zhí lì rén hé ní ' ān dé tǎ rén zài xiàn dài rén lèi héng héng zhì rén chū xiàn hòu cóng fēi zhōu yí jū zhì ' ōu zhōu。 zuì zǎo de ' ōu zhōu rén gǔ gé fā xiàn yú gé lǔ jí yà dá mǎ ní sī， jù jīn 180 wàn nián 。 zuì zǎo de shēng wù xué shàng de xiàn dài 'ōu zhōu rén chū xiàn yú gōng yuán qián 35000 nián 。 gōng yuán qián 7 qiān nián zài bā 'ěr gān yǐ yòu dìng jū diǎn de hén jì。 zhōng 'ōu zài gōng yuán qián 6 qiān nián ， běi 'ōu bù fēn dì qū zài gōng yuán qián 5 qiān zhì 4 qiān nián dào dá xīn shí qì shí dài。 gōng yuán qián 5508-2750 nián de kù kù tè ní - tè lǐ bō lǐ wén huà shì 'ōu zhōu zuì zǎo de dà guī mó wén míng， yě shì shì jiè zuì zǎo de wén míng zhī yī。
cóng xīn shí qì shí dài kāi shǐ， yì dà lì kǎ mò ní kǎ hé gǔ jiù kāi shǐ yòu liǎo kǎ mù ní wén míng， liú xià liǎo 'ōu zhōu zuì duō de chāo guò 35 wàn fú de bì huà。
ōu zhōu de tóng qì shí dài， yě jiào qīng tóng shí dài， shì yī duàn biàn huà hé hùn luàn jiāo cuò de shí qī。 zuì zhòng yào de shì jiàn shì zhōng yà mín zú dà jǔ qiān xǐ hé rù qīn 'ōu zhōu。 zhù liú xué zhě rèn wéi tā men shì yuán shǐ yìn 'ōu rén， dàn shì yě yòu jǐ zhǒng yòu zhēng yì de qí tā kàn fǎ。 qí tā xiàn xiàng bāo kuò jù shí chóng bài de zhuǎn bō fā zhǎn， jīng jì shàng shǒu cì chū xiàn míng xiǎn de jiē jí chā bié， yǐ jí yǔ cǐ xiāng guān de zài bā 'ěr gān dì qū de dì yī gè yǐ zhī de jūn zhù zhì zhèng quán。 ōu zhōu dì yī gè zhù míng de yòu wén zì jìzǎi de wén míng shì kè lǐ tè dǎo shàng de mǐ nuò sī wén míng， yǐ jí suí hòu de xī là lín jìn dì qū de mài xī ní wén míng， shǐ yú gōng yuán qián 2 qiān nián zǎo qī。
suī rán zǎo zài gōng yuán qián 1100 nián ài qín hǎi dì qū de rén jiù dǒng dé shǐ yòng tiě qì， dàn shì zhí dào gōng yuán qián 800 nián gāi jì shù hái méi yòu chuán bō dào zhōng 'ōu， chú liǎo shí qì shí dài de táo qì qún wén huà jìn huà 'ér lái de hā 'ěr shī tǎ tè wén huà zhī wài。 hěn kě néng shì zhè xiàng jì shù de yōu yuè xìng shǐ dé yìn 'ōu rén bù jiǔ zhī hòu míng xiǎn zài yì dà lì hé yī bǐ lì yà zhàn wěn liǎo jiǎo gēn， zú jì shēn rù zhè liǎng gè bàn dǎo ( luó mǎ jiàn lì yú gōng yuán qián 753 nián )。
Homo erectus and Neanderthals migrated from Africa to Europe before the emergence of modern humans. The bones of the earliest Europeans are found in Dmanisi, Georgia, dated at 1.8 million years ago.
The earliest appearance of anatomically modern people in Europe has been dated to 35,000 BCE. Some locally developed transitional cultures (Szletian in Central Europe and Chatelperronian in the Southwest) use clearly Upper Paleolithic technologies at very early dates and there are doubts about who were their carriers: H. sapiens, Neanderthal or the intermarried population.
Nevertheless, the definitive advance of these technologies is made by the Aurignacian culture. The origins of this culture can be located in what is now Bulgaria (proto-Aurignacian) and Hungary (first full Aurignacian). By 35,000 B.C., the Aurignacian culture and its technology had extended through most of Europe. The last Neanderthals seem to have been forced to retreat during this process to the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula.
Around 24,000 BP two new technologies/cultures appeared in the southwestern region of Europe: Solutrean and Gravettian. The Gravettian technology/culture has been theorized to have come with migrations of people from the Middle East, Anatolia, and the Balkans
Around 19,000 BP, Europe witnesses the appearance of a new culture, known as Magdalenian, possibly rooted in the old Aurignacian one. This culture soon supersedes the Solutrean area and also the Gravetian of Central Europe. However, in Mediterranean Iberia, Italy and Eastern Europe, epi-Gravettian cultures continue evolving locally.
Around 12,500 BP, the Würm Glacial age ends. Slowly, through the following millennia, temperatures and sea levels rise, changing the environment of prehistoric people. Nevertheless, Magdalenian culture persists until circa 10,000 BP, when it quickly evolves into two microlithist cultures: Azilian, in Spain and southern France, and Sauveterrian, in northern France and Central Europe.
Evidence of permanent settlement dates from the 7th millennium BCE in the Balkans. The Neolithic reached Central Europe in the 6th millennium BCE and parts of Northern Europe in the 5th and 4th millennium BCE. The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture 5508-2750 BCE was the first big civilization in Europe and among the earliest in the world.
Starting from Neolithic we have the civilization of the Camunni in Valle Camonica, Italy, that left to us more than 350,000 petroglyphs, the biggest site in Europe.
Also known as the Copper Age, European Chalcolithic is a time of changes and confusion. The most relevant fact is the infiltration and invasion of large parts of the territory by people originating from Central Asia, considered by mainstream scholars to be the original Indo-Europeans, although there are again several theories in dispute. Other phenomena are the expansion of Megalithism and the appearance of the first significant economic stratification and, related to this, the first known monarchies in the Balkan region. The first well-known literate civilization in Europe was that of the Minoans of the island of Crete and later the Mycenaens in the adjacent parts of Greece, starting at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE.
Though the use of iron was known to the Aegean peoples about 1100 BCE, it didn't reach Central Europe until 800 BCE, giving way to the Hallstatt culture, an Iron Age evolution of the culture of the Urn Fields. Probably as by-product of this technological peculiarity of the Indo-Europeans, soon after, they clearly consolidated their positions in Italy and Iberia, penetrating deep inside those peninsulas (Rome founded in 753 BCE).
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