gōng yuán 919
nián，
sà kè sēn gōng jué hēng lì yī shì dāng xuǎn wéi dōng fǎ lán kè wáng guó de guó wáng，
jiàn lì liǎo sà kè sēn wáng cháo，
zhèng shì chuàng lì dé yì zhì wáng guó。
sà kè sēn wáng cháo de dì yù dà zhì wèi yú jīn hé lán、
dé guó xī bù、
ruì shì hé '
ào dì lì。
yán gé yì yì shàng de dé yì zhì lì shǐ de jiù cǐ kāi shǐ。
bó lán dēng bǎo -
pǔ lǔ shì（
dé yǔ： Brandenburg-Preußen）
shì dé guó lì shǐ shàng de yī gè guó jiā，
zhǐ jìn dài shǐ zhōng cóng 1618
nián zhì 1701
nián cún zài de bó lán dēng bǎo huò hēng suǒ lún jiā zú de guó jiā。
bó lán dēng bǎo yǔ pǔ lǔ shì dōushì huò hēng suǒ lún jiā zú xuè tǒng，
ér zhù xì de bó lán dēng bǎo xuǎn dì hóu jiā zú yǐ zhèng zhì lián yīn fāng shì kòng zhì liǎo pǔ lǔ shì gōng guó，
gèng chèn 1618
nián pǔ lǔ shì gōng guó huò hēng suǒ lún jiā zú jué sì zhī jī，
duó dé liǎo gāi guó de jì rèn quán。
gāi cì lián yīn gèng shǐ bó lán dēng bǎo zài 1614
nián qiān dìng liǎo sāng téng tiáo yuē zhōng，
huò dé liǎo tūn bìng sān gè lāi yīn hé yù de fù shǔ guó（
mǎ kè bó guó、
lāi wēn sī bǎo bó guó yǔ kè lǐ wéi sī gōng guó）
de zhǔn xǔ。
sān shí nián zhàn zhēng jiāng dé yì zhì dì qū huǐ huài dài jìn，
xuǎn dì hóu sān dù biàngēng，
jūn duì zì yì róu lìn，
dào chù shāo shā qiǎng lüè。
jí zhì zhàn zhēng wán jié，
dé yì zhì rén kǒu zhòu jiǎn yī bàn，
bólín děng chéng shì yī piàn tuí yuán bài wǎ，
lì shí hěn jiǔ cái dé yǐ fù xīng。
sān shí nián zhàn zhēng yǐ 1648
nián qiān dìng de xī fā lǐ yà hé yuē zuò jié，
pǔ lǔ shì huò dé liǎo míng dēng hé hè bó sī dá，
hái yòu yuǎn bō měi lā ní yà（ 1653
nián tūn bìng zhī）
yǔ mǎ dé bǎo（ 1680
nián tūn bìng zhī）
de jì chéng quán。
ér zài 1657
nián qiān dìng de bù lún bǎo tiáo yuē zé shǐ pǔ lǔ shì gōng guó tuō lí bō lán de fān shǔ dì wèi，
bìng huò dé liǎo láo '
ēn bǎo hé bǐ yú tuō fū dì qū jí dé lā xián dì qū，
gèng jiāng bō měi lā ní yà de bǎn tú kuò zhǎn dào '
ào dé hé。
bó lán dēng bǎo -
pǔ lǔ shì shì gòng zhù bāng lián，
yě shì pǔ lǔ shì wáng guó de qián shēn。
zài pǔ lǔ shì shēng gé wéi wáng guó zhī hòu，
bó lán dēng bǎo -
pǔ lǔ shì cháng jiǎn chēng wéi pǔ lǔ shì。
The Kingdom of Germany grew out of East Francia in the tenth century.
The eastern partition of the Treaty of Verdun of 843 was never entirely Frankish and consisted also of large populations of Saxons, Bavarii, Thuringii, Alemanni and Frisii. When the crown passed to a non-Frankish dynasty (the Liudolfings), the term regnum Teutonicum or Teutonicorum came into informal use. By the High Middle Ages, the German character of the united stem duchies was generally recognised.
As the other various states of the Carolingian then Holy Roman Empire removed themselves from its orbit, leaving solely Germany, her kings holding the imperial title and struggling for it, the German state became synonymous with the Empire and in the time of the Renaissance, the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" united the two concepts of empire and kingdom. In that sense, the German kingdom survived until the abdication of Francis II in 1806.
The term rex Teutonicorum, or "king of the Germans", first came into recorded formal use during the Investiture Controversy perhaps as a polemical tool against the Emperor Henry IV by Pope Gregory VII in the late eleventh century. In the twelfth century, in order to stress the imperial and transnational character of their office, the emperors began to employ the title rex Romanorum or "king of the Romans" on their election (by the prince-electors, seven German bishops and noblemen). The royal titles of Germany, Italy, and Burgundy, which traditionally had their own courts, laws, and chanceries, remained nominally with the Holy Roman Emperors until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 or the abdication of Francis II in 1806.