非洲:
埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 埃及 Egypt 突尼斯 Tunisia 阿尔及利亚 Algeria 尼日利亚 Nigeria 塞内加尔 Senegal 南非 South Africa 安哥拉 Angola 贝宁 Benin 布基纳法索 Burkina Faso 布隆迪 Republic of Burundi 博茨瓦纳 Republic of Botswana 赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea 多哥 Togo 厄立特里亚 Eritrea 佛得角 Republic of Cape Verde 冈比亚 Gambia 刚果 Republic of the Congo 刚果民主共和国 Democratic Republic of Congo 吉布提 Djibouti 几内亚 Guinea 几内亚比绍 Guinea-Bissau 加纳 Republic of Ghana 加蓬 Gabon 津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 喀麦隆 Republic of Cameroon 科摩罗 Comoros 科特迪瓦 Ivory Coast 肯尼亚 Republic of Kenya 莱索托 Kingdom of Lesotho 利比亚 Libya 利比里亚 Republic of Liberia 卢旺达 Republic of Rwanda 马达加斯加 Madagascar 马拉维 Malawi 马里 Republic of Mali 毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 毛里求斯 Republic of Mauritius 摩洛哥 Kingdom of Morocco 莫桑比克 the Republic of Mozambique 纳米比亚 The Republic of Namibia 尼日尔 Niger 塞拉利昂 the Republic of Sierra Leone 塞舌尔 Seychelles 斯威士兰 Swaziland 苏丹 Sudan 索马里 Somalia 圣多美和普林西比 Sao Tome and Principe 坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 乌干达 The Republic of Uganda 赞比亚 The Republic of Zambia 乍得 the Republic of Chad 中非共和国 The Central African Republic |
突尼斯 Tunisia 首都:突尼斯 國家代碼: tn |
突尼斯共和國(The Republic of Tunisia,La Republique Tunisienne)
【面積】 164150平方公裏,世界第八十九。 【人口 】 9 67萬(2005年), 90%以上為阿拉伯人,其餘為柏柏爾人。阿拉伯語為國語,通用法語。伊斯蘭教為國教,主要是遜尼派,少數人信奉天主教、猶太教。 【首都】 突尼斯(Tunis),人口225萬(2004年)。 【貨幣】 突尼斯第納爾 Tunisian Dinar TD. TND 1TND=1,000 milliemes(米利姆) 【時差】比格林尼治時間早1 小時;比北京時間晚7 小時。 【國花】油橄欖。 【國徽格言】秩序、自由、正義。 【譽稱】世界油橄欖國(全國有4 0 0 0 多萬株油橄欖。據說斯法剋斯城周圍有2 7 0 0 0 株世界上最大的油橄欖樹,每株高1 3 米以上)、歐洲的鑰匙(突尼斯東北端與意大利僅隔1 4 0 海裏,突尼斯海峽緊鎖着地中海的窄腰,故突尼斯有此稱)。 【 國傢元首】 總統宰因·阿比丁·本·阿裏(Zine El Abidine Ben Ali),1987年11月7日就任,1989年4月當選,1994年3月、1999年10月和2004年10月三度蟬聯。 【重要節日】 獨立日(國慶節):3月20日。撒哈拉聯歡節1 2 月 【簡況 】 位於非洲北端。西與阿爾及利亞為鄰,東南與利比亞接壤,北、東臨地中海,隔突尼斯海峽與意大利相望,海岸綫全長1300公裏。北部屬地中海型氣候,夏季炎熱乾燥,鼕季溫暖濕潤。南部屬熱帶沙漠氣候。8月為最熱月,日均溫21℃-33℃;1月為最冷月,日均溫6℃-14℃。 公元前9世紀初,腓尼基人在今突尼斯灣沿岸地區建立迦太基城,後發展為奴隸製強國。公元前146年成為羅馬帝國的阿非利加省的一部分。公元5~6世紀先後被汪達爾人和拜占庭人占領。703年被阿拉伯穆斯林徵服。13世紀哈夫斯王朝建立了強大的突尼斯國傢。1574年淪為土耳其奧斯曼帝國的一個省。1881年成為法國保護領地。1956年3月20日法國承認突尼斯獨立。1957年7月25日突製憲會議通過决議,廢黜國王,宣佈成立突尼斯共和國,布爾吉巴任第一任總統,1975年經議會批準,布成為終身總統。1987年11月7日,總理本·阿裏接替布任共和國總統。 【 政治 】 1989年4月,突尼斯舉行總統和立法選舉,本·阿裏當選總統,執政黨憲政民主聯盟獲全部議席。1994年,本·阿裏蟬聯總統,突産生獨立以來首屆憲盟占壓倒多數的多黨議會。1999年10月,突舉行獨立後首次多黨參加的總統選舉,本·阿裏以高票再度蟬聯總統,立法選舉與此同時進行,增加了反對黨的議席,憲盟仍獲得絶大多數席位。本·阿裏總統執政十多年來,對內推行“以穩定求發展,以發展促穩定”的基本國策,不斷鞏固憲盟地位,逐步推進政治多元化,使突政局長期保持穩定,經濟持續發展。對外奉行中立、睦鄰、不結盟外交政策。2005年7月,突舉行首次參議員選舉,成立參議院。8月,本·阿裏總統改組內閣和憲盟領導層。目前,突政局穩定,本·阿裏執政地位穩固。2006年,本·阿裏推出大赦、提高工資、減免稅收等一係列措施,爭取民心,鞏固執政基礎。同時,在保持憲政民主聯盟執政地位的基礎上推進有控製的多黨民主進程,引導反對黨參政、議政,逐步擴大新聞自由,減輕西方國傢在民主、人權方面的壓力。目前,突政局穩定,本·阿裏執政地位進一步鞏固。憲政民主聯盟及突社會各界已開始為本·阿裏2009年競選連任造勢。 【憲法】1959年6月1日,製憲議會通過共和國第一部憲法,規定突是自由、獨立的主權國傢,實行共和製政體。1975年3月,通過憲法修改草案,宣佈布爾吉巴為共和國終身總統。1988年7月,通過憲法修正案,刪改“終身總統”等8項條款,增加了“競選議員年齡”,“總統職位空缺時由議長擔任臨時總統職務”等內容。1998年10月通過修改憲法和選舉法,降低總統候選人的參選年齡,擴大參選範圍。總統任期五年,可連任兩屆。2002年5月,舉行獨立後首次全民公决,通過憲法修正案。取消對總統連任次數的限製,並將總統候選人的年齡上限增至75歲,為本·阿裏競選連任2004年及之後的總統職位掃除了法律障礙。此外,新憲法還增加了民主和法製的內容。 【議會】原為一院製,稱國民議會。2002年憲法修正案改為兩院製,由衆議院和參議院組成。衆議院是突最高立法機構,任期五年,下設8個委員會。議會監督政府工作並有權對政府提出不信任案。2004年10月,突立法選舉産生了第11屆議會,憲政民主聯盟獲189議席中的152席,反對黨獲37席。上屆議長福阿德·邁巴紮蟬聯議長。2005年10月,邁巴紮在年度例會中再度當選議長。2005年7月,突舉行首次參議員選舉,成立參議院,參議員任期6年。8月,阿卜杜拉·卡拉勒(Abdallah Kallel)當選為參議院議長。 【政府】2007年1月,本·阿裏總統對內閣進行部分改組,政府主要成員名單如下:總理穆罕默德·格努希(MOHAMED GHANNOUCHI)、國務部長、總統特別顧問、總統府發言人阿卜杜勒·阿齊茲·本·迪亞(ABDELAZIZ BEN DHIA)、外交部長阿卜杜勒-瓦哈卜·阿卜杜拉(ABDELWAHEB ABDALLAH)、內政和地方發展部長拉菲剋·貝勒哈吉·卡西姆(RAFIK BELHAJ KACEM)、國防部長卡邁勒·馬爾堅(KAMEL MORJANE)、運輸部長阿卜杜-拉希姆·祖瓦利(ABDERRAHIM ZOUARI)、貿易和手工業部長蒙澤爾·茲納伊迪(MONDHER ZENAIDI)、司法和人權部長貝希爾·特卡裏(BECHIR TEKKARI)、宗教事務部長布巴剋爾·阿赫祖裏(BOUBAKER EL AKHZOURI)、社會事務、互助和僑民部長阿裏·沙烏什(ALI CHAOUCH)、教育和培訓部長薩迪剋·卡爾比(SADOK KORBI)、高等教育和科研部長拉茲哈爾·布烏尼(LAZHAR BOUOUNI)、青年和體育部長阿卜杜拉·卡阿比(ABDALLAH KAABI)、財政部長穆罕默德·拉希德·凱希什(MOHAMED RACHID KCHICH)、農業和水利資源部長哈比卜·哈達德(HABIB HADDAD)、通訊技術部長蒙塔薩爾·瓦伊利(MONTASSAR OUAILI)、文化和遺産保護部長穆罕默德·阿齊茲·本·阿舒爾(MOHAMED AZIZ BEN ACHOUR)、旅遊部長蒂加尼·哈達德 (TIJANI HADDAD)、公共衛生部長利達·凱希利德(RIDHA KECHRID)、裝備、住房與國土整治部長薩米拉·哈婭什·貝勒哈吉(SAMIRA KHAYACH BELHAJ)、婦女、家庭和兒童事務部長塞勒娃·阿亞西·拉本(SALOUA AYACHI LABBEN)、發展與國際合作部長穆罕默德·努裏·儒伊尼(MOHAMED NOURI JOUINI)、國有資産和土地事務部長利達·格裏拉(RIDHA GRIRA)、工業、能源和中小企業部長阿菲夫·謝勒比(AFIF CHELBI)。 政府網址:http://www.tunisie.com 【行政區劃】全國劃分為24個省,下設254個縣,240個市鎮。 【司法機構】最高司法委員會是突尼斯司法係統最高機構,總統和司法部長分別擔任委員會主席和副主席。委員會行使對法官任命、晉升、調動和紀律處分的職能。總統根據委員會的建議任命法官。全國有1個最高法院,10個上訴法院,24個一審法院,83個地方法庭。每省設有1個一審法院。每個法院下轄若幹民事、刑事法庭。此外,在政府成員犯有叛國罪時將專門成立高等法院。最高法院院長為馬卜魯剋·本·穆薩(Mabrouk Ben Moussa)。突無獨立的檢察院,在司法和人權部內設檢察機構,現任總檢察長為穆罕默德·萊吉米(Mohamed El-Ladjmi),但在每個法院均設有檢察機構。 【政黨】突於1981年4月開始實行多黨製,現有9個合法政黨,主要有:憲政民主聯盟、社會民主運動、人民團结黨、民主統一聯盟、革新運動、自由社會黨、民主進步黨、爭取工作與自由民主論壇和緑黨。 (1)憲政民主聯盟(Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique/ RCD):執政黨。1934年3月由首任總統布爾吉巴創立。原名新憲政黨,1964年改為社會主義憲政黨,1988年2月改為現名。現有黨員200多萬,基層支部約8390個。以民主、開放為政治路綫,主張實行國傢、集體、私人三種所有製並存的經濟體製,強調法製治國。對外堅持不結盟政策,主張在互相尊重和互利的基礎上與各國發展關係。2007年6月憲盟召開七中會,再次呼籲本·阿裏作為憲盟候選人參加2009年總統大選,努力實施“十一五”計劃,強化憲盟組織建設。主席為本·阿裏總統(1988年7月當選)。2005年8月哈迪·穆赫尼(Hedi M'henni)被任命為憲盟總書記。在2004年10月立法選舉中獲得152個議席。 (2)社會民主運動(Mouvement des Democrates Socialistes/ MDS):1978年6月創立,1983年11月獲合法地位。主張開放民主,實行多黨製、輪流執政,反對使用暴力。約有黨員3萬人。全國委員會是最高權力機關。現任全國委員會主席蒙塞夫·西亞拉(Moncef Siala),總書記伊斯梅爾·布拉西亞(Ismail Boulahya)。在2004年10月立法選舉中獲得14席。 (3)人民團结黨 (Parti de L'Unite Populaire/ PUP):1973年成立,由人民團结運動本·薩拉赫派分裂而來。主張政治多元化,加強國傢對經濟的幹預,維護突尼斯的穩定。1983年取得合法地位。總書記穆罕默德·布希哈(Mohamed Bouchiha)。在2004年10月立法選舉中獲得11席。 (4)民主統一聯盟(Union Democratique Unioniste/UDU):1988年11月創建並獲合法地位。主張在民主範圍內,為阿拉伯團结而努力。總書記艾哈邁德·易努布利(Ahmed Inoubli)。在2004年10月立法選舉中獲得7個議席。 (5)革新運動(Mouvement de la Renovation):前身是突尼斯共産黨,1922年成立,1963年被取締,1981年恢復合法地位,1993年4月改為現名。更名後宣佈放棄共産主義,但堅持社會主義信念,反對自由化經濟和私有化。嚮各種進步力量和左派開放。黨員1000多名。總書記穆罕默德·哈爾邁勒(Mohamed Harmel)。在2004年的立法選舉中獲3個席位。 (6)自由社會黨(Parti Social Liberal/ PSL):1988年6月成立,1988年9月獲得合法地位。原名為進步社會黨,1993年10月黨的“一大”改為現名。主張多元化、自由化和私有化,黨的主席是穆尼爾·貝吉(Mounir El Beji)。在2004年的立法選舉中獲2個席位。 (7)民主進步黨(Parti Democratique Progressiste):1983年12月成立。1988年9月獲得合法地位。原名為社會進步聯盟,2001年6月黨的“三大”改為現名。主張進行全面政治改革,建立多元化政治體製和進步理想同阿拉伯-伊斯蘭屬性相結合的社會主義。總書記艾哈邁德·納吉布·沙比(Ahmed Nejib Chebbi)。 (8)爭取工作與自由民主論壇(Forum democratique pour le travail et la liberte/ FDTL) 1994年創建,2002年獲得合法地位,為左翼政黨。主張建立現代民主制度,保證司法獨立、輪流執政和尊重人民的自由選擇。總書記穆斯塔法·本·加法爾(Mustapha Ben Jaafar)。 (9)爭取進步緑黨(Parti Vert pour le Progres) 2006年成立並獲得合法地位。以非左非右的姿態登上突政壇。主張保護環境、自由主義、泛阿拉伯主義、社會主義等。總書記吉蒙·卡馬西。 【重要人物】宰因·阿比丁·本·阿裏:總統,1936年9月生於蘇斯。曾受電子學高等教育,獲電子工程師文憑,先後在法國聖·西爾軍事學院、法國夏竜-馬恩河炮兵學院、美國情報與安全高等學院、美國野炮高等學院深造。1958年起歷任突參謀部參謀、軍事安全處處長、駐摩洛哥空軍海軍武官、國防部長辦公室專員、國傢安全總局局長、駐波蘭大使、內政部負責國傢安全的國務秘書、總理府負責國傢安全的部長級代表、內政部長等職。1979年4月由上校晉升為准將。1987年5月任內政國務部長,10月任總理,11月任總統。1988年7月,當選為憲政民主聯盟主席。1989年4月當選總統。此後,在1994年、1999年和2004年,三次連選連任。1991年4月,對我國進行了正式友好訪問。已婚,有5個女兒,1個兒子。穆罕默德·格努希:總理,1941年8月18日出生於蘇斯,畢業於突尼斯法律、政治、經濟學院。1966年獲經濟學學士學位。1975年任財政部總計劃司長。1982年任計劃與財政部負責計劃的國務秘書。1987年10月任總理府負責計劃的部長級代表。1988年7月任計劃部長。1989年4月任計劃與財政部長。1990年3月任經濟與財政部長。1991年2月任財政部長。1992年6月任國際合作與外國投資部長。1999年11月任總理。2004年11月連任。憲盟政治局委員,第二副主席。未曾訪華。已婚,有2個孩子。福阿德·邁巴紮:議長,1933年6月15日出生於突尼斯市。在法國獲經濟學和法學學士學位。1961年起先後任衛生與社會事務國務秘書辦公室專員,農業國務秘書辦公室主任,青年體育局長,國傢安全局長,突尼斯省長兼突尼斯市長,青年體育部長,衛生部長,新聞和文化部長,突駐聯合國大使,突駐摩洛哥大使,青年體育部長,迦太基市長。先後四次當選議員。1997年10月起一直擔任議長。憲盟政治局委員。1977年10月曾率突青年、體育代表團訪華,2002年6月率議會代表團訪華。阿卜杜拉·卡拉勒:參議長,1943年12月7日生於斯法剋斯。曾就讀於突尼斯法律、政治和經濟學院,獲經濟學畢業文憑和突國立行政學院高級班畢業文憑,並獲顧問級行政主管職稱。1989年4月起歷任國防部長、內政部長、國務部長、總統特別顧問、司法部長等職。1988年7月任憲盟政治局委員、司庫。1989年、1999年當選為議員。2004年1月當選為經社理事會主席。2005年8月當選為參議院首任參議長。曾獲共和國特級勳章、“11.7”特級勳章。已婚,有3子。未曾訪華。 經濟 以農業為主,但糧食不能自給。工業以石油和磷酸????開採、製造業和加工工業為主。旅遊業較發達,在國民經濟中占重要地位。1986年,突經濟實行“結構調整計劃”,由計劃經濟嚮市場經濟過渡。1995年突與歐盟簽署聯繫國協議後,突深化經濟結構調整,加快企業升級改造和私有化步伐,同時加強基礎設施建設,推進金融領域改革,積極發展外嚮型經濟。多年來,突經濟持續穩定發展,GDP年均增長約5%。近年來,突移動通訊、因特網、電子商務和高科技産業等領域發展迅速。2006年,在達沃斯世界經濟論壇全球綜合競爭力排行榜上,名列世界第30位,居非洲、阿拉伯國傢之首。突在全世界155國勞動環境領域排行榜上名列58位,領先意大利、中國和埃及等。貧睏率下降至4%以下。至2006年底,外國在突共有2803傢外資企業。2007年,在達沃斯世界經濟論壇全球綜合競爭力排行榜上,名列世界第29位,仍居非洲、阿拉伯國傢之首。2007年1月,突完成審議關於2007-2011年“十一五”發展計劃總體發展模式和政策。目前突經濟面臨主要問題是國內市場狹小,資源匱乏,過分依賴歐盟。 2006年主要經濟數字: 國內生産總值:306.97億美元 人均國內生産總值:2996美元 國內生産總值增長率:5.3% 貨幣名稱:第納爾(dinar),1第納爾=1000米利姆 匯率:1美元=1.32第納爾 通貨膨脹率:2.4%(2007年上半年) 失業率:14.2% 【資源】主要有磷酸????、石油、天然氣、鐵、鋁、鋅等。已探明儲量:磷酸????20億噸,石油7000萬噸,天然氣615億立方米,鐵礦石2500萬噸。 【工礦業】主要有以磷酸????為原料的化工業和石油開採業。2005年原油産量為340.4萬噸,天然氣産量為23.44億立方米,磷酸????376萬噸(2004年),鐵礦石16.4萬噸(2003年),鋅6.6萬噸(2003年)。紡織業在輕工業中居首位,産值為10.76億第納爾。自1986年起,紡織、皮革産品出口額已超過化肥、原油。2005年工業總産值為59.74億第納爾,工業增長率為2.5%。(資料來源:2006年經濟季評國別報告) 【農業】全國可耕地面積900萬公頃,已耕地500萬公頃,其中7%為水澆地,約34.5萬公頃。由於????鹼化、沙漠化等因素,每年約有2萬公頃耕地流失。農業在國民生産總值中占13-16%,2005年農業和漁業總産值為25.31億第納爾,增長率為5%。全國勞動力的35%從事農業。正常年景糧食自給率60%。2005年糧食産量為210萬噸。(資料來源:2006年經濟季評國別報告) 突尼斯是橄欖油主要生産國之一,産量占世界橄欖油總産量的4-9%,橄欖油成為突主要的出口創匯農産品。全國種植橄欖6200萬株,占地162.5萬公頃。2005年産橄欖油22萬噸,産柑橘26.2萬噸,椰棗11.3萬噸。全國有天然和人工牧場29萬公頃。2003年牛、羊、山羊存欄數分別為41.5萬頭、392.4萬衹和80.1萬衹。2005年肉類總産量為11.78萬噸,鮮奶産量92萬噸,魚産量10.8萬噸。(資料來源:2006年經濟季評國別報告) 【旅遊業】旅遊業在國民經濟中居重要地位,是突第一大外匯來源。2006年旅遊收入為27.51億第納爾,同比增長6.3%;接待遊客654.91萬人次,同比增長2.7%。2005年,全國約800傢旅館擁有23萬張床位,居非洲和阿拉伯國傢前列。直接或間接從事旅遊業人員達35萬人,約占全國人口的3.6%,解决了12%的勞動力就業問題。旅遊設施主要分佈在東部沿海地帶,有五大旅遊中心,蘇斯“康達維”中心是全國最大的旅遊基地。突尼斯市、蘇斯、莫納斯提爾、崩角和傑爾巴島是著名的旅遊區。(資料來源:2006年經濟季評國別報告) 【交通運輸】交通運輸比較發達。 鐵路:總長2190多公裏,其中軌距1米的窄軌鐵路占1713公裏,餘為軌距1.44米的鐵路。國營鐵路公司擁有機車136輛,貨車皮5267節。2003年客運總量為3570萬人次,貨運量為21.74億噸/公裏。 公路:總長2萬公裏。2003年公路客運量6.92億人次,貨運量11.84萬噸。陸路運輸目前占突尼斯貨運總量的50%,客運總量的90%。1997年突開始修建2500公裏公路和2000公裏農用道路。至2005年底,突擁有各類機動車輛110萬輛。 海運:有30個港口,其中8個為大型商業港口,一個為石油轉運港。有兩支船隊,總噸位22.4萬噸。主要港口是突尼斯-古萊特、比塞大、布爾基巴、斯法剋斯、加貝斯、蘇斯、紮爾西斯、拉迪斯及斯基拉港等,2003年客運總量52.9萬人次。 空運:有兩個國營航空公司,主要是突尼斯航空公司。全國共有91架各型號客機。突與國內外44個城市通航。年客運總量為1200萬人次。2003年突尼斯航空公司客運量790萬人次,較上年下降2.1%。全國有7個國際機場:突尼斯-迦太基、莫納斯蒂爾-卡奈斯、傑爾巴-紮爾齊斯、斯法剋斯-蒂納、杜澤爾-內夫塔、塔巴卡-11.7和加夫薩-蓋斯爾。 【財政金融】2007年財政預算收支基本平衡,均為144.6億第納爾,比2006年增長1.8%。至2006年底,外匯儲備66.48億美元,外債率為49.1%。2005年外債總額為161億美元。 【對外貿易】1986年以來,突推行貿易自由化政策,迄今自由進口的商品額占進口總額的85%,自由出口的商品額占出口總額的95%。近年來突尼斯對外貿易情況如下(單位:百萬美元): 2003 2004 2005 2006年 出口 8619 9492 10080 11782 進口 11700 12492 12668 15206 差額 -3081 -3000 -2588 -34.25 歐盟是突的主要貿易夥伴,其中法國、意大利、德國是與突貿易名列前三名的國傢,2005年在突進出口中所占比例如下: 出口(%) 進口(%) 法國 29.3 28.2 意大利 19.7 25.2 德國 9.1 10.5 (資料來源:2006年經濟季評國別報告) 突主要出口産品是紡織品、電機設備、石油製品、機械、橄欖油、鞋、毛皮製品、化肥、化學製品等。2004年紡織品仍居突出口首位,出口額為33.33億美元,占出口總額達37.2%。進口産品主要是紡織品、機械、電氣設備、石油製品、車輛及鋼鐵、𠔌物等。(資料來源:2005年經濟季評國別報告) 【外國資本】2006年,突共獲外國直接投資達11.57億第納爾,比上年增長33.1%。主要來自歐盟、美國和阿拉伯國傢。至2006年底,突共吸納外國直接投資(能源除外)纍计達112.13億第納爾,提供27.4萬個就業崗位。 【外國援助】“九五”期間(1997-2001年),突共獲外國提供的各類援款132.17億第納爾,其中,外國投資36.37億第納爾,贈款3.77億第納爾,各類貸款92.04億第納爾。2004年獲得外國官方發展援助5.39億美元。2005年僑匯收入10.09億美元。(資料來源:2006年經濟季評國別報告) 【人民生活】突自20世紀七十年代以來,實行對基本食品實施物價補貼的社會福利政策。90年代後,政府開始縮小補貼範圍,減少補貼費用,分期提高基本食品價格,同時采取措施,保護睏難戶和低工資收入者的購買力。2004年突最低工資收入為218.19第納爾(每周48小時)和 189.8第納爾(每周40小時)。2001年全國78%的人擁有自己的住房,74%的居民享受醫療保險,8%的居民持有免費醫療證。2006年,社會保障覆蓋率達90.4%。 全國衛生係統共有各類醫務人員和職工4萬人,2004年全國平均每1200人有一名醫生,平均每6500人有一名牙醫,平均每330人有一名護士。醫療設施分公立醫院、私人醫院和個人診所,以公立醫院為主,共176所,有17269張床位,私人醫院有床位1800張,另有衛生站1050個。全國有21%的家庭擁有汽車,90%的家庭擁有電視機,82%的家庭擁有冰箱,34%的家庭擁有洗衣機,6%的家庭擁有空調,36%的家庭擁有固定電話,55%的人擁有手機,90%的家庭享有飲用水和供電。2004年人口增長率為1.21%,人均壽命73歲,嬰兒死亡率2.1%。2005年,突貧睏率為3.9%,貧睏家庭8萬戶。(資料來源:2005年經濟季評國別報告) 【軍事】 1956年建立國民軍,1959年建立海軍和空軍。總統為武裝部隊總司令。1975年起實行義務兵役製,服役期一年。總兵力約4萬人。陸軍3.1萬人,包括3個機械化步兵旅、1個撒哈拉旅、1個特種部隊群和8個團,擁有各類坦剋和裝甲車405輛、炮482門、導彈156枚(具)。海軍5000人,擁有各類艦艇40艘。空軍4500人,有各型軍用飛機70餘架,直升飛機80架。有國民警衛隊約4萬人。軍事裝備主要來自法國、美國、意大利。 2005年國防預算為5.63億第納爾,占國傢預算總額的4.3%,同比增長2.7%。2001年美國軍事援助為450萬美元。 【教育】實行基礎義務免費教育製(至16歲),從1989/1990學年起,將過去的小學6年、初中3年合併為9年一貫製基礎教育。全國近1/4的人口在各級學校學習。小學入學率99%,大學入學率為31.7%。2004年文盲率為22.9%,小學、中、高等教育的人口覆蓋率分別為35%、32%、8%。2005年有中小學5821所,中小學生226.7萬。各類大專院校178所,學生36.6萬,其中大學共16所:宰敦大學(伊斯蘭高等學府)、突尼斯大學、突尼斯瑪納爾大學、迦太基11.7大學、瑪努巴大學、中部大學、斯法剋斯南方大學等。16所大學現有在校生共30萬。 【新聞出版】主要報刊有:《復興報》、《自由報》和《新聞報》。主要周刊有《現實》等。 突尼斯非洲通訊社 ( Tunis Afrique Presse):簡稱突通社,創建於1961年1 月,為國傢通訊社。現有記者、編輯200餘人。在巴黎、波恩、紐約、布魯塞爾、阿爾及爾、拉巴特、開羅、科威特、達喀爾等地派有常駐記者,抄收40多傢通訊社新聞,在國內有130多傢新聞訂戶。 突尼斯廣播電視總署:1990年成立,國營,統管全國廣播和電視工作,下設主席辦、辦公廳、電視總局和廣播總局。突尼斯國傢廣播電臺於1936年首播,現有三個全國性頻道對外廣播,一個為國內頻道,每天24小時以阿文廣播;一個為國際頻道,每天18小時,以法、德、意、英和西語對外播音;還有一個青年頻道,1995年11月開播。此外還有5個地方臺。突尼斯國傢電視臺於1966年6月1日起開播,現分一臺(阿文)和二臺(法文),還有突尼斯7臺和青年臺。突直接轉播意大利國傢電視臺和法國商業電視臺節目。1991年始設有綫電視臺轉播法國有綫電視臺節目。 對外關係 突奉行睦鄰友好、中立不結盟的政策,註重溫和、務實、平衡。強調其阿拉伯、伊斯蘭及非洲屬性,重點發展同歐盟和美國的關係,積極推進突歐(盟)自貿區建設。倡導馬格裏布國傢聯合,積極參與地區和國際事務,謀求發揮自身獨特影響。主張和平解决地區爭端,呼籲加強南南合作和南北對話,減免發展中國傢的債務,建立公正、合理的國際政治經濟新秩序。迄今為止,突與世界138個國傢建立了外交關係。 【對重大國際問題的態度】 關於國際形勢:當前國際形勢極為錯綜復雜,應采取全面的處理方法,從根本上解决絶望、貧窮與被邊緣化等問題。要始終促進不同文化、文明和宗教間的對話。 關於聯合國改革:突認為聯合國是國與國對話的理想機製,主張加強聯合國的作用。贊同對包括安理會在內的聯合國進行改革,認為改革應是全面、長期的,應關註發展問題和增加發展中國傢代表性,並提高聯合國的工作效率。突支持擴大安理會的組成,使其更具代表性,更加民主和透明,但不應僅憑一次表决改變安理會的現狀。安理會應順應全球化發展,充分反映各國對國際安全、發展、貧窮和疾病問題的關註。 關於不同文明對話:突支持不同文明和宗教之間的對話,促進世界安全與和平。突將繼續在伊斯蘭會議組織框架內,宣揚溫和與中庸的原則,擯除暴力和極端主義。 關於恐怖主義:突譴責恐怖主義,認為反恐必須標本兼治,消除其産生的深層原因。西方國傢須幫助發展中國傢加快發展,縮小與發展中國傢的貧富差距。倡議召開在聯合國主導下的國際會議,建立"國際反恐行為準則",澄清恐怖主義概念,避免把恐怖主義同伊斯蘭教和反抗侵略、爭取民族權利的鬥爭相混淆。 關於民主與人權問題:突認為,實現民主與人權價值應以尊重國際關係中的平等原則為前提,特別是應尊重國傢主權,互不干涉內政。各國人民有權根據其社會、經濟、歷史背景和民族特性選擇適合自身條件的發展道路,而不是照搬外部模式。生存權和發展權是每個國傢不可被剝奪的權利。對發展中國傢而言,發展經濟是人權的基本保障。 關於中東問題:突堅定支持巴勒斯坦民族解放事業,支持巴人民建立獨立巴勒斯坦國的合法權利,積極評價巴有關各方達成《麥加協議》,希望能有助於結束巴內部衝突。譴責以色列政府在阿剋薩清真寺周圍的挖掘活動,呼籲國際社會促以當局立即停止此類活動。同時,呼籲國際社會和有影響力的各方、特別是四方委員會,在國際法和有關决議基礎上,為實現中東地區持久、公正和全面的和平繼續努力。 關於伊拉剋問題:突希望伊拉剋各派政治力量通過實現和解,結束流血衝突和恢復穩定,為國傢重建和復興創造良好環境。突對在宰牲節處决伊前總統薩達姆深表遺憾,認為這是對穆斯林感情的嚴重傷害。 關於黎巴嫩問題:突呼籲為黎重建加強協調和努力,敦促黎各派通過對話和諒解,實現黎政局穩定和國傢統一。 【同法國的關係】突法關係較深,經濟合作密切。法國在突外貿和外資中居首位,也是突旅遊業的主要客源。突對法貿易占其貿易總額的27%左右,至2006年底,法在突企業總數已逾1150傢,占突外企總數的40%。突是人均接受法國對外援助最多的國傢,法每年嚮突提供約1億歐元的援貸款。突海外僑民近一半旅居法國,2005年底在法僑民為50萬人。法在突有僑民2.1萬人。法是突軍事裝備的主要來源國之一,每年為突培訓近百名中級軍官,兩國經常舉行聯合軍事演習。2006年5月,格努希總理訪法,雙方在多領域簽訂多項協議,涉及貸款總額達9000萬歐元。2007年2月,格努希總理赴法參加第24屆法非首腦會議;5月,法國參議長蓬斯萊訪突7月,法國總統薩科齊訪突。 【同美國的關係】 突美於1799年建交,關係密切。1981年突美成立軍事委員會。1987年本·阿裏任總統後,兩度訪美,美迅速予其政治和經濟上的支持。美幾任總統或國務卿也曾訪突。美較重視突對馬格裏布地區穩定的作用。2006年2月,美國防部長拉姆斯菲爾德訪突;3月,美負責中東事務的助理國務卿韋爾訪突;4月,國防部長馬爾堅訪美,出席突-美第21次軍事混委會;5月,美副國務卿佐立剋訪突。2007年,突外長阿卜杜拉訪美。 【同歐盟國傢的關係】歐盟是突最大貿易夥伴和投資方。突同歐盟貿易占其對外貿易總額的80%。1995年7月,突同歐盟正式簽署了“歐洲-地中海國傢聯繫國協議”,擬在2008年建立突歐自由貿易區。1995年至今,突在突-歐合作框架內獲得31億突尼斯第納爾的贈、貸款。2006年2月,突衆議長邁巴紮訪匈牙利,捷剋總理帕勞貝剋訪突;7月,馬耳他總統阿達米訪突;10月,意大利總理普羅迪訪突;12月,衆議長邁巴紮訪問歐洲議會。2007年2月,波蘭衆議長尤萊剋訪突;3月,格努希總理赴葡萄牙共同主持兩國總理級高層會議。 【同馬格裏布國傢的關係】突積極推動馬格裏布聯盟建設,重視睦鄰友好,以維護周邊安全。突與地區各國高層互訪頻繁,並建有高級別混委會。2006年2月,阿總理烏葉海亞訪突,與突總理共同主持突-阿第15次高級混委會,同月,格努希總理訪摩、毛;5月,毛國傢元首瓦爾、摩參議長奧卡沙分別訪突;7月,利總人委秘書馬哈姆迪赴突主持突-利第19次高級後續委員會會議;9月,格努希總理赴摩主持突摩第13次高級混委會;12月,格努希總理訪利。2007年2月,格努希總理訪利,主持突-利第20次高級混委會會議;4月,突參議長卡拉勒訪阿。 【同其它阿拉伯國傢的關係】突堅持相互尊重國傢主權、不干涉內政、睦鄰友好、通過談判解决阿拉伯國傢間分歧的原則,同所有阿拉伯國傢發展友好關係。突支持巴勒斯坦人民收復被占領土,建立以耶路撒冷為首都的國傢的正義事業,巴解政治部現仍設在突。突同情伊拉剋人民因製裁所遭受的苦難,嚮伊提供了部分人道主義援助。2006年3月,格努希總理赴蘇丹出席阿盟第18次首腦會議;4月,敘利亞總理奧特裏訪突,與突總理共同主持突-敘第7次高級混委會;5月和8月,巴勒斯坦民族權力機構主席阿巴斯訪突;11月,卡塔爾埃米爾哈馬德訪突。2007年3月,格努希總理赴沙特參加第19屆阿盟首腦會議;4月,格努希總理赴敘利亞共同主持突-敘高級混委會;6月,格努希總理訪問約旦和埃及。 【國傢代碼】216 At the beginning of recorded history, Tunisia was inhabited by Berber tribes. Its coast was settled by Phoenicians starting as early as the 10th century BC. The city of Carthage was founded in the 9th century B.C. by settlers from Tyre, now in modern day Lebanon. Legend says that Queen Elissa founded the city in 814 B.C., as retold in by the Greek writer Timaeus of Tauromenium. The settlers of Carthage brought their culture and religion from the Phoenicians and other Canaanites. After a series of wars with Greek city-states of Sicily in the 5th century BC, Carthage rose to power and eventually became the dominant civilization in the Western Mediterranean. The people of Carthage worshipped a pantheon of Middle Eastern gods including Baal and Tanit. Tanit's symbol, a simple female figure with extended arms and long dress, is a popular icon found in ancient sites. The founders of Carthage also established a Tophet which was altered in Roman times. Though the Romans referred to the new empire growing in the city of Carthage as Punic or Phoenician, the empire built around Carthage was an independent political entity from the other Phoenician settlements in the Western Mediterranean. Tunis Zitouna Great MosqueA Carthaginian invasion of Italy led by Hannibal during the Second Punic War, one of a series of wars with Rome, nearly crippled the rise of the Roman Empire. Carthage was eventually conquered by Rome in the 2nd century BC, a turning point which led to ancient Mediterranean civilization having been influenced mainly by European instead of African cultures. After the Roman conquest, the region became one of the granaries of Rome and was fully Latinized and Christianized. It was conquered by the Vandals in the 5th century AD and reconquered by the commander Belisarius in the 6th century during the rule of Byzantine emperor Justinian. In the 7th century the region was conquered by Arab Muslims, who founded the city of Kairouan. Successive Muslim dynasties ruled, interrupted by Berber rebellions. The reigns of the Aghlabids (9th century) and of the Zirids (from 972), Berber followers of the Fatimids, were especially prosperous. When the Zirids angered the Fatimids in Cairo (1050), the latter sent in the Banu Hilal tribe to ravage Tunisia. The coasts were held briefly by the Normans of Sicily in the 12th century and the following Arab reconquest made the last Christians in Tunisia disappear. In 1159, Tunisia was conquered by the Almohad caliphs. They were succeeded by the Berber Hafsids (c.1230 – 1574), under whom Tunisia prospered. In the late 16th century the coast became a pirate stronghold (see: Barbary States). In the last years of the Hafsids, Spain seized many of the coastal cities, but these were recovered by the Ottoman Empire. Under its Turkish governors, the Beys, Tunisia attained virtual independence. The Hussein dynasty of Beys, established in 1705, lasted until 1957. French imperialism Cathedral of St Vincent de Paul, TunisIn the mid-1800s, Tunisia's government under the rule of the Bey severely compromised its legitimacy by making several controversial financial decisions that led to its downfall. France began plans to take control of Tunisia when the Bey first borrowed large sums of money in an attempt to Westernize. This failing state facilitated the Algerian raids that occurred thereafter. The weakened Bey was powerless against these raids and unable to resist European colonization. In 1878, a secret deal was made between the United Kingdom and France that decided the fate of the North African country. Provided that the French accepted British control of Cyprus, recently given to the United Kingdom, the British would in turn accept French control of Tunisia. This satisfied the French and led to their assumption of control in 1880, anticipating the Italians. Tunisia was formally made a French protectorate on May 12, 1881. World War II In 1942 – 1943 Tunisia was the scene of the first major operations by the Allied Forces (the British Commonwealth and the United States) against the Axis Powers (Italy and Germany) during World War II. The main body of the British army, advancing from their victory in Battle of el-Alamein under the command of British Field Marshal Montgomery, pushed into Tunisia from the south. The US and other allies, following their invasions of Algeria and Morocco in Operation Torch, invaded from the west. General Rommel, commander of the Axis forces in North Africa, had hoped to inflict a similar defeat on the allies in Tunisia as German forces did in the Battle of France in 1940. Before the battle for Tunisia, the inexperienced allied forces had generally been unable to withstand German blitzkriegs and properly coordinate their operations. As such the battle for Tunisia was a major test for the allies. They figured out that in order to defeat Axis forces they would have to coordinate their actions and quickly recover from the inevitable setbacks the experienced German-Italian forces would inflict. On February 19, 1943, General Rommel launched an attack on the American forces in the Kasserine Pass region of Western Tunisia, hoping to inflict the kind of demoralizing and alliance-shattering defeat the Germans had dealt to Poland and France. The initial results were a disaster for the United States; the area around the Kasserine Pass is the site of many US war graves from that time. However, the American forces were ultimately able to reverse their retreat. Having learned a critical lesson in tank warfare, the Allies broke through the Mareth line on March 20, 1943. The allies subsequently linked up on April 8 and on May 2, 1943 the German-Italian Army in Tunisia surrendered. Thus, the United States, United Kingdom, Free French, and Polish (as well as other forces) were able to win a major battle as an allied army. The battle, though often overshadowed by Stalingrad, represented a major allied victory of World War II largely because it forged the Alliance which would one day liberate Western Europe. Independence Before Western colonialism, Tunisia was ruled by a line of (Turkish colonial) Beys until 1881. Up until this point the Beys of Tunisia borrowed money from Europe to finance modernization within Tunisia. When the local population resented tax rises to fund the repayment the country found itself bankrupt. It is at this point that France, Britain and Italy placed the finances of Tunisia in administration via an international agreement. Habib BourguibaInitially, Italy was the country that demonstrated the most desire to have Tunisia as a colony having investment, citizens and geographic proximity as motivation. However this was rebuffed when Britain and France co-operated to prevent this during the years 1871 – 1878 ending in Britain supporting French influence in Tunisia in exchange for dominion over Cyprus. France still had the issue of Italian influence and thus decided to find an excuse for a pre-emptive strike. Using the pretext of a Tunisian incursion into Algeria, France marched an army of about 36,000 personnel which quickly advanced to Tunis and forced the Bey to make terms in the form of the 1881 Treaty of Bardo (Al Qasr as Sa'id), which gave France control of Tunisian governance and making it a de-facto French protectorate. Tunisia enjoyed certain benefits from French rule; however, the desire for self-governance remained and in 1910 Ali Bach Hamba and Bechir Sfar created the group of young Tunisians which led to the 1920 group called the “Destour” (constitution) party. Keeping the new movement under control led the French to use a combination of carrot-and-stick tactics that worked well but did not halt the momentum for independence. In 1934, a younger, more fervent element of the Destour party called the Neo-Destour emerged, with Habib Bourguiba, Dr Mahmoud Materi, Tahar Sfar and Bahri Guiga as their leaders. This new party was immediately declared illegal by the French administration, but received strong support from the fascist organizations of the Tunisian Italians. Habib Bourguiba spent a great deal of time in French prisons. However, this did little to stem his influence or halt the momentum for change. The Second World War played into Bourguiba’s hands as he was moved from Vichy French prisons to Rome, and then to Tunisia as the Axis powers courted his influence in Tunisia. Bourguiba never endorsed these requests. He did manage relocation to Tunisia and two months after this, the Allies claimed Tunisia. In the following ten years, the struggle for independence continued and gained momentum. Bourguiba was again incarcerated from 1952 – 1954, which in turn caused an outbreak of guerrilla attacks by supporters. In 1954, things changed abruptly when Pierre Mendes-France became the leader of the French government and pursued a policy of pulling out from burdensome French colonies, with Tunisia in this category. This resulted in the April 1955 agreement which handed internal autonomy to Tunisian hands while international relations were managed by France, a similar situation to the Turkish Bey method of governance in pre-1881. The Neo-Destour were now in control, but Bourguiba refused to take the helm until the French relinquished all control over Tunisia. He did not have to wait long, as the terrible Algerian War of Independence changed the French desire for colonialism, leading to the abolition of the Treaty of Bardo and Tunisia gaining full independence in March 20, 1956. Bourguiba became Prime Minister and, after 1957, the first president of the Republic of Tunisia as the constitutional role of the Bey was abolished. Present-day politics Tunisia is a republic with a strong presidential system dominated by a single political party. President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali has been in office since 1987, the year he deposed Habib Bourguiba in a bloodless coup. The constitution has been changed twice to allow Ben Ali to remain in power: initially from two to three terms, then from three to five. The ruling party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally (RCD), was the sole legal party for 25 years, known previously as the Socialist Destourian Party (PSD). The RCD still dominates political life. Facing little opposition, the President is elected to 5-year terms. He appoints a Prime Minister and cabinet, who play a strong role in the execution of policy. Regional governors and local administrators also are appointed by the central government. Largely consultative mayors and municipal councils are elected. There is a unicameral legislative body, the Chamber of Deputies, which has 182 seats, 20% of which are reserved for the opposition parties. It plays a growing role as an arena for debate on national policy but never originates legislation. The Chamber virtually always passes bills presented by the executive with only one minor change. The judiciary is nominally independent but responds to executive direction, especially in political cases. The military is professional and does not play a role in politics. Tunisia is noteworthy for its lack of public political discourse. Tunisia's precise political situation is hard to determine due to a strong level of silence and lack of transparency maintained by the government. There is compelling evidence that dissidents are routinely arrested, for crimes as minor as viewing banned web sites. There are currently six legal opposition parties all with their own newspapers. However, the Committee to Protect Journalists, in its 2005 country report on Tunisia, details a persistent record of harassment, persecution, imprisonment, and physical harm perpetrated on journalists critical of the government. Even Western journalists, when writing on Tunisian soil, are not spared this fate. Despite official proclamations, the Tunisian government imposes significant restrictions on freedom of speech and human rights. As such Tunisians are noticeably insecure when discussing political matters. The internet, however, is the most immediately apparent sign of the pervasiveness of state control. In fact the growth of the internet has been a major issue for Tunisia. As tourism (mainly from Europe) has expanded in Tunisia, so has the number of Internet Cafes. Tunisian internet access is invariably censored. This censorship is targeted at material deemed pornographic as well as press or chat room commentary that is critical of the government. For example, the website of the Al Arabiya satellite channel is officially censored and thereby inaccessible from any computer in Tunisia. Tunisia is also one of three Muslim countries (Azerbaijan and Turkey are the others), that prohibits the hijab in government buildings. By government edict, women that insist on wearing the hijab must quit their job. Dissenters are forced to sign a document admitting to having committed a crime punishable by law and, in cases of recidivism, are jailed. Women who insist on keeping their veils despite all threats become the subject of negative propaganda disseminated by the Tunisian authorities on all state and private media. Underground opposition from Islamic Fundamentalists has an obvious but shadowy existence in Tunisia. Under former president Bourguiba, Islamic Fundamentalists were allowed to serve as a counterweight to more left-leaning movements. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, however, has followed an aggressive policy regarding the Fundamentalists, though the extent of government success is difficult to judge in a nation where so much is secret. While Tunisia has a repressive political system, standards of living are among the best in the developing world. This can be evidenced by two compelling economic observations: the level to which Tunisia has become self-sufficient in material goods, and the extent of real estate development in the cities and major towns of the country. Put simply, the mid-level retail outlet will typically offer goods more than 90% of which are home produced. As to the rise of the building and construction industry, a fleeting visit to any of Tunisia's smaller towns (let alone the cities) will confirm that development is rampant: many projects, especially hotels, are newly opened, and many more stand as skeleton buildings, ready to be developed as soon as demand - and capital funds - are available to bring them to completion. Tunisia remains an autocratic regime, but one where starvation, homelessness, and disease, problems seen in much of Africa and Asia, are rare. The following is an excerpt from the The World Factbook about Tunisia; Following independence from France in 1956, President Habib BOURGUIBA established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In recent years, Tunisia has taken a moderate, non-aligned stance in its foreign relations. Domestically, it has sought to defuse rising pressure for a more open political society. Governorates Tunisia is subdivided into 24 governorates, they are: Ariana Béja Ben Arous Bizerte Gabès Gafsa Jendouba Kairouan Kasserine Kebili Kef Mahdia Manouba Medenine Monastir Nabeul Sfax Sidi Bou Zid Siliana Sousse Tataouine Tozeur Tunis Zaghouan The governorates are divided into 262 "delegations" or "districts" (mutamadiyat), and further subdivided into municipalities (shaykhats). Geography Tunisia is a country situated on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa, midway between the Atlantic Ocean and the Nile Valley. It is bordered by Algeria in the west and Libya in the south-east. An abrupt southern turn of its shoreline gives Tunisia two faces on the Mediterranean. Despite its relatively small size, Tunisia has great geographical and climactic diversity. The Dorsal, an extension of the Atlas Mountains, traverses Tunisia in a northeasterly direction from the Algerian border in the west to the Cape Bon peninsula. North of the Dorsal is the Tell, a region characterized by low, rolling hills and plains, although in the northwestern corner of Tunisia, the land reaches elevations of 1,050 meters. The Sahil is a plain along Tunisia's eastern Mediterranean coast famous for its olive monoculture. Inland from the Sahil, between the Dorsal and a range of hills south of Gafsa, are the Steppes. Much of the southern region is semi-arid and desert. Economy Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining, energy, tourism, petroleum, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental control of economic affairs, while still heavy, has gradually lessened over the past decade with increasing privatization, simplification of the tax structure, and a prudent approach to debt. Real growth averaged 5.0% in the 1990s, and inflation is slowing. Increased trade and tourism have been key elements in this steady economic growth. Tunisia's association agreement with the European Union (EU), the first such accord between the EU and a Mediterranean country, entered into force on March 1, 1998. Under the agreement Tunisia will gradually remove barriers to trade with the EU over the next decade. Broader privatization, further liberalization of the investment code to increase foreign investment, and improvements in government efficiency are among the challenges for the future of Tunisia. According to the British Philip's university atlas of 2000, Tunisia also possesses major phosphate reserves in the middle section of the country. Tunisia is ranked most competitive economy of Africa in the 2007 edition of the Global Competitiveness Report that is released by the World Economic Forum. It also ranks first in the Arab World and 29th globally. Demographics Traditional Tunisian bread being madeThe majority (98%) of modern Tunisians are Arab, and are speakers of Tunisian Arabic. However, there is also a small (1% at most) population of Berbers located in the Jabal Dahar mountains in the South East and on the island of Jerba. The Berbers primarily speak Berber languages, often called Shelha. The other long-established community in the country is Jewish (today mainly in the capital Tunis and on Jerba), much reduced in number since independence from France. One study indicates that the majority of the genetic material in Tunisia did not arrive with the Arabs (no more than 20% was found to come from the Middle East, and most of this presumably was added by Phoenicians/Carthaginians or as even early as the neolithic several millennia B.C. rather than during the Arab conquest). Another study, which does not compare Tunisian genetics with those of the Middle East, states that what it calls the Arab subhaplotype Va was found at a relatively high frequency in Tunisia at 50.6%., but also states that this group in fact "probably correspond to a heterogeneous group representing various ethnicities", rather than just Arabs. Yet another finds that "the Tunisian genetic distances to European samples are smaller than those to North African groups" (these groups being from the Moroccan Atlas and the Siwa oasis in Egypt). This suggests a fairly significant European input to Tunisian genetics. The first people known to history in what is now Tunisia were the Berbers. Numerous civilizations and peoples have invaded, migrated to, and been assimilated into the population over the millennia, with varying influxes of population via conquest and settlement from Phoenicians/Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Ottoman Turks, and French. Additionally, after the Reconquista and expulsion of non-Christians and Moriscos from Spain, many Spanish Moors and Jews also arrived at the end of the 15th century. Religion in Tunisia is dominated by Islam, to which nearly all Tunisians (98%) adhere. In addition to the aforementioned Jewish population there is also a small indigenous Christian population. Small nomadic indigenous minorities have been mostly assimilated into the larger population. Language Advert primarily in Tunisian ArabicModern Standard Arabic (MSA) is Tunisia's official language. However, as is the case in the rest of the Arab world, a vernacular form of Arabic is used by the public. In Tunisia, the dialect is Tunisian Arabic, which is closely related to the Maltese language. There is also a small minority of speakers of Shelha, a Berber language. French also has a major role in the country, despite having no official status. It is used widely in education (for example being the medium of instruction in the sciences in secondary school), the press, and in business, and most educated Tunisians are able to speak it. Many Tunisians, particularly those residing in large urban areas, readily mix Tunisian Arabic with French. Education Prior to 1958 education in Tunisia was only available to a privileged minority (14%). It is now given a high priority and accounts for 6% of GNP. A basic education for children between the ages of 6 and 16 has been compulsory since 1991. While children generally acquire Tunisian Arabic at home, when they enter school at age 6, they are taught to read and write in Standard Arabic. From the age of 8, they are taught French while English is introduced at the age of 10. Colleges and universities in Tunisia include: Ecole Polytechnique de Tunisie International University of Tunis Université Libre de Tunis University of Aviation and Technology, Tunisia |
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