|
埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 埃及 Egypt 突尼斯 Tunisia 阿尔及利亚 Algeria 尼日利亚 Nigeria 塞内加尔 Senegal 南非 South Africa 安哥拉 Angola 贝宁 Benin 布基纳法索 Burkina Faso 布隆迪 Republic of Burundi 博茨瓦纳 Republic of Botswana 赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea 多哥 Togo 厄立特里亚 Eritrea 佛得角 Republic of Cape Verde 冈比亚 Gambia 刚果 Republic of the Congo 刚果民主共和国 Democratic Republic of Congo 吉布提 Djibouti 几内亚 Guinea 几内亚比绍 Guinea-Bissau 加纳 Republic of Ghana 加蓬 Gabon 津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 喀麦隆 Republic of Cameroon 科摩罗 Comoros 科特迪瓦 Ivory Coast 肯尼亚 Republic of Kenya 莱索托 Kingdom of Lesotho 利比亚 Libya 利比里亚 Republic of Liberia 卢旺达 Republic of Rwanda 马达加斯加 Madagascar 马拉维 Malawi 马里 Republic of Mali 毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 毛里求斯 Republic of Mauritius 摩洛哥 Kingdom of Morocco 莫桑比克 the Republic of Mozambique 纳米比亚 The Republic of Namibia 尼日尔 Niger 塞拉利昂 the Republic of Sierra Leone 塞舌尔 Seychelles 斯威士兰 Swaziland 苏丹 Sudan 索马里 Somalia 圣多美和普林西比 Sao Tome and Principe 坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 乌干达 The Republic of Uganda 赞比亚 The Republic of Zambia 乍得 the Republic of Chad 中非共和国 The Central African Republic |
| ā 'ěr jí lì yà Algeria shǒudōu:ā 'ěr jí 'ěr guógūdàimǎ: dz |
 阿尔及利亚【 miàn jī】 ā 'ěr jí lì yà mín zhù rén mín gòng hé guó wèi yú fēi zhōu xī běi bù， běi lín dì zhōng hǎi， gé hǎi yǔ xī bān yá、 fǎ guó xiāng wàng。 miàn jī 2381741 píng fāng qiān mǐ。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng yuē 1200 qiān mǐ。 【 rén kǒu】 3380 wàn（ 2006 nián）。 dà duō shù shì 'ā lā bó rén， qí cì shì bòbò'ěr rén（ yuē zhàn zǒng rén kǒu 20 ％）。 shǎo shù mín zú yòu mǔ zhā bù zú hé tú 'ā léi gé zú。 guān fāng yǔ yán wéi 'ā lā bó yǔ， tōng yòng fǎ yǔ。 yī sī lán jiào wèiguó jiào。 【 shǒu dū】 ā 'ěr jí 'ěr (Alger)， rén kǒu 256 wàn（ 2004 nián）。 quán guó zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 wén huà hé wài mào de zhōng xīn； zuì dà gǎng kǒu， yòu liàn yóu、 shí huà、 jī xiè、 shuǐ ní、 fǎng zhì、 niàng jiǔ、 zhì gé děng gōng yè bù mén。 ā 'ěr jí 'ěr shì dì zhōng hǎi de jiāo tōng yào chōng。 gōng yuán 10 shì jì qián yè jiàn wéi gǎng kǒu。 17 shì jì shí chéng shì rì jiàn fán róng。 1830 nián hòu chéng wéi fǎ shǔ běi fēi zhí mín dì jūn shì、 zhèng zhì zhōng xīn。 1962 nián 'ā 'ěr jí lì yà dú lì hòu yǐ cǐ wéi dū。 【 zōng jiào】 yī sī lán jiào 99%， jī dū yóu tài jiào 1%。 guó jiā de zōng jiào shì fēi yī sī lán jiào 【 yǔ yán】 ā lā bó yǔ、 fǎ yǔ、 bòbò'ěr yǔ 【 huò bì】 dì nà 'ěr 【 tóng běi jīng shí chā】 -7.00 【 guó jì diàn huà mǎ】 213 【 guó jiā yuán shǒu】 ā bǔ dù lè － ā qí cí · bù tè fú lì kǎ（ AbdelazizBOUTEFLIKA）， 1999 nián 4 yuè 15 rì dāng xuǎn， 2004 nián 4 yuè 8 rì lián rèn。 【 zhòng yào jié rì】 dú lì rì， 7 yuè 5 rì（ 1962 nián）， guó qìng rì， 11 yuè 1 rì（ 1954 nián）。 cǐ wài， yuē yòu 10 tiān yī sī lán zōng jiào jié rì， rú yī sī lán lì xīn nián、 kāi zhāi jié、 zǎi shēng jié děng。 【 zì rán dì lǐ】 wèi yú fēi zhōu xī běi bù。 běi lín dì zhōng hǎi， dōng lín tū ní sī、 lì bǐ yà， nán yǔ ní rì 'ěr、 mǎ lǐ hé máo lǐ tǎ ní yà jiē rǎng， xī yǔ mó luò gē、 xī sǎ hā lā jiāo jiè。 hǎi 'àn xiàn cháng yuē 1200 gōng lǐ。 běi bù yán hǎi dì qū shǔ dì zhōng hǎi qì hòu， zhōng bù wéi rè dài cǎo yuán qì hòu； nán bù wéi rè dài shā mò qì hòu。 měi nián 8 yuè zuì rè， zuì gāo qì wēn 29 ℃ , zuì dī qì wēn 22℃； 1 yuè zuì lěng， zuì gāo qì wēn 15℃， zuì dī qì wēn 9℃。 yán hǎi yòu xiá zhǎi píng yuán。 ā tè lā sī shān mài héng gèn běi bù， fēn tài lè 'ā tè lā sī shān mài hé sǎ hā lā 'ā tè lā sī shān mài běi、 nán liǎng zhī， liǎng shān zhī jiān yòu gāo yuán hé shān jiān pén dì， duō xián shuǐ hú。 zhōng、 nán bù shì sǎ hā lā shā mò， zhàn guó tǔ miàn jī 85％， qí zhōng yòu gāo dà sǐ huǒ shān hé xǔ duō lǜ zhōu， zuì gāo diǎn tǎ hā tè shān hǎi bá 2， 918 mǐ。 yán hǎi wéi dì zhōng hǎi shì qì hòu； shān qū shǔ bàn gān hàn qì hòu， duō sēn lín hé cǎo yuán； qí tā guǎng dà dì qū wéi rè dài shā mò qì hòu， yǔ liàng shǎo， xià jì kù rè。 【 jiǎn shǐ】 gōng yuán qián shí 'èr shì jì féi ní jī rén dào dá yán hǎi yī dài。 gōng yuán qián jiǔ shì jì qǐ shòu jiā tài jī kòng zhì。 gōng yuán qián 3 shì jì， zài 'ā běi bù jiàn lì guò liǎng gè bòbò'ěr wáng guó。 hòu luó mǎ、 bài zhàn tíng、 ā lā bó rén、 xī bān yá、 tǔ 'ěr qí rù qīn。 1830 nián fǎ guó kāi shǐ rù qīn， ā zhú bù lún wéi fǎ guó zhí mín dì。 1958 nián 9 yuè 19 rì 'ā lín shí zhèng fǔ chéng lì。 1962 nián 7 yuè 3 rì zhèng shì xuān bù dú lì， 7 yuè 5 rì dìng wéi dú lì rì。 1963 nián 9 yuè， běn · bèi lā dāng xuǎn shǒu rèn zǒng tǒng。 1965 nián 6 yuè， hú 'ā lǐ · bù mài dīng fā dòng zhèng biàn shàng tái， chéng lì gé mìng wěi yuán huì， zì rèn zhù xí jiān zǒng lǐ。 1976 nián 12 yuè bù dāng xuǎn wéi zǒng tǒng。 1979 nián 2 yuè shā dé lì · běn · jié dí dé shàng xiào dāng xuǎn wéi zǒng tǒng。 1992 nián 1 yuè， shā dé lì zǒng tǒng cí zhí， ā chéng lì yǐ mù hǎn mò dé · bù dí yà fū wéi shǒu de wǔ rén zuì gāo guó wù wěi yuán huì xíng shǐ zǒng tǒng zhí quán。 7 yuè， kǎ fěi jì rèn zuì gāo guó wù wěi yuán huì zhù xí。 1994 nián 1 yuè， zuì gāo guó wù wěi yuán huì xiè rèn， tóng shí rèn mìng lā míng · zé lǔ 'ā lè wéi zǒng tǒng。 1995 nián 11 yuè zé lǔ 'ā lè dāng xuǎn wéi zǒng tǒng。 1995 nián zhì 1997 nián jiān， ā wán chéng liǎo xiū xiàn gōng tóu， tōng guò liǎo zhèng dǎng fǎ bìng xiān hòu jǔ xíng liǎo zǒng tǒng、 lì fǎ、 dì fāng jí mín zú yuàn（ cān yì yuàn） de xuǎn jǔ， gè jí zhèng quán jiàn shè jī běn wán chéng。 1998 nián 9 yuè 11 rì， zé lǔ 'ā lè zǒng tǒng xuān bù tí qián xiè rèn。 1999 nián 4 yuè 15 rì 'ā jǔ xíng zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ， ā bǔ dù lè－ ā qí cí · bù tè fú lì kǎ dāng xuǎn wéi zǒng tǒng。 2004 nián 4 yuè 8 rì， bù zài zǒng tǒng dà xuǎn zhōng yǐ 84.99% de dé piào shuài chán lián。 【 zhèng zhì】 1999 nián bù tè fú lì kǎ rèn zǒng tǒng hòu， cǎi qǔ duō zhǒng cuò shī huī fù guó nèi hé píng yǔ 'ān dìng。 yī fāng miàn jì xù qīng jiǎo、 dǎ jī hù 'è bù quān de kǒng bù tuán huǒ， yī fāng miàn tuī dòng “ quán guó hé jiě ”， tōng guò《 quán mín hé jiě fǎ》 yǔ《 hé píng yǔ quán guó hé jiě xiàn zhāng》， fēn huà、 gǎn zhào kǒng bù cán yú shì lì。 dāng qián， suī rán zhēn duì dāng dì mín zhòng hé wài guó qiáo mín de kǒng bù xí jī réng yòu fā shēng， dàn 'ā shè huì zhì 'ān zhuàng kuàng yǐ dà yòu gǎi shàn， shēng chǎn shēng huó jī běn néng zhèng cháng jìn xíng。 yǔ cǐ tóng shí， bù tè fú lì kǎ zǒng tǒng wěn bù tuī xíng zhèng zhì、 jīng jì de yòu xù gǎi gé， yǐ qī jiàn lì mín zhù、 fǎ zhì guó jiā， shí xiàn jīng jì、 shè huì de quán miàn fā zhǎn。 2006 nián 5 yuè， bù gǎi zǔ zhèng fǔ， rèn mìng 'ā yì huì dì yī dà dǎng mín zú jiě fàng zhèn xiàn zǒng shū jì bèi lè kǎ dí mǔ wéi zǒng lǐ。 【 xiàn fǎ】 1996 nián 11 yuè 28 rì， ā jǔ xíng quán mín gōng tóu， tōng guò xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn。 xiū gǎi hòu de xiàn fǎ zhù yào nèi róng shì： què dìng 'ā de yī sī lán、 ā lā bó、 bòbò'ěr shǔ xìng； jìn zhǐ zài zōng jiào、 yǔ yán、 zhǒng zú、 xìng bié、 shè tuán zhù yì hé dì fāng zhù yì de jī chǔ shàng chéng lì zhèng dǎng； yì huì yóu guó mín yì huì hé mín zú yuàn（ cān yì yuàn） zǔ chéng； zǒng tǒng zài yì huì chǎn shēng qián jí qí xiū huì qī jiān kě yǐ fǎ lìng xíng shì bān bù fǎ lǜ； rú zhèng fǔ shī zhèng gāng lǐng liǎng cì bèi guó mín yì huì fǒu jué， zé jiě sàn guó mín yì huì， chóngxīn xuǎn jǔ děng。 【 yì huì】 yóu guó mín yì huì（ zhòng yì yuàn） yǔ mín zú yuàn（ cān yì yuàn） zǔ chéng， liǎng yuàn gòng tóng xíng shǐ lì fǎ quán， guó mín yì huì tōng guò de fǎ 'àn xū jīng mín zú yuàn sì fēn zhī sān duō shù tōng guò hòu fāng néng shēng xiào。 běn jiè guó mín yì huì gòng 389 míng yì yuán， xì 2002 nián 5 yuè xuǎn chū， rèn qī 5 nián。 xiàn rèn yì cháng wéi 'ā mǎ 'ěr · sà yī dá ní（ AmarSAIDANI）， 2004 nián 6 yuè rèn zhí。 gè dǎng suǒ zhàn xí wèi fēn bié wéi： mín zú jiě fàng zhèn xiàn 199 xí； mín zú mín zhù lián méng 47 xí； mín zú gǎi gé yùn dòng 43 xí； zhēng qǔ hé píng shè huì yùn dòng 38 xí； dú lì rén shì 30 xí； láo gōng dǎng 21 xí； ā 'ěr jí lì yà mín zú zhèn xiàn 8 xí； fù xīng yùn dòng、 ā 'ěr jí lì yà gé xīn dǎng jí mín zú hé mù yùn dòng gè 1 xí。 mín zú yuàn sān fēn zhī 'èr yì yuán tōng guò jiànjiē、 wú jì míng tóu piào xuǎn chū， lìng sān fēn zhī yī yóu zǒng tǒng rèn mìng， rèn qī liù nián， měi sān nián gǎi xuǎn qí zhōng yī bàn。 shǒu jiè mín zú yuàn yú 1997 nián 12 yuè chǎn shēng， gòng 144 míng yì yuán， xiàn rèn yì cháng wéi 'ā bǔ dù lè－ kǎ dé 'ěr · běn sà lā hè (AbdelkaderBENSALAH)， 2002 nián 7 yuè dāng xuǎn， 2004 nián 1 yuè lián rèn。 gè dǎng suǒ zhàn xí wèi： mín méng 82 xí； mín zhèn 20 xí； hé yùn 4 xí； wén méng 1 xí； quán guó tuán jié yǔ fā zhǎn dǎng 1 xí； qí yú wéi wú dǎng pài rén shì。 【 zhèng fǔ】 xiàn zhèng fǔ yú 2006 nián 5 yuè 25 rì zǔ chéng， yóu zǒng lǐ、 31 míng bù cháng、 8 míng bù cháng jí dài biǎo hé 1 míng zhèng fǔ mì shū cháng zǔ chéng。 zhù yào chéng yuán yòu： zǒng lǐ： ā bǔ dù lè－ ā qí cí · bèi lè kǎ dí mǔ (AbdelazizBELKHADEM)、 guó wù bù cháng jiān nèi zhèng yǔ dì fāng xíng zhèng bù cháng： yà qí dé · zé lǔ ní（ YazidZERHOUNI）、 guó wù bù cháng jiān wài jiāo bù cháng： mù hǎn mò dé · bèi jiǎ wéi（ MohamedBEDJAOUI）、 guó wù bù cháng： bù jié lā · sū 'ěr tǎ ní（ BoudjerraSOLTANI）、 guó fáng bù bù cháng jí dài biǎo： ā bǔ dù lè－ mǎ lài kè · gài nà qí yà（ AbdelmalekGUENAIZIA）、 sī fǎ、 zhǎng xǐ bù cháng： tǎ yé bǔ · bèi lāi cí（ TayebBELAIZ）、 cái zhèng bù cháng： mù lā dé · méi dé xī（ MouradMEDELCI）、 néng yuán yǔ kuàng chǎn bù cháng： shā jī bǔ · kè lì lè（ ChakibKHELIL）、 shuǐ zī yuán bù cháng： ā bǔ dù lè mǎ lì kè · sài lā lè (AbdelmalekSELLAL)、 mào yì bù cháng： nǔ 'ěr dīng · bù kè lǔ hè（ NoureddineBOUKROUH）、 zōng jiào yǔ mù juān shì wù bù cháng： bù 'ā dài lā hè · gé lā mǎ lā hè（ BouaddellahGHLAMALLAH）、 lǎo zhàn shì bù cháng： mù hǎn mó dé · xiè lǐ fū · ā bā sī（ MohamedCherifABBAS）、 guó tǔ zhěng zhì yǔ huán jìng bù cháng： xiè lǐ fū · lā hè mǎ ní（ CherifRAHMANI）、 jiāo tōng bù cháng： mù hǎn mò dé · xiè lǐ fū · ā bā sī（ MohamedCherifABBAS）、 guó mín jiào yù bù cháng： ā bù bèi kè 'ěr · běn bù qí dé（ BoubekeurBENBOUZID）、 nóng yè hé xiāng cūn fā zhǎn bù cháng： sài yì dé · bā 'ěr kǎ tè（ SaidBARKAT）、 gōng gòng gōng chéng bù cháng： ào mǎ 'ěr · gǔ lè（ OmarGHOUL）、 wèi shēng、 rén kǒu hé yī liáo jī gòu gǎi gé bù cháng： ā mǎ 'ěr · tú（ AmarTOU）、 wén huà bù cháng： kǎ lì dá · tú mǐ（ nǚ /KhalidaTOUMI）、 xīn wén bù cháng hā xī mǐ · jí yà 'ěr（ HachemiDJIAR）、 zhōng xiǎo qǐ yè hé shǒu gōng yè bù cháng： mù sī tǎ fǎ · běn bā dá（ MustaphaBENBADA）、 gāo jiào hé kē yán bù cháng： lā xī dé · hā lā wū bǐ yà（ RachidHARRAOUBIA）、 yóu zhèng hé xìn xī、 tōng xùn jì shù bù cháng： bù jiǎ mǎ · hā yī shū 'ěr（ BoudjemaaHAICHUOUR）、 qīng nián hé tǐ yù bù cháng： yè hǎi yà · jī dù mǔ (YahiaGUIDDOUM)、 péi xùn hé zhí yè jiào yù bù cháng： ā lè hā dí · hā lè dí（ El-HadiKHALDI）、 zhù fáng yǔ chéng shì guī huá bù cháng： mù hǎn mó dé · nà dí 'ěr · hā mǐ mǐ dé（ MohamedNadirHAMIMID）、 gōng yè bù cháng： mǎ hā mù dé · hú dé lǐ（ MahmoudKHOUDRI）、 láo dòng hé shè huì bǎo zhàng bù cháng： tǎ yé bǔ · lú hè（ TayebLOUH）、 jiù yè hé guó mín hù zhù bù cháng： jiǎ mài lè · wū 'ěr dé · ā bā sī (DjamelOuldABBES)、 yú yè yǔ shuǐ chǎn zī yuán bù cháng： sī mài 'ěr · mǐ mù nèi（ SmailMIMOUNE）、 lǚ yóu bù cháng： nǔ 'ěr dīng · mù sà (NoureddineMOUSSA) děng。 【 wǎng zhǐ】 ā 'ěr jí lì yà wài jiāo bù： www.mae.dz 【 xíng zhèng qū huá】 quán guó gòng fēn wéi 48 gè shěng： ā 'ěr jí 'ěr、 ā dé lā 'ěr、 xiè lǐ fū、 lā gé wǎ tè、 wū mǔ bù 'ā jī、 bā tè nà、 bèi jiǎ yà、 bǐ sī kǎ lā、 bèi shā 'ěr、 bù lì dá、 bù yǐ lā、 tǎ màn lā sài tè、 tè bèi sà、 tè lěi mǔ sēn、 tí yà léi tè、 dì qí wū zǔ、 jié lè fǎ、 jí jié 'ěr、 sài dì fū、 sài yī dá、 sī jī kè dá、 xī dí · bèi lè · ā bèi sī、 ān nà bā、 gài 'ěr mǎ、 jūn shì tǎn dīng、 méi dé 'ā、 mò sī tǎ jiā nà mǔ、 mǔ xī lā、 mǎ sī kǎ lā、 wū 'ěr gé lā、 ào lán、 bèi yī dé、 yī lì qí、 bù 'ěr jí · bù 'ā léi lǐ jí、 bù mài dé sī、 tǎ lǐ fū、 tíng dù fū、 dì sī mǔ xī lè tè、 wǎ dé、 hǎn xī lā、 sū kè · ā hè lā sī、 dì bā zhā、 mì lā、 ài yīn · dé fū lā、 nà 'ā mǎ、 ài yīn · dì mǔ shěn tè、 gé 'ěr dá yà、 hè lì zàn。 【 sī fǎ jī gòu】 shè zuì gāo sī fǎ wěi yuán huì， zhù xí hé fù zhù xí fēn bié yóu zǒng tǒng hé sī fǎ bù cháng dān rèn。 fǎ yuàn fēn sān jí： zuì gāo fǎ yuàn、 shěng jí fǎ yuàn hé shì zhèn fǎ tíng。 bù shè jiǎn chá yuàn， zài zuì gāo fǎ yuàn hé shěng jí fǎ yuàn shè jiǎn chá cháng， jūn shòu sī fǎ bù lǐng dǎo。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng bèi lā jiǎ · kǎ dù 'ěr（ BeradjaKADDOUR）， 2006 nián 9 yuè rèn zhí。 【 zhèng dǎng】 gēn jù 1996 nián 11 yuè tōng guò de xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn hé 1997 nián 2 yuè tōng guò de zhèng dǎng fǎ， xiàn yòu yuē 30 gè hé fǎ zhèng dǎng。 zhù yào zhèng dǎng yòu： （ 1） mín zú jiě fàng zhèn xiàn（ FrontdeLibérationNationale， jiǎn chēng mín zhèn）： qián shēn wéi“ tuán jié yǔ xíng dòng wěi yuán huì” , chéng lì yú 1954 nián 8 yuè， tóng nián 11 yuè 1 rì fā dòng kàng fǎ wǔ zhuāng qǐ yì， gǎi míng wéi“ mín zú jiě fàng zhèn xiàn”， 1977 nián 10 yuè yòu yì míng wéi“ mín zú jiě fàng zhèn xiàn dǎng”， 1988 nián 11 yuè huī fù“ mín zú jiě fàng zhèn xiàn” de míng chēng。 mín zhèn jī jí chàng dǎo jiàn lì guó jì jīng jì xīn zhì xù， zhù zhāng huī fù 'ā de guó jì dì wèi。 ā dú lì hòu， mín zhèn cháng qī zhí zhèng。 1992 nián hòu chéng wéi zài yě dǎng。 1997 nián 6 yuè dì yī cì lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ shí chéng wéi yì huì sān dà zhí zhèng dǎng zhī yī。 2002 nián 5 yuè zài 'ā dì 'èr cì lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò 51% yì xí， chóngxīn chéng wéi 'ā dì yī dà dǎng。 2005 nián 1 yuè， mín zhèn jǔ xíng“ bā dà”， xuǎn jǔ bèi lè kǎ dí mǔ wéi zǒng shū jì bìng tuī jǔ bù tè fú lì kǎ zǒng tǒng wéi míng yù zhù xí。 bèi lè kǎ dí mǔ 2006 nián 5 yuè chū rèn zǒng lǐ。 （ 2） quán guó mín zhù lián méng（ RassemblementNationalDémocratique， jiǎn chēng mín méng） : chéng lì yú 1997 nián 2 yuè， yóu lǎo zhàn shì zǔ zhì、 lǎo zhàn shì zǐ nǚ zǔ zhì、 liè shì zǐ nǚ zǔ zhì、 tuì wǎng jūn guān xié huì、 gōng huì、 nóng huì、 quán guó fù nǚ lián méng qī gè yòu yǐng xiǎng de quán guó xìng tuán tǐ zǔ chéng。 1997 nián 6 yuè lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ zhōng， mín méng huò 40％ de yì xí， chéng wéi 'ā dì yī dà zhèng dǎng。 zài 2002 nián de lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ zhōng tuì jū yì huì dì 'èr dà dǎng。 mín méng zhù zhāng“ duō yàng xìng、 lún liú zhí zhèng” de yuán zé。 zǒng shū jì wéi qián zǒng lǐ 'ài hā mài dé · wū yè hǎi yà (AhmedOUYAHIA， 1999 nián 2 yuè dāng xuǎn )。 （ 3） mín zú gǎi gé yùn dòng（ MonvementdelaRéformenationale） jiǎn chēng mín gǎi yùn。 yuán wéi fù yùn jiǎ bā lā hè pài， hòu cóng fù yùn zhōng fēn lí， yú 1999 nián 1 yuè 29 rì zhèng shì chéng lì。 shì wēn hé yī sī lán zhù yì zhèng dǎng， zhù zhāng jiàn lì yī sī lán guó jiā， shí xíng duō dǎng zhì， zhī chí quán guó hé jiě， zūn zhòng xiàn fǎ hé fǎ lǜ， tè bié shì 'ā lā bó yǔ pǔ jí fǎ， duì wài zhù zhāng jiàn shè dà mǎ gé lǐ bù， fǎn duì zài yǐ sè liè chè chū bèi zhàn lǐng tǔ qián tóng yǐ gòu hé。 dǎng zhù xí 'ā bǔ dá lā hè · jiǎ bā lā hè（ AbdellahDJABALAH）。 2002 nián 5 yuè lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ zhōng mín gǎi yùn dé piào jū mín méng zhī hòu， chéng wéi yì huì dì sān dà dǎng。 （ 4） zhēng qǔ hé píng shè huì yùn dòng（ MouvementdelaSociétepourlaPaix）： yuán míng hā mǎ sī， chéng lì yú 1990 nián， 1997 nián 4 yuè 13 rì yì míng。 dài biǎo wēn hé yī sī lán shì lì， jì chàng dǎo yī sī lán huà， yě zhù zhāng mín zhù、 gòng hé、 lún liú zhí zhèng、 tí gāo fù nǚ dì wèi， gǔ lì tuī jìn sī yòu huà、 nǔ lì jiě jué shī yè hé zhù fáng děng wèn tí。 zài 1995 nián 11 yuè de zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ zhōng， gāi dǎng zhù xí mǎ hè fù dé · nà hè nà hè (MahfoudNAHNAH) huò dé 'èr bǎi duō wàn zhāng xuǎn piào， gāi dǎng chéng wéi zuì dà de fǎn duì dǎng。 2002 nián 5 yuè lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò 7.7% xuǎn piào， chéng wéi yì huì dì sì dà dǎng。 xiàn rèn dǎng zhù xí 'ài bù jié 'ěr · sū 'ěr tǎ ní (AbouDjerrSOLTANI)。 （ 5） shè huì zhù yì lì liàng zhèn xiàn（ FrontdesForcesSocialistes） :1963 nián chéng lì。 zhù zhāng gēn jù rén mín de xū yào hé yì yuàn fā zhǎn guó jiā， zūn zhòng yán lùn zì yóu， fǎn duì gè rén zhuān zhì， jiàn shè yī gè zì yóu、 jìn bù、 tuán jié de shè huì。 dǎng zhù xí huò xīn · ài yé tè · ài hā mài dé（ HocineAitAHMED）。 （ 6） wén huà yǔ mín zhù lián méng（ RassemblementpourlaCultureetlaDémocratie）： 1989 nián 2 yuè 11 rì chéng lì， yóu bòbò'ěr rén zǔ chéng。 zhù zhāng dǎng zhèng jiào fēn lí； jiàn lì guó jiā yǔ sī rén xiāng hù bǔ chōng de shì chǎng jīng jì； quán miàn gǎi gé jiào yù zhì dù。 zhù xí sà yì dé · sà dí（ SaidSAADI）。 【 zhòng yào rén wù】 ā bǔ dù lè－ ā qí cí · bù tè fú lì kǎ： zǒng tǒng jiān guó fáng bù cháng。 1937 nián 3 yuè 2 rì chū shēng， zǔ jí 'ā xī bù de tè lěi mǔ sēn。 1956 nián cān jiā mín zú jiě fàng jūn， tóu shēn dú lì zhàn zhēng。 1957－ 1958 nián rèn dì wǔ shěng de zǒng dū chá， hòu bèi xuǎn rù bù mài dīng shàng xiào lǐng dǎo de“ xī bù jūn shì xíng dòng zhǐ huī bù” cān móu bù rèn zhí。 1962 nián rèn tè lěi mǔ sēn shěng dài shěng cháng hé zhì xiàn yì huì yì yuán， bìng rèn qīng nián、 tǐ yù、 lǚ yóu bù cháng。 1963 nián zhì 1979 nián rèn wài cháng。 1979 nián 3 yuè rèn zǒng tǒng bù cháng jí gù wèn。 1999 nián 4 yuè 15 rì dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng。 2004 nián 4 yuè chán lián zǒng tǒng。 céng yú 1971 nián、 1974 nián hé 2000 nián sān cì fǎng huá。 ā bǔ dù lè - kǎ dé 'ěr · běn sà lā hè： mín zú yuàn yì cháng。 1941 nián shēng。 zǎo nián cān jiā 'ā mín zú jiě fàng jūn， jìn xíng kàng fǎ dǒu zhēng， céng huò jūn duì hé guó jiā róng yù xūn zhāng。 dú lì hòu shàng dà xué， huò xù lì yà dà mǎ shì gé dà xué fǎ xué xué shì xué wèi。 1970 nián rèn 'ā zhù bèi lǔ tè xīn wén yǔ wén huà zhōng xīn fù zé rén。 1974 nián rèn《 rén mín bào》 shè cháng。 1977－ 1982 nián rèn guó mín yì huì yì yuán， 1982 nián hé 1987 nián liǎng cì lián rèn yì yuán bìng rèn yì huì wài shì wěi yuán huì zhù xí。 1989－ 1992 nián rèn 'ā zhù shā tè dà shǐ jiān zhù yī sī lán huì yì zǔ zhì cháng zhù dài biǎo。 1992 nián rèn wài jiāo bù fā yán rén。 1993 nián rèn quán guó duì huà wěi yuán huì chéng yuán jiān fā yán rén。 1994 nián rèn quán guó guò dù wěi yuán huì（ lín shí yì huì） zhù xí。 1997 nián 2 yuè zhù chí chuàng jiàn mín zú mín zhù lián méng， bìng yú 4 yuè dāng xuǎn gāi dǎng zhù xí。 1997 nián 6 yuè dāng xuǎn guó mín yì huì yì cháng， 2002 nián 7 yuè 2 rì quán piào dāng xuǎn wèimín zú yuàn yì cháng。 ā mǎ 'ěr · sà yī dá ní： guó mín yì huì yì cháng。 1950 nián shēng yú tū ní sī shì， ā kàng fǎ dú lì zhàn zhēng liè shì zǐ dì。 céng huò dà xué zhèng zhì xué xué wèi。 lì rèn 'ā gōng rén zǒng lián hé huì gànbù、 zhī bù shū jì、 yóu kuàng lián hé huì lǐ shì、 jīng shè lǐ shì huì lǐ shì děng。 1997 nián dāng xuǎn yì yuán， rèn yì huì yùn shū yǔ tōng xùn wěi yuán huì zhù rèn、 fù yì cháng děng zhí。 2004 nián 6 yuè dāng xuǎn guó mín yì huì yì cháng。 ā bǔ dù lè－ ā qí cí · bèi lè kǎ dí mǔ： zǒng lǐ。 1945 nián 11 yuè 8 rì shēng yú lā gé wǎ tè shěng。 zǎo nián zài tí yà léi tè shěng rèn jiào shī。 1972－ 1977 nián rèn bù mài dīng zǒng tǒng fǔ wài shì jú fù jú cháng， 1977－ 1992 nián rèn guó mín yì huì yì yuán， qī jiān lì rèn guó mín yì huì wěi yuán huì zhù xí、 fù yì cháng、 yì cháng。 1991－ 1997 nián dāng xuǎn mín zú jiě fàng zhèn xiàn zhèng zhì jú wěi yuán。 2000 nián rèn guó wù bù cháng jiān wài cháng， 2005 nián 2 yuè dāng xuǎn mín zhèn zǒng shū jì。 2005 nián 5 yuè gǎi rèn guó wù bù cháng jiān zǒng tǒng gè rén dài biǎo。 2006 nián 5 yuè bèi rèn mìng wéi zǒng lǐ。 1991 nián céng yǐ yì cháng shēn fèn fǎng huá， 2000 nián yǐ wài cháng shēn fèn suí bù tè fú lì kǎ zǒng tǒng fǎng huá。 【 jīng jì】 【 jīng jì gài shù】 ā jīng jì guī mó zài fēi zhōu jū dì 'èr wèi， jǐn cì yú nán fēi。 tàn huà qīng chǎn yè（ shí yóu yǔ tiān rán qì de tǒng chēng） shì 'ā guó mín jīng jì de zhī zhù ,2005 nián qí chǎn zhí zhàn 'ā GDP de 45%， chū kǒu zǒng 'é de 98％。 liáng shí yǔ rì yòng pǐn zhù yào yǐ lài jìn kǒu。 ā zì 1989 nián kāi shǐ shì chǎng jīng jì gǎi gé， 1995 nián tōng guò sī yòu huà fǎ 'àn， jiā kuài jīng jì jié gòu tiáozhěng。 mù qián 'ā zhèng zài zhí xíng 2005 nián zhì 2009 nián“ wǔ nián jīng jì shè huì zhèn xīng guī huá” jí nán bù、 gāo yuán shěng fèn jīng jì fā zhǎn jìhuà， zhèng fǔ jiāng chì zī jìn 1440 yì měi yuán yòng yú guó qǐ gǎi zào hé jī chǔ shè shī jiàn shè。 2005 nián yǐ lái， guó jì yóu jià zǒu gāo， ā yóu qì shōu rù dà zēng， jīng jì wěn bù zēngzhǎng， jīng jì chóngjiàn quán miàn kāi zhǎn。 zhèng fǔ yī fāng miàn jì xù shí shī cái zhèng kuò zhāng zhèng cè， jiā kuài dà xíng jī chǔ shè shī jiàn shè， tuī dòng guó yòu qǐ yè hé jīn róng tǐ xì gǎi gé， jiā dà duì zhōng xiǎo qǐ yè de fú chí； yī fāng miàn kuò dà jīng jì kāi fàng， chū tái“ xīn tàn huà qīng fǎ” gǔ lì wài qǐ cānyù 'ā yóu qì kāi fā， mìqiè yǔ 'ōu、 měi de jīng mào hé zuò， jiā jǐn kāi zhǎn“ rù shì” tán pàn。 【 gōng kuàng yè】 zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí 30％ yǐ shàng。 shí yóu hé tiān rán qì gōng yè shì shǒu yào jīng jì bù mén， shí yóu kāi cǎi liàng jū fēi zhōu qián liè， shí yóu hé tiān rán qì zhàn chū kǒu zǒng zhí 95％ yǐ shàng。 hái kāi cǎi hé chū kǒu tiě kuàng shí hé lín huī shí。 qí tā gōng yè yòu shí pǐn、 fǎng zhì、 huà gōng、 gāng tiě、 nóng jī děng。 duō bàn rén kǒu cóng shì nóng yè。 zhù yào jīng jì zuò wù shì pú táo、 gān jú、 shū cài， liáng shí zuò wù yòu xiǎo mài、 dà mài děng。 shēng chù duō mián yáng、 shān yáng。 shèng chǎn shuān pí lì hé 'ā 'ěr fǎ cǎo。 pú táo jiǔ、 gān jú、 shū cài、 gǎn lǎn yóu、 ruǎn mù、 ā 'ěr fǎ cǎo jūn shì chuán tǒng chū kǒu shāng pǐn。 jìn kǒu yǐ jī qì shè bèi、 gōng yè pǐn、 rì yòng pǐn hé shí pǐn wéi dà zōng。 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí (2006 nián )： 1136 yì měi yuán。 rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí (2006 nián )： 3443 měi yuán。 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ (2006 nián )： 4.8％。 huò bì míng chēng： dì nà 'ěr (Dinar)。 huì shuài (2006 nián )： 1 měi yuán ≈ 72.65 dì nà 'ěr。 tōng huò péng zhàng shuài（ 2006）： 2.5％。 shī yè shuài (2006 nián )： 12.3％。 【 zhòng yào chéng shì】 ā 'ěr jí 'ěr： shǒu dū， quán guó zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 wén huà hé jiāo tōng zhōng xīn。 gōng yè yǐ zhì fěn、 niàng jiǔ、 jīn shǔ jiā gōng、 shuǐ ní、 yān cǎo、 liàn yóu、 qì chē zhuāng pèi děng wéi zhù。 gǎng kǒu zhù yú hǎi bīn jí sì gè xiǎo dǎo jiān， shì dì zhōng hǎi nán 'àn zuì dà gǎng shì zhī yī。 chéng dōng nán yuē 20 qiān mǐ yòu zhù míng de dá 'ěr bèi dá guó jì jī chǎng。 ào lán（ wǎ hè lán）： quán guó dì 'èr dà mào yì gǎng。 yòu jīn shǔ jiā gōng、 huà xué hé yī xiē qīng gōng yè。 ān nà bā： ā lā bó rén 7 shì jì jiàn lì de gǔ chéng， xiàn wéi zhòng yào hǎi gǎng。 【 zī yuán】 shí yóu tàn míng kě cǎi chǔ liàng yuē 12.55 yì dūn， zhàn shì jiè zǒng chǔ liàng de 1％， jū shì jiè dì 15 wèi， zhù yào shì sǎ hā lā qīng zhì yóu， yóu zhì jiào gāo； tiān rán qì chǔ liàng 4.6 wàn yì lì fāng mǐ， zhàn shì jiè zǒng chǔ liàng de 3％， chǎn liàng jū shì jiè dì 7 wèi。 ā yóu qì chǎn pǐn dà bù fēn chū kǒu。 qí tā kuàng cáng zhù yào yòu tiě、 qiān xīn、 yóu、 tóng、 jīn、 lín suān yán děng。 qí zhōng tiě kuàng chǔ liàng wéi 30－ 50 yì dūn， zhù yào fēn bù zài dōng bù de wū 'áng zhā kuàng hé bù hǎdé lā kuàng。 qiān xīn kuàng chǔ liàng gū jì wéi 1.5 yì dūn， yóu kuàng 2.4-5 wàn dūn， lín suān yán 20 yì dūn， huáng jīn 100 dūn。 【 gōng yè】 zhù yào bù mén yòu néng kuàng、 gāng tiě、 yě jīn、 jī xiè、 diàn lì děng。 2003 nián gōng yè chǎn zhí 364.8 yì měi yuán， zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 55.1％。 gōng yè yǐ tàn huà qīng chǎn yè wéi zhù， zhì zào yè jǐn zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 7％。 2005 nián shí yóu chǎn liàng wéi 7300 wàn dūn， yóu qì chū kǒu shōu rù dá 435 yì měi yuán， chuàng lì shǐ xīn gāo。 2001 nián 'ā gōng yè qǐ yè gòng yòu yuán gōng yuē 50.2 wàn rén， qí zhōng 10 yú wàn rén zài sī yíng qǐ yè gōng zuò。 【 nóng、 lín、 mù、 yú yè】 ā xiàn yòu nóng yè cóng yè rén yuán yuē 1800 wàn， zhàn quán guó rén kǒu de 56％。 2004 nián nóng yè chǎn zhí zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 9.2％。 zhù yào nóng chǎn pǐn yòu liáng shí ( xiǎo mài、 dà mài、 yàn mài hé dòu lèi )、 shū cài、 pú táo、 gān jié hé yē zǎo děng。 ā kě gēng dì miàn jī 7500 wàn gōng qǐng， zhàn guó tǔ miàn jī de 17％， yǐ gēng dì miàn jī yuē 846 wàn gōng qǐng， zhàn guó tǔ miàn jī de 3％， qí zhōng liáng tián 306 wàn gōng qǐng， guǒ lín 57.7 wàn gōng qǐng， pú táo 8.2 wàn gōng qǐng， shū cài zhòngzhí miàn jī 15.8 wàn gōng qǐng。 ā nóng yè kào tiān chī fàn， chǎn liàng qǐ fú jiào dà。 1995/96 nián dù liáng shí chǎn liàng wéi 460 wàn dūn， chuàng lì shǐ zuì gāo jì lù， 2004/05 nián dù liáng shí chǎn liàng wéi 350 wàn dūn。 ā shì shì jiè liáng shí、 nǎi、 yóu、 táng shí dà jìn kǒu guó zhī yī， měi nián jìn kǒu liáng shí yuē 490 wàn dūn。 sēn lín fù gài shuài wéi 11%， zǒng miàn jī 367 wàn gōng qǐng， qí zhōng ruǎn mù lín 46 wàn gōng qǐng， nián chǎn mù cái 20 wàn lì fāng mǐ。 quán guó yòu cǎo chǎng 3200 wàn gōng qǐng。 2003 nián shēng chù cún lán shù wéi： niú 146.5 wàn tóu， yáng 1873.8 wàn zhǐ， luò tuó 33.4 wàn fēng。 nián chǎn nǎi 16 yì shēng、 ròu lèi 31 wàn dūn、 qín lèi 25 wàn dūn、 dàn 24 yì zhǐ。 yú yè zī yuán jí zhōng zài jìn hǎi， 2000 nián yòu gè zhǒng yú chuán 2464 tiáo， qí zhōng tuō wǎng lún 305 sōu、 bǔ shā dīng yú chuán 635 tiáo， shǒu gōng bǔ yú chuán 1484 tiáo， gòng yòu 2.64 wàn rén cóng shì yú yè。 【 lǚ yóu yè】 ā lǚ yóu zī yuán fēng fù， quán jìng yòu 7 chù zì rán、 wén huà jǐng diǎn bèi lián hé guó jiào kē wén zǔ zhì liè wéi shì jiè yí chǎn。 mù qián 'ā quán guó yòu lǚ yóu kāi fā qū 174 gè， fàn diàn 1004 jiā， chuáng wèi yuē 10 wàn zhāng。 2004 nián 'ā jiē dài jìng wài yóu kè 160 wàn rén cì， 2005 nián lǚ yóu shōu rù wéi 1.74 yì měi yuán。 【 jiāo tōng yùn shū】 ā lù dì yùn shū yǐ gōng lù wéi zhù， gōng lù yùn zài liàng zhàn 83％， tiě lù zhàn 17％。 tiě lù： jí zhōng zài běi bù dì qū， zǒng cháng 4219 gōng lǐ， qí zhōng biāo zhǔn guǐ 3138 gōng lǐ， fù xiàn 345 gōng lǐ， diàn qì huà tiě lù 300 gōng lǐ， zhǎi guǐ 1081 gōng lǐ。 tiě lù quán xiàn yòu 214 gè chē zhàn， rì kè yùn néng lì yuē 3.2 wàn rén cì。 gōng lù： zǒng cháng yuē 10.7 wàn gōng lǐ， qí zhōng gāo sù gōng lù 350 gōng lǐ， guó jiā jí gōng lù 2.9 wàn gōng lǐ， shěng jí gōng lù 2.4 wàn gōng lǐ， cūn zhèn jí gōng lù 5.4 wàn gōng lǐ。 shuǐ yùn： gòng yòu 36 gè gǎng kǒu， qí zhōng yú gǎng 22 zuò， yóu gǎng 4 zuò， qí yú wéi xiū xián gǎng huò duō gōng néng gǎng。 zuì dà de gǎng kǒu shì 'ā 'ěr jí 'ěr gǎng， yòu dà xiǎo bó wèi 37 gè。 ā 30％ de huò wù， 70％ de jí zhuāng xiāng tōng guò 'ā 'ěr jí 'ěr gǎng zhuāng zài。 kōng yùn： quán guó yòu 53 gè jī chǎng， qí zhōng 29 gè tóu rù shāng yè yùn xíng， bāo kuò 'ā 'ěr jí 'ěr、 ào lán、 ān nà bā、 jūn shì tǎn dīng děng 13 gè guó jì jī chǎng， měi nián qǐ jiàng fēi jī 10 wàn jià cì。 xiàn yòu 2 jiā guó yíng háng kōng gōng sī hé 6 jiā sī yíng háng kōng gōng sī， gòng yòu fēi jī 60 yú jià， qí zhōng dà、 zhōng xíng fēi jī 30 yú jià。 mù qián yǐ kāi tōng 20 gè guó jiā de 50 duō tiáo guó jì háng xiàn。 guǎn dào yùn shū： guó nèi yòu 9 tiáo shū qì guǎn dào， zǒng cháng 4699 gōng lǐ， nián shū sòng néng lì 820 yì lì fāng mǐ； 8 tiáo shū yóu guǎn dào， zǒng cháng 3604 gōng lǐ， nián shū sòng néng lì 6390 wàn dūn； 3 tiáo níng xī yóu guǎn dào， zǒng cháng 1330 gōng lǐ， nián shū sòng néng lì 2100 wàn dūn； 2 tiáo yè huà shí yóu qì guǎn dào， zǒng cháng 1331 gōng lǐ， nián shū sòng néng lì 986 wàn dūn。 lìng yòu 3 tiáo tōng wǎng 'ōu zhōu de shū qì guǎn。 qí zhōng liǎng tiáo míng wéi“ chuān yuè dì zhōng hǎi shū qì guǎn” de guǎn xiàn jīng tū ní sī chuān yuè dì zhōng hǎi xiàng yì dà lì hé sī luò wén ní yà sòng qì， fēn bié yú 1983 nián hé 1987 nián tóu rù yùn yíng， quán cháng 2509 gōng lǐ（ zài 'ā jìng nèi 549 gōng lǐ）， zǒng shū qì néng lì wéi 240 yì lì fāng mǐ / nián。 lìng yī tiáo míng wéi“ mǎ gé lǐ bù－ ōu zhōu shū qì guǎn” de guǎn xiàn， jīng mó luò gē chuān yuè dì zhōng hǎi tōng wǎng pú táo yá hé xī bān yá， 1996 nián 11 yuè tóu rù yùn yíng， quán cháng 1370 gōng lǐ（ zài 'ā jìng nèi 530 gōng lǐ）， shū qì néng lì wéi 80 yì lì fāng mǐ / nián。 【 cái zhèng jīn róng】 jìn jǐ nián cái zhèng yù suàn qíng kuàng rú xià ( dān wèi： yì dì nà 'ěr )： 2002 2003 200420052006 zǒng zhī chū 15599 17111 192001950026321 zǒng shōu rù 14578 14515 152801630416679 chì zì 1021 2590 392031969642 jié zhì 2006 nián dǐ， ā wài huì chǔ bèi dá 777.8 yì měi yuán， wài zhài zǒng 'é wéi 50 yì měi yuán。 【 duì wài mào yì】 yuán yóu guó jiā kòng zhì， guó yíng gōng sī lǒng duàn jīng yíng。 1991 nián 3 yuè xuān bù fàng kāi duì wài mào yì。 zhù yào chū kǒu chǎn pǐn wéi tàn huà qīng（ shí yóu hé tiān rán qì）， 2006 nián yóu qì chū kǒu shōu rù dá 535.6 yì měi yuán。 zhù yào jìn kǒu chǎn pǐn wéi gōng nóng yè shè bèi、 shí pǐn、 shēng chǎn yuán liào、 fēi shí pǐn xiāo fèi pǐn děng， zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn shì xī fāng gōng yè guó。 zhèng fǔ gǔ lì fēi tàn huà qīng chǎn pǐn chū kǒu， zhù zhāng mào yì huǒ bàn duō yuán huà。 jìn jǐ nián de wài mào qíng kuàng rú xià ( dān wèi： yì měi yuán )： 2002 2003 200420052006 jìn kǒu 'é 117.5 130 182200210 chū kǒu 'é 184.2 238.4 317444528.2 shùn（ nì） chā 'é 66.7 108.4 135244318.2 2006 nián zhù yào mào yì duì xiàng jí zhàn 'ā jìn chū kǒu zǒng 'é de bǐ lì (％ )： jìn kǒu zhàn 'ā jìn kǒu zǒng 'é bǐ lì chū kǒu zhàn 'ā chū kǒu zǒng 'é bǐ lì fǎ guó 20.6％ měi guó 26.6％ yì dà lì 8.8％ yì dà lì 17％ zhōng guó 8％ xī bān yá 10.5％ 【 wài guó tóu zī】 2005 nián 'ā gòng xī shōu guó wài zhí jiē tóu zī 40 yì měi yuán， jí zhōng zài néng yuán、 jī chǔ shè shī hé xiāo fèi pǐn shēng chǎn děng lǐng yù， tóu zī jīn 'é zuì duō de guó jiā yǐ cì wéi kē wēi tè、 xī bān yá、 āi jí、 měi guó hé fǎ guó。 2006 nián 1－ 9 yuè， gòng xī yǐn wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī 38 yì měi yuán。 2005/06 nián shì jiè jīng jì lùn tán bào gào chēng， zài shì jiè 116 gè guó jiā zhōng， ā shāng wù tóu zī huán jìng jū dì 88 wèi。 【 rén mín shēng huó】 jù shì jiè yínháng 2005 nián tǒng jì， ā pín kùn rén kǒu wéi 700 wàn。 lìng jù 'ā guó jiā fā zhǎn yǔ rén kǒu tǒng jì jú shù zì， 2006 nián 'ā rén kǒu pín kùn shuài bù dào 6％。 2006 nián 7 yuè， ā zhèng fǔ jué dìng zài cì zēngzhǎng gōng zhí rén yuán（ 150 wàn rén） gōng zī hé tuì xiū、 cán jí rén yuán（ 90 wàn rén） bǔ tiē， guó kù jiāng wéi cǐ zhī chū 1120 yì dì nà 'ěr。 tóng nián 10 yuè， wéi jiāo tōng、 fǎng zhì、 diàn xìn děng lǐng yù yuán gōng（ 400 wàn rén） zēng jiā liǎo 15－ 20％ de gōng zī。 tóng shí， guó jiā zuì dī bǎo zhàng gōng zī yóu 10000 dì nà 'ěr zēng jiā zhì 12000 dì nà 'ěr。 rén kǒu zì rán zēngchánglǜ wéi 1.53%， chū shēng shuài wéi 19.7%。 shí xíng miǎn fèi yī liáo zhì dù， kàn bìng zhǐ jiāo shǎo liàng guà hào fèi， yào pǐn zì xíng dào yào diàn gòu mǎi， zhù yuàn hòu fèi yòng quán miǎn。 quán guó yòu 173 suǒ yī yuàn， 1238 gè wèi shēng zhōng xīn、 493 gè zhěn suǒ、 59350 zhāng bìng chuáng。 gè lèi yī wù rén yuán 17.7 wàn rén。 1997 nián yào pǐn zìjǐ shuài dá 33％， jìn kǒu fèi yòng wéi 3.37 yì měi yuán。 1998 nián , ér tóng sǐ wáng shuài 44 ‰， píng jūn yù qī shòu mìng 68 suì（ nán zǐ 67.5 suì， nǚ zǐ 70.3 suì） , zài fēi zhōu míng liè dì wǔ。 【 jūn shì】 ā wǔ zhuāng lì liàng qián shēn wèimín zú jiě fàng jūn， dú lì hòu gǎi chēng 'ā 'ěr jí lì yà guó jiā rén mín jūn。 shí xíng yì wù bīng yì zhì hé zhì yuàn bīng xiāng jié hé de bīng yì zhì dù。 yì wù bīng yì zhì guī dìng， nán xìng gōng mín fú yì qī wéi 18 gè yuè。 guó fáng bù shì jūn duì zuì gāo lǐng dǎo jī gòu。 zǒng tǒng rèn guó fáng bù cháng hé sān jūn tǒng shuài。 zuì gāo 'ān quán wěi yuán huì fù zé jiù guó jiā 'ān quán wèn tí xiàng zǒng tǒng tí chū jiàn yì。 rén mín jūn cān móu cháng wéi 'ài hā mài dé · sǎ lā hè · gài dé（ AhmedSalahGAID） shàojiàng。 quán guó huàfēn wéi 6 gè jūn qū， xià shè ruò gān jūn fēn qū。 zhuāng bèi zhù yào lái zì qián sū lián， qí yú lái zì měi、 yīng、 fǎ、 yì děng guó。 rén mín jūn zhèng guī bù duì 13.05 wàn rén。 qí zhōng lù jūn 11 wàn rén， hǎi jūn 7500 rén， kōng jūn 1 wàn rén， guó tǔ fáng kōng jūn 3000 rén。 zhǔn jūn shì wǔ zhuāng（ bāo kuò xiàn bīng、 guó jiā 'ān quán bù duì、 gòng hé guó wèi duì、 xiāng zhèn wèi duì jí hé fǎ fáng wèi zǔ zhì） 18.12 wàn rén。 【 wén huà jiào yù】 ā duì 6-16 suì shàonián 'ér tóng shí xíng 9 nián yī guàn zhì yì wù jiào yù。 zhì dìng liǎo jiào yù mín zhù huà、 ā 'ěr jí lì yà huà、 ā lā bó yǔ huà、 zhòng shì kē xué hé wéi liǎo guó jiā fā zhǎn sì xiàng yuán zé。 zhōng、 xiǎo xué shēng jiào yù miǎn fèi， dà xué shēng xiǎng shòu zhù xué jīn hé huǒ shí bǔ tiē。 2001/2002 nián dù， gòng yòu zhōng、 xiǎo xué xiào 22626 suǒ， 2003/2004 xué nián yòu zhōng xiǎo xué shēng 784.2 wàn rén， jiào shī 33.1 wàn rén。 gè lèi gāo děng yuàn xiào 56 suǒ， 2002/2003 xué nián zài xiào dà xué shēng 61.5 wàn míng， jiào yuán 18544 rén。 zhù yào dà xué yòu： ā 'ěr jí 'ěr dà xué、 hú 'ā lǐ · bù mài dīng kē jì dà xué、 jūn shì tǎn dīng dà xué děng。 ā wén máng shuài wéi 28％， yuē 741.1 wàn rén， qí zhōng yòu 463.1 wàn míng fù nǚ。 【 xīn wén chū bǎn】 1990 nián qián 'ā xīn wén chū bǎn yóu guó jiā lǒng duàn， 1990 nián bān bù xīn de xīn wén fǎ， shí xíng yòu tiáo jiàn de xīn wén zì yóu， yī xiē zhèng dǎng chuàng lì liǎo dǎng bào， yě chū xiàn liǎo yī xiē dú lì dì fāng bào kān。 2005 nián， gòng yòu bào shè 250 jiā， jì zhě shàng qiān rén， qí zhōng rì bào 46 fèn（ ā、 fǎ wén）， zhù yào yòu《 shèng zhàn zhě bào》、《 rén mín bào》、《 dì píng xiàn bào》、《 wǎn bào》、《 zǔ guó bào》 hé《 zì yóu bào》 děng； zhù yào kān wù yòu《 ā 'ěr jí lì yà shí shì zhōu kān》 hé《 fēi zhōu gé mìng》 děng。 ā 'ěr jí lì yà xīn wén tōng xùn shè： guān fāng tōng xùn shè， chuàng jiàn yú 1961 nián， yòu gōng zuò rén yuán 650 míng， zài guó nèi 48 gè shěng shè yòu fēn shè， zài guó wài shè yòu 15 gè fēn shè， yòng 'ā、 fǎ、 yīng sān zhǒng wén zì fā gǎo， měi nián fā gǎo 20 wàn tiáo。 ā 'ěr jí lì yà xīn wén shè： mù qián wéi yī de sī yíng tōng xùn shè， chuàng jiàn yú 1999 nián 1 yuè， yòu jì zhě 20 yú míng， zhòng diǎn tí gōng jīng jì xìn xī。 ā 'ěr jí lì yà guǎng bō diàn tái： guó yíng diàn tái， chuàng jiàn yú 1956 nián， qián shēn wéi“ zhàn dǒu de 'ā 'ěr jí lì yà zhī shēng”。 yòu 4 tào jié mù。 ā 'ěr jí lì yà diàn shì tái： guó yíng diàn shì tái， chuàng jiàn yú 1962 nián。 【 duì wài guān xì】 ēfèng xíng dú lì、 zì zhù hé bù jié méng de wài jiāo zhèng cè， zhù zhāng zūn zhòng guó jiā zhù quán yǔ lǐng tǔ wán zhěng、 hù bù gān shè nèi zhèng、 hù bù shǐ yòng wǔ lì , xiāng hù zūn zhòng、 hù lì hé duì huà jī chǔ shàng xún qiú guǎng fàn hé zuò， wài jiāo wéi jīng jì jiàn shè fú wù。 fǎn duì dà guó qiáng quán zhèng zhì hé jiè kǒu rén quán gān shè bié guó nèi zhèng， zhù zhāng jiàn lì gōng zhèng hé lǐ de guó jì zhèng zhì、 jīng jì xīn zhì xù。 fǎn duì kǒng bù zhù yì； zhì lì yú mǎ gé lǐ bù lián méng jiàn shè hé dì qū hé píng， jī jí cānyù 'ā lā bó shì wù； cù jìn fēi zhōu tuán jié yǔ hé píng； zhī chí 'ōu méng－ dì zhōng hǎi hé zuò， móu qiú fā zhǎn yǔ xī fāng guó jiā guān xì。 jié zhì 2006 nián dǐ， gòng yǔ 168 gè guó jiā jiàn lì liǎo wài jiāo guān xì， zài 60 duō gè guó jiā shè lì dà shǐ guǎn， wài guó cháng zhù 'ā shǐ guǎn 80 gè。 【 duì dāng qián zhòng dà guó jì wèn tí de tài dù】 guān yú guó jì xíng shì： rèn wéi guó jì guān xì zhèng chù zài biàn huà hé zhòng zǔ zhī zhōng， shì jiè hé píng yǔ 'ān quán yǐ jí gè guó de fā zhǎn réng shì dāng qián jǐn pò de kè tí。 hé píng、 jīng jì fā zhǎn hé gòng tóng fán róng shì shì jiè wěn dìng de gēn běn tiáo jiàn。 shì jiè xíng shì qū xiàng huǎn hé， quán qiú xìng chōng tū suī yǐ bì miǎn， dàn dì qū chōng tū yǐ rán cún zài。 ā zhù zhāng duō jí huà， fǎn duì dān biān zhù yì， rèn wéi rèn hé guó jiādōu bù kě néng dú zì zhù zǎi shì jiè。 guān yú fǎn kǒng： ā shí yú nián lái shēn shòu kǒng bù dòng luàn zhī hài， duì kǒng bù zhù yì yòu qièfū zhī tòng。 rèn wéi kǒng bù zhù yì shì dāng jīn shì jiè suǒ miàn lín de zuì dà tiǎo zhàn zhī yī， bù jǐn wēi xié jī běn rén quán， ér qiě wēi jí guó jiā de mín zhù jī chǔ， yīngdāng yú yǐ jiān jué dǎ jī。 qiáng diào bù néng jiāng kǒng bù zhù yì yǔ mǒu yī tè dìng zōng jiào、 mín zú guà gōu； hūyù lián hé guó zhù chí zhào kāi guó jì fǎn kǒng huì yì， qiān shǔ guó jì fǎn kǒng gōng yuē。 guān yú yī lǎng hé wèn tí： zhī chí yī lǎng yōng yòu hé píng lì yòng hé néng de quán lì， zhù zhāng yī lǎng hé wèn tí yīnggāi tōng guò wài jiāo nǔ lì jiā yǐ jiě jué。 guān yú bā yǐ wèn tí； huān yíng fǎ tǎ hè hé hā mǎ sī qiān shǔ“ mài jiā xié yì”， xī wàng cǐ xié yì néng chè dǐ jié shù bā nèi bù fēn zhēng， bāng zhù bā rén mín shí xiàn gè xiàng mín zú quán lì， bāo kuò jiàn lì yǐ yé lù sǎ lěng wéi shǒu dū de bā lè sī tǎn guó。 qiáng diào yìng zūn zhòng hé zhī chí bā mín zú lián hé zhèng fǔ， bìng jìn kuài jiě chú zì bā lì fǎ wěi xuǎn jǔ zhī hòu duì bā de zhì cái。 ā hái hūyù jiā jǐn luò shí“ lù xiàn tú” jìhuà， chóngxīn qǐ dòng hé píng jìn chéng， yǐ gōng zhèng、 chí jiǔ dì jiě jué bā yǐ wèn tí。 guān yú yī lā kè wèn tí： zhī chí yī de tǒng yī、 zhù quán hé lǐng tǔ wán zhěng， zhù zhāng zūn zhòng yī rén mín xuǎn zé zì jǐ guó jiā zhèng quán、 zhī pèi zì jǐ guó jiā zì rán zī yuán de quán lì， rèn wéi lián hé guó yìng zài yī chóngjiàn wèn tí shàng fā huī hé xīn zuò yòng， zài xiàng yī pài qiǎn 'ā lā bó lián hé bù duì wèn tí shàng tài dù jǐn shèn。 duì sà dá mǔ zài zǎi shēng jié dāng rì bèi chù jiǎo xíng biǎo shì yí hàn， hūyù yī gè pài huī fù lěng jìng， bì miǎn bào lì shēng jí。 guān yú mǎ gé lǐ bù lián méng jiàn shè： rèn wéi mǎ méng jiàn shè fú hé dì qū de gēn běn lì yì， yòu lì yú mǎ gé lǐ bù dì qū gè guó de fǎn kǒng hé zuò jí dì qū de 'ān quán wěn dìng hé jīng jì fā zhǎn。 mǎ gé lǐ bù dì qū shí xiàn zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 shè huì yī tǐ huà shì gāi dì qū nián qīng yī dài de xī wàng， rèn hé rén wú quán cǎo shuài xíng shì， yě bù néng zhì zhī bù lǐ huò shè zhì zhàng 'ài。 【 tóng zhōng guó de guān xì】 zhōng 'ā yòu zhe shēn hòu de chuán tǒng yǒu yì。 liǎng guó zì 1958 nián 12 yuè 20 rì jiàn jiāo hòu， yǒu hǎo hé zuò guān xì bù duàn fā zhǎn。 zhōu 'ēn lái zǒng lǐ（ 1963 nián、 1965 nián）、 zhào zǐ yáng zǒng lǐ（ 1982 nián）、 jiāng zé mín zhù xí（ 1999 nián）、 lǐ péng wěi yuán cháng（ 2001 nián）、 zhū róng jī zǒng lǐ（ 2002 nián）、 hú jǐn tāo zhù xí（ 2004 nián） děng guó jiā lǐng dǎo rén xiān hòu fǎng 'ā； ā duō wèi guó jiā yuán shǒu、 zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo jí wài cháng、 cān móu cháng fǎng huá， qí zhōng bù tè fú lì kǎ zǒng tǒng xiān hòu yú 1971 nián、 1974 nián（ zuò wéi wài cháng） hé 2000 nián、 2006 nián（ zuò wéi zǒng tǒng） sì cì fǎng huá。 zhōng 'ā zài 2004 nián hú jǐn tāo zhù xí fǎng 'ā qī jiān zhèng shì jiàn lì zhàn lüè hé zuò guān xì。 2006 nián yǐ lái， zhōng 'ā zhàn lüè hé zuò guān xì jìn yī bù shēn huà， gè lǐng yù jiāo liú yǔ hé zuò qǔ dé zhòng yào jìn zhǎn。 11 yuè， bù tè fú lì kǎ zǒng tǒng lái huá chū xí zhōng fēi hé zuò lùn tán běi jīng fēng huì bìng fǎng huá。 qī jiān， hú jǐn tāo zhù xí yǔ bù gòng tóng qiān shǔ liǎo《 zhōng 'ā guān yú fā zhǎn liǎng guó zhàn lüè hé zuò guān xì de shēng míng》， shuāng fāng yòu guān bù mén qiān shǔ liǎo yòu guān sī fǎ、 jīng jì、 shuì wù、 háng kōng、 zhì liàng jiǎn yàn、 yóu qì děng fāng miàn hé zuò de 9 gè xié yì wén běn。 ā guó wù bù cháng jiān wài cháng bèi jiǎ wéi、 shěn jì fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng běn mǎ lǔ fū、 guó tǔ zhěng zhì yǔ huán jìng bù cháng lā hè mǎ ní、 sī fǎ yǔ zhǎng xǐ bù cháng bèi lāi cí xiān hòu lái huá fǎng wèn huò yùhuì， zhōng guó mín yòng háng kōng zǒng jú fù jú cháng yáng guó qìng、 zhōng guó rén mín duì wài yǒu hǎo xié huì huì cháng chén hào sū děng xiān hòu fǎng 'ā。 zhōng 'ā jīng mào hé zuò qǔ dé jī jí jìn zhǎn。 5 yuè， zhōng xìn jí tuán hé zhōng tiě jiàn gōng sī lián hé tǐ zhòngbiāo 'ā dōng xī gāo sù gōng lù zhōng、 xī biāo duàn xiàng mù。 6 yuè， ā néng yuán yǔ kuàng chǎn bù cháng kè lì lè fǎng huá。 9 yuè， ā shuì wù zǒng jú dài biǎo tuán fǎng huá。 10 yuè， zhōng guó hé gōng yè jí tuán gōng sī dài biǎo tuán fǎng 'ā； 12 yuè， ā néng kuàng bù、 yuán zǐ néng shǔ dài biǎo tuán fǎng huá。 liǎng guó jūn shì、 wèi shēng、 wén huà、 xīn wén děng lǐng yù de hé zuò yǔ jiāo liú quán miàn kāi zhǎn。 10 yuè， zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn zǒng zhuāng bèi bù zhèng wěi chí wàn chūn shàngjiàng fǎng 'ā。 8 yuè， ā rén mín jūn cān móu cháng 'ài hā mài dé · gài dé · sà lā hè shàojiàng fǎng huá。 7 yuè、 10 yuè， ā hǎi jūn sī lìng、 kōng jūn sī lìng yě xiān hòu fǎng huá。 2 yuè， zhōng guó wèi shēng bù fù bù cháng lǐ xī fǎng 'ā。 1 yuè， zhōng guó wén huà bù fù bù cháng jiān gù gōng bó wù yuàn yuàn cháng zhèng xīn miǎo shuài zhōng guó zhèng fǔ wén huà dài biǎo tuán fǎng 'ā， yǔ 'ā wén huà bù cháng tú mǐ nǚ shì qiān shǔ liǎo liǎng guó zhèng fǔ wén huà xié dìng 2006 zhì 2008 nián dù zhí xíng jìhuà。 2006 nián zhōng 'ā shuāng biān mào yì 'é wéi 20.9 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 18.2%， qí zhōng zhōng fāng chū kǒu 19.47 yì měi yuán， jìn kǒu 1.43 yì měi yuán。 zhōng guó zhù 'ā 'ěr jí lì yà dà shǐ： zhāng shǐ xián。 ā 'ěr jí lì yà zhù huá dà shǐ： jiǎ mài lè · ài dīng · gé lín（ JamelEddineGRINE)。 【 tóng mǎ gé lǐ bù guó jiā guān xì】 ā céng yú 1994 nián zhì 2003 nián dān rèn 'ā lā bó mǎ gé lǐ bù lián méng lún zhí zhù xí guó。 jìn nián lái， ā yǔ mǎ méng chéng yuán guó guān xì wěn bù fā zhǎn。 tóng mó luò gē guān xì： 1963 nián 'ā yǔ mó luò gē céng yīn biān jiè zhēng duān fā shēng wǔ zhuāng chōng tū。 1976 nián 'ā chéng rèn“ xī sǎ guó” hòu， mó xuān bù yǔ 'ā duàn jiāo。 1988 nián liǎng guó fù jiāo。 bù tè fú lì kǎ dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng hòu， mó yǐ gù guó wáng hā sāng 'èr shì zhì diàn zhù hè， liǎng guó yuán shǒu biǎo shì yuàn jìn zǎo huì wù。 hā bìng shì hòu， bù fù mó cān jiā zàng lǐ， bìng yǔ xīn rèn guó wáng mù hǎn mò dé liù shì jiàn lì lián xì。 2003 nián， liǎng guó yuán shǒu zài lián dà qī jiān jǔ xíng dān dú huì tán。 2004 nián 5 yuè， mó wài jiāo dà chén běn · yī sà fǎng 'ā； 7 yuè， mó xuān bù miǎn chú 'ā gōng mín fù mó qiān zhèng。 2005 nián 3 yuè， mó guó wáng fù 'ā chū xí 'ā méng shǒu nǎo huì yì bìng yǔ bù tè fú lì kǎ zǒng tǒng jǔ xíng huì wù； tóng yuè， ā xuān bù miǎn chú mó gōng mín fù 'ā qiān zhèng。 2006 nián 2 yuè， mó guó wáng zhì xìn bù tè fú lì kǎ zǒng tǒng， qǐng 'ā zhī chí mó shēn bàn 2012 nián shì bó huì， tóng yuè bù fù hán biǎo shì zhī chí； 4 yuè mó guó wáng zhì xìn bù， duì 'ā dān rèn 'ā méng lún zhí zhù xí guó qī jiān qǔ dé de chéng jì biǎo shì zàn shǎng。 tóng lì bǐ yà guān xì： ā yǔ lì bǐ yà guān xì céng yīn lì yǔ mó luò gē jié méng 'ér yī dù lěng dàn。 jìn nián lái， liǎng guó guān xì bù duàn gǎi shàn。 2005 nián 3 yuè， kǎ zhā fěi fù 'ā chū xí 'ā méng shǒu nǎo huì yì bìng shùn fǎng； 8 yuè， bù tè fú lì kǎ zǒng tǒng fǎng lì。 tóng tū ní sī guān xì： ā yǔ tū ní sī yú 1983 nián 3 yuè qiān shǔ“ yǒu hǎo hé mù tiáo yuē”。 liǎng guó guān xì yǒu hǎo， jīng jì hé zuò fā zhǎn jiào kuài。 2005 nián 3 yuè， tū zǒng tǒng běn · ā lǐ fù 'ā chū xí dì 17 jiè 'ā méng shǒu nǎo huì yì； 11 yuè， bù tè fú lì kǎ zǒng tǒng fù tū chū xí“ xìn xī fēng huì” bìng huì jiàn tū zǒng tǒng。 2006 nián 2 yuè， ā zǒng lǐ wū yè hǎi yà fǎng tū， chū xí liǎng guó dì 15 jiè hùn wěi huì； 3 yuè， tū zhòng yì cháng mài bā zhā fǎng 'ā， 8 yuè， ā guó wù bù cháng jiān wài cháng bèi jiǎ wéi fǎng tū。 tóng máo lǐ tǎ ní yà guān xì liǎng guó zhì lì fā zhǎn mù lín yǒu hǎo guān xì， hù lì hé zuò mìqiè。 liǎng guó qiān yòu yú yè hé zuò xié yì。 2005 nián 12 yuè， máo zhēng qǔ gōng zhèng yǔ mín zhù jūn shì wěi yuán huì zhù xí wǎ 'ěr shàng xiào cóng shā tè huí guó shí zài 'ā tíng liú， huì jiàn liǎo 'ā zǒng lǐ hé wài cháng。 2006 nián 3 yuè， wū yè hǎi yà zǒng lǐ fù máo chū xí liǎng guó dì 15 jiè dà hùn wěi huì。 4 yuè， máo wài cháng 'ài hā mài dé fǎng 'ā。 5 yuè， máo jūn wěi huì zhù xí wǎ 'ěr shàng xiào fǎng 'ā。 【 tóng fǎ guó guān xì】 ā yǔ fǎ guó yòu chuán tǒng guān xì， fǎ shì 'ā zuì dà de zhài quán guó hé zuì zhù yào de mào yì huǒ bàn zhī yī， zài 'ā jù yòu zhòng dà lì yì。 ā shì fǎ zài fēi zhōu de dì yī dà mào yì huǒ bàn。 2004 nián 4 yuè， fǎ zǒng tǒng xī lā kè fǎng 'ā； 8 yuè， bù tè fú lì kǎ zǒng tǒng fù fǎ cān jiā pǔ luó wàng sī dēng lù 60 zhōu nián jì niàn huó dòng。 2005 nián 4 yuè， liǎng guó yuán shǒu zài cì huì wù， jiù shuāng biān hé zuò jí qiān shǔ 'ā fǎ yǒu hǎo tiáo yuē děng wèn tí jiāo huàn kàn fǎ。 2006 nián 4 yuè， fǎ wài cháng bù lā qí fǎng 'ā。 ā mù qián zài fǎ qiáo mín 200 yú wàn rén。 【 tóng měi guó guān xì】 1962 nián 9 yuè yǔ měi guó jiàn jiāo， 1967 nián zhōng dōng“ liù · wǔ” zhàn zhēng bào fā hòu xuān bù tóng měi duàn jiāo， 1974 nián 11 yuè liǎng guó fù jiāo。 bù tè fú lì kǎ zǒng tǒng zhí zhèng hòu， měi míng què zhī chí bù de“ quán guó hé jiě” zhèng cè hé jīng jì gǎi gé zhèng cè， duō cì biǎo shì yuàn zài fǎn kǒng、 qíng bào jiāo huàn、 rén yuán péi xùn děng fāng miàn yǔ 'ā jiā qiáng hé zuò。 jìn nián lái 'ā měi gāo céng hù fǎng bù duàn。 2006 nián， měi guó fáng bù cháng、 lián bāng diào chá jú cháng、 fù zé zhōng dōng、 běi fēi shì wù zhù lǐ guó wù qīng、 zhù 'ōu zhōu měi jūn sī lìng yǐ jí yì huì、 guó wù yuàn děng duō wèi gāo guān fǎng 'ā， ā néng kuàng bù cháng、 guó wù bù cháng jiān wài cháng、 rén mín jūn cān móu cháng xiāng jì fǎng měi。 mù qián měi shì 'ā zuì dà de mào yì huǒ bàn， zài 'ā yóu qì lǐng yù tóu zī yú 50 yì měi yuán， ā sān fēn zhī yī de yuán yóu xiāo wǎng měi guó。 ā shì měi liáng shí de zhù yào jìn kǒu guó zhī yī。 2004 nián měi guó xuān bù jǐyǔ 'ā pǔ tōng zuì huì guó dài yù。 【 tóng 'é luó sī guān xì】 1962 nián 7 yuè 'ā dú lì hòu yǔ qián sū lián jiàn jiāo， shuāng biān guān xì shí fēn mìqiè。 ā dà bù fēn wǔ qì zhuāng bèi lái zì qián sū lián， dàn liǎng guó mào yì chǔyú jiào dī shuǐ píng。 1991 nián 12 yuè， ā chéng rèn 'é luó sī lián bāng hé dú lián tǐ。 2001 nián bù tè fú lì kǎ zǒng tǒng fǎng 'é， liǎng guó qiān shǔ zhàn lüè huǒ bàn guān xì xié dìng bìng fā biǎo lián hé shēng míng。 2005 nián 3 yuè， é zǒng tǒng tè shǐ、 lián bāng 'ān quán wěi yuán huì mì shū yī wàn nuò fǎng 'ā； 9 yuè， ā guó wù bù cháng bèi lè kǎ dí mǔ fǎng 'é。 10 yuè， liǎng guó shǒu jiè jīng mào hùn wěi huì zài 'é zhào kāi。 2006 nián 3 yuè， é luó sī zǒng tǒng pǔ jīng fǎng 'ā， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo miǎn zhài huàn jūn gòu xié yì。 Algeria is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Arab League, and OPEC. It also contributed towards the creation of the Arab Maghreb Union. Constitutionally, Algeria is defined as an Arab, and Amazigh (Berber) country. Al-jazā’ir is itself a truncated form of the city's older name jazā’ir banī mazghannā, "the islands of (the tribe) Bani Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi. History Ancient history Roman arch of Trajan at Thamugadi (Timgad), AlgeriaAlgeria has been inhabited by Berbers (or Imazighen) since at least 10,000 BC. After 1000 BC, the Carthaginians began establishing settlements along the coast. The Berbers seized the opportunity offered by the Punic Wars to become independent of Carthage, and Berber kingdoms began to emerge, most notably Numidia. In 200 BC, however, they were once again taken over, this time by the Roman Republic. When the Western Roman Empire collapsed, Berbers became independent again in many areas, while the Vandals took control over other parts, where they remained until expelled by the generals of the Byzantine Emperor, Justinian I. The Byzantine Empire then retained a precarious grip on the east of the country until the coming of the Arabs in the eighth century. Middle Ages According to historians of the Middle Ages, the Berbers were divided into two branches, from their ancestor Mazigh. The two branches, Botr and Barnès, were also divided into tribes, with each Maghreb region made up of several tribes. Several Berber dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages. The Almohads were able to unify the Maghreb. The Berbers of the Middle Ages also contributed to the Arabization of the Maghreb. Islamization and Berber (Amaari) dynasties Having converted the Kutama of Kabylie to its cause, the Shia Fatimids overthrew the Rustamids, and conquered Egypt, leaving Algeria and Tunisia to their Zirid vassals. When the latter rebelled and adopted Sunnism, the Shia Fatimids sent in the Banu Hilal, a populous Arab tribe, to weaken them. This initiated the Arabization of the region. The Almoravids and Almohads, Berber dynasties from the west founded by religious reformers, brought a period of relative peace and development; however, with the Almohads' collapse, Algeria became a battleground for their three successor states, the Algerian Zayyanids, Tunisian Hafsids, and Moroccan Marinids. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Spanish Empire started attacking and subsuming a few Algerian coastal settlements. Ottoman rule Algeria was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Hayreddin Barbarossa and his brother Aruj in 1517, and they established Algeria's modern boundaries in the north and made its coast a base for the Ottoman corsairs; their privateering peaked in Algiers in the 1600s. Piracy on American vessels in the Mediterranean resulted in the First (1801–1805) and Second Barbary War (1815) with the United States. The piracy acts forced people captured on the boats into slavery; alternatively when the pirates attacked coastal villages in southern and western Europe the inhabitants were forced into slavery.Barbary Pirates — Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 Raids by Barbary pirates on Western Europe did not cease until 1816, when a Royal Navy raid, assisted by six Dutch vessels, destroyed the port of Algiers and its fleet of Barbary ships. Spanish occupation of Algerian ports at this time was a source of concern for the local inhabitants. French colonization On the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded Algiers in 1830. The conquest of Algeria by the French was long and particularly violent, and it resulted in the disappearance of about a third of the Algerian population. France was responsible for the extermination of 1 million Algerians. According to Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison, the French pursued a policy of extermination against the Algerians. The French conquest of Algeria was slow due to intense resistance from such people as Emir Abdelkader, Ahmed Bey and Fatma N'Soumer. Indeed, the conquest was not technically complete until the early 1900s when the last Tuareg were conquered. Meanwhile, however, the French made Algeria an integral part of France, a status that would end only with the collapse of the Fourth Republic in 1958. Tens of thousands of settlers from France, Spain, Italy, and Malta moved in to farm the Algerian coastal plain and occupied significant parts of Algeria's cities. These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land, and the application of modern agricultural techniques that increased the amount of arable land. Algeria's social fabric suffered during the occupation: literacy plummeted, while land confiscation uprooted much of the population. Starting from the end of the nineteenth century, people of European descent in Algeria (or natives like Spanish people in Oran), as well as the native Algerian Jews (typically Sephardic in origin), became full French citizens. After Algeria's 1962 independence, they were called Pieds-Noirs; ("Pieds Noirs" meaning "black feet", referring to the fact that the Europeans wore black shoes on their feet). In contrast, the vast majority of Muslim Algerians (even veterans of the French army) received neither French citizenship nor the right to vote. Post-independence In 1954, the National Liberation Front (FLN) launched the Algerian War of Independence which was a guerrilla campaign. By the end of the war, newly elected President Charles de Gaulle, understanding that the age of empire was ending, held a plebiscite, offering Algerians three options. Unfortunately, he promised the pieds-noirs that Algeria would remain French, and that they should stay and invest in the colony. This resulted in a landslide vote for complete independence from France. Over one million people, 10% of the population, then fled the country for France and Italy in just a few months in mid-1962. These included most of the 1,025,000 Pieds-Noirs, as well as 81,000 Harkis (pro-French Algerians serving in the French Army). In the days proceeding the bloody conflict, a group of Algerian Rebels opened fire on a marketplace in Oran killing numerous innocent civilians, mostly women. This event is known as the Saint Bartholomew Massacre. Algeria's first president was the FLN leader Ahmed Ben Bella. He was overthrown by his former ally and defence minister, Houari Boumédienne in 1965. Under Ben Bella the government had already become increasingly socialist and authoritarian, and this trend continued throughout Boumédienne's government. However, Boumédienne relied much more heavily on the army, and reduced the sole legal party to a merely symbolic role. Agriculture was collectivised, and a massive industrialization drive launched. Oil extraction facilities were nationalized. This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the 1973 oil crisis. However, the Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil which led to hardship when the price collapsed during the 1980s oil glut. In foreign policy, while Algeria shares much of its history and cultural heritage with neighbouring Morocco, the two countries have had somewhat hostile relations with each other ever since Algeria's independence. Reasons for this include Morocco's disputed claim to portions of western Algeria (which led to the Sand War in 1963), Algeria's support for the Polisario Front for its right to self-determination, and Algeria's hosting of Sahrawi refugees within its borders in the city of Tindouf. Within Algeria, dissent was rarely tolerated, and the state's control over the media and the outlawing of political parties other than the FLN was cemented in the repressive constitution of 1976. Boumédienne died in 1978, but the rule of his successor, Chadli Bendjedid, was little more open. The state took on a strongly bureaucratic character and corruption was widespread. The modernization drive brought considerable demographic changes to Algeria. Village traditions underwent significant change as urbanization increased. New industries emerged, agricultural employment was substantially reduced. Education was extended nationwide, raising the literacy rate from less than 10% to over 60%. There was a dramatic increase in the fertility rate to 7-8 children per mother. Therefore by 1980, there was a very youthful population and a housing crisis. The new generation struggled to relate to the cultural obsession with the war years and two conflicting protest movements developed: communists, including Berber identity movements; and Islamic 'intégristes'. Both groups protested against one-party rule but also clashed with each other in universities and on the streets during the 1980s. Mass protests from both camps in Autumn 1988 forced Bendjedid to concede the end of one-party rule. Elections were planned to happen in 1991. In December 1991, the Islamic Salvation Front won the first round of the country's first multi-party elections. The military then intervened and cancelled the second round. It forced then-president Bendjedid to resign and banned all political parties based on religion (including the Islamic Salvation Front). A political conflict ensued, leading Algeria into the violent Algerian Civil War. More than 160,000 people were killed between 17 January 1992 and June 2002. Most of the deaths were between militants and government troops, but a great number of civilians were also killed. The question of who was responsible for these deaths was controversial at the time amongst academic observers; many were claimed by the Armed Islamic Group. Though many of these massacres were carried out by Islamic extremists, the Algerian regime also used the army and foreign mercenaries to conduct attacks on men, women and children and then proceeded to blame the attacks upon various Islamic groups within the country. AlgiersElections resumed in 1995, and after 1998, the war waned. On 27 April 1999, after a series of short-term leaders representing the military, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, the current president, was elected. By 2002, the main guerrilla groups had either been destroyed or surrendered, taking advantage of an amnesty program, though sporadic fighting continued in some areas (See Islamic insurgency in Algeria (2002–present)). The issue of Berber language and identity increased in significance, particularly after the extensive Kabyle protests of 2001 and the near-total boycott of local elections in Kabylie. The government responded with concessions including naming of Manthatztieht (Berber) as a national language and teaching it in schools. Much of Algeria is now recovering and developing into an emerging economy. The high prices of oil and gas are being used by the new government to improve the country's infrastructure and especially improve industry and agricultural land. Recently, overseas investment in Algeria has increased. Geography Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural harbours. The area from the coast to the Tell Atlas is fertile. South of the Tell Atlas is a steppe landscape, which ends with the Saharan Atlas; further south, there is the Sahara desert. The Ahaggar Mountains (Arabic: جبال هقار), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. They are located about 1,500 km (932 miles) south of the capital, Algiers and just west of Tamanghasset. Algiers, Oran , Constantine, and Annaba are Algeria's main cities. Climate and hydrology Northern Algeria is in the temperate zone and has a mild, Mediterranean climate. Its broken topography, however, provides sharp local contrasts in both prevailing temperatures and incidence of rainfall. Year-to-year variations in climatic conditions are also common. In the Tell Atlas, temperatures in summer average between 21 and 24 °C and in winter drop to 10 to 12 °C. Winters are not particularly cold, but the humidity level is high. In eastern Algeria, the average temperatures are somewhat lower, and on the steppes of the High Atlas plateaux, winter temperatures are only a few degrees above freezing. A prominent feature of the climate in this region is the sirocco, a dusty, choking south wind blowing off the desert, sometimes at gale force. This wind also occasionally reaches into the coastal Tell. The Ahaggar MountainsIn Algeria, only a relatively small corner of the torrid Sahara lies across the Tropic of Cancer in the torrid zone. In this region even in winter, midday desert temperatures can be very hot. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded. The highest temperature recorded in Tindouf is 135.4°F (57.4°C) and is probaly the highest reliable temperature ever recorded in Algeria under standard conditions. Rainfall is fairly abundant along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from 400 to 670 mm annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. Precipitation is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as 1000 mm in some years. Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Prevailing winds that are easterly and north-easterly in summer change to westerly and northerly in winter and carry with them a general increase in precipitation from September through December, a decrease in the late winter and spring months, and a near absence of rainfall during the summer months. Algeria also has ergs, or sand dunes between mountains, which in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can get up to 110 °F (43 °C). Politics Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of Algeria.The head of state is the President of Algeria, who is elected to a five year term and is constitutionally limited to two terms. Algeria has universal suffrage at 18 years of age. The President is the head of the Council of Ministers and of the High Security Council. He appoints the Prime Minister who is also the head of government. The Prime Minister appoints the Council of Ministers. The Algerian parliament is bicameral, consisting of a lower chamber, the National People's Assembly (APN), with 380 members; and an upper chamber, the Council Of Nation, with 144 members. The APN is elected every five years. Under the 1976 constitution (as modified 1979, and amended in 1988, 1989, and 1996) Algeria is a multi-party state. All parties must be approved by the Ministry of the Interior. To date, Algeria has had more than 40 legal political parties. According to the constitution, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender or region." Military forces missile launcher ship made in AlgeriaThe Algerian Army is called Popular National Army (PNA or ANP in French). It is composed of the command of the army, navy, and the air defence of the territory.The summit of military hierarchy leads to the leader of the State, constitutionally supreme leader of Armed forces and Defence Minister. The Algerian army has an enrollment about 300,000 soldiers, including up to 150,000 reservists. It is also assisted by the police station composed of 60 000 members, as well as a republican elite corps of 5 000 guards, dependent on the Ministry of Defence. In 2006, the Algerian budget of defence occupied 3.3% of the GDP, which is about $3.8 billion (USD). The Algeria's main purveyor of weapon since independence was the USSR (Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic). However, since the fall of this last at the end of Cold War, Algeria has undertaken a diversification of its armed supplies, notably by turning to countries like the United States, China and South Africa. However, Russian material has always occupied a preponderant place within the Algerian army. It is the direct successor of the Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN), which fought French colonial occupation during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62). The People's National Army consists of 127,500 members, with some 100,000 reservists. The army is under the control of the president, who also is minister of National Defense (current president is Abdelaziz Bouteflika). Defense expenditures accounted for some $2.67 billion or 3.5% of GDP. One and a half years of national military service is compulsory for males. Algeria is a leading military power in North Africa and has its force oriented toward its western (Morocco) and eastern (Libya) borders. Its primary military supplier has been the former Soviet Union, which has sold various types of sophisticated equipment under military trade agreements, and the People's Republic of China. Algeria has attempted, in recent years, to diversify its sources of military material. Military forces are supplemented by a 45,000-member gendarmerie or rural police force under the control of the president and 30,000-member Sûreté nationale or Metropolitan police force under the Ministry of the Interior. Recently, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49 MiG-29SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated $1.5 Billion. They also agreed to return old airplanes purchased from the Former USSR. Russia is also building 2 636-type diesel submarines for Algeria. Maghreb Arab Union Tensions between Algeria and Morocco in relation to the Western Sahara have put great obstacles in the way of tightening the Maghreb Arab Union, which was nominally established in 1989 but carried little practical weight with its coastal neighbors. Provinces and districts Map of the provinces of Algeria numbered according to the official orderAlgeria is currently divided into 48 provinces (wilayas), 553 districts (daïras) and 1,541 municipalities (communes, baladiyahs). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its seat, which is mostly also the largest city. According to the Algerian constitution, a province is a territorial collectivity enjoying some economic freedom. The People's Provincial Assembly is the political entity governing a province, which has a "president", who is elected by the members of the assembly. They are in turn elected on universal suffrage every five years. The "Wali" (Prefect or governor) directs each province. This person is chosen by the Algerian President to handle the PPA's decisions. The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983) they are: 1 Adrar 2 Chlef 3 Laghouat 4 Oum el-Bouaghi 5 Batna 6 Béjaïa 7 Biskra 8 Béchar 9 Blida 10 Bouira 11 Tamanghasset 12 Tébessa 13 Tlemcen 14 Tiaret 15 Tizi Ouzou 16 Algiers 17 Djelfa 18 Jijel 19 Sétif 20 Saida 21 Skikda 22 Sidi Bel Abbes 23 Annaba 24 Guelma 25 Constantine 26 Médéa 27 Mostaganem 28 M'Sila 29 Mascara 30 Ouargla 31 Oran 32 El Bayadh 33 Illizi 34 Bordj Bou Arréridj 35 Boumerdès 36 El Tarf 37 Tindouf 38 Tissemsilt 39 El Oued 40 Khenchela 41 Souk Ahras 42 Tipasa 43 Mila 44 Aïn Defla 45 Naama 46 Aïn Témouchent 47 Ghardaïa 48 Relizane Economy The fossil fuels energy sector is the backbone of Algeria's economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings. The country ranks fourteenth in petroleum reserves, containing 11.8 billion barrels (1,880,000,000 m³) of proven oil reserves with estimates suggesting that the actual amount is even more. The U.S. Energy Information Administration reported that in 2005, Algeria had 160 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves, the eighth largest in the world. Algeria’s financial and economic indicators improved during the mid-1990s, in part because of policy reforms supported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and debt rescheduling from the Paris Club. Algeria’s finances in 2000 and 2001 benefited from an increase in oil prices and the government’s tight fiscal policy, leading to a large increase in the trade surplus, record highs in foreign exchange reserves, and reduction in foreign debt. The government's continued efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have had little success in reducing high unemployment and improving living standards, however. In 2001, the government signed an Association Treaty with the European Union that will eventually lower tariffs and increase trade. In March 2006, Russia agreed to erase $4.74 billion of Algeria's Soviet-era debt during a visit by President Vladimir Putin to the country, the first by a Russian leader in half a century. In return, president Bouteflika agreed to buy $7.5 billion worth of combat planes, air-defense systems and other arms from Russia, according to the head of Russia's state arms exporter Rosoboronexport. Algeria also decided in 2006 to pay off its full $8bn (£4.3bn) debt to the Paris Club group of rich creditor nations before schedule. This will reduce the Algerian foreign debt to less than $5bn in the end of 2006. The Paris Club said the move reflected Algeria's economic recovery in recent years. Agriculture Since Roman times Algeria has been noted for the fertility of its soil. 25% of Algerians are employed in the agricultural sector. A considerable amount of cotton was grown at the time of the United States' Civil War, but the industry declined afterwards. In the early years of the twentieth century efforts to extend the cultivation of the plant were renewed. A small amount of cotton is also grown in the southern oases. Large quantities of a vegetable that resembles horsehair, an excellent fibre, are made from the leaves of the dwarf palm. The olive (both for its fruit and oil) and tobacco are cultivated with great success. More than 7,500,000 acres (30,000 km²) are devoted to the cultivation of cereal grains. The Tell is the grain-growing land. During the time of French rule its productivity was increased substantially by the sinking of artesian wells in districts which only required water to make them fertile. Of the crops raised, wheat, barley and oats are the principal cereals. A great variety of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus products, are exported. Algeria also exports figs, dates, esparto grass, and cork. It is the largest oat market in Africa. Algeria is known for Bertolli's olive oil spread, although the spread has an Italian background. Demographics The current population of Algeria is 33,333,216 (July 2007 est.). About 70% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the minority who inhabit the Sahara are mainly concentrated in oases, although some 1.5 million remain nomadic or partly nomadic. Almost 30% of Algerians are under 15. Algeria has the fourth lowest fertility rate in the Greater Middle East after Cyprus, Tunisia, and Turkey. 97% of the population is classified ethnically as Berber/Arab and religiously as Sunni Muslim, the few non-Sunni Muslims are mainly Ibadis, representing 1.3%, from the M'Zab valley. (See also Islam in Algeria.) A mostly foreign Roman Catholic community of about 45,000 people exists, along with about 350,000 Protestant Christians, and some 500 Jewish. The Jewish community of Algeria, which once constituted 2% of the total population, has substantially decreased due to emigration, mostly to France and Israel. Europeans account for less than 1% of the population, inhabiting almost exclusively the largest metropolitan areas. However, during the colonial period there was a large (15.2% in 1962) European population, consisting primarily of French people, in addition to Spaniards in the west of the country, Italians and Maltese in the east, and other Europeans in smaller numbers known as pieds-noirs, concentrated on the coast and forming a majority in cities like Bône, Oran, Sidi Bel Abbès, and Algiers. Almost all of this population left during or immediately after the country's independence from France. A Dancer in Biskra, published in March 1917 National Geographic.Housing and medicine continue to be pressing problems in Algeria. Failing infrastructure and the continued influx of people from rural to urban areas has overtaxed both systems. According to the UNDP, Algeria has one of the world's highest per housing unit occupancy rates for housing, and government officials have publicly stated that the country has an immediate shortfall of 1.5 million housing units. Women make up 70 percent of Algeria’s lawyers and 60 percent of its judges. Women dominate medicine. Increasingly, women are contributing more to household income than men. Sixty percent of university students are women, according to university researchers. It is estimated that 95,700 refugees and asylum seekers have sought refuge in Algeria. This includes roughly 90,000 from Morocco and 4,100 from Former Palestine. Ethnic groups Most Algerians are Berber or Arab, by language or identity, but almost all Algerians are Berber in origin. Today, the Arab-Berber issue is often a case of self-identification or identification through language and culture, rather than a racial or ethnic distinction. The Berber people are divided into several ethnic groups, Kabyle in the mountainous north-central area, Chaoui in the eastern Atlas Mountains, Mozabites in the M'zab valley, and Tuareg in the far south. Small pockets of Black African populations also are in Algeria. Turkish Algerians represent 5% of the population and live mainly in the big cities. However, in a recent genetic study by Standford University, Arabs and Berbers were found to have more genetic similarities than was once believed. The Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups that characterize both Arabs and Berbers are E1b1b and J (found in 70% of Middle Eastern people and 90% in North Africa). This has led scientists to conclude that North Africa has a higher genetic affinity with Arab populations than was previously hypothesized. Southern Algerians are most genetically closely linked with Arabs from Gulf countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Yemen and the UAE. Northern Algerians are most genetically linked with Arabs from Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Jordan and some Gulf countries. A more recent and thorough study by Arredi et al. (2004) which analyzed populations from Algeria concludes that the North African pattern of Y-chromosomal variation (including both E1b1b and J haplogroups) is largely of Neolithic origin, which suggests that the Neolithic transition in this part of the world was accompanied by demic diffusion of Afro-Asiatic–speaking pastoralists from the Middle East. This Neolithic origin was later confirmed by Myles et al. (2005), which in turn suggests that "contemporary Berber populations possess the genetic signature of a past migration of pastoralists from the Middle East". Languages Trilingual welcome sign in the Isser Municipality (Boumerdès), written in Arabic, Kabyle (Tifinagh), and French.Most Algerians speak Algerian Arabic. Arabic is spoken natively in dialectal form ("Darja") by some 65 percent of the population. However, in the media and on official occasions the spoken language is Standard Arabic. The Berbers (or Imazighen), who form approximately 45 percent of the population, largely speak one of the various dialects of Tamazight as opposed to Arabic. But a majority can use both Berber and Algerian Arabic. Arabic remains Algeria's only official language, although Tamazight has recently been recognized as a national language alongside it. Ethnologue counts eighteen living languages within Algeria, splitting both Arabic and Tamazight into several different languages, as well as including Korandje, which is unrelated to Arabic or Tamazight. The language issue is politically sensitive, particularly for the Berber minority, which has been disadvantaged by state-sanctioned Arabization. Language politics and Arabization have partly been a reaction to the fact that 130 years of French colonization had left both the state bureaucracy and much of the educated upper class completely Francophone, as well as being motivated by the Arab nationalism promoted by successive Algerian governments. French is still the most widely studied foreign language, and most Algerians are fluent in French though it is usually not spoken in daily circumstances. Since independence, the government has pursued a policy of linguistic Arabization of education and bureaucracy, with some success, although many university courses continue to be taught in French. Recently, schools have started to incorporate French into the curriculum as early as children start to learn Arabic, as many Algerians are fluent in French. French is also used in media and commerce. Education Young inhabitants of Algiers in the streets of the Kasbah of Algiers.Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 15. In the year 1997, there was an outstanding amount of teachers and students in primary schools. In Algeria there are 10 universities, 7 colleges, and 5 institutes for higher learning. The University of Algiers (founded in 1909), which is located in the capital of Algeria, Algiers has about 267,142 students. The Algerian school system is structured into Basic, General Secondary, and Technical Secondary levels: Basic Ecole fondamentale (Fundamental School) Length of program: 10 years Age range: age 6 to 15 old Certificate/diploma awarded: Brevet d'Enseignement Moyen B.E.M. General Secondary Lycée d'Enseignement général (School of General Teaching) , lycées polyvalents (General-Purpose School) Length of program: 3 years Age range: age 15 to 18 Certificate/diploma awarded: Baccalauréat de l'Enseignement secondaire (Bachelor's Degree of Secondary School) Technical Secondary Lycées d'Enseignement technique (Technical School) Length of program: 3 years Certificate/diploma awarded: Baccalauréat technique (Technical Bachelor's Degree) Culture Mosque in Algiers.Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history. Famous novelists of the twentieth century include Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, and Kateb Yacine, while Assia Djebar is widely translated. Among the important novelists of the 1980s were Rachid Mimouni, later vice-president of Amnesty International, and Tahar Djaout, murdered by an Islamist group in 1993 for his secularist views. In philosophy and the humanities, Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, was born in El Biar in Algiers; Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste (modern-day Souk Ahras); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria. Algerian culture has been strongly influenced by Islam, the main religion. The works of the Sanusi family in pre-colonial times, and of Emir Abdelkader and Sheikh Ben Badis in colonial times, are widely noted. The Latin author Apuleius was born in Madaurus (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria. The Algerian musical genre best known abroad is raï , a pop-flavored, opinionated take on folk music, featuring international stars such as Khaled and Cheb Mami. in Algeria itself the style: ( raï ) remains the most popular,but the older generation still prefer ("shaabi", Dahmane Elharrashi its King..) while the tuneful melodies of Kabyle music, exemplified by Idir, Ait Menguellet, or Lounès Matoub, have a wide audience. For more classical tastes, Andalusi music, brought from Al-Andalus by Morisco refugees, is preserved in many older coastal towns. For a more modern style, the English born and of Algerian descent, Potent C is gradually becoming a success for younger generations. Encompassing a mixture of folk, raï, and British hip hop it is a highly collective and universal genre. Although “raï". is welcomed and praised as a glowing cultural emblem for Algeria, there was time when raï’s come across critical cultural and political conflictions with Islamic and government policies and practices, post-independency. Thus the distribution and expression of raï music became very difficult. However, “then the government abruptly reversed its position in mid-1985. In part this was due to the lobbying of a former liberation army officer turned pop music impresario, Colonel Snoussi, who hoped to profit from raï if it could be mainstreamed.” In addition, given both nations’ relations, Algerian government was pleased with the music’s growing popularity in France. Although the music is ore widely accepted on the political level, it still faces severe conflictions with the populace of Islamic faith in Algeria. In painting, Mohammed Khadda and M'Hamed Issiakhem have been notable in recent years. Landscapes and monuments of Algeria Mountain of Chrea near the city of Blida (north). street of Zighout Youcef in Algiers (north) Mountains of Hoggar in the Algerian Sahara(2000 km in the south of Algiers) Mountains of Tikjda near the city of Tizi Ouzou (north). Roman ruins of Timgad (north-eastern) Place of November 1st in the city of Oran(north-western) Overview of the city of Ghardaïa (south) Overview of the city of Annaba(north-eastern). City of Mascara(north-western) Tichy's beach in Bejaïa (north). Hanging bridge of the city of Constantine El-Kantara in Biskra (south). UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria including Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, the first capital of the Hammadid empire; Tipasa, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and Djémila and Timgad, both Roman ruins; M'Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis; also the Casbah of Algiers is an important citadel. The only natural World Heritage Sites is the Tassili n'Ajjer, a mountain range. |
|