí jiān guó de zǒng tóng shí shì shì de shǒuxiàng guó huì yōng yòu tōng guòxiū dìng huò fǒu jué 'àn de néng dàn néng zhì dìng zhì dìng shì zǒng de zhí zhè xiàn de wèn shì zhè shì shè ràng mǒu zhǒng rén zhǎng shǒuxiàng guó wáng de zhí xiàn wèi yòu kǎo dào qiáng shì guó wáng kuǐ léi shǒuxiàng de qíng kuàng
  
   de bāng guó dōukě wéi chí běn shēn de zhèng dàn shì jiào xiǎo bāng guó de jūn duì gǎi yóu shì kòng zhìér jiào bāng guó sēn wáng guó děng de jūn duì gēn cóng shì biān zhìzài zhàn zhēng shí huì jiāo yóu guó zhèng zhǐ huīsuī rán guó nèi quán zhù shòu dào zhòng shìdàn shì zhèng réng rán zhǔn zhèng dǎng de zhǎn
  
   jiē zhǒng 'ér lái dewén huà dǒu zhēng”( 1872-1878 niánbìng shì xiàng wén huà zhàn zhēng yàng de zhèng zhì dǒu zhēngér gèng xiàng shì yán jiào shàng de dǒu zhēngzuò wéi zǒng de mài cháng shì xiàn zhì luó tiān zhù jiào huì zhèng zhì shàng de dài biǎo guó zhōng yāng dǎng duì guó nèi xué xiào de jiào yán yòu guān lǐng shàng de yǐng xiǎngduì guó fēi guó bāo kuò lán rén dān mài rénshào shù mín de guó huà zhèng yóu xué xiào kāi shǐ guó huà)。
   gòu chéng guó de bāng guó
  
   shì shì guó nèi zuì de bāng guózhàn guó de liù chéng miàn zài bèi bìng dào shì qiánzhè xiē bāng guó yòu xiē shì zài shén shèng luó guó jiě hòu dào zhù quányòu xiē shì 1815 nián wéi huì shàng jiàn de zhù guó jiā
   běn xiāng shìde fāng
  
   zhì guó de zhǎn yòu xiē fāng běn de zhǎn xiāng mài jiào de shǒuxiàng luò · bēn suǒ · · jiā 'ěr jué dōushì yòng wài jiāo shǒu duàn xiàng wài zhàn zhēng zhì de biāo zài gōng 'ào qián guó jié méng, 1861 nián zhì liǎo tǒng chú liǎo jiào huáng guó 'ào shǔ wēi ), zhì 'āi méng wáng cháo de tǒng zhì xiàzhī chí dīng wáng guó lǐng dǎo tǒng de jiā 'ěrfǎn duì zhū sài pèi · jiā jiū pèi · zhì děng zhī chí yóu gòng de làng màn shì mín zhù jìn rén shì xún qiú yòng bǎo shǒu de xiàn tǒng
  
   běn jīng liǎo yóu chuān dǎo tái zhí zhì 1918 nián de míng zhì wéi xīn de xiàn dài huà jìn chéng běn 1882 nián wěi rèn chén chū yáng kǎo chá shì jiè tóng zhèng de zhèng zhìér dāng zhōng duì mài de guó zhèng zhì bié yòu shēn de yìn xiàngsuǒ běn 1889 nián bān liǎo běn guó xiàn shè mài de shǒuxiàng zhí wèi lèi de nèi zǒng chén zhí wèi zhǐ duì tiān huáng de nèi
  
   zhè sān zhèng shè huì jié gòu de zhōng diǎn shì dāng zhōng yòu rén néng diàn quán bǎo liú bìng fēn xiǎng liǎo zhèng zhì quán héng zài guó lái shuō jiù shì shì de róng guì héng yóu nóng mín chéng shì de gōng rén wèi yòu lián lái gǎi zhù de diàn quán


  The formal unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France. Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim Wilhelm of Prussia as Emperor Wilhelm of the German Empire after the French capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War. Unofficially, the transition of the German-speaking states into a federated organization of states occurred over nearly a century of experimentation. Unification exposed several glaring religious, linguistic, and cultural differences between and among the inhabitants of the new nation, suggesting that 1871 represents one moment in a continuum of unification processes.
  
  The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation had been informally dissolved in 1806 with the abdication of Emperor Francis II during the Napoleonic Wars. Despite the legal, administrative, and political disruption caused by the dissolution of the Empire, the people of the German-speaking areas of the old Empire had a common linguistic, cultural and legal tradition further enhanced by their shared experience in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. European liberalism offered an intellectual basis for unification by challenging dynastic and absolutist models of social and political organization; its German manifestation emphasized the importance of tradition, education, and linguistic unity of peoples in a geographic region. Economically, the creation of the Prussian Zollverein (customs union) in 1818, and its subsequent expansion to include other states of the German Confederation, reduced competition between and within states. Emerging modes of transportation facilitated business and recreational travel, leading to contact and sometimes conflict between and among German-speakers from throughout Central Europe.
  
  The spheres of influence model created by the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15 after the Napoleonic Wars supposedly established Austrian dominance in Central Europe. However, the negotiators at Vienna took no account the Prussia's growing strength within and among the German states, failing to recognize that Prussia would challenge Austria for leadership within the German states. This German dualism presented two solutions to the problem of unification: Kleindeutsche Lösung, the small Germany solution (Germany without Austria), or Großdeutsche Lösung, greater Germany solution (Germany with Austria).
  
  Historians debate whether or not Otto von Bismarck, the Minister President of Prussia, had a master plan to expand the North German Confederation of 1866 to include the remaining independent German states into an empire, or whether he simply sought to expand the power of the Kingdom of Prussia. They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck's Realpolitik led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political, economic, military and diplomatic relationships in the nineteenth century. Reaction to Danish irredentism and French nationalism provided foci for expressions of German unity. Military successes in three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly the War of Liberation of 1813–14. By creating a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism.

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