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埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 埃及 Egypt 突尼斯 Tunisia 阿尔及利亚 Algeria 尼日利亚 Nigeria 塞内加尔 Senegal 南非 South Africa 安哥拉 Angola 贝宁 Benin 布基纳法索 Burkina Faso 布隆迪 Republic of Burundi 博茨瓦纳 Republic of Botswana 赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea 多哥 Togo 厄立特里亚 Eritrea 佛得角 Republic of Cape Verde 冈比亚 Gambia 刚果 Republic of the Congo 刚果民主共和国 Democratic Republic of Congo 吉布提 Djibouti 几内亚 Guinea 几内亚比绍 Guinea-Bissau 加纳 Republic of Ghana 加蓬 Gabon 津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 喀麦隆 Republic of Cameroon 科摩罗 Comoros 科特迪瓦 Ivory Coast 肯尼亚 Republic of Kenya 莱索托 Kingdom of Lesotho 利比亚 Libya 利比里亚 Republic of Liberia 卢旺达 Republic of Rwanda 马达加斯加 Madagascar 马拉维 Malawi 马里 Republic of Mali 毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 毛里求斯 Republic of Mauritius 摩洛哥 Kingdom of Morocco 莫桑比克 the Republic of Mozambique 纳米比亚 The Republic of Namibia 尼日尔 Niger 塞拉利昂 the Republic of Sierra Leone 塞舌尔 Seychelles 斯威士兰 Swaziland 苏丹 Sudan 索马里 Somalia 圣多美和普林西比 Sao Tome and Principe 坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 乌干达 The Republic of Uganda 赞比亚 The Republic of Zambia 乍得 the Republic of Chad 中非共和国 The Central African Republic |
| Algeria Capital:Algiers Country Code: dz |
 阿尔及利亚【面积】 阿尔及利亚民主人民共和国位于非洲西北部，北临地中海，隔海与西班牙、法国相望。面积2 3 8 1 7 4 1 平方千米。海岸线长约1 2 0 0 千米。 【人口】 3380万（2006年）。大多数是阿拉伯人，其次是柏柏尔人（约占总人口20％）。少数民族有姆扎布族和图阿雷格族。官方语言为阿拉伯语，通用法语。伊斯兰教为国教。 【首都】 阿尔及尔(Alger)，人口256万（2004年）。全国政治、经济、文化和外贸的中心；最大港口，有炼油、石化、机械、水泥、纺织、酿酒、制革等工业部门。阿尔及尔是地中海的交通要冲。公元10世纪前叶建为港口。17世纪时城市日渐繁荣。1830年后成为法属北非殖民地军事、政治中心。1962年阿尔及利亚独立后以此为都。 【宗教】 伊斯兰教99%，基督犹太教1%。国家的宗教是非伊斯兰教 【语言】 阿拉伯语、法语、柏柏尔语 【货币】第纳尔 【同北京时差】 -7.00 【国际电话码】213 【国家元首】 阿卜杜勒－阿齐兹·布特弗利卡（Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA），1999年4月15日当选，2004年4月8日连任。 【重要节日】 独立日，7月5日（1962年），国庆日，11月1日（1954年）。此外，约有10天伊斯兰宗教节日，如伊斯兰历新年、开斋节、宰牲节等。 【自然地理】 位于非洲西北部。北临地中海，东临突尼斯、利比亚，南与尼日尔、马里和毛里塔尼亚接壤，西与摩洛哥、西撒哈拉交界。海岸线长约1200公里。北部沿海地区属地中海气候，中部为热带草原气候；南部为热带沙漠气候。每年8月最热，最高气温29℃,最低气温22℃；1月最冷，最高气温15℃，最低气温9℃。沿海有狭窄平原。阿特拉斯山脉横亘北部，分泰勒阿特拉斯山脉和撒哈拉阿特拉斯山脉北、南两支，两山之间有高原和山间盆地，多咸水湖。中、南部是撒哈拉沙漠，占国土面积85％，其中有高大死火山和许多绿洲，最高点塔哈特山海拔2，918米。沿海为地中海式气候；山区属半干旱气候，多森林和草原；其他广大地区为热带沙漠气候，雨量少，夏季酷热。 【简史】 公元前十二世纪腓尼基人到达沿海一带。公元前九世纪起受迦太基控制。公元前3世纪，在阿北部建立过两个柏柏尔王国。后罗马、拜占庭、阿拉伯人、西班牙、土耳其入侵。1830年法国开始入侵，阿逐步沦为法国殖民地。1958年9月19日阿临时政府成立。1962年 7月3日正式宣布独立，7月5日定为独立日。1963年9月，本·贝拉当选首任总统。1965年6月，胡阿里·布迈丁发动政变上台，成立革命委员会，自任主席兼总理。1976年12月布当选为总统。1979年2月沙德利·本·杰迪德上校当选为总统。1992年1月，沙德利总统辞职，阿成立以穆罕默德·布迪亚夫为首的五人最高国务委员会行使总统职权。7月，卡菲继任最高国务委员会主席。1994年1月，最高国务委员会卸任，同时任命拉明·泽鲁阿勒为总统。1995年11月泽鲁阿勒当选为总统。1995年至1997年间，阿完成了修宪公投，通过了政党法并先后举行了总统、立法、地方及民族院（参议院）的选举，各级政权建设基本完成。1998年9月11日，泽鲁阿勒总统宣布提前卸任。1999年4月15日阿举行总统选举，阿卜杜勒－阿齐兹·布特弗利卡当选为总统。2004年4月8日，布在总统大选中以84.99%的得票率蝉联。 【政治】 1999年布特弗利卡任总统后，采取多种措施恢复国内和平与安定。一方面继续清剿、打击怙恶不悛的恐怖团伙，一方面推动“全国和解”，通过《全民和解法》与《和平与全国和解宪章》，分化、感召恐怖残余势力。当前，虽然针对当地民众和外国侨民的恐怖袭击仍有发生，但阿社会治安状况已大有改善，生产生活基本能正常进行。与此同时，布特弗利卡总统稳步推行政治、经济的有序改革，以期建立民主、法制国家，实现经济、社会的全面发展。2006年5月，布改组政府，任命阿议会第一大党民族解放阵线总书记贝勒卡迪姆为总理。 【宪法】 1996年11月28日，阿举行全民公投，通过宪法修正案。修改后的宪法主要内容是：确定阿的伊斯兰、阿拉伯、柏柏尔属性；禁止在宗教、语言、种族、性别、社团主义和地方主义的基础上成立政党；议会由国民议会和民族院（参议院）组成；总统在议会产生前及其休会期间可以法令形式颁布法律；如政府施政纲领两次被国民议会否决，则解散国民议会，重新选举等。 【议会】 由国民议会（众议院）与民族院（参议院）组成，两院共同行使立法权，国民议会通过的法案须经民族院四分之三多数通过后方能生效。本届国民议会共389名议员，系2002年5月选出，任期5年。现任议长为阿马尔·萨伊达尼（Amar SAIDANI），2004年6月任职。各党所占席位分别为：民族解放阵线199席；民族民主联盟47席；民族改革运动43席；争取和平社会运动38席；独立人士30席；劳工党21席；阿尔及利亚民族阵线8席；复兴运动、阿尔及利亚革新党及民族和睦运动各1席。民族院三分之二议员通过间接、无记名投票选出，另三分之一由总统任命，任期六年，每三年改选其中一半。首届民族院于1997年12月产生，共144名议员，现任议长为阿卜杜勒－卡德尔·本萨拉赫(Abdelkader BENSALAH)，2002年7月当选，2004年1月连任。各党所占席位：民盟82席；民阵20席；和运4席；文盟1席；全国团结与发展党1席；其余为无党派人士。 【政府】 现政府于2006年5月25日组成，由总理、31名部长、8名部长级代表和1名政府秘书长组成。主要成员有：总理：阿卜杜勒－阿齐兹·贝勒卡迪姆(Abdelaziz BELKHADEM)、国务部长兼内政与地方行政部长：亚齐德·泽鲁尼（Yazid ZERHOUNI）、国务部长兼外交部长：穆罕默德·贝贾维（Mohamed BEDJAOUI）、国务部长：布杰拉·苏尔塔尼（Boudjerra SOLTANI）、国防部部长级代表：阿卜杜勒－马赖克·盖纳齐亚（Abdelmalek GUENAIZIA）、司法、掌玺部长：塔耶卜·贝莱兹（Tayeb BELAIZ）、财政部长：穆拉德·梅德西（Mourad MEDELCI）、能源与矿产部长：沙基卜·克利勒（Chakib KHELIL）、水资源部长：阿卜杜勒马立克·塞拉勒(Abdelmalek SELLAL)、贸易部长：努尔丁·布克鲁赫（Noureddine BOUKROUH）、宗教与募捐事务部长：布阿代拉赫·格拉马拉赫（Bouaddellah GHLAMALLAH）、老战士部长：穆罕摩德·谢里夫·阿巴斯（Mohamed Cherif ABBAS）、国土整治与环境部长：谢里夫·拉赫马尼（Cherif RAHMANI）、交通部长：穆罕默德·谢里夫·阿巴斯（Mohamed Cherif ABBAS）、国民教育部长：阿布贝克尔·本布齐德（Boubekeur BENBOUZID）、农业和乡村发展部长：塞义德·巴尔卡特（Said BARKAT）、公共工程部长：奥马尔·古勒（Omar GHOUL）、卫生、人口和医疗机构改革部长：阿玛尔·图（Amar TOU）、文化部长：卡丽达·图米（女/Khalida TOUMI）、新闻部长哈希米·吉亚尔（Hachemi DJIAR）、中小企业和手工业部长：穆斯塔法·本巴达（Mustapha BENBADA）、高教和科研部长：拉希德·哈拉乌比亚（Rachid HARRAOUBIA）、邮政和信息、通讯技术部长：布贾玛·哈伊舒尔（Boudjemaa HAICHUOUR）、青年和体育部长：叶海亚·基杜姆(Yahia GUIDDOUM)、培训和职业教育部长：阿勒哈迪·哈勒迪（El-Hadi KHALDI）、住房与城市规划部长：穆罕摩德·纳迪尔·哈米米德（Mohamed Nadir HAMIMID）、工业部长：马哈穆德·胡德里（Mahmoud KHOUDRI）、劳动和社会保障部长：塔耶卜·卢赫（Tayeb LOUH）、就业和国民互助部长：贾迈勒·乌尔德·阿巴斯(Djamel Ould ABBES)、渔业与水产资源部长：斯迈尔·米穆内（Smail MIMOUNE）、旅游部长：努尔丁·穆萨(Noureddine MOUSSA)等。 【网址】 阿尔及利亚外交部：www.mae.dz 【行政区划】 全国共分为48个省：阿尔及尔、阿德拉尔、谢里夫、拉格瓦特、乌姆布阿基、巴特纳、贝贾亚、比斯卡拉、贝沙尔、布利达、布依拉、塔曼拉塞特、特贝萨、特累姆森、提亚雷特、蒂齐乌祖、杰勒法、吉杰尔、塞蒂夫、赛伊达、斯基克达、西迪·贝勒·阿贝斯、安纳巴、盖尔马、君士坦丁、梅德阿、莫斯塔加纳姆、姆西拉、马斯卡拉、乌尔格拉、奥兰、贝伊德、伊利齐、布尔吉·布阿雷里吉、布迈德斯、塔里夫、廷杜夫、蒂斯姆西勒特、瓦德、罕西拉、苏克·阿赫拉斯、蒂巴扎、密拉、艾因·德夫拉、纳阿马、艾因·蒂姆沈特、格尔达亚、赫利赞。 【司法机构】 设最高司法委员会，主席和副主席分别由总统和司法部长担任。法院分三级：最高法院、省级法院和市镇法庭。不设检察院，在最高法院和省级法院设检察长，均受司法部领导。最高法院院长贝拉贾·卡杜尔（Beradja KADDOUR），2006年9月任职。 【政党】 根据1996年11月通过的宪法修正案和1997年2月通过的政党法，现有约30个合法政党。主要政党有： （1）民族解放阵线（Front de Libération Nationale，简称民阵）：前身为“团结与行动委员会”,成立于1954年8月，同年11月1日发动抗法武装起义，改名为“民族解放阵线”，1977年10月又易名为“民族解放阵线党”，1988年11月恢复“民族解放阵线”的名称。民阵积极倡导建立国际经济新秩序，主张恢复阿的国际地位。阿独立后，民阵长期执政。1992年后成为在野党。1997年6月第一次立法选举时成为议会三大执政党之一。2002年5月在阿第二次立法选举中获51%议席，重新成为阿第一大党。2005年1月，民阵举行“八大”，选举贝勒卡迪姆为总书记并推举布特弗利卡总统为名誉主席。贝勒卡迪姆2006年5月出任总理。 （2）全国民主联盟（Rassemblement National Démocratique，简称民盟）:成立于1997年2月，由老战士组织、老战士子女组织、烈士子女组织、退往军官协会、工会、农会、全国妇女联盟七个有影响的全国性团体组成。1997年6月立法选举中，民盟获40％的议席，成为阿第一大政党。在2002年的立法选举中退居议会第二大党。民盟主张“多样性、轮流执政”的原则。总书记为前总理艾哈迈德·乌叶海亚(Ahmed OUYAHIA，1999年2月当选)。 （3）民族改革运动（Monvement de la Réforme nationale）简称民改运。原为复运贾巴拉赫派，后从复运中分离，于1999年1月29日正式成立。是温和伊斯兰主义政党，主张建立伊斯兰国家，实行多党制，支持全国和解，尊重宪法和法律，特别是阿拉伯语普及法，对外主张建设大马格里布，反对在以色列撤出被占领土前同以媾和。党主席阿卜达拉赫·贾巴拉赫（Abdellah DJABALAH）。2002年5月立法选举中民改运得票居民盟之后，成为议会第三大党。 （4）争取和平社会运动（Mouvement de la Sociéte pour la Paix）：原名哈马斯，成立于1990年，1997年4月13日易名。代表温和伊斯兰势力，既倡导伊斯兰化，也主张民主、共和、轮流执政、提高妇女地位，鼓励推进私有化、努力解决失业和住房等问题。在1995年11月的总统选举中，该党主席马赫富德·纳赫纳赫(Mahfoud NAHNAH)获得二百多万张选票，该党成为最大的反对党。2002年5月立法选举中获7.7%选票，成为议会第四大党。现任党主席艾布杰尔·苏尔塔尼(Abou Djerr SOLTANI)。 （5）社会主义力量阵线（Front des Forces Socialistes）:1963年成立。主张根据人民的需要和意愿发展国家，尊重言论自由，反对个人专制，建设一个自由、进步、团结的社会。党主席霍辛·艾耶特·艾哈迈德（Hocine Ait AHMED）。 （6）文化与民主联盟（Rassemblement pour la Culture et la Démocratie）：1989年2月11日成立，由柏柏尔人组成。主张党政教分离；建立国家与私人相互补充的市场经济；全面改革教育制度。主席萨义德·萨迪（Said SAADI）。 【重要人物】 阿卜杜勒－阿齐兹·布特弗利卡：总统兼国防部长。1937年3月2日出生，祖籍阿西部的特累姆森。1956年参加民族解放军，投身独立战争。1957－1958年任第五省的总督察，后被选入布迈丁上校领导的“西部军事行动指挥部”参谋部任职。1962年任特累姆森省代省长和制宪议会议员，并任青年、体育、旅游部长。1963年至1979年任外长。1979年3月任总统部长级顾问。1999年4月15日当选总统。2004年4月蝉联总统。曾于1971年、1974年和2000年三次访华。阿卜杜勒-卡德尔·本萨拉赫：民族院议长。1941年生。早年参加阿民族解放军，进行抗法斗争，曾获军队和国家荣誉勋章。独立后上大学，获叙利亚大马士革大学法学学士学位。1970年任阿驻贝鲁特新闻与文化中心负责人。1974年任《人民报》社长。1977－1982年任国民议会议员，1982年和1987年两次连任议员并任议会外事委员会主席。1989－1992年任阿驻沙特大使兼驻伊斯兰会议组织常驻代表。1992年任外交部发言人。1993年任全国对话委员会成员兼发言人。1994年任全国过渡委员会（临时议会）主席。1997年2月主持创建民族民主联盟，并于4月当选该党主席。1997年6月当选国民议会议长，2002年7月2日全票当选为民族院议长。阿马尔·萨伊达尼：国民议会议长。1950年生于突尼斯市，阿抗法独立战争烈士子弟。曾获大学政治学学位。历任阿工人总联合会干部、支部书记、油矿联合会理事、经社理事会理事等。1997年当选议员，任议会运输与通讯委员会主任、副议长等职。2004年6月当选国民议会议长。阿卜杜勒－阿齐兹·贝勒卡迪姆：总理。1945年11月8日生于拉格瓦特省。早年在提亚雷特省任教师。1972－1977年任布迈丁总统府外事局副局长，1977－1992年任国民议会议员，期间历任国民议会委员会主席、副议长、议长。1991－1997年当选民族解放阵线政治局委员。2000年任国务部长兼外长，2005年2月当选民阵总书记。2005年5月改任国务部长兼总统个人代表。2006年5月被任命为总理。1991年曾以议长身份访华，2000年以外长身份随布特弗利卡总统访华。 【经 济】 【经济概述】阿经济规模在非洲居第二位，仅次于南非。碳化氢产业（石油与天然气的统称）是阿国民经济的支柱,2005年其产值占阿GDP的45%，出口总额的98％。粮食与日用品主要依赖进口。阿自1989年开始市场经济改革，1995年通过私有化法案，加快经济结构调整。目前阿正在执行2005年至2009年“五年经济社会振兴规划”及南部、高原省份经济发展计划，政府将斥资近1440亿美元用于国企改造和基础设施建设。2005年以来，国际油价走高，阿油气收入大增，经济稳步增长，经济重建全面开展。政府一方面继续实施财政扩张政策，加快大型基础设施建设，推动国有企业和金融体系改革，加大对中小企业的扶持；一方面扩大经济开放，出台“新碳化氢法”鼓励外企参与阿油气开发，密切与欧、美的经贸合作，加紧开展“入世”谈判。 【工矿业】占国内生产总值30％以上。石油和天然气工业是首要经济部门，石油开采量居非洲前列，石油和天然气占出口总值95％以上。还开采和出口铁矿石和磷灰石。其他工业有食品、纺织、化工、钢铁、农机等。多半人口从事农业。主要经济作物是葡萄、柑橘、蔬菜，粮食作物有小麦、大麦等。牲畜多绵羊、山羊。盛产栓皮栎和阿尔法草。葡萄酒、柑橘、蔬菜、橄榄油、软木、阿尔法草均是传统出口商品。进口以机器设备、工业品、日用品和食品为大宗。 国内生产总值(2006年)：1136亿美元。 人均国内生产总值(2006年)：3443美元。 国内生产总值增长率(2006年)：4.8％。 货币名称：第纳尔(Dinar)。 汇率(2006年)：1美元≈72.65第纳尔。 通货膨胀率（2006）：2.5％。 失业率(2006年)：12.3％。 【重要城市】阿尔及尔：首都，全国政治、经济、文化和交通中心。工业以制粉、酿酒、金属加工、水泥、烟草、炼油、汽车装配等为主。港口筑于海滨及四个小岛间，是地中海南岸最大港市之一。城东南约2 0 千米有著名的达尔贝达国际机场。奥兰（瓦赫兰）：全国第二大贸易港。有金属加工、化学和一些轻工业。安纳巴：阿拉伯人7 世纪建立的古城，现为重要海港。 【资源】 石油探明可采储量约12.55亿吨，占世界总储量的1％，居世界第15位，主要是撒哈拉轻质油，油质较高；天然气储量4.6万亿立方米，占世界总储量的3％，产量居世界第7位。阿油气产品大部分出口。其他矿藏主要有铁、铅锌、铀、铜、金、磷酸盐等。其中铁矿储量为30－50亿吨，主要分布在东部的乌昂扎矿和布哈德拉矿。铅锌矿储量估计为1.5亿吨，铀矿2.4-5万吨，磷酸盐20亿吨，黄金100吨。 【工业】 主要部门有能矿、钢铁、冶金、机械、电力等。2003年工业产值364.8亿美元，占国内生产总值的55.1％。工业以碳化氢产业为主，制造业仅占国内生产总值的7％。2005年石油产量为7300万吨，油气出口收入达435亿美元，创历史新高。2001年阿工业企业共有员工约50.2万人，其中10余万人在私营企业工作。 【农、林、牧、渔业】 阿现有农业从业人员约1800万，占全国人口的56％。2004年农业产值占国内生产总值的9.2％。主要农产品有粮食(小麦、大麦、燕麦和豆类)、蔬菜、葡萄、柑桔和椰枣等。阿可耕地面积7500万公顷，占国土面积的17％，已耕地面积约846万公顷，占国土面积的3％，其中粮田306万公顷，果林57.7万公顷，葡萄8.2万公顷，蔬菜种植面积15.8万公顷。阿农业靠天吃饭，产量起伏较大。1995/96年度粮食产量为460万吨，创历史最高纪录，2004/05年度粮食产量为350万吨。阿是世界粮食、奶、油、糖十大进口国之一，每年进口粮食约490万吨。森林覆盖率为11%，总面积367万公顷，其中软木林46万公顷，年产木材20万立方米。全国有草场3200万公顷。2003年牲畜存栏数为：牛146.5万头，羊1873.8万只，骆驼33.4万峰。年产奶16亿升、肉类31万吨、禽类25万吨、蛋24亿只。渔业资源集中在近海，2000年有各种渔船2464条，其中拖网轮305艘、捕沙丁鱼船635条，手工捕鱼船1484条，共有2.64万人从事渔业。 【旅游业】阿旅游资源丰富，全境有7处自然、文化景点被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。目前阿全国有旅游开发区174个，饭店1004家，床位约10万张。2004年阿接待境外游客160万人次，2005年旅游收入为1.74亿美元。 【交通运输】阿陆地运输以公路为主，公路运载量占83％，铁路占17％。 铁路：集中在北部地区，总长4219公里，其中标准轨3138公里，复线345公里，电气化铁路300公里，窄轨1081公里。铁路全线有214个车站，日客运能力约3.2万人次。 公路：总长约10.7万公里，其中高速公路350公里，国家级公路2.9万公里，省级公路2.4万公里，村镇级公路5.4万公里。 水运：共有36个港口，其中渔港22座，油港4座，其余为休闲港或多功能港。最大的港口是阿尔及尔港，有大小泊位37个。阿30％的货物，70％的集装箱通过阿尔及尔港装载。 空运：全国有53个机场，其中29个投入商业运行，包括阿尔及尔、奥兰、安纳巴、君士坦丁等13个国际机场，每年起降飞机10万架次。现有2家国营航空公司和6家私营航空公司，共有飞机60余架，其中大、中型飞机30余架。目前已开通20个国家的50多条国际航线。 管道运输：国内有9条输气管道，总长4699公里，年输送能力820亿立方米；8条输油管道，总长3604公里，年输送能力6390万吨；3条凝析油管道，总长1330公里，年输送能力2100万吨；2条液化石油气管道，总长1331公里，年输送能力986万吨。另有3条通往欧洲的输气管。其中两条名为“穿越地中海输气管”的管线经突尼斯穿越地中海向意大利和斯洛文尼亚送气，分别于1983年和1987年投入运营，全长2509公里（在阿境内549公里），总输气能力为240亿立方米/年。另一条名为“马格里布－欧洲输气管”的管线，经摩洛哥穿越地中海通往葡萄牙和西班牙，1996年11月投入运营，全长1370公里（在阿境内530公里），输气能力为80亿立方米/年。 【财政金融】 近几年财政预算情况如下(单位：亿第纳尔)： 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 总支出 15599 17111 19200 19500 26321 总收入 14578 14515 15280 16304 16679 赤字 1021 2590 3920 3196 9642 截至2006年底，阿外汇储备达777.8亿美元，外债总额为50亿美元。 【对外贸易】 原由国家控制，国营公司垄断经营。1991年3月宣布放开对外贸易。主要出口产品为碳化氢（石油和天然气），2006年油气出口收入达535.6亿美元。主要进口产品为工农业设备、食品、生产原料、非食品消费品等，主要贸易伙伴是西方工业国。政府鼓励非碳化氢产品出口，主张贸易伙伴多元化。近几年的外贸情况如下(单位：亿美元)： 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 进 口 额 117.5 130 182 200 210 出 口 额 184.2 238.4 317 444 528.2 顺（逆）差额 66.7 108.4 135 244 318.2 2006年主要贸易对象及占阿进出口总额的比例(％)： 进口 占阿进口总额比例 出口占阿出口总额比例 法国 20.6％ 美国 26.6％ 意大利 8.8％ 意大利 17％ 中国 8％ 西班牙 10.5％ 【外国投资】2005年阿共吸收国外直接投资40亿美元，集中在能源、基础设施和消费品生产等领域，投资金额最多的国家依次为科威特、西班牙、埃及、美国和法国。2006年1－9月，共吸引外国直接投资38亿美元。2005/06年世界经济论坛报告称，在世界116个国家中，阿商务投资环境居第88位。 【人民生活】据世界银行2005年统计，阿贫困人口为700万。另据阿国家发展与人口统计局数字，2006年阿人口贫困率不到6％。2006年7月，阿政府决定再次增长公职人员（150万人）工资和退休、残疾人员（90万人）补贴，国库将为此支出1120亿第纳尔。同年10月，为交通、纺织、电信等领域员工（400万人）增加了15－20％的工资。同时，国家最低保障工资由10000第纳尔增加至12000第纳尔。 人口自然增长率为1.53%，出生率为19.7%。实行免费医疗制度，看病只交少量挂号费，药品自行到药店购买，住院后费用全免。全国有173所医院，1238个卫生中心、493个诊所、59350张病床。各类医务人员17.7万人。1997年药品自给率达33％，进口费用为3.37亿美元。1998年,儿童死亡率44‰，平均预期寿命68岁（男子67.5岁，女子70.3岁）,在非洲名列第五。 【军事】阿武装力量前身为民族解放军，独立后改称阿尔及利亚国家人民军。实行义务兵役制和志愿兵相结合的兵役制度。义务兵役制规定，男性公民服役期为18个月。国防部是军队最高领导机构。总统任国防部长和三军统帅。最高安全委员会负责就国家安全问题向总统提出建议。人民军参谋长为艾哈迈德·撒拉赫·盖德（Ahmed Salah GAID）少将。全国划分为6个军区，下设若干军分区。装备主要来自前苏联，其余来自美、英、法、意等国。 人民军正规部队13.05万人。其中陆军11万人，海军7500人，空军1万人，国土防空军3000人。准军事武装（包括宪兵、国家安全部队、共和国卫队、乡镇卫队及合法防卫组织）18.12万人。 【文化教育】 阿对6-16岁少年儿童实行9年一贯制义务教育。制定了教育民主化、阿尔及利亚化、阿拉伯语化、重视科学和为了国家发展四项原则。中、小学生教育免费，大学生享受助学金和伙食补贴。2001/2002年度，共有中、小学校22626所，2003/2004学年有中小学生784.2万人，教师33.1万人。各类高等院校56所，2002/2003学年在校大学生61.5万名，教员18544人。主要大学有：阿尔及尔大学、胡阿里·布迈丁科技大学、君士坦丁大学等。阿文盲率为28％，约741.1万人，其中有463.1万名妇女。 【新闻出版】 1990年前阿新闻出版由国家垄断，1990年颁布新的新闻法，实行有条件的新闻自由，一些政党创立了党报，也出现了一些独立地方报刊。2005年，共有报社250家，记者上千人，其中日报46份（阿、法文），主要有《圣战者报》、《人民报》、《地平线报》、《晚报》、《祖国报》和《自由报》等；主要刊物有《阿尔及利亚时事周刊》和《非洲革命》等。 阿尔及利亚新闻通讯社：官方通讯社，创建于1961年，有工作人员650名，在国内48个省设有分社，在国外设有15个分社，用阿、法、英三种文字发稿，每年发稿20万条。 阿尔及利亚新闻社：目前唯一的私营通讯社，创建于1999年1月，有记者20余名，重点提供经济信息。 阿尔及利亚广播电台：国营电台，创建于1956年，前身为“战斗的阿尔及利亚之声”。有4套节目。 阿尔及利亚电视台：国营电视台，创建于1962年。 【对外关系】 阿奉行独立、自主和不结盟的外交政策，主张尊重国家主权与领土完整、互不干涉内政、互不使用武力,相互尊重、互利和对话基础上寻求广泛合作，外交为经济建设服务。反对大国强权政治和借口人权干涉别国内政，主张建立公正合理的国际政治、经济新秩序。反对恐怖主义；致力于马格里布联盟建设和地区和平，积极参与阿拉伯事务；促进非洲团结与和平；支持欧盟－地中海合作，谋求发展与西方国家关系。截至2006年底，共与168个国家建立了外交关系，在60多个国家设立大使馆，外国常驻阿使馆80个。 【对当前重大国际问题的态度】 关于国际形势：认为国际关系正处在变化和重组之中，世界和平与安全以及各国的发展仍是当前紧迫的课题。和平、经济发展和共同繁荣是世界稳定的根本条件。世界形势趋向缓和，全球性冲突虽已避免，但地区冲突依然存在。阿主张多极化，反对单边主义，认为任何国家都不可能独自主宰世界。 关于反恐：阿十余年来深受恐怖动乱之害，对恐怖主义有切肤之痛。认为恐怖主义是当今世界所面临的最大挑战之一，不仅威胁基本人权，而且危及国家的民主基础，应当予以坚决打击。强调不能将恐怖主义与某一特定宗教、民族挂钩；呼吁联合国主持召开国际反恐会议，签署国际反恐公约。 关于伊朗核问题：支持伊朗拥有和平利用核能的权利，主张伊朗核问题应该通过外交努力加以解决。 关于巴以问题；欢迎法塔赫和哈马斯签署“麦加协议”，希望此协议能彻底结束巴内部纷争，帮助巴人民实现各项民族权利，包括建立以耶路撒冷为首都的巴勒斯坦国。强调应尊重和支持巴民族联合政府，并尽快解除自巴立法委选举之后对巴的制裁。阿还呼吁加紧落实“路线图”计划，重新启动和平进程，以公正、持久地解决巴以问题。 关于伊拉克问题：支持伊的统一、主权和领土完整，主张尊重伊人民选择自己国家政权、支配自己国家自然资源的权利，认为联合国应在伊重建问题上发挥核心作用，在向伊派遣阿拉伯联合部队问题上态度谨慎。对萨达姆在宰牲节当日被处绞刑表示遗憾，呼吁伊各派恢复冷静，避免暴力升级。 关于马格里布联盟建设：认为马盟建设符合地区的根本利益，有利于马格里布地区各国的反恐合作及地区的安全稳定和经济发展。马格里布地区实现政治、经济、社会一体化是该地区年轻一代的希望，任何人无权草率行事，也不能置之不理或设置障碍。 【同中国的关系】 中阿有着深厚的传统友谊。两国自1958年12月20日建交后，友好合作关系不断发展。周恩来总理（1963年、1965年）、赵紫阳总理（1982年）、江泽民主席（1999年）、李鹏委员长（2001年）、朱鎔基总理（2002年）、胡锦涛主席（2004年）等国家领导人先后访阿；阿多位国家元首、政府首脑及外长、参谋长访华，其中布特弗利卡总统先后于1971年、1974年（作为外长）和2000年、2006年（作为总统）四次访华。中阿在2004年胡锦涛主席访阿期间正式建立战略合作关系。 2006年以来，中阿战略合作关系进一步深化，各领域交流与合作取得重要进展。11月，布特弗利卡总统来华出席中非合作论坛北京峰会并访华。期间，胡锦涛主席与布共同签署了《中阿关于发展两国战略合作关系的声明》，双方有关部门签署了有关司法、经济、税务、航空、质量检验、油气等方面合作的9个协议文本。阿国务部长兼外长贝贾维、审计法院院长本马鲁夫、国土整治与环境部长拉赫马尼、司法与掌玺部长贝莱兹先后来华访问或与会，中国民用航空总局副局长杨国庆、中国人民对外友好协会会长陈昊苏等先后访阿。 中阿经贸合作取得积极进展。5月，中信集团和中铁建公司联合体中标阿东西高速公路中、西标段项目。6月，阿能源与矿产部长克利勒访华。9月，阿税务总局代表团访华。10月，中国核工业集团公司代表团访阿；12月，阿能矿部、原子能署代表团访华。 两国军事、卫生、文化、新闻等领域的合作与交流全面开展。10月，中国人民解放军总装备部政委迟万春上将访阿。8月，阿人民军参谋长艾哈迈德·盖德·萨拉赫少将访华。7月、10月，阿海军司令、空军司令也先后访华。2月，中国卫生部副部长李熙访阿。1月，中国文化部副部长兼故宫博物院院长郑欣淼率中国政府文化代表团访阿，与阿文化部长图米女士签署了两国政府文化协定2006至2008年度执行计划。 2006年中阿双边贸易额为20.9亿美元，同比增长18.2%，其中中方出口19.47亿美元，进口1.43亿美元。 中国驻阿尔及利亚大使：张史贤。 阿尔及利亚驻华大使：贾迈勒·艾丁·格林（Jamel Eddine GRINE)。 【同马格里布国家关系】 阿曾于1994年至2003年担任阿拉伯马格里布联盟轮值主席国。近年来，阿与马盟成员国关系稳步发展。 同摩洛哥关系：1963年阿与摩洛哥曾因边界争端发生武装冲突。1976年阿承认“西撒国”后，摩宣布与阿断交。1988年两国复交。布特弗利卡当选总统后，摩已故国王哈桑二世致电祝贺，两国元首表示愿尽早会晤。哈病逝后，布赴摩参加葬礼，并与新任国王穆罕默德六世建立联系。2003年，两国元首在联大期间举行单独会谈。2004年5月，摩外交大臣本·伊萨访阿；7月，摩宣布免除阿公民赴摩签证。2005年3月，摩国王赴阿出席阿盟首脑会议并与布特弗利卡总统举行会晤；同月，阿宣布免除摩公民赴阿签证。2006年2月，摩国王致信布特弗利卡总统，请阿支持摩申办2012年世博会，同月布复函表示支持；4月摩国王致信布，对阿担任阿盟轮值主席国期间取得的成绩表示赞赏。 同利比亚关系：阿与利比亚关系曾因利与摩洛哥结盟而一度冷淡。近年来，两国关系不断改善。2005年3月，卡扎菲赴阿出席阿盟首脑会议并顺访；8月，布特弗利卡总统访利。 同突尼斯关系：阿与突尼斯于1983年3月签署“友好和睦条约”。两国关系友好，经济合作发展较快。2005年3月，突总统本·阿里赴阿出席第17届阿盟首脑会议；11月，布特弗利卡总统赴突出席“信息峰会”并会见突总统。2006年2月，阿总理乌叶海亚访突，出席两国第15届混委会；3月，突众议长迈巴扎访阿，8月，阿国务部长兼外长贝贾维访突。 同毛里塔尼亚关系 两国致力发展睦邻友好关系，互利合作密切。两国签有渔业合作协议。2005年12月，毛争取公正与民主军事委员会主席瓦尔上校从沙特回国时在阿停留，会见了阿总理和外长。2006年3月，乌叶海亚总理赴毛出席两国第15届大混委会。4月，毛外长艾哈迈德访阿。5月，毛军委会主席瓦尔上校访阿。 【同法国关系】 阿与法国有传统关系，法是阿最大的债权国和最主要的贸易伙伴之一，在阿具有重大利益。阿是法在非洲的第一大贸易伙伴。2004年4月，法总统希拉克访阿；8月，布特弗利卡总统赴法参加普罗旺斯登陆60周年纪念活动。2005年4月，两国元首再次会晤，就双边合作及签署阿法友好条约等问题交换看法。2006年4月，法外长布拉齐访阿。阿目前在法侨民200余万人。 【同美国关系】1962年9月与美国建交，1967年中东“六·五”战争爆发后宣布同美断交，1974年11月两国复交。布特弗利卡总统执政后，美明确支持布的“全国和解”政策和经济改革政策，多次表示愿在反恐、情报交换、人员培训等方面与阿加强合作。近年来阿美高层互访不断。2006年，美国防部长、联邦调查局长、负责中东、北非事务助理国务卿、驻欧洲美军司令以及议会、国务院等多位高官访阿，阿能矿部长、国务部长兼外长、人民军参谋长相继访美。目前美是阿最大的贸易伙伴，在阿油气领域投资逾50亿美元，阿三分之一的原油销往美国。阿是美粮食的主要进口国之一。2004年美国宣布给予阿普通最惠国待遇。 【同俄罗斯关系】1962年7月阿独立后与前苏联建交，双边关系十分密切。阿大部分武器装备来自前苏联，但两国贸易处于较低水平。1991年12月，阿承认俄罗斯联邦和独联体。2001年布特弗利卡总统访俄，两国签署战略伙伴关系协定并发表联合声明。2005年3月，俄总统特使、联邦安全委员会秘书伊万诺访阿；9月，阿国务部长贝勒卡迪姆访俄。10月，两国首届经贸混委会在俄召开。2006年3月，俄罗斯总统普京访阿，双方签署了免债换军购协议。 Algeria is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Arab League, and OPEC. It also contributed towards the creation of the Arab Maghreb Union. Constitutionally, Algeria is defined as an Arab, and Amazigh (Berber) country. Al-jazā’ir is itself a truncated form of the city's older name jazā’ir banī mazghannā, "the islands of (the tribe) Bani Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi. History Ancient history Roman arch of Trajan at Thamugadi (Timgad), AlgeriaAlgeria has been inhabited by Berbers (or Imazighen) since at least 10,000 BC. After 1000 BC, the Carthaginians began establishing settlements along the coast. The Berbers seized the opportunity offered by the Punic Wars to become independent of Carthage, and Berber kingdoms began to emerge, most notably Numidia. In 200 BC, however, they were once again taken over, this time by the Roman Republic. When the Western Roman Empire collapsed, Berbers became independent again in many areas, while the Vandals took control over other parts, where they remained until expelled by the generals of the Byzantine Emperor, Justinian I. The Byzantine Empire then retained a precarious grip on the east of the country until the coming of the Arabs in the eighth century. Middle Ages According to historians of the Middle Ages, the Berbers were divided into two branches, from their ancestor Mazigh. The two branches, Botr and Barnès, were also divided into tribes, with each Maghreb region made up of several tribes. Several Berber dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages. The Almohads were able to unify the Maghreb. The Berbers of the Middle Ages also contributed to the Arabization of the Maghreb. Islamization and Berber (Amaari) dynasties Having converted the Kutama of Kabylie to its cause, the Shia Fatimids overthrew the Rustamids, and conquered Egypt, leaving Algeria and Tunisia to their Zirid vassals. When the latter rebelled and adopted Sunnism, the Shia Fatimids sent in the Banu Hilal, a populous Arab tribe, to weaken them. This initiated the Arabization of the region. The Almoravids and Almohads, Berber dynasties from the west founded by religious reformers, brought a period of relative peace and development; however, with the Almohads' collapse, Algeria became a battleground for their three successor states, the Algerian Zayyanids, Tunisian Hafsids, and Moroccan Marinids. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Spanish Empire started attacking and subsuming a few Algerian coastal settlements. Ottoman rule Algeria was brought into the Ottoman Empire by Hayreddin Barbarossa and his brother Aruj in 1517, and they established Algeria's modern boundaries in the north and made its coast a base for the Ottoman corsairs; their privateering peaked in Algiers in the 1600s. Piracy on American vessels in the Mediterranean resulted in the First (1801–1805) and Second Barbary War (1815) with the United States. The piracy acts forced people captured on the boats into slavery; alternatively when the pirates attacked coastal villages in southern and western Europe the inhabitants were forced into slavery.Barbary Pirates — Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1911 Raids by Barbary pirates on Western Europe did not cease until 1816, when a Royal Navy raid, assisted by six Dutch vessels, destroyed the port of Algiers and its fleet of Barbary ships. Spanish occupation of Algerian ports at this time was a source of concern for the local inhabitants. French colonization On the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded Algiers in 1830. The conquest of Algeria by the French was long and particularly violent, and it resulted in the disappearance of about a third of the Algerian population. France was responsible for the extermination of 1 million Algerians. According to Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison, the French pursued a policy of extermination against the Algerians. The French conquest of Algeria was slow due to intense resistance from such people as Emir Abdelkader, Ahmed Bey and Fatma N'Soumer. Indeed, the conquest was not technically complete until the early 1900s when the last Tuareg were conquered. Meanwhile, however, the French made Algeria an integral part of France, a status that would end only with the collapse of the Fourth Republic in 1958. Tens of thousands of settlers from France, Spain, Italy, and Malta moved in to farm the Algerian coastal plain and occupied significant parts of Algeria's cities. These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land, and the application of modern agricultural techniques that increased the amount of arable land. Algeria's social fabric suffered during the occupation: literacy plummeted, while land confiscation uprooted much of the population. Starting from the end of the nineteenth century, people of European descent in Algeria (or natives like Spanish people in Oran), as well as the native Algerian Jews (typically Sephardic in origin), became full French citizens. After Algeria's 1962 independence, they were called Pieds-Noirs; ("Pieds Noirs" meaning "black feet", referring to the fact that the Europeans wore black shoes on their feet). In contrast, the vast majority of Muslim Algerians (even veterans of the French army) received neither French citizenship nor the right to vote. Post-independence In 1954, the National Liberation Front (FLN) launched the Algerian War of Independence which was a guerrilla campaign. By the end of the war, newly elected President Charles de Gaulle, understanding that the age of empire was ending, held a plebiscite, offering Algerians three options. Unfortunately, he promised the pieds-noirs that Algeria would remain French, and that they should stay and invest in the colony. This resulted in a landslide vote for complete independence from France. Over one million people, 10% of the population, then fled the country for France and Italy in just a few months in mid-1962. These included most of the 1,025,000 Pieds-Noirs, as well as 81,000 Harkis (pro-French Algerians serving in the French Army). In the days proceeding the bloody conflict, a group of Algerian Rebels opened fire on a marketplace in Oran killing numerous innocent civilians, mostly women. This event is known as the Saint Bartholomew Massacre. Algeria's first president was the FLN leader Ahmed Ben Bella. He was overthrown by his former ally and defence minister, Houari Boumédienne in 1965. Under Ben Bella the government had already become increasingly socialist and authoritarian, and this trend continued throughout Boumédienne's government. However, Boumédienne relied much more heavily on the army, and reduced the sole legal party to a merely symbolic role. Agriculture was collectivised, and a massive industrialization drive launched. Oil extraction facilities were nationalized. This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the 1973 oil crisis. However, the Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil which led to hardship when the price collapsed during the 1980s oil glut. In foreign policy, while Algeria shares much of its history and cultural heritage with neighbouring Morocco, the two countries have had somewhat hostile relations with each other ever since Algeria's independence. Reasons for this include Morocco's disputed claim to portions of western Algeria (which led to the Sand War in 1963), Algeria's support for the Polisario Front for its right to self-determination, and Algeria's hosting of Sahrawi refugees within its borders in the city of Tindouf. Within Algeria, dissent was rarely tolerated, and the state's control over the media and the outlawing of political parties other than the FLN was cemented in the repressive constitution of 1976. Boumédienne died in 1978, but the rule of his successor, Chadli Bendjedid, was little more open. The state took on a strongly bureaucratic character and corruption was widespread. The modernization drive brought considerable demographic changes to Algeria. Village traditions underwent significant change as urbanization increased. New industries emerged, agricultural employment was substantially reduced. Education was extended nationwide, raising the literacy rate from less than 10% to over 60%. There was a dramatic increase in the fertility rate to 7-8 children per mother. Therefore by 1980, there was a very youthful population and a housing crisis. The new generation struggled to relate to the cultural obsession with the war years and two conflicting protest movements developed: communists, including Berber identity movements; and Islamic 'intégristes'. Both groups protested against one-party rule but also clashed with each other in universities and on the streets during the 1980s. Mass protests from both camps in Autumn 1988 forced Bendjedid to concede the end of one-party rule. Elections were planned to happen in 1991. In December 1991, the Islamic Salvation Front won the first round of the country's first multi-party elections. The military then intervened and cancelled the second round. It forced then-president Bendjedid to resign and banned all political parties based on religion (including the Islamic Salvation Front). A political conflict ensued, leading Algeria into the violent Algerian Civil War. More than 160,000 people were killed between 17 January 1992 and June 2002. Most of the deaths were between militants and government troops, but a great number of civilians were also killed. The question of who was responsible for these deaths was controversial at the time amongst academic observers; many were claimed by the Armed Islamic Group. Though many of these massacres were carried out by Islamic extremists, the Algerian regime also used the army and foreign mercenaries to conduct attacks on men, women and children and then proceeded to blame the attacks upon various Islamic groups within the country. AlgiersElections resumed in 1995, and after 1998, the war waned. On 27 April 1999, after a series of short-term leaders representing the military, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, the current president, was elected. By 2002, the main guerrilla groups had either been destroyed or surrendered, taking advantage of an amnesty program, though sporadic fighting continued in some areas (See Islamic insurgency in Algeria (2002–present)). The issue of Berber language and identity increased in significance, particularly after the extensive Kabyle protests of 2001 and the near-total boycott of local elections in Kabylie. The government responded with concessions including naming of Manthatztieht (Berber) as a national language and teaching it in schools. Much of Algeria is now recovering and developing into an emerging economy. The high prices of oil and gas are being used by the new government to improve the country's infrastructure and especially improve industry and agricultural land. Recently, overseas investment in Algeria has increased. Geography Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural harbours. The area from the coast to the Tell Atlas is fertile. South of the Tell Atlas is a steppe landscape, which ends with the Saharan Atlas; further south, there is the Sahara desert. The Ahaggar Mountains (Arabic: جبال هقار), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. They are located about 1,500 km (932 miles) south of the capital, Algiers and just west of Tamanghasset. Algiers, Oran , Constantine, and Annaba are Algeria's main cities. Climate and hydrology Northern Algeria is in the temperate zone and has a mild, Mediterranean climate. Its broken topography, however, provides sharp local contrasts in both prevailing temperatures and incidence of rainfall. Year-to-year variations in climatic conditions are also common. In the Tell Atlas, temperatures in summer average between 21 and 24 °C and in winter drop to 10 to 12 °C. Winters are not particularly cold, but the humidity level is high. In eastern Algeria, the average temperatures are somewhat lower, and on the steppes of the High Atlas plateaux, winter temperatures are only a few degrees above freezing. A prominent feature of the climate in this region is the sirocco, a dusty, choking south wind blowing off the desert, sometimes at gale force. This wind also occasionally reaches into the coastal Tell. The Ahaggar MountainsIn Algeria, only a relatively small corner of the torrid Sahara lies across the Tropic of Cancer in the torrid zone. In this region even in winter, midday desert temperatures can be very hot. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded. The highest temperature recorded in Tindouf is 135.4°F (57.4°C) and is probaly the highest reliable temperature ever recorded in Algeria under standard conditions. Rainfall is fairly abundant along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from 400 to 670 mm annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. Precipitation is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as 1000 mm in some years. Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Prevailing winds that are easterly and north-easterly in summer change to westerly and northerly in winter and carry with them a general increase in precipitation from September through December, a decrease in the late winter and spring months, and a near absence of rainfall during the summer months. Algeria also has ergs, or sand dunes between mountains, which in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can get up to 110 °F (43 °C). Politics Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of Algeria.The head of state is the President of Algeria, who is elected to a five year term and is constitutionally limited to two terms. Algeria has universal suffrage at 18 years of age. The President is the head of the Council of Ministers and of the High Security Council. He appoints the Prime Minister who is also the head of government. The Prime Minister appoints the Council of Ministers. The Algerian parliament is bicameral, consisting of a lower chamber, the National People's Assembly (APN), with 380 members; and an upper chamber, the Council Of Nation, with 144 members. The APN is elected every five years. Under the 1976 constitution (as modified 1979, and amended in 1988, 1989, and 1996) Algeria is a multi-party state. All parties must be approved by the Ministry of the Interior. To date, Algeria has had more than 40 legal political parties. According to the constitution, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender or region." Military forces missile launcher ship made in AlgeriaThe Algerian Army is called Popular National Army (PNA or ANP in French). It is composed of the command of the army, navy, and the air defence of the territory.The summit of military hierarchy leads to the leader of the State, constitutionally supreme leader of Armed forces and Defence Minister. The Algerian army has an enrollment about 300,000 soldiers, including up to 150,000 reservists. It is also assisted by the police station composed of 60 000 members, as well as a republican elite corps of 5 000 guards, dependent on the Ministry of Defence. In 2006, the Algerian budget of defence occupied 3.3% of the GDP, which is about $3.8 billion (USD). The Algeria's main purveyor of weapon since independence was the USSR (Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic). However, since the fall of this last at the end of Cold War, Algeria has undertaken a diversification of its armed supplies, notably by turning to countries like the United States, China and South Africa. However, Russian material has always occupied a preponderant place within the Algerian army. It is the direct successor of the Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN), which fought French colonial occupation during the Algerian War of Independence (1954-62). The People's National Army consists of 127,500 members, with some 100,000 reservists. The army is under the control of the president, who also is minister of National Defense (current president is Abdelaziz Bouteflika). Defense expenditures accounted for some $2.67 billion or 3.5% of GDP. One and a half years of national military service is compulsory for males. Algeria is a leading military power in North Africa and has its force oriented toward its western (Morocco) and eastern (Libya) borders. Its primary military supplier has been the former Soviet Union, which has sold various types of sophisticated equipment under military trade agreements, and the People's Republic of China. Algeria has attempted, in recent years, to diversify its sources of military material. Military forces are supplemented by a 45,000-member gendarmerie or rural police force under the control of the president and 30,000-member Sûreté nationale or Metropolitan police force under the Ministry of the Interior. Recently, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49 MiG-29SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated $1.5 Billion. They also agreed to return old airplanes purchased from the Former USSR. Russia is also building 2 636-type diesel submarines for Algeria. Maghreb Arab Union Tensions between Algeria and Morocco in relation to the Western Sahara have put great obstacles in the way of tightening the Maghreb Arab Union, which was nominally established in 1989 but carried little practical weight with its coastal neighbors. Provinces and districts Map of the provinces of Algeria numbered according to the official orderAlgeria is currently divided into 48 provinces (wilayas), 553 districts (daïras) and 1,541 municipalities (communes, baladiyahs). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its seat, which is mostly also the largest city. According to the Algerian constitution, a province is a territorial collectivity enjoying some economic freedom. The People's Provincial Assembly is the political entity governing a province, which has a "president", who is elected by the members of the assembly. They are in turn elected on universal suffrage every five years. The "Wali" (Prefect or governor) directs each province. This person is chosen by the Algerian President to handle the PPA's decisions. The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983) they are: 1 Adrar 2 Chlef 3 Laghouat 4 Oum el-Bouaghi 5 Batna 6 Béjaïa 7 Biskra 8 Béchar 9 Blida 10 Bouira 11 Tamanghasset 12 Tébessa 13 Tlemcen 14 Tiaret 15 Tizi Ouzou 16 Algiers 17 Djelfa 18 Jijel 19 Sétif 20 Saida 21 Skikda 22 Sidi Bel Abbes 23 Annaba 24 Guelma 25 Constantine 26 Médéa 27 Mostaganem 28 M'Sila 29 Mascara 30 Ouargla 31 Oran 32 El Bayadh 33 Illizi 34 Bordj Bou Arréridj 35 Boumerdès 36 El Tarf 37 Tindouf 38 Tissemsilt 39 El Oued 40 Khenchela 41 Souk Ahras 42 Tipasa 43 Mila 44 Aïn Defla 45 Naama 46 Aïn Témouchent 47 Ghardaïa 48 Relizane Economy The fossil fuels energy sector is the backbone of Algeria's economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and over 95% of export earnings. The country ranks fourteenth in petroleum reserves, containing 11.8 billion barrels (1,880,000,000 m³) of proven oil reserves with estimates suggesting that the actual amount is even more. The U.S. Energy Information Administration reported that in 2005, Algeria had 160 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves, the eighth largest in the world. Algeria’s financial and economic indicators improved during the mid-1990s, in part because of policy reforms supported by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and debt rescheduling from the Paris Club. Algeria’s finances in 2000 and 2001 benefited from an increase in oil prices and the government’s tight fiscal policy, leading to a large increase in the trade surplus, record highs in foreign exchange reserves, and reduction in foreign debt. The government's continued efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have had little success in reducing high unemployment and improving living standards, however. In 2001, the government signed an Association Treaty with the European Union that will eventually lower tariffs and increase trade. In March 2006, Russia agreed to erase $4.74 billion of Algeria's Soviet-era debt during a visit by President Vladimir Putin to the country, the first by a Russian leader in half a century. In return, president Bouteflika agreed to buy $7.5 billion worth of combat planes, air-defense systems and other arms from Russia, according to the head of Russia's state arms exporter Rosoboronexport. Algeria also decided in 2006 to pay off its full $8bn (£4.3bn) debt to the Paris Club group of rich creditor nations before schedule. This will reduce the Algerian foreign debt to less than $5bn in the end of 2006. The Paris Club said the move reflected Algeria's economic recovery in recent years. Agriculture Since Roman times Algeria has been noted for the fertility of its soil. 25% of Algerians are employed in the agricultural sector. A considerable amount of cotton was grown at the time of the United States' Civil War, but the industry declined afterwards. In the early years of the twentieth century efforts to extend the cultivation of the plant were renewed. A small amount of cotton is also grown in the southern oases. Large quantities of a vegetable that resembles horsehair, an excellent fibre, are made from the leaves of the dwarf palm. The olive (both for its fruit and oil) and tobacco are cultivated with great success. More than 7,500,000 acres (30,000 km²) are devoted to the cultivation of cereal grains. The Tell is the grain-growing land. During the time of French rule its productivity was increased substantially by the sinking of artesian wells in districts which only required water to make them fertile. Of the crops raised, wheat, barley and oats are the principal cereals. A great variety of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus products, are exported. Algeria also exports figs, dates, esparto grass, and cork. It is the largest oat market in Africa. Algeria is known for Bertolli's olive oil spread, although the spread has an Italian background. Demographics The current population of Algeria is 33,333,216 (July 2007 est.). About 70% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the minority who inhabit the Sahara are mainly concentrated in oases, although some 1.5 million remain nomadic or partly nomadic. Almost 30% of Algerians are under 15. Algeria has the fourth lowest fertility rate in the Greater Middle East after Cyprus, Tunisia, and Turkey. 97% of the population is classified ethnically as Berber/Arab and religiously as Sunni Muslim, the few non-Sunni Muslims are mainly Ibadis, representing 1.3%, from the M'Zab valley. (See also Islam in Algeria.) A mostly foreign Roman Catholic community of about 45,000 people exists, along with about 350,000 Protestant Christians, and some 500 Jewish. The Jewish community of Algeria, which once constituted 2% of the total population, has substantially decreased due to emigration, mostly to France and Israel. Europeans account for less than 1% of the population, inhabiting almost exclusively the largest metropolitan areas. However, during the colonial period there was a large (15.2% in 1962) European population, consisting primarily of French people, in addition to Spaniards in the west of the country, Italians and Maltese in the east, and other Europeans in smaller numbers known as pieds-noirs, concentrated on the coast and forming a majority in cities like Bône, Oran, Sidi Bel Abbès, and Algiers. Almost all of this population left during or immediately after the country's independence from France. A Dancer in Biskra, published in March 1917 National Geographic.Housing and medicine continue to be pressing problems in Algeria. Failing infrastructure and the continued influx of people from rural to urban areas has overtaxed both systems. According to the UNDP, Algeria has one of the world's highest per housing unit occupancy rates for housing, and government officials have publicly stated that the country has an immediate shortfall of 1.5 million housing units. Women make up 70 percent of Algeria’s lawyers and 60 percent of its judges. Women dominate medicine. Increasingly, women are contributing more to household income than men. Sixty percent of university students are women, according to university researchers. It is estimated that 95,700 refugees and asylum seekers have sought refuge in Algeria. This includes roughly 90,000 from Morocco and 4,100 from Former Palestine. Ethnic groups Most Algerians are Berber or Arab, by language or identity, but almost all Algerians are Berber in origin. Today, the Arab-Berber issue is often a case of self-identification or identification through language and culture, rather than a racial or ethnic distinction. The Berber people are divided into several ethnic groups, Kabyle in the mountainous north-central area, Chaoui in the eastern Atlas Mountains, Mozabites in the M'zab valley, and Tuareg in the far south. Small pockets of Black African populations also are in Algeria. Turkish Algerians represent 5% of the population and live mainly in the big cities. However, in a recent genetic study by Standford University, Arabs and Berbers were found to have more genetic similarities than was once believed. The Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups that characterize both Arabs and Berbers are E1b1b and J (found in 70% of Middle Eastern people and 90% in North Africa). This has led scientists to conclude that North Africa has a higher genetic affinity with Arab populations than was previously hypothesized. Southern Algerians are most genetically closely linked with Arabs from Gulf countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Yemen and the UAE. Northern Algerians are most genetically linked with Arabs from Lebanon, Palestine, Syria and Jordan and some Gulf countries. A more recent and thorough study by Arredi et al. (2004) which analyzed populations from Algeria concludes that the North African pattern of Y-chromosomal variation (including both E1b1b and J haplogroups) is largely of Neolithic origin, which suggests that the Neolithic transition in this part of the world was accompanied by demic diffusion of Afro-Asiatic–speaking pastoralists from the Middle East. This Neolithic origin was later confirmed by Myles et al. (2005), which in turn suggests that "contemporary Berber populations possess the genetic signature of a past migration of pastoralists from the Middle East". Languages Trilingual welcome sign in the Isser Municipality (Boumerdès), written in Arabic, Kabyle (Tifinagh), and French.Most Algerians speak Algerian Arabic. Arabic is spoken natively in dialectal form ("Darja") by some 65 percent of the population. However, in the media and on official occasions the spoken language is Standard Arabic. The Berbers (or Imazighen), who form approximately 45 percent of the population, largely speak one of the various dialects of Tamazight as opposed to Arabic. But a majority can use both Berber and Algerian Arabic. Arabic remains Algeria's only official language, although Tamazight has recently been recognized as a national language alongside it. Ethnologue counts eighteen living languages within Algeria, splitting both Arabic and Tamazight into several different languages, as well as including Korandje, which is unrelated to Arabic or Tamazight. The language issue is politically sensitive, particularly for the Berber minority, which has been disadvantaged by state-sanctioned Arabization. Language politics and Arabization have partly been a reaction to the fact that 130 years of French colonization had left both the state bureaucracy and much of the educated upper class completely Francophone, as well as being motivated by the Arab nationalism promoted by successive Algerian governments. French is still the most widely studied foreign language, and most Algerians are fluent in French though it is usually not spoken in daily circumstances. Since independence, the government has pursued a policy of linguistic Arabization of education and bureaucracy, with some success, although many university courses continue to be taught in French. Recently, schools have started to incorporate French into the curriculum as early as children start to learn Arabic, as many Algerians are fluent in French. French is also used in media and commerce. Education Young inhabitants of Algiers in the streets of the Kasbah of Algiers.Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 15. In the year 1997, there was an outstanding amount of teachers and students in primary schools. In Algeria there are 10 universities, 7 colleges, and 5 institutes for higher learning. The University of Algiers (founded in 1909), which is located in the capital of Algeria, Algiers has about 267,142 students. The Algerian school system is structured into Basic, General Secondary, and Technical Secondary levels: Basic Ecole fondamentale (Fundamental School) Length of program: 10 years Age range: age 6 to 15 old Certificate/diploma awarded: Brevet d'Enseignement Moyen B.E.M. General Secondary Lycée d'Enseignement général (School of General Teaching) , lycées polyvalents (General-Purpose School) Length of program: 3 years Age range: age 15 to 18 Certificate/diploma awarded: Baccalauréat de l'Enseignement secondaire (Bachelor's Degree of Secondary School) Technical Secondary Lycées d'Enseignement technique (Technical School) Length of program: 3 years Certificate/diploma awarded: Baccalauréat technique (Technical Bachelor's Degree) Culture Mosque in Algiers.Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history. Famous novelists of the twentieth century include Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, and Kateb Yacine, while Assia Djebar is widely translated. Among the important novelists of the 1980s were Rachid Mimouni, later vice-president of Amnesty International, and Tahar Djaout, murdered by an Islamist group in 1993 for his secularist views. In philosophy and the humanities, Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, was born in El Biar in Algiers; Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste (modern-day Souk Ahras); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria. Algerian culture has been strongly influenced by Islam, the main religion. The works of the Sanusi family in pre-colonial times, and of Emir Abdelkader and Sheikh Ben Badis in colonial times, are widely noted. The Latin author Apuleius was born in Madaurus (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria. The Algerian musical genre best known abroad is raï , a pop-flavored, opinionated take on folk music, featuring international stars such as Khaled and Cheb Mami. in Algeria itself the style: ( raï ) remains the most popular,but the older generation still prefer ("shaabi", Dahmane Elharrashi its King..) while the tuneful melodies of Kabyle music, exemplified by Idir, Ait Menguellet, or Lounès Matoub, have a wide audience. For more classical tastes, Andalusi music, brought from Al-Andalus by Morisco refugees, is preserved in many older coastal towns. For a more modern style, the English born and of Algerian descent, Potent C is gradually becoming a success for younger generations. Encompassing a mixture of folk, raï, and British hip hop it is a highly collective and universal genre. Although “raï". is welcomed and praised as a glowing cultural emblem for Algeria, there was time when raï’s come across critical cultural and political conflictions with Islamic and government policies and practices, post-independency. Thus the distribution and expression of raï music became very difficult. However, “then the government abruptly reversed its position in mid-1985. In part this was due to the lobbying of a former liberation army officer turned pop music impresario, Colonel Snoussi, who hoped to profit from raï if it could be mainstreamed.” In addition, given both nations’ relations, Algerian government was pleased with the music’s growing popularity in France. Although the music is ore widely accepted on the political level, it still faces severe conflictions with the populace of Islamic faith in Algeria. In painting, Mohammed Khadda and M'Hamed Issiakhem have been notable in recent years. Landscapes and monuments of Algeria Mountain of Chrea near the city of Blida (north). street of Zighout Youcef in Algiers (north) Mountains of Hoggar in the Algerian Sahara(2000 km in the south of Algiers) Mountains of Tikjda near the city of Tizi Ouzou (north). Roman ruins of Timgad (north-eastern) Place of November 1st in the city of Oran(north-western) Overview of the city of Ghardaïa (south) Overview of the city of Annaba(north-eastern). City of Mascara(north-western) Tichy's beach in Bejaïa (north). Hanging bridge of the city of Constantine El-Kantara in Biskra (south). UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria including Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, the first capital of the Hammadid empire; Tipasa, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and Djémila and Timgad, both Roman ruins; M'Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis; also the Casbah of Algiers is an important citadel. The only natural World Heritage Sites is the Tassili n'Ajjer, a mountain range. |
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