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埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 埃及 Egypt 突尼斯 Tunisia 阿尔及利亚 Algeria 尼日利亚 Nigeria 塞内加尔 Senegal 南非 South Africa 安哥拉 Angola 贝宁 Benin 布基纳法索 Burkina Faso 布隆迪 Republic of Burundi 博茨瓦纳 Republic of Botswana 赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea 多哥 Togo 厄立特里亚 Eritrea 佛得角 Republic of Cape Verde 冈比亚 Gambia 刚果 Republic of the Congo 刚果民主共和国 Democratic Republic of Congo 吉布提 Djibouti 几内亚 Guinea 几内亚比绍 Guinea-Bissau 加纳 Republic of Ghana 加蓬 Gabon 津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 喀麦隆 Republic of Cameroon 科摩罗 Comoros 科特迪瓦 Ivory Coast 肯尼亚 Republic of Kenya 莱索托 Kingdom of Lesotho 利比亚 Libya 利比里亚 Republic of Liberia 卢旺达 Republic of Rwanda 马达加斯加 Madagascar 马拉维 Malawi 马里 Republic of Mali 毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 毛里求斯 Republic of Mauritius 摩洛哥 Kingdom of Morocco 莫桑比克 the Republic of Mozambique 纳米比亚 The Republic of Namibia 尼日尔 Niger 塞拉利昂 the Republic of Sierra Leone 塞舌尔 Seychelles 斯威士兰 Swaziland 苏丹 Sudan 索马里 Somalia 圣多美和普林西比 Sao Tome and Principe 坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 乌干达 The Republic of Uganda 赞比亚 The Republic of Zambia 乍得 the Republic of Chad 中非共和国 The Central African Republic |
| tū ní sī Tunisia shǒudōu:tū ní sī guógūdàimǎ: tn |
 突尼斯【 miàn jī】 164150 píng fāng gōng lǐ， shì jiè dì bā shí jiǔ。 【 rén kǒu】 967 wàn（ 2005 nián）， 90 ％ yǐ shàng wéi 'ā lā bó rén， qí yú wéi bòbò'ěr rén。 ā lā bó yǔ wèiguó yǔ， tōng yòng fǎ yǔ。 yī sī lán jiào wèiguó jiào， zhù yào shì xùn ní pài , shǎo shù rén xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào、 yóu tài jiào。 【 shǒu dū】 tū ní sī (Tunis)， rén kǒu 225 wàn (2004 nián )。 【 huò bì】 tū ní sī dì nà 'ěr TunisianDinar TD. TND 1TND=1,000milliemes（ mǐ lì mǔ） 【 shí chā】 bǐ gé lín ní zhì shí jiān zǎo 1 xiǎo shí； bǐ běi jīng shí jiān wǎn 7 xiǎo shí。 【 guó huā】 yóu gǎn lǎn。 【 guó huī gé yán】 zhì xù、 zì yóu、 zhèng yì。 【 yù chēng】 shì jiè yóu gǎn lǎn guó（ quán guó yòu 4000 duō wàn zhū yóu gǎn lǎn。 jù shuō sī fǎ kè sī chéng zhōu wéi yòu 27000 zhū shì jiè shàng zuì dà de yóu gǎn lǎn shù， měi zhū gāo 13 mǐ yǐ shàng）、 ōu zhōu de yàoshì（ tū ní sī dōng běi duān yǔ yì dà lì jǐn gé 140 hǎi lǐ， tū ní sī hǎi xiá jǐn suǒ zhe dì zhōng hǎi de zhǎi yāo， gù tū ní sī yòu cǐ chēng）。 【 guó jiā yuán shǒu】 zǒng tǒng zǎi yīn · ā bǐ dīng · běn · ā lǐ (ZineElAbidineBenAli)， 1987 nián 11 yuè 7 rì jiù rèn， 1989 nián 4 yuè dāng xuǎn， 1994 nián 3 yuè、 1999 nián 10 yuè hé 2004 nián 10 yuè sān dù chán lián。 【 zhòng yào jié rì】 dú lì rì（ guó qìng jié）： 3 yuè 20 rì。 sǎ hā lā lián huān jié 12 yuè 【 jiǎn kuàng】 wèi yú fēi zhōu běi duān。 xī yǔ 'ā 'ěr jí lì yà wéi lín， dōng nán yǔ lì bǐ yà jiē rǎng， běi、 dōng lín dì zhōng hǎi， gé tū ní sī hǎi xiá yǔ yì dà lì xiāng wàng， hǎi 'àn xiàn quán cháng 1300 gōng lǐ。 běi bù shǔ dì zhōng hǎi xíng qì hòu， xià jì yán rè gān zào， dōng jì wēn nuǎn shī rùn。 nán bù shǔ rè dài shā mò qì hòu。 8 yuè wéi zuì rè yuè， rì jūn wēn 21 ℃ -33℃； 1 yuè wéi zuì lěng yuè， rì jūn wēn 6℃ － 14℃。 gōng yuán qián 9 shì jì chū， féi ní jī rén zài jīn tū ní sī wān yán 'àn dì qū jiàn lì jiā tài jī chéng， hòu fā zhǎn wéi nú lì zhì qiáng guó。 gōng yuán qián 146 nián chéng wéi luó mǎ dì guó de 'ā fēi lì jiā shěng de yī bù fēn。 gōng yuán 5 ～ 6 shì jì xiān hòu bèi wāng dá 'ěr rén hé bài zhàn tíng rén zhàn lǐng。 703 nián bèi 'ā lā bó mù sī lín zhēng fú。 13 shì jì hā fū sī wáng cháo jiàn lì liǎo qiáng dà de tū ní sī guó jiā。 1574 nián lún wéi tǔ 'ěr qí 'ào sī màn dì guó de yī gè shěng。 1881 nián chéng wéi fǎ guó bǎo hù lǐng dì。 1956 nián 3 yuè 20 rì fǎ guó chéng rèn tū ní sī dú lì。 1957 nián 7 yuè 25 rì tū zhì xiàn huì yì tōng guò jué yì， fèi chù guó wáng， xuān bù chéng lì tū ní sī gòng hé guó， bù 'ěr jí bā rèn dì yī rèn zǒng tǒng， 1975 nián jīng yì huì pī zhǔn， bù chéng wéi zhōng shēn zǒng tǒng。 1987 nián 11 yuè 7 rì， zǒng lǐ běn · ā lǐ jiē tì bù rèn gòng hé guó zǒng tǒng。 【 zhèng zhì】 1989 nián 4 yuè， tū ní sī jǔ xíng zǒng tǒng hé lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ， běn · ā lǐ dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng， zhí zhèng dǎng xiàn zhèng mín zhù lián méng huò quán bù yì xí。 1994 nián， běn · ā lǐ chán lián zǒng tǒng， tū chǎn shēng dú lì yǐ lái shǒu jiè xiàn méng zhàn yā dǎo duō shù de duō dǎng yì huì。 1999 nián 10 yuè， tū jǔ xíng dú lì hòu shǒu cì duō dǎngshēn jiā de zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ， běn · ā lǐ yǐ gāo piào zài dù chán lián zǒng tǒng， lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ yǔ cǐ tóng shí jìn xíng， zēng jiā liǎo fǎn duì dǎng de yì xí， xiàn méng réng huò dé jué dà duō shù xí wèi。 běn · ā lǐ zǒng tǒng zhí zhèng shí duō nián lái， duì nèi tuī xíng “ yǐ wěn dìng qiú fā zhǎn， yǐ fā zhǎn cù wěn dìng ” de jī běn guó cè， bù duàn gǒng gù xiàn méng dì wèi， zhú bù tuī jìn zhèng zhì duō yuán huà， shǐ tū zhèng jú cháng qī bǎo chí wěn dìng， jīng jì chí xù fā zhǎn。 duì wài fèng xíng zhōng lì、 mù lín、 bù jié méng wài jiāo zhèng cè。 2005 nián 7 yuè， tū jǔ xíng shǒu cì cān yì yuán xuǎn jǔ， chéng lì cān yì yuàn。 8 yuè， běn · ā lǐ zǒng tǒng gǎi zǔ nèi gé hé xiàn méng lǐng dǎo céng。 mù qián， tū zhèng jú wěn dìng， běn · ā lǐ zhí zhèng dì wèi wěn gù。 2006 nián， běn · ā lǐ tuī chū dà shè、 tí gāo gōng zī、 jiǎn miǎn shuì shōu děng yī xì liè cuò shī， zhēng qǔ mín xīn， gǒng gù zhí zhèng jī chǔ。 tóng shí， zài bǎo chí xiàn zhèng mín zhù lián méng zhí zhèng dì wèi de jī chǔ shàng tuī jìn yòu kòng zhì de duō dǎng mín zhù jìn chéng， yǐn dǎo fǎn duì dǎng cān zhèng、 yì zhèng， zhú bù kuò dà xīn wén zì yóu， jiǎn qīng xī fāng guó jiā zài mín zhù、 rén quán fāng miàn de yā lì。 mù qián， tū zhèng jú wěn dìng， běn · ā lǐ zhí zhèng dì wèi jìn yī bù gǒng gù。 xiàn zhèng mín zhù lián méng jí tū shè huì gè jiè yǐ kāi shǐ wéi běn · ā lǐ 2009 nián jìng xuǎn lián rèn zào shì。 【 xiàn fǎ】 1959 nián 6 yuè 1 rì， zhì xiàn yì huì tōng guò gòng hé guó dì yī bù xiàn fǎ， guī dìng tū shì zì yóu、 dú lì de zhù quán guó jiā， shí xíng gòng hé zhì zhèng tǐ。 1975 nián 3 yuè， tōng guò xiàn fǎ xiū gǎi cǎo 'àn， xuān bù bù 'ěr jí bā wéi gòng hé guó zhōng shēn zǒng tǒng。 1988 nián 7 yuè， tōng guò xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn， shān gǎi“ zhōng shēn zǒng tǒng” děng 8 xiàng tiáo kuǎn， zēng jiā liǎo“ jìng xuǎn yì yuán nián líng”，“ zǒng tǒng zhí wèi kòngquē shí yóu yì cháng dān rèn lín shí zǒng tǒng zhí wù” děng nèi róng。 1998 nián 10 yuè tōng guò xiū gǎi xiàn fǎ hé xuǎn jǔ fǎ， jiàng dī zǒng tǒng hòu xuǎn rén de cān xuǎn nián líng， kuò dà cān xuǎn fàn wéi。 zǒng tǒng rèn qī wǔ nián， kě lián rèn liǎng jiè。 2002 nián 5 yuè， jǔ xíng dú lì hòu shǒu cì quán mín gōng jué， tōng guò xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn。 qǔ xiāo duì zǒng tǒng lián rèn cì shù de xiàn zhì， bìng jiāng zǒng tǒng hòu xuǎn rén de nián líng shàng xiàn zēng zhì 75 suì， wéi běn · ā lǐ jìng xuǎn lián rèn 2004 nián jí zhī hòu de zǒng tǒng zhí wèi sǎo chú liǎo fǎ lǜ zhàng 'ài。 cǐ wài， xīn xiàn fǎ hái zēng jiā liǎo mín zhù hé fǎ zhì de nèi róng。 【 yì huì】 yuán wéi yī yuàn zhì， chēng guó mín yì huì。 2002 nián xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn gǎi wéi liǎng yuàn zhì， yóu zhòng yì yuàn hé cān yì yuàn zǔ chéng。 zhòng yì yuàn shì tū zuì gāo lì fǎ jī gòu， rèn qī wǔ nián， xià shè 8 gè wěi yuán huì。 yì huì jiān dū zhèng fǔ gōng zuò bìng yòu quán duì zhèng fǔ tí chū bù xìn rèn 'àn。 2004 nián 10 yuè， tū lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng liǎo dì 11 jiè yì huì， xiàn zhèng mín zhù lián méng huò 189 yì xí zhōng de 152 xí， fǎn duì dǎng huò 37 xí。 shàng jiè yì cháng fú 'ā dé · mài bā zhā chán lián yì cháng。 2005 nián 10 yuè， mài bā zhā zài nián dù lì huì zhōng zài dù dāng xuǎn yì cháng。 2005 nián 7 yuè， tū jǔ xíng shǒu cì cān yì yuán xuǎn jǔ， chéng lì cān yì yuàn， cān yì yuán rèn qī 6 nián。 8 yuè， ā bǔ dù lā · kǎ lā lè (AbdallahKallel) dāng xuǎn wéi cān yì yuàn yì cháng。 【 zhèng fǔ】 2007 nián 1 yuè， běn · ā lǐ zǒng tǒng duì nèi gé jìn xíng bù fēn gǎi zǔ， zhèng fǔ zhù yào chéng yuán míng dān rú xià： zǒng lǐ mù hǎn mò dé · gé nǔ xī (MOHAMEDGHANNOUCHI)、 guó wù bù cháng、 zǒng tǒng tè bié gù wèn、 zǒng tǒng fǔ fā yán rén 'ā bǔ dù lè · ā qí cí · běn · dí yà (ABDELAZIZBENDHIA)、 wài jiāo bù cháng 'ā bǔ dù lè - wǎ hā bǔ · ā bǔ dù lā（ ABDELWAHEBABDALLAH）、 nèi zhèng hé dì fāng fā zhǎn bù cháng lā fěi kè · bèi lè hā jí · kǎ xī mǔ（ RAFIKBELHAJKACEM）、 guó fáng bù cháng kǎ mài lè · mǎ 'ěr jiān（ KAMELMORJANE）、 yùn shū bù cháng 'ā bǔ dù - lā xī mǔ · zǔ wǎ lì (ABDERRAHIMZOUARI)、 mào yì hé shǒu gōng yè bù cháng méng zé 'ěr · cí nà yī dí (MONDHERZENAIDI)、 sī fǎ hé rén quán bù cháng bèi xī 'ěr · tè kǎ lǐ（ BECHIRTEKKARI）、 zōng jiào shì wù bù cháng bù bā kè 'ěr · ā hè zǔ lǐ（ BOUBAKERELAKHZOURI）、 shè huì shì wù、 hù zhù hé qiáo mín bù cháng 'ā lǐ · shā wū shí（ ALICHAOUCH）、 jiào yù hé péi xùn bù cháng sà dí kè · kǎ 'ěr bǐ（ SADOKKORBI）、 gāo děng jiào yù hé kē yán bù cháng lā cí hā 'ěr · bù wū ní（ LAZHARBOUOUNI）、 qīng nián hé tǐ yù bù cháng 'ā bǔ dù lā · kǎ 'ā bǐ（ ABDALLAHKAABI）、 cái zhèng bù cháng mù hǎn mò dé · lā xī dé · kǎi xī shí (MOHAMEDRACHIDKCHICH)、 nóng yè hé shuǐ lì zī yuán bù cháng hā bǐ bǔ · hǎdá dé (HABIBHADDAD)、 tōng xùn jì shù bù cháng méng tǎ sà 'ěr · wǎ yī lì（ MONTASSAROUAILI）、 wén huà hé yí chǎn bǎo hù bù cháng mù hǎn mò dé · ā qí cí · běn · ā shū 'ěr（ MOHAMEDAZIZBENACHOUR）、 lǚ yóu bù cháng dì jiā ní · hǎdá dé (TIJANIHADDAD)、 gōng gòng wèi shēng bù cháng lì dá · kǎi xī lì dé（ RIDHAKECHRID）、 zhuāng bèi、 zhù fáng yǔ guó tǔ zhěng zhì bù cháng sà mǐ lā · hā yà shí · bèi lè hā jí（ SAMIRAKHAYACHBELHAJ）、 fù nǚ、 jiā tíng hé 'ér tóng shì wù bù cháng sài lè wá · ā yà xī · lā běn（ SALOUAAYACHILABBEN）、 fā zhǎn yǔ guó jì hé zuò bù cháng mù hǎn mò dé · nǔ lǐ · rú yī ní (MOHAMEDNOURIJOUINI)、 guó yòu zī chǎn hé tǔ dì shì wù bù cháng lì dá · gé lǐ lā (RIDHAGRIRA)、 gōng yè、 néng yuán hé zhōng xiǎo qǐ yè bù cháng 'ā fěi fū · xiè lè bǐ (AFIFCHELBI)。 zhèng fǔ wǎng zhǐ： http://www.tunisie.com 【 xíng zhèng qū huá】 quán guó huàfēn wéi 24 gè shěng， xià shè 254 gè xiàn， 240 gè shì zhèn。 【 sī fǎ jī gòu】 zuì gāo sī fǎ wěi yuán huì shì tū ní sī sī fǎ xì tǒng zuì gāo jī gòu， zǒng tǒng hé sī fǎ bù cháng fēn bié dān rèn wěi yuán huì zhù xí hé fù zhù xí。 wěi yuán huì xíng shǐ duì fǎ guān rèn mìng、 jìn shēng、 diào dòng hé jì lǜ chǔfèn de zhí néng。 zǒng tǒng gēn jù wěi yuán huì de jiàn yì rèn mìng fǎ guān。 quán guó yòu 1 gè zuì gāo fǎ yuàn， 10 gè shàng sù fǎ yuàn， 24 gè yī shěn fǎ yuàn， 83 gè dì fāng fǎ tíng。 měi shěng shè yòu 1 gè yī shěn fǎ yuàn。 měi gè fǎ yuàn xià xiá ruò gān mín shì、 xíng shì fǎ tíng。 cǐ wài， zài zhèng fǔ chéng yuán fàn yòu pàn guó zuì shí jiāng zhuān mén chéng lì gāo děng fǎ yuàn。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yuàn cháng wéi mǎ bǔ lǔ kè · běn · mù sà (MabroukBenMoussa)。 tū wú dú lì de jiǎn chá yuàn， zài sī fǎ hé rén quán bù nèi shè jiǎn chá jī gòu， xiàn rèn zǒng jiǎn chá cháng wéi mù hǎn mò dé · lāi jí mǐ (MohamedEl-Ladjmi)， dàn zài měi gè fǎ yuàn jūn shè yòu jiǎn chá jī gòu。 【 zhèng dǎng】 tū yú 1981 nián 4 yuè kāi shǐ shí xíng duō dǎng zhì， xiàn yòu 9 gè hé fǎ zhèng dǎng， zhù yào yòu： xiàn zhèng mín zhù lián méng、 shè huì mín zhù yùn dòng、 rén mín tuán jié dǎng、 mín zhù tǒng yī lián méng、 gé xīn yùn dòng、 zì yóu shè huì dǎng、 mín zhù jìn bù dǎng、 zhēng qǔ gōng zuò yǔ zì yóu mín zhù lùn tán hé lǜ dǎng。 (1) xiàn zhèng mín zhù lián méng (RassemblementConstitutionnelDemocratique/RCD)： zhí zhèng dǎng。 1934 nián 3 yuè yóu shǒu rèn zǒng tǒng bù 'ěr jí bā chuàng lì。 yuán míng xīn xiàn zhèng dǎng， 1964 nián gǎi wéi shè huì zhù yì xiàn zhèng dǎng， 1988 nián 2 yuè gǎi wéi xiàn míng。 xiàn yòu dǎng yuán 200 duō wàn， jī céng zhī bù yuē 8390 gè。 yǐ mín zhù、 kāi fàng wéi zhèng zhì lù xiàn， zhù zhāng shí xíng guó jiā、 jí tǐ、 sī rén sān zhǒng suǒ yòu zhì bìng cún de jīng jì tǐ zhì， qiáng diào fǎ zhì zhì guó。 duì wài jiān chí bù jié méng zhèng cè， zhù zhāng zài hù xiāng zūn zhòng hé hù lì de jī chǔ shàng yǔ gè guó fā zhǎn guān xì。 2007 nián 6 yuè xiàn méng zhào kāi qī zhōng huì， zài cì hūyù běn · ā lǐ zuò wéi xiàn méng hòu xuǎn rén cān jiā 2009 nián zǒng tǒng dà xuǎn， nǔ lì shí shī“ shí yī wǔ” jìhuà， qiáng huà xiàn méng zǔ zhì jiàn shè。 zhù xí wéi běn · ā lǐ zǒng tǒng（ 1988 nián 7 yuè dāng xuǎn）。 2005 nián 8 yuè hā dí · mù hè ní（ HediM'henni） bèi rèn mìng wéi xiàn méng zǒng shū jì。 zài 2004 nián 10 yuè lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò dé 152 gè yì xí。 (2) shè huì mín zhù yùn dòng (MouvementdesDemocratesSocialistes/MDS)： 1978 nián 6 yuè chuàng lì， 1983 nián 11 yuè huò hé fǎ dì wèi。 zhù zhāng kāi fàng mín zhù， shí xíng duō dǎng zhì、 lún liú zhí zhèng， fǎn duì shǐ yòng bào lì。 yuē yòu dǎng yuán 3 wàn rén。 quán guó wěi yuán huì shì zuì gāo quán lì jī guān。 xiàn rèn quán guó wěi yuán huì zhù xí méng sài fū · xī yà lā（ MoncefSiala） , zǒng shū jì yī sī méi 'ěr · bù lā xī yà（ IsmailBoulahya）。 zài 2004 nián 10 yuè lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò dé 14 xí。 (3) rén mín tuán jié dǎng (PartideL'UnitePopulaire/PUP)： 1973 nián chéng lì， yóu rén mín tuán jié yùn dòng běn · sà lā hè pài fēn liè 'ér lái。 zhù zhāng zhèng zhì duō yuán huà， jiā qiáng guó jiā duì jīng jì de gān yù， wéi hù tū ní sī de wěn dìng。 1983 nián qǔ dé hé fǎ dì wèi。 zǒng shū jì mù hǎn mò dé · bù xī hā (MohamedBouchiha)。 zài 2004 nián 10 yuè lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò dé 11 xí。 (4) mín zhù tǒng yī lián méng（ UnionDemocratiqueUnioniste/UDU） :1988 nián 11 yuè chuàng jiàn bìng huò hé fǎ dì wèi。 zhù zhāng zài mín zhù fàn wéi nèi， wéi 'ā lā bó tuán jié 'ér nǔ lì。 zǒng shū jì 'ài hā mài dé · yì nǔ bù lì（ AhmedInoubli）。 zài 2004 nián 10 yuè lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò dé 7 gè yì xí。 (5) gé xīn yùn dòng (MouvementdelaRenovation)： qián shēn shì tū ní sī gòng chǎn dǎng， 1922 nián chéng lì， 1963 nián bèi qǔ dì， 1981 nián huī fù hé fǎ dì wèi， 1993 nián 4 yuè gǎi wéi xiàn míng。 gēngmíng hòu xuān bù fàng qì gòng chǎn zhù yì， dàn jiān chí shè huì zhù yì xìn niàn， fǎn duì zì yóu huà jīng jì hé sī yòu huà。 xiàng gè zhǒng jìn bù lì liàng hé zuǒ pài kāi fàng。 dǎng yuán 1000 duō míng。 zǒng shū jì mù hǎn mò dé · hā 'ěr mài lè (MohamedHarmel)。 zài 2004 nián de lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò 3 gè xí wèi。 (6) zì yóu shè huì dǎng（ PartiSocialLiberal/PSL） :1988 nián 6 yuè chéng lì， 1988 nián 9 yuè huò dé hé fǎ dì wèi。 yuán míng wéi jìn bù shè huì dǎng， 1993 nián 10 yuè dǎng de“ yī dà” gǎi wéi xiàn míng。 zhù zhāng duō yuán huà、 zì yóu huà hé sī yòu huà， dǎng de zhù xí shì mù ní 'ěr · bèi jí（ MounirElBeji）。 zài 2004 nián de lì fǎ xuǎn jǔ zhōng huò 2 gè xí wèi。 (7) mín zhù jìn bù dǎng (PartiDemocratiqueProgressiste):1983 nián 12 yuè chéng lì。 1988 nián 9 yuè huò dé hé fǎ dì wèi。 yuán míng wéi shè huì jìn bù lián méng， 2001 nián 6 yuè dǎng de“ sān dà” gǎi wéi xiàn míng。 zhù zhāng jìn xíng quán miàn zhèng zhì gǎi gé， jiàn lì duō yuán huà zhèng zhì tǐ zhì hé jìn bù lǐ xiǎng tóng 'ā lā bó - yī sī lán shǔ xìng xiāng jié hé de shè huì zhù yì。 zǒng shū jì 'ài hā mài dé · nà jí bù · shā bǐ (AhmedNejibChebbi)。 (8) zhēng qǔ gōng zuò yǔ zì yóu mín zhù lùn tán（ Forumdemocratiquepourletravailetlaliberte/FDTL） 1994 nián chuàng jiàn， 2002 nián huò dé hé fǎ dì wèi， wéi zuǒ yì zhèng dǎng。 zhù zhāng jiàn lì xiàn dài mín zhù zhì dù， bǎo zhèng sī fǎ dú lì、 lún liú zhí zhèng hé zūn zhòng rén mín de zì yóu xuǎn zé。 zǒng shū jì mù sī tǎ fǎ · běn · jiā fǎ 'ěr（ MustaphaBenJaafar）。 (9) zhēng qǔ jìn bù lǜ dǎng（ PartiVertpourleProgres） 2006 nián chéng lì bìng huò dé hé fǎ dì wèi。 yǐ fēi zuǒ fēi yòu de zī tài dēng shàng tū zhèng tán。 zhù zhāng bǎo hù huán jìng、 zì yóu zhù yì、 fàn 'ā lā bó zhù yì、 shè huì zhù yì děng。 zǒng shū jì jí méng · kǎ mǎ xī。 【 zhòng yào rén wù】 zǎi yīn · ā bǐ dīng · běn · ā lǐ： zǒng tǒng， 1936 nián 9 yuè shēng yú sū sī。 céng shòu diàn zǐ xué gāo děng jiào yù， huò diàn zǐ gōng chéng shī wén píng， xiān hòu zài fǎ guó shèng · xī 'ěr jūn shì xué yuàn、 fǎ guó xià lóng－ mǎ 'ēn hé pào bīng xué yuàn、 měi guó qíng bào yǔ 'ān quán gāo děng xué yuàn、 měi guó yě pào gāo děng xué yuàn shēn zào。 1958 nián qǐ lì rèn tū cān móu bù cān móu、 jūn shì 'ān quán chù chù cháng、 zhù mó luò gē kōng jūn hǎi jūn wǔ guān、 guó fáng bù cháng bàn gōng shì zhuān yuán、 guó jiā 'ān quán zǒng jú jú cháng、 zhù bō lán dà shǐ、 nèi zhèng bù fù zé guó jiā 'ān quán de guó wù mì shū、 zǒng lǐ fǔ fù zé guó jiā 'ān quán de bù cháng jí dài biǎo、 nèi zhèng bù cháng děng zhí。 1979 nián 4 yuè yóu shàng xiào jìn shēng wéi zhǔn jiāng。 1987 nián 5 yuè rèn nèi zhèng guó wù bù cháng， 10 yuè rèn zǒng lǐ， 11 yuè rèn zǒng tǒng。 1988 nián 7 yuè， dāng xuǎn wéi xiàn zhèng mín zhù lián méng zhù xí。 1989 nián 4 yuè dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng。 cǐ hòu， zài 1994 nián、 1999 nián hé 2004 nián， sān cì lián xuǎn lián rèn。 1991 nián 4 yuè， duì wǒ guó jìn xíng liǎo zhèng shì yǒu hǎo fǎng wèn。 yǐ hūn， yòu 5 gè nǚ 'ér， 1 gè 'ér zǐ。 mù hǎn mò dé · gé nǔ xī： zǒng lǐ， 1941 nián 8 yuè 18 rì chū shēng yú sū sī， bì yè yú tū ní sī fǎ lǜ、 zhèng zhì、 jīng jì xué yuàn。 1966 nián huò jīng jì xué xué shì xué wèi。 1975 nián rèn cái zhèng bù zǒng jìhuà sī cháng。 1982 nián rèn jìhuà yǔ cái zhèng bù fù zé jìhuà de guó wù mì shū。 1987 nián 10 yuè rèn zǒng lǐ fǔ fù zé jìhuà de bù cháng jí dài biǎo。 1988 nián 7 yuè rèn jìhuà bù cháng。 1989 nián 4 yuè rèn jìhuà yǔ cái zhèng bù cháng。 1990 nián 3 yuè rèn jīng jì yǔ cái zhèng bù cháng。 1991 nián 2 yuè rèn cái zhèng bù cháng。 1992 nián 6 yuè rèn guó jì hé zuò yǔ wài guó tóu zī bù cháng。 1999 nián 11 yuè rèn zǒng lǐ。 2004 nián 11 yuè lián rèn。 xiàn méng zhèng zhì jú wěi yuán， dì 'èr fù zhù xí。 wèi céng fǎng huá。 yǐ hūn， yòu 2 gè hái zǐ。 fú 'ā dé · mài bā zhā： yì cháng， 1933 nián 6 yuè 15 rì chū shēng yú tū ní sī shì。 zài fǎ guó huò jīng jì xué hé fǎ xué xué shì xué wèi。 1961 nián qǐ xiān hòu rèn wèi shēng yǔ shè huì shì wù guó wù mì shū bàn gōng shì zhuān yuán， nóng yè guó wù mì shū bàn gōng shì zhù rèn， qīng nián tǐ yù jú cháng， guó jiā 'ān quán jú cháng， tū ní sī shěng cháng jiān tū ní sī shì cháng， qīng nián tǐ yù bù cháng， wèi shēng bù cháng， xīn wén hé wén huà bù cháng， tū zhù lián hé guó dà shǐ， tū zhù mó luò gē dà shǐ， qīng nián tǐ yù bù cháng， jiā tài jī shì cháng。 xiān hòu sì cì dāng xuǎn yì yuán。 1997 nián 10 yuè qǐ yī zhí dān rèn yì cháng。 xiàn méng zhèng zhì jú wěi yuán。 1977 nián 10 yuè céng shuài tū qīng nián、 tǐ yù dài biǎo tuán fǎng huá， 2002 nián 6 yuè shuài yì huì dài biǎo tuán fǎng huá。 ā bǔ dù lā · kǎ lā lè： cān yì cháng， 1943 nián 12 yuè 7 rì shēng yú sī fǎ kè sī。 céng jiù dú yú tū ní sī fǎ lǜ、 zhèng zhì hé jīng jì xué yuàn， huò jīng jì xué bì yè wén píng hé tū guó lì xíng zhèng xué yuàn gāo jí bān bì yè wén píng， bìng huò gù wèn jí xíng zhèng zhù guǎn zhí chēng。 1989 nián 4 yuè qǐ lì rèn guó fáng bù cháng、 nèi zhèng bù cháng、 guó wù bù cháng、 zǒng tǒng tè bié gù wèn、 sī fǎ bù cháng děng zhí。 1988 nián 7 yuè rèn xiàn méng zhèng zhì jú wěi yuán、 sī kù。 1989 nián、 1999 nián dāng xuǎn wéi yì yuán。 2004 nián 1 yuè dāng xuǎn wéi jīng shè lǐ shì huì zhù xí。 2005 nián 8 yuè dāng xuǎn wéi cān yì yuàn shǒu rèn cān yì cháng。 céng huò gòng hé guó tè jí xūn zhāng、“ 11.7” tè jí xūn zhāng。 yǐ hūn， yòu 3 zǐ。 wèi céng fǎng huá。 jīng jì yǐ nóng yè wéi zhù， dàn liáng shí bù néng zìjǐ。 gōng yè yǐ shí yóu hé lín suān yán kāi cǎi、 zhì zào yè hé jiā gōng gōng yè wéi zhù。 lǚ yóu yè jiào fā dá， zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng zhàn zhòng yào dì wèi。 1986 nián， tū jīng jì shí xíng“ jié gòu tiáozhěng jìhuà”， yóu jìhuà jīng jì xiàng shì chǎng jīng jì guò dù。 1995 nián tū yǔ 'ōu méng qiān shǔ lián xì guó xié yì hòu， tū shēn huà jīng jì jié gòu tiáozhěng， jiā kuài qǐ yè shēng jí gǎi zào hé sī yòu huà bù fá， tóng shí jiā qiáng jī chǔ shè shī jiàn shè， tuī jìn jīn róng lǐng yù gǎi gé， jī jí fā zhǎn wài xiàng xíng jīng jì。 duō nián lái， tū jīng jì chí xù wěn dìng fā zhǎn， GDP nián jūn zēngzhǎng yuē 5％。 jìn nián lái， tū yí dòng tōng xùn、 yīn tè wǎng、 diàn zǐ shāng wù hé gāo kē jì chǎn yè děng lǐng yù fā zhǎn xùn sù。 2006 nián， zài dá wò sī shì jiè jīng jì lùn tán quán qiú zōng hé jìng zhēng lì páiháng bǎng shàng， míng liè shì jiè dì 30 wèi， jū fēi zhōu、 ā lā bó guó jiā zhī shǒu。 tū zài quán shì jiè 155 guó láo dòng huán jìng lǐng yù páiháng bǎng shàng míng liè 58 wèi， lǐng xiān yì dà lì、 zhōng guó hé 'āi jí děng。 pín kùn shuài xià jiàng zhì 4% yǐ xià。 zhì 2006 nián dǐ， wài guó zài tū gòng yòu 2803 jiā wài zī qǐ yè。 2007 nián， zài dá wò sī shì jiè jīng jì lùn tán quán qiú zōng hé jìng zhēng lì páiháng bǎng shàng， míng liè shì jiè dì 29 wèi， réng jū fēi zhōu、 ā lā bó guó jiā zhī shǒu。 2007 nián 1 yuè， tū wán chéng shěn yì guān yú 2007－ 2011 nián“ shí yī wǔ” fā zhǎn jìhuà zǒng tǐ fā zhǎn mó shì hé zhèng cè。 mù qián tū jīng jì miàn lín zhù yào wèn tí shì guó nèi shì chǎng xiá xiǎo， zī yuán kuì fá， guòfèn yǐ lài 'ōu méng。 2006 nián zhù yào jīng jì shù zì： guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 306.97 yì měi yuán rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí： 2996 měi yuán guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ： 5.3％ huò bì míng chēng： dì nà 'ěr (dinar)， 1 dì nà 'ěr ＝ 1000 mǐ lì mǔ huì shuài： 1 měi yuán =1.32 dì nà 'ěr tōng huò péng zhàng shuài： 2.4％（ 2007 nián shàng bàn nián） shī yè shuài： 14.2％ 【 zī yuán】 zhù yào yòu lín suān yán、 shí yóu、 tiān rán qì、 tiě、 lǚ、 xīn děng。 yǐ tàn míng chǔ liàng： lín suān yán 20 yì dūn， shí yóu 7000 wàn dūn， tiān rán qì 615 yì lì fāng mǐ， tiě kuàng shí 2500 wàn dūn。 【 gōng kuàng yè】 zhù yào yòu yǐ lín suān yán wéi yuán liào de huà gōng yè hé shí yóu kāi cǎi yè。 2005 nián yuán yóu chǎn liàng wéi 340.4 wàn dūn， tiān rán qì chǎn liàng wéi 23.44 yì lì fāng mǐ， lín suān yán 376 wàn dūn（ 2004 nián）， tiě kuàng shí 16.4 wàn dūn (2003 nián )， xīn 6.6 wàn dūn (2003 nián )。 fǎng zhì yè zài qīng gōng yè zhōng jū shǒu wèi， chǎn zhí wéi 10.76 yì dì nà 'ěr。 zì 1986 nián qǐ， fǎng zhì、 pí gé chǎn pǐn chū kǒu 'é yǐ chāo guò huà féi、 yuán yóu。 2005 nián gōng yè zǒng chǎn zhí wéi 59.74 yì dì nà 'ěr， gōng yè zēngchánglǜ wéi 2.5％。（ zī liào lái yuán： 2006 nián jīng jì jì píng guó bié bào gào） 【 nóng yè】 quán guó kě gēng dì miàn jī 900 wàn gōng qǐng， yǐ gēng dì 500 wàn gōng qǐng， qí zhōng 7％ wéi shuǐ jiāo dì， yuē 34.5 wàn gōng qǐng。 yóu yú yán jiǎn huà、 shā mò huà děng yīn sù， měi nián yuē yòu 2 wàn gōng qǐng gēng dì liú shī。 nóng yè zài guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zhōng zhàn 13－ 16％， 2005 nián nóng yè hé yú yè zǒng chǎn zhí wéi 25.31 yì dì nà 'ěr， zēngchánglǜ wéi 5％。 quán guó láo dòng lì de 35％ cóng shì nóng yè。 zhèng cháng nián jǐng liáng shí zìjǐ shuài 60％。 2005 nián liáng shí chǎn liàng wéi 210 wàn dūn。（ zī liào lái yuán： 2006 nián jīng jì jì píng guó bié bào gào） tū ní sī shì gǎn lǎn yóu zhù yào shēng chǎn guó zhī yī， chǎn liàng zhàn shì jiè gǎn lǎn yóu zǒng chǎn liàng de 4－ 9％， gǎn lǎn yóu chéng wéi tū zhù yào de chū kǒu chuàng huì nóng chǎn pǐn。 quán guó zhòngzhí gǎn lǎn 6200 wàn zhū， zhàn dì 162.5 wàn gōng qǐng。 2005 nián chǎn gǎn lǎn yóu 22 wàn dūn， chǎn gān jú 26.2 wàn dūn， yē zǎo 11.3 wàn dūn。 quán guó yòu tiān rán hé rén gōng mù chǎng 29 wàn gōng qǐng。 2003 nián niú、 yáng、 shān yáng cún lán shù fēn bié wéi 41.5 wàn tóu、 392.4 wàn zhǐ hé 80.1 wàn zhǐ。 2005 nián ròu lèi zǒng chǎn liàng wéi 11.78 wàn dūn， xiān nǎi chǎn liàng 92 wàn dūn， yú chǎn liàng 10.8 wàn dūn。（ zī liào lái yuán： 2006 nián jīng jì jì píng guó bié bào gào） 【 lǚ yóu yè】 lǚ yóu yè zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng jū zhòng yào dì wèi， shì tū dì yī dà wài huì lái yuán。 2006 nián lǚ yóu shōu rù wéi 27.51 yì dì nà 'ěr， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 6.3%； jiē dài yóu kè 654.91 wàn rén cì， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 2.7%。 2005 nián， quán guó yuē 800 jiā lǚ guǎn yōng yòu 23 wàn zhāng chuáng wèi， jū fēi zhōu hé 'ā lā bó guó jiā qián liè。 zhí jiē huò jiànjiē cóng shì lǚ yóu yè rén yuán dá 35 wàn rén， yuē zhàn quán guó rén kǒu de 3.6％， jiě jué liǎo 12% de láo dòng lì jiù yè wèn tí。 lǚ yóu shè shī zhù yào fēn bù zài dōng bù yán hǎi dì dài， yòu wǔ dà lǚ yóu zhōng xīn， sū sī“ kāng dá wéi” zhōng xīn shì quán guó zuì dà de lǚ yóu jī dì。 tū ní sī shì、 sū sī、 mò nà sī tí 'ěr、 bēng jiǎo hé jié 'ěr bā dǎo shì zhù míng de lǚ yóu qū。（ zī liào lái yuán： 2006 nián jīng jì jì píng guó bié bào gào） 【 jiāo tōng yùn shū】 jiāo tōng yùn shū bǐ jiào fā dá。 tiě lù： zǒng cháng 2190 duō gōng lǐ， qí zhōng guǐ jù 1 mǐ de zhǎi guǐ tiě lù zhàn 1713 gōng lǐ， yú wéi guǐ jù 1.44 mǐ de tiě lù。 guó yíng tiě lù gōng sī yōng yòu jī chē 136 liàng， huò chē pí 5267 jié。 2003 nián kè yùn zǒng liàng wéi 3570 wàn rén cì， huò yùn liàng wéi 21.74 yì dūn / gōng lǐ。 gōng lù： zǒng cháng 2 wàn gōng lǐ。 2003 nián gōng lù kè yùn liàng 6.92 yì rén cì， huò yùn liàng 11.84 wàn dūn。 lù lù yùn shū mù qián zhàn tū ní sī huò yùn zǒng liàng de 50％， kè yùn zǒng liàng de 90％。 1997 nián tū kāi shǐ xiū jiàn 2500 gōng lǐ gōng lù hé 2000 gōng lǐ nóng yòng dào lù。 zhì 2005 nián dǐ， tū yōng yòu gè lèi jī dòng chē liàng 110 wàn liàng。 hǎi yùn： yòu 30 gè gǎng kǒu， qí zhōng 8 gè wéi dà xíng shāng yè gǎng kǒu， yī gè wéi shí yóu zhuǎn yùn gǎng。 yòu liǎng zhī chuán duì， zǒng dūn wèi 22.4 wàn dūn。 zhù yào gǎng kǒu shì tū ní sī－ gǔ lāi tè、 bǐ sài dà、 bù 'ěr jī bā、 sī fǎ kè sī、 jiā bèi sī、 sū sī、 zhā 'ěr xī sī、 lā dí sī jí sī jī lā gǎng děng， 2003 nián kè yùn zǒng liàng 52.9 wàn rén cì。 kōng yùn： yòu liǎng gè guó yíng háng kōng gōng sī， zhù yào shì tū ní sī háng kōng gōng sī。 quán guó gòng yòu 91 jià gè xíng hào kè jī。 tū yǔ guó nèi wài 44 gè chéng shì tōng háng。 nián kè yùn zǒng liàng wéi 1200 wàn rén cì。 2003 nián tū ní sī háng kōng gōng sī kè yùn liàng 790 wàn rén cì， jiào shàng nián xià jiàng 2.1%。 quán guó yòu 7 gè guó jì jī chǎng： tū ní sī - jiā tài jī、 mò nà sī dì 'ěr - kǎ nài sī、 jié 'ěr bā - zhā 'ěr qí sī、 sī fǎ kè sī - dì nà、 dù zé 'ěr - nèi fū tǎ、 tǎ bā kǎ -11.7 hé jiā fū sà - gài sī 'ěr。 【 cái zhèng jīn róng】 2007 nián cái zhèng yù suàn shōu zhī jī běn píng héng， jūn wéi 144.6 yì dì nà 'ěr， bǐ 2006 nián zēngzhǎng 1.8％。 zhì 2006 nián dǐ， wài huì chǔ bèi 66.48 yì měi yuán， wài zhài shuài wéi 49.1%。 2005 nián wài zhài zǒng 'é wéi 161 yì měi yuán。 【 duì wài mào yì】 1986 nián yǐ lái， tū tuī xíng mào yì zì yóu huà zhèng cè， qì jīn zì yóu jìn kǒu de shāng pǐn 'é zhàn jìn kǒu zǒng 'é de 85％， zì yóu chū kǒu de shāng pǐn 'é zhàn chū kǒu zǒng 'é de 95％。 jìn nián lái tū ní sī duì wài mào yì qíng kuàng rú xià ( dān wèi： bǎi wàn měi yuán )： 200320042005 2006 nián chū kǒu 8619949210080 11782 jìn kǒu 117001249212668 15206 chā 'é -3081-3000-2588 － 34.25 ōu méng shì tū de zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn， qí zhōng fǎ guó、 yì dà lì、 dé guó shì yǔ tū mào yì míng liè qián sān míng de guó jiā， 2005 nián zài tū jìn chū kǒu zhōng suǒ zhàn bǐ lì rú xià： chū kǒu（％） jìn kǒu（％） fǎ guó 29.328.2 yì dà lì 19.725.2 dé guó 9.1 10.5 （ zī liào lái yuán： 2006 nián jīng jì jì píng guó bié bào gào） tū zhù yào chū kǒu chǎn pǐn shì fǎng zhì pǐn、 diàn jī shè bèi、 shí yóu zhì pǐn、 jī xiè、 gǎn lǎn yóu、 xié、 máo pí zhì pǐn、 huà féi、 huà xué zhì pǐn děng。 2004 nián fǎng zhì pǐn réng jū tū chū kǒu shǒu wèi， chū kǒu 'é wéi 33.33 yì měi yuán， zhàn chū kǒu zǒng 'é dá 37.2％。 jìn kǒu chǎn pǐn zhù yào shì fǎng zhì pǐn、 jī xiè、 diàn qì shè bèi、 shí yóu zhì pǐn、 chē liàng jí gāng tiě、 gǔ wù děng。（ zī liào lái yuán： 2005 nián jīng jì jì píng guó bié bào gào） 【 wài guó zī běn】 2006 nián， tū gòng huò wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī dá 11.57 yì dì nà 'ěr， bǐ shàng nián zēngzhǎng 33.1%。 zhù yào lái zì 'ōu méng、 měi guó hé 'ā lā bó guó jiā。 zhì 2006 nián dǐ， tū gòng xī nà wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī（ néng yuán chú wài） lěi jì dá 112.13 yì dì nà 'ěr， tí gōng 27.4 wàn gè jiù yè gǎng wèi。 【 wài guó yuán zhù】“ jiǔ wǔ” qī jiān（ 1997－ 2001 nián）， tū gòng huò wài guó tí gōng de gè lèi yuán kuǎn 132.17 yì dì nà 'ěr， qí zhōng， wài guó tóu zī 36.37 yì dì nà 'ěr， zèng kuǎn 3.77 yì dì nà 'ěr， gè lèi dài kuǎn 92.04 yì dì nà 'ěr。 2004 nián huò dé wài guó guān fāng fā zhǎn yuán zhù 5.39 yì měi yuán。 2005 nián qiáo huì shōu rù 10.09 yì měi yuán。（ zī liào lái yuán： 2006 nián jīng jì jì píng guó bié bào gào） 【 rén mín shēng huó】 tū zì 20 shì jì qī shí nián dài yǐ lái， shí xíng duì jī běn shí pǐn shí shī wù jià bǔ tiē de shè huì fú lì zhèng cè。 90 nián dài hòu， zhèng fǔ kāi shǐ suō xiǎo bǔ tiē fàn wéi， jiǎn shǎo bǔ tiē fèi yòng， fēn qī tí gāo jī běn shí pǐn jià gé， tóng shí cǎi qǔ cuò shī， bǎo hù kùn nán hù hé dī gōng zī shōu rù zhě de gòu mǎi lì。 2004 nián tū zuì dī gōng zī shōu rù wéi 218.19 dì nà 'ěr（ měi zhōu 48 xiǎo shí） hé 189.8 dì nà 'ěr（ měi zhōu 40 xiǎo shí）。 2001 nián quán guó 78％ de rén yōng yòu zì jǐ de zhù fáng， 74％ de jū mín xiǎng shòu yī liáo bǎo xiǎn， 8％ de jū mín chí yòu miǎn fèi yī liáo zhèng。 2006 nián， shè huì bǎo zhàng fù gài shuài dá 90.4%。 quán guó wèi shēng xì tǒng gòng yòu gè lèi yī wù rén yuán hé zhí gōng 4 wàn rén， 2004 nián quán guó píng jūn měi 1200 rén yòu yī míng yī shēng， píng jūn měi 6500 rén yòu yī míng yá yī， píng jūn měi 330 rén yòu yī míng hù shì。 yī liáo shè shī fēn gōng lì yī yuàn、 sī rén yī yuàn hé gè rén zhěn suǒ， yǐ gōng lì yī yuàn wéi zhù， gòng 176 suǒ， yòu 17269 zhāng chuáng wèi， sī rén yī yuàn yòu chuáng wèi 1800 zhāng , lìng yòu wèi shēng zhàn 1050 gè。 quán guó yòu 21% de jiā tíng yōng yòu qì chē， 90% de jiā tíng yōng yòu diàn shì jī， 82% de jiā tíng yōng yòu bīng xiāng， 34% de jiā tíng yōng yòu xǐ yī jī， 6% de jiā tíng yōng yòu kōng diào， 36% de jiā tíng yōng yòu gù dìng diàn huà， 55% de rén yōng yòu shǒu jī， 90% de jiā tíng xiǎng yòu yǐn yòng shuǐ hé gōng diàn。 2004 nián rén kǒu zēngchánglǜ wéi 1.21％， rén jūn shòu mìng 73 suì， yīng 'ér sǐ wáng shuài 2.1％。 2005 nián， tū pín kùn shuài wéi 3.9％， pín kùn jiā tíng 8 wàn hù。（ zī liào lái yuán： 2005 nián jīng jì jì píng guó bié bào gào） 【 jūn shì】 1956 nián jiàn lì guó mín jūn， 1959 nián jiàn lì hǎi jūn hé kōng jūn。 zǒng tǒng wéi wǔ zhuāng bù duì zǒng sī lìng。 1975 nián qǐ shí xíng yì wù bīng yì zhì， fú yì qī yī nián。 zǒng bīng lì yuē 4 wàn rén。 lù jūn 3.1 wàn rén， bāo kuò 3 gè jī xiè huà bù bīng lǚ、 1 gè sǎ hā lā lǚ、 1 gè tè zhǒng bù duì qún hé 8 gè tuán， yōng yòu gè lèi tǎn kè hé zhuāng jiá chē 405 liàng、 pào 482 mén、 dǎo dàn 156 méi ( jù )。 hǎi jūn 5000 rén， yōng yòu gè lèi jiàn tǐng 40 sōu。 kōng jūn 4500 rén， yòu gè xíng jūn yòng fēi jī 70 yú jià， zhí shēng fēi jī 80 jià。 yòu guó mín jǐng wèi duì yuē 4 wàn rén。 jūn shì zhuāng bèi zhù yào lái zì fǎ guó、 měi guó、 yì dà lì。 2005 nián guó fáng yù suàn wéi 5.63 yì dì nà 'ěr， zhàn guó jiā yù suàn zǒng 'é de 4.3％， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 2.7%。 2001 nián měi guó jūn shì yuán zhù wéi 450 wàn měi yuán。 【 jiào yù】 shí xíng jī chǔ yì wù miǎn fèi jiào yù zhì（ zhì 16 suì）， cóng 1989/1990 xué nián qǐ， jiāng guò qù de xiǎo xué 6 nián、 chū zhōng 3 nián hé bìng wéi 9 nián yī guàn zhì jī chǔ jiào yù。 quán guó jìn 1/4 de rén kǒu zài gè jí xué xiào xué xí。 xiǎo xué rù xué shuài 99％， dà xué rù xué shuài wéi 31.7％。 2004 nián wén máng shuài wéi 22.9％， xiǎo xué、 zhōng、 gāo děng jiào yù de rén kǒu fù gài shuài fēn bié wéi 35%、 32%、 8%。 2005 nián yòu zhōng xiǎo xué 5821 suǒ， zhōng xiǎo xué shēng 226.7 wàn。 gè lèi dà zhuān yuàn xiào 178 suǒ， xué shēng 36.6 wàn， qí zhōng dà xué gòng 16 suǒ： zǎi dūn dà xué ( yī sī lán gāo děng xué fǔ )、 tū ní sī dà xué、 tū ní sī mǎ nà 'ěr dà xué、 jiā tài jī 11.7 dà xué、 mǎ nǔ bā dà xué、 zhōng bù dà xué、 sī fǎ kè sī nán fāng dà xué děng。 16 suǒ dà xué xiàn yòu zài xiào shēng gòng 30 wàn。 【 xīn wén chū bǎn】 zhù yào bào kān yòu：《 fù xīng bào》、《 zì yóu bào》 hé《 xīn wén bào》。 zhù yào zhōu kān yòu《 xiàn shí》 děng。 tū ní sī fēi zhōu tōng xùn shè (TunisAfriquePresse): jiǎn chēng tū tōng shè， chuàng jiàn yú 1961 nián 1 yuè， wèiguó jiā tōng xùn shè。 xiàn yòu jì zhě、 biān ji 200 yú rén。 zài bā lí、 bō 'ēn、 niǔ yuē、 bù lǔ sài 'ěr、 ā 'ěr jí 'ěr、 lā bā tè、 kāi luó、 kē wēi tè、 dá kā 'ěr děng dì pài yòu cháng zhù jì zhě， chāo shōu 40 duō jiā tōng xùn shè xīn wén， zài guó nèi yòu 130 duō jiā xīn wén dìng hù。 tū ní sī guǎng bō diàn shì zǒng shǔ： 1990 nián chéng lì， guó yíng， tǒng guǎn quán guó guǎng bō hé diàn shì gōng zuò， xià shè zhù xí bàn、 bàn gōng tīng、 diàn shì zǒng jú hé guǎng bō zǒng jú。 tū ní sī guó jiā guǎng bō diàn tái yú 1936 nián shǒu bō， xiàn yòu sān gè quán guó xìng pín dào duì wài guǎng bō， yī gè wèiguó nèi pín dào， měi tiān 24 xiǎo shí yǐ 'ā wén guǎng bō； yī gè wèiguó jì pín dào， měi tiān 18 xiǎo shí， yǐ fǎ、 dé、 yì、 yīng hé xī yǔ duì wài bō yīn； hái yòu yī gè qīng nián pín dào， 1995 nián 11 yuè kāi bō。 cǐ wài hái yòu 5 gè dì fāng tái。 tū ní sī guó jiā diàn shì tái yú 1966 nián 6 yuè 1 rì qǐ kāi bō， xiàn fēn yī tái ( ā wén ) hé 'èr tái ( fǎ wén )， hái yòu tū ní sī 7 tái hé qīng nián tái。 tū zhí jiē zhuǎn bō yì dà lì guó jiā diàn shì tái hé fǎ guó shāng yè diàn shì tái jié mù。 1991 nián shǐ shè yòu xiàn diàn shì tái zhuǎn bō fǎ guó yòu xiàn diàn shì tái jié mù。 duì wài guān xì tū fèng xíng mù lín yǒu hǎo、 zhōng lì bù jié méng de zhèng cè， zhù zhòng wēn hé、 wù shí、 píng héng。 qiáng diào qí 'ā lā bó、 yī sī lán jí fēi zhōu shǔ xìng， zhòng diǎn fā zhǎn tóng 'ōu méng hé měi guó de guān xì， jī jí tuī jìn tū 'ōu（ méng） zì mào qū jiàn shè。 chàng dǎo mǎ gé lǐ bù guó jiā lián hé， jī jí cānyù dì qū hé guó jì shì wù， móu qiú fā huī zì shēn dú tè yǐng xiǎng。 zhù zhāng hé píng jiě jué dì qū zhēng duān， hūyù jiā qiáng nán nán hé zuò hé nán běi duì huà， jiǎn miǎn fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā de zhài wù， jiàn lì gōng zhèng、 hé lǐ de guó jì zhèng zhì jīng jì xīn zhì xù。 qì jīn wéi zhǐ， tū yǔ shì jiè 138 gè guó jiā jiàn lì liǎo wài jiāo guān xì。 【 duì zhòng dà guó jì wèn tí de tài dù】 guān yú guó jì xíng shì： dāng qián guó jì xíng shì jí wéi cuò zōng fù zá， yìng cǎi qǔ quán miàn de chǔlǐ fāng fǎ， cóng gēn běn shàng jiě jué jué wàng、 pín qióng yǔ bèi biān yuán huà děng wèn tí。 yào shǐ zhōng cù jìn bù tóng wén huà、 wén míng hé zōng jiào jiān de duì huà。 guān yú lián hé guó gǎi gé : tū rèn wéi lián hé guó shì guó yǔ guó duì huà de lǐ xiǎng jī zhì， zhù zhāng jiā qiáng lián hé guó de zuò yòng。 zàn tóng duì bāo kuò 'ān lǐ huì zài nèi de lián hé guó jìn xíng gǎi gé， rèn wéi gǎi gé yīngshì quán miàn、 cháng qī de， yìng guān zhù fā zhǎn wèn tí hé zēng jiā fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā dài biǎo xìng， bìng tí gāo lián hé guó de gōng zuò xiàolǜ。 tū zhī chí kuò dà 'ān lǐ huì de zǔ chéng， shǐ qí gèng jù dài biǎo xìng， gèng jiā mín zhù hé tòu míng， dàn bù yìng jǐn píng yī cì biǎo jué gǎi biàn 'ān lǐ huì de xiàn zhuàng。 ān lǐ huì yìng shùn yìng quán qiú huà fā zhǎn， chōng fēn fǎn yìng gè guó duì guó jì 'ān quán、 fā zhǎn、 pín qióng hé jí bìng wèn tí de guān zhù。 guān yú bù tóng wén míng duì huà : tū zhī chí bù tóng wén míng hé zōng jiào zhī jiān de duì huà， cù jìn shì jiè 'ān quán yǔ hé píng。 tū jiāng jì xù zài yī sī lán huì yì zǔ zhì kuàng jià nèi， xuān yáng wēn hé yǔ zhōng yōng de yuán zé， bìn chú bào lì hé jí duān zhù yì。 guān yú kǒng bù zhù yì : tū qiǎn zé kǒng bù zhù yì， rèn wéi fǎn kǒng bì xū biāo běn jiān zhì， xiāo chú qí chǎn shēng de shēn céng yuán yīn。 xī fāng guó jiā xū bāng zhù fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā jiā kuài fā zhǎn， suō xiǎo yǔ fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā de pín fù chā jù。 chàng yì zhào kāi zài lián hé guó zhù dǎo xià de guó jì huì yì， jiàn lì " guó jì fǎn kǒng xíng wéi zhǔn zé "， chéng qīng kǒng bù zhù yì gài niàn， bì miǎn bǎ kǒng bù zhù yì tóng yī sī lán jiào hé fǎn kàng qīn lüè、 zhēng qǔ mín zú quán lì de dǒu zhēng xiāng hùn xiáo。 guān yú mín zhù yǔ rén quán wèn tí : tū rèn wéi， shí xiàn mín zhù yǔ rén quán jià zhí yìng yǐ zūn zhòng guó jì guān xì zhōng de píng děng yuán zé wéi qián tí， tè bié shì yìng zūn zhòng guó jiā zhù quán， hù bù gān shè nèi zhèng。 gè guó rén mín yòu quán gēn jù qí shè huì、 jīng jì、 lì shǐ bèi jǐng hé mín zú tè xìng xuǎn zé shì hé zì shēn tiáo jiàn de fā zhǎn dào lù， ér bù shì zhào bān wài bù mó shì。 shēng cún quán hé fā zhǎn quán shì měi gè guó jiā bù kě bèi bō duó de quán lì。 duì fā zhǎn zhōng guó jiā 'ér yán， fā zhǎn jīng jì shì rén quán de jī běn bǎo zhàng。 guān yú zhōng dōng wèn tí : tū jiān dìng zhī chí bā lè sī tǎn mín zú jiě fàng shì yè， zhī chí bā rén mín jiàn lì dú lì bā lè sī tǎn guó de hé fǎ quán lì， jī jí píng jià bā yòu guān gè fāng dá chéng《 mài jiā xié yì》， xī wàng néng yòu zhù yú jié shù bā nèi bù chōng tū。 qiǎn zé yǐ sè liè zhèng fǔ zài 'ā kè sà qīng zhēn sì zhōu wéi de wā jué huó dòng， hūyù guó jì shè huì cù yǐ dāng jú lì jí tíng zhǐ cǐ lèi huó dòng。 tóng shí， hūyù guó jì shè huì hé yòu yǐng xiǎng lì de gè fāng、 tè bié shì sì fāng wěi yuán huì， zài guó jì fǎ hé yòu guān jué yì jī chǔ shàng， wéi shí xiàn zhōng dōng dì qū chí jiǔ、 gōng zhèng hé quán miàn de hé píng jì xù nǔ lì。 guān yú yī lā kè wèn tí : tū xī wàng yī lā kè gè pài zhèng zhì lì liàng tōng guò shí xiàn hé jiě， jié shù liúxiě chōng tū hé huī fù wěn dìng， wèiguó jiā chóngjiàn hé fù xīng chuàng zào liáng hǎo huán jìng。 tū duì zài zǎi shēng jié chǔjué yī qián zǒng tǒng sà dá mǔ shēn biǎo yí hàn， rèn wéi zhè shì duì mù sī lín gǎn qíng de yán zhòng shāng hài。 guān yú lí bā nèn wèn tí : tū hūyù wéi lí chóngjiàn jiā qiáng xié diào hé nǔ lì， dūn cù lí gè pài tōng guò duì huà hé liàng jiě， shí xiàn lí zhèng jú wěn dìng hé guó jiā tǒng yī。 【 tóng fǎ guó de guān xì】 tū fǎ guān xì jiào shēn， jīng jì hé zuò mìqiè。 fǎ guó zài tū wài mào hé wài zī zhōng jū shǒu wèi， yě shì tū lǚ yóu yè de zhù yào kè yuán。 tū duì fǎ mào yì zhàn qí mào yì zǒng 'é de 27％ zuǒ yòu， zhì 2006 nián dǐ， fǎ zài tū qǐ yè zǒng shù yǐ yú 1150 jiā， zhàn tū wài qǐ zǒng shù de 40％。 tū shì rén jūn jiē shòu fǎ guó duì wài yuán zhù zuì duō de guó jiā， fǎ měi nián xiàng tū tí gōng yuē 1 yì 'ōu yuán de yuán dài kuǎn。 tū hǎi wài qiáo mín jìn yī bàn lǚ jū fǎ guó， 2005 nián dǐ zài fǎ qiáo mín wéi 50 wàn rén。 fǎ zài tū yòu qiáo mín 2.1 wàn rén。 fǎ shì tū jūn shì zhuāng bèi de zhù yào lái yuán guó zhī yī， měi nián wéi tū péi xùn jìn bǎi míng zhōng jí jūn guān， liǎng guó jīng cháng jǔ xíng lián hé jūn shì yǎn xí。 2006 nián 5 yuè， gé nǔ xī zǒng lǐ fǎng fǎ， shuāng fāng zài duō lǐng yù qiān dìng duō xiàng xié yì， shè jí dài kuǎn zǒng 'é dá 9000 wàn 'ōu yuán。 2007 nián 2 yuè， gé nǔ xī zǒng lǐ fù fǎ cān jiā dì 24 jiè fǎ fēi shǒu nǎo huì yì； 5 yuè， fǎ guó cān yì cháng péng sī lāi fǎng tū 7 yuè， fǎ guó zǒng tǒng sà kē qí fǎng tū。 【 tóng měi guó de guān xì】 tū měi yú 1799 nián jiàn jiāo， guān xì mìqiè。 1981 nián tū měi chéng lì jūn shì wěi yuán huì。 1987 nián běn · ā lǐ rèn zǒng tǒng hòu， liǎng dù fǎng měi， měi xùn sù yú qí zhèng zhì hé jīng jì shàng de zhī chí。 měi jǐ rèn zǒng tǒng huò guó wù qīng yě céng fǎng tū。 měi jiào zhòng shì tū duì mǎ gé lǐ bù dì qū wěn dìng de zuò yòng。 2006 nián 2 yuè， měi guó fáng bù cháng lā mǔ sī fěi 'ěr dé fǎng tū； 3 yuè， měi fù zé zhōng dōng shì wù de zhù lǐ guó wù qīng wéi 'ěr fǎng tū； 4 yuè， guó fáng bù cháng mǎ 'ěr jiān fǎng měi， chū xí tū－ měi dì 21 cì jūn shì hùn wěi huì； 5 yuè， měi fù guó wù qīng zuǒ lì kè fǎng tū。 2007 nián， tū wài cháng 'ā bǔ dù lā fǎng měi。 【 tóng 'ōu méng guó jiā de guān xì】 ōu méng shì tū zuì dà mào yì huǒ bàn hé tóu zī fāng。 tū tóng 'ōu méng mào yì zhàn qí duì wài mào yì zǒng 'é de 80%。 1995 nián 7 yuè， tū tóng 'ōu méng zhèng shì qiān shǔ liǎo“ ōu zhōu－ dì zhōng hǎi guó jiā lián xì guó xié yì”， nǐ zài 2008 nián jiàn lì tū 'ōu zì yóu mào yì qū。 1995 nián zhì jīn， tū zài tū－ ōu hé zuò kuàng jià nèi huò dé 31 yì tū ní sī dì nà 'ěr de zèng、 dài kuǎn。 2006 nián 2 yuè， tū zhòng yì cháng mài bā zhā fǎng xiōng yá lì， jié kè zǒng lǐ pà láo bèi kè fǎng tū； 7 yuè， mǎ 'ěr tā zǒng tǒng 'ā dá mǐ fǎng tū； 10 yuè， yì dà lì zǒng lǐ pǔ luó dí fǎng tū； 12 yuè， zhòng yì cháng mài bā zhā fǎng wèn 'ōu zhōu yì huì。 2007 nián 2 yuè， bō lán zhòng yì cháng yóu lāi kè fǎng tū； 3 yuè， gé nǔ xī zǒng lǐ fù pú táo yá gòng tóng zhù chí liǎng guó zǒng lǐ jí gāo céng huì yì。 【 tóng mǎ gé lǐ bù guó jiā de guān xì】 tū jī jí tuī dòng mǎ gé lǐ bù lián méng jiàn shè， zhòng shì mù lín yǒu hǎo， yǐ wéi hù zhōu biān 'ān quán。 tū yǔ dì qū gè guó gāo céng hù fǎng pín fán， bìng jiàn yòu gāo jí bié hùn wěi huì。 2006 nián 2 yuè， ā zǒng lǐ wū yè hǎi yà fǎng tū， yǔ tū zǒng lǐ gòng tóng zhù chí tū－ ā dì 15 cì gāo jí hùn wěi huì， tóng yuè， gé nǔ xī zǒng lǐ fǎng mó、 máo； 5 yuè， máo guó jiā yuán shǒu wǎ 'ěr、 mó cān yì cháng 'ào kǎ shā fēn bié fǎng tū； 7 yuè， lì zǒng rén wěi mì shū mǎ hā mǔ dí fù tū zhù chí tū－ lì dì 19 cì gāo jí hòu xù wěi yuán huì huì yì； 9 yuè， gé nǔ xī zǒng lǐ fù mó zhù chí tū mó dì 13 cì gāo jí hùn wěi huì； 12 yuè， gé nǔ xī zǒng lǐ fǎng lì。 2007 nián 2 yuè， gé nǔ xī zǒng lǐ fǎng lì， zhù chí tū－ lì dì 20 cì gāo jí hùn wěi huì huì yì； 4 yuè， tū cān yì cháng kǎ lā lè fǎng 'ā。 【 tóng qí tā 'ā lā bó guó jiā de guān xì】 tū jiān chí xiāng hù zūn zhòng guó jiā zhù quán、 bù gān shè nèi zhèng、 mù lín yǒu hǎo、 tōng guò tán pàn jiě jué 'ā lā bó guó jiā jiān fēn qí de yuán zé， tóng suǒ yòu 'ā lā bó guó jiā fā zhǎn yǒu hǎo guān xì。 tū zhī chí bā lè sī tǎn rén mín shōu fù bèi zhàn lǐng tǔ， jiàn lì yǐ yé lù sǎ lěng wéi shǒu dū de guó jiā de zhèng yì shì yè， bā jiě zhèng zhì bù xiàn réng shè zài tū。 tū tóng qíng yī lā kè rén mín yīn zhì cái suǒ zāo shòu de kǔ nán， xiàng yī tí gōng liǎo bù fēn rén dào zhù yì yuán zhù。 2006 nián 3 yuè， gé nǔ xī zǒng lǐ fù sū dān chū xí 'ā méng dì 18 cì shǒu nǎo huì yì； 4 yuè， xù lì yà zǒng lǐ 'ào tè lǐ fǎng tū， yǔ tū zǒng lǐ gòng tóng zhù chí tū－ xù dì 7 cì gāo jí hùn wěi huì； 5 yuè hé 8 yuè， bā lè sī tǎn mín zú quán lì jī gòu zhù xí 'ā bā sī fǎng tū； 11 yuè， kǎ tǎ 'ěr 'āi mǐ 'ěr hā mǎ dé fǎng tū。 2007 nián 3 yuè， gé nǔ xī zǒng lǐ fù shā tè cān jiā dì 19 jiè 'ā méng shǒu nǎo huì yì； 4 yuè， gé nǔ xī zǒng lǐ fù xù lì yà gòng tóng zhù chí tū－ xù gāo jí hùn wěi huì； 6 yuè， gé nǔ xī zǒng lǐ fǎng wèn yuē dàn hé 'āi jí。 【 guó jiā dài mǎ】 216 At the beginning of recorded history, Tunisia was inhabited by Berber tribes. Its coast was settled by Phoenicians starting as early as the 10th century BC. The city of Carthage was founded in the 9th century B.C. by settlers from Tyre, now in modern day Lebanon. Legend says that Queen Elissa founded the city in 814 B.C., as retold in by the Greek writer Timaeus of Tauromenium. The settlers of Carthage brought their culture and religion from the Phoenicians and other Canaanites. After a series of wars with Greek city-states of Sicily in the 5th century BC, Carthage rose to power and eventually became the dominant civilization in the Western Mediterranean. The people of Carthage worshipped a pantheon of Middle Eastern gods including Baal and Tanit. Tanit's symbol, a simple female figure with extended arms and long dress, is a popular icon found in ancient sites. The founders of Carthage also established a Tophet which was altered in Roman times. Though the Romans referred to the new empire growing in the city of Carthage as Punic or Phoenician, the empire built around Carthage was an independent political entity from the other Phoenician settlements in the Western Mediterranean. Tunis Zitouna Great MosqueA Carthaginian invasion of Italy led by Hannibal during the Second Punic War, one of a series of wars with Rome, nearly crippled the rise of the Roman Empire. Carthage was eventually conquered by Rome in the 2nd century BC, a turning point which led to ancient Mediterranean civilization having been influenced mainly by European instead of African cultures. After the Roman conquest, the region became one of the granaries of Rome and was fully Latinized and Christianized. It was conquered by the Vandals in the 5th century AD and reconquered by the commander Belisarius in the 6th century during the rule of Byzantine emperor Justinian. In the 7th century the region was conquered by Arab Muslims, who founded the city of Kairouan. Successive Muslim dynasties ruled, interrupted by Berber rebellions. The reigns of the Aghlabids (9th century) and of the Zirids (from 972), Berber followers of the Fatimids, were especially prosperous. When the Zirids angered the Fatimids in Cairo (1050), the latter sent in the Banu Hilal tribe to ravage Tunisia. The coasts were held briefly by the Normans of Sicily in the 12th century and the following Arab reconquest made the last Christians in Tunisia disappear. In 1159, Tunisia was conquered by the Almohad caliphs. They were succeeded by the Berber Hafsids (c.1230 – 1574), under whom Tunisia prospered. In the late 16th century the coast became a pirate stronghold (see: Barbary States). In the last years of the Hafsids, Spain seized many of the coastal cities, but these were recovered by the Ottoman Empire. Under its Turkish governors, the Beys, Tunisia attained virtual independence. The Hussein dynasty of Beys, established in 1705, lasted until 1957. French imperialism Cathedral of St Vincent de Paul, TunisIn the mid-1800s, Tunisia's government under the rule of the Bey severely compromised its legitimacy by making several controversial financial decisions that led to its downfall. France began plans to take control of Tunisia when the Bey first borrowed large sums of money in an attempt to Westernize. This failing state facilitated the Algerian raids that occurred thereafter. The weakened Bey was powerless against these raids and unable to resist European colonization. In 1878, a secret deal was made between the United Kingdom and France that decided the fate of the North African country. Provided that the French accepted British control of Cyprus, recently given to the United Kingdom, the British would in turn accept French control of Tunisia. This satisfied the French and led to their assumption of control in 1880, anticipating the Italians. Tunisia was formally made a French protectorate on May 12, 1881. World War II In 1942 – 1943 Tunisia was the scene of the first major operations by the Allied Forces (the British Commonwealth and the United States) against the Axis Powers (Italy and Germany) during World War II. The main body of the British army, advancing from their victory in Battle of el-Alamein under the command of British Field Marshal Montgomery, pushed into Tunisia from the south. The US and other allies, following their invasions of Algeria and Morocco in Operation Torch, invaded from the west. General Rommel, commander of the Axis forces in North Africa, had hoped to inflict a similar defeat on the allies in Tunisia as German forces did in the Battle of France in 1940. Before the battle for Tunisia, the inexperienced allied forces had generally been unable to withstand German blitzkriegs and properly coordinate their operations. As such the battle for Tunisia was a major test for the allies. They figured out that in order to defeat Axis forces they would have to coordinate their actions and quickly recover from the inevitable setbacks the experienced German-Italian forces would inflict. On February 19, 1943, General Rommel launched an attack on the American forces in the Kasserine Pass region of Western Tunisia, hoping to inflict the kind of demoralizing and alliance-shattering defeat the Germans had dealt to Poland and France. The initial results were a disaster for the United States; the area around the Kasserine Pass is the site of many US war graves from that time. However, the American forces were ultimately able to reverse their retreat. Having learned a critical lesson in tank warfare, the Allies broke through the Mareth line on March 20, 1943. The allies subsequently linked up on April 8 and on May 2, 1943 the German-Italian Army in Tunisia surrendered. Thus, the United States, United Kingdom, Free French, and Polish (as well as other forces) were able to win a major battle as an allied army. The battle, though often overshadowed by Stalingrad, represented a major allied victory of World War II largely because it forged the Alliance which would one day liberate Western Europe. Independence Before Western colonialism, Tunisia was ruled by a line of (Turkish colonial) Beys until 1881. Up until this point the Beys of Tunisia borrowed money from Europe to finance modernization within Tunisia. When the local population resented tax rises to fund the repayment the country found itself bankrupt. It is at this point that France, Britain and Italy placed the finances of Tunisia in administration via an international agreement. Habib BourguibaInitially, Italy was the country that demonstrated the most desire to have Tunisia as a colony having investment, citizens and geographic proximity as motivation. However this was rebuffed when Britain and France co-operated to prevent this during the years 1871 – 1878 ending in Britain supporting French influence in Tunisia in exchange for dominion over Cyprus. France still had the issue of Italian influence and thus decided to find an excuse for a pre-emptive strike. Using the pretext of a Tunisian incursion into Algeria, France marched an army of about 36,000 personnel which quickly advanced to Tunis and forced the Bey to make terms in the form of the 1881 Treaty of Bardo (Al Qasr as Sa'id), which gave France control of Tunisian governance and making it a de-facto French protectorate. Tunisia enjoyed certain benefits from French rule; however, the desire for self-governance remained and in 1910 Ali Bach Hamba and Bechir Sfar created the group of young Tunisians which led to the 1920 group called the “Destour” (constitution) party. Keeping the new movement under control led the French to use a combination of carrot-and-stick tactics that worked well but did not halt the momentum for independence. In 1934, a younger, more fervent element of the Destour party called the Neo-Destour emerged, with Habib Bourguiba, Dr Mahmoud Materi, Tahar Sfar and Bahri Guiga as their leaders. This new party was immediately declared illegal by the French administration, but received strong support from the fascist organizations of the Tunisian Italians. Habib Bourguiba spent a great deal of time in French prisons. However, this did little to stem his influence or halt the momentum for change. The Second World War played into Bourguiba’s hands as he was moved from Vichy French prisons to Rome, and then to Tunisia as the Axis powers courted his influence in Tunisia. Bourguiba never endorsed these requests. He did manage relocation to Tunisia and two months after this, the Allies claimed Tunisia. In the following ten years, the struggle for independence continued and gained momentum. Bourguiba was again incarcerated from 1952 – 1954, which in turn caused an outbreak of guerrilla attacks by supporters. In 1954, things changed abruptly when Pierre Mendes-France became the leader of the French government and pursued a policy of pulling out from burdensome French colonies, with Tunisia in this category. This resulted in the April 1955 agreement which handed internal autonomy to Tunisian hands while international relations were managed by France, a similar situation to the Turkish Bey method of governance in pre-1881. The Neo-Destour were now in control, but Bourguiba refused to take the helm until the French relinquished all control over Tunisia. He did not have to wait long, as the terrible Algerian War of Independence changed the French desire for colonialism, leading to the abolition of the Treaty of Bardo and Tunisia gaining full independence in March 20, 1956. Bourguiba became Prime Minister and, after 1957, the first president of the Republic of Tunisia as the constitutional role of the Bey was abolished. Present-day politics Tunisia is a republic with a strong presidential system dominated by a single political party. President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali has been in office since 1987, the year he deposed Habib Bourguiba in a bloodless coup. The constitution has been changed twice to allow Ben Ali to remain in power: initially from two to three terms, then from three to five. The ruling party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally (RCD), was the sole legal party for 25 years, known previously as the Socialist Destourian Party (PSD). The RCD still dominates political life. Facing little opposition, the President is elected to 5-year terms. He appoints a Prime Minister and cabinet, who play a strong role in the execution of policy. Regional governors and local administrators also are appointed by the central government. Largely consultative mayors and municipal councils are elected. There is a unicameral legislative body, the Chamber of Deputies, which has 182 seats, 20% of which are reserved for the opposition parties. It plays a growing role as an arena for debate on national policy but never originates legislation. The Chamber virtually always passes bills presented by the executive with only one minor change. The judiciary is nominally independent but responds to executive direction, especially in political cases. The military is professional and does not play a role in politics. Tunisia is noteworthy for its lack of public political discourse. Tunisia's precise political situation is hard to determine due to a strong level of silence and lack of transparency maintained by the government. There is compelling evidence that dissidents are routinely arrested, for crimes as minor as viewing banned web sites. There are currently six legal opposition parties all with their own newspapers. However, the Committee to Protect Journalists, in its 2005 country report on Tunisia, details a persistent record of harassment, persecution, imprisonment, and physical harm perpetrated on journalists critical of the government. Even Western journalists, when writing on Tunisian soil, are not spared this fate. Despite official proclamations, the Tunisian government imposes significant restrictions on freedom of speech and human rights. As such Tunisians are noticeably insecure when discussing political matters. The internet, however, is the most immediately apparent sign of the pervasiveness of state control. In fact the growth of the internet has been a major issue for Tunisia. As tourism (mainly from Europe) has expanded in Tunisia, so has the number of Internet Cafes. Tunisian internet access is invariably censored. This censorship is targeted at material deemed pornographic as well as press or chat room commentary that is critical of the government. For example, the website of the Al Arabiya satellite channel is officially censored and thereby inaccessible from any computer in Tunisia. Tunisia is also one of three Muslim countries (Azerbaijan and Turkey are the others), that prohibits the hijab in government buildings. By government edict, women that insist on wearing the hijab must quit their job. Dissenters are forced to sign a document admitting to having committed a crime punishable by law and, in cases of recidivism, are jailed. Women who insist on keeping their veils despite all threats become the subject of negative propaganda disseminated by the Tunisian authorities on all state and private media. Underground opposition from Islamic Fundamentalists has an obvious but shadowy existence in Tunisia. Under former president Bourguiba, Islamic Fundamentalists were allowed to serve as a counterweight to more left-leaning movements. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, however, has followed an aggressive policy regarding the Fundamentalists, though the extent of government success is difficult to judge in a nation where so much is secret. While Tunisia has a repressive political system, standards of living are among the best in the developing world. This can be evidenced by two compelling economic observations: the level to which Tunisia has become self-sufficient in material goods, and the extent of real estate development in the cities and major towns of the country. Put simply, the mid-level retail outlet will typically offer goods more than 90% of which are home produced. As to the rise of the building and construction industry, a fleeting visit to any of Tunisia's smaller towns (let alone the cities) will confirm that development is rampant: many projects, especially hotels, are newly opened, and many more stand as skeleton buildings, ready to be developed as soon as demand - and capital funds - are available to bring them to completion. Tunisia remains an autocratic regime, but one where starvation, homelessness, and disease, problems seen in much of Africa and Asia, are rare. The following is an excerpt from the The World Factbook about Tunisia; Following independence from France in 1956, President Habib BOURGUIBA established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In recent years, Tunisia has taken a moderate, non-aligned stance in its foreign relations. Domestically, it has sought to defuse rising pressure for a more open political society. Governorates Tunisia is subdivided into 24 governorates, they are: Ariana Béja Ben Arous Bizerte Gabès Gafsa Jendouba Kairouan Kasserine Kebili Kef Mahdia Manouba Medenine Monastir Nabeul Sfax Sidi Bou Zid Siliana Sousse Tataouine Tozeur Tunis Zaghouan The governorates are divided into 262 "delegations" or "districts" (mutamadiyat), and further subdivided into municipalities (shaykhats). Geography Tunisia is a country situated on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, midway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Nile Valley. It is bordered by Algeria in the west and Libya in the south-east. An abrupt southern turn of its shoreline gives Tunisia two faces on the Mediterranean. Despite its relatively small size, Tunisia has great geographical and climactic diversity. The Dorsal, an extension of the Atlas Mountains, traverses Tunisia in a northeasterly direction from the Algerian border in the west to the Cape Bon peninsula. North of the Dorsal is the Tell, a region characterized by low, rolling hills and plains, although in the northwestern corner of Tunisia, the land reaches elevations of 1,050 meters. The Sahil is a plain along Tunisia's eastern Mediterranean coast famous for its olive monoculture. Inland from the Sahil, between the Dorsal and a range of hills south of Gafsa, are the Steppes. Much of the southern region is semi-arid and desert. Economy Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining, energy, tourism, petroleum, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental control of economic affairs, while still heavy, has gradually lessened over the past decade with increasing privatization, simplification of the tax structure, and a prudent approach to debt. Real growth averaged 5.0% in the 1990s, and inflation is slowing. Increased trade and tourism have been key elements in this steady economic growth. Tunisia's association agreement with the European Union (EU), the first such accord between the EU and a Mediterranean country, entered into force on March 1, 1998. Under the agreement Tunisia will gradually remove barriers to trade with the EU over the next decade. Broader privatization, further liberalization of the investment code to increase foreign investment, and improvements in government efficiency are among the challenges for the future of Tunisia. According to the British Philip's university atlas of 2000, Tunisia also possesses major phosphate reserves in the middle section of the country. Tunisia is ranked most competitive economy of Africa in the 2007 edition of the Global Competitiveness Report that is released by the World Economic Forum. It also ranks first in the Arab World and 29th globally. Demographics Traditional Tunisian bread being madeThe majority (98%) of modern Tunisians are Arab, and are speakers of Tunisian Arabic. However, there is also a small (1% at most) population of Berbers located in the Jabal Dahar mountains in the South East and on the island of Jerba. The Berbers primarily speak Berber languages, often called Shelha. The other long-established community in the country is Jewish (today mainly in the capital Tunis and on Jerba), much reduced in number since independence from France. One study indicates that the majority of the genetic material in Tunisia did not arrive with the Arabs (no more than 20% was found to come from the Middle East, and most of this presumably was added by Phoenicians/Carthaginians or as even early as the neolithic several millennia B.C. rather than during the Arab conquest). Another study, which does not compare Tunisian genetics with those of the Middle East, states that what it calls the Arab subhaplotype Va was found at a relatively high frequency in Tunisia at 50.6%., but also states that this group in fact "probably correspond to a heterogeneous group representing various ethnicities", rather than just Arabs. Yet another finds that "the Tunisian genetic distances to European samples are smaller than those to North African groups" (these groups being from the Moroccan Atlas and the Siwa oasis in Egypt). This suggests a fairly significant European input to Tunisian genetics. The first people known to history in what is now Tunisia were the Berbers. Numerous civilizations and peoples have invaded, migrated to, and been assimilated into the population over the millennia, with varying influxes of population via conquest and settlement from Phoenicians/Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Ottoman Turks, and French. Additionally, after the Reconquista and expulsion of non-Christians and Moriscos from Spain, many Spanish Moors and Jews also arrived at the end of the 15th century. Religion in Tunisia is dominated by Islam, to which nearly all Tunisians (98%) adhere. In addition to the aforementioned Jewish population there is also a small indigenous Christian population. Small nomadic indigenous minorities have been mostly assimilated into the larger population. Language Advert primarily in Tunisian ArabicModern Standard Arabic (MSA) is Tunisia's official language. However, as is the case in the rest of the Arab world, a vernacular form of Arabic is used by the public. In Tunisia, the dialect is Tunisian Arabic, which is closely related to the Maltese language. There is also a small minority of speakers of Shelha, a Berber language. French also has a major role in the country, despite having no official status. It is used widely in education (for example being the medium of instruction in the sciences in secondary school), the press, and in business, and most educated Tunisians are able to speak it. Many Tunisians, particularly those residing in large urban areas, readily mix Tunisian Arabic with French. Education Prior to 1958 education in Tunisia was only available to a privileged minority (14%). It is now given a high priority and accounts for 6% of GNP. A basic education for children between the ages of 6 and 16 has been compulsory since 1991. While children generally acquire Tunisian Arabic at home, when they enter school at age 6, they are taught to read and write in Standard Arabic. From the age of 8, they are taught French while English is introduced at the age of 10. Colleges and universities in Tunisia include: Ecole Polytechnique de Tunisie International University of Tunis Université Libre de Tunis University of Aviation and Technology, Tunisia |
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