fěi lǜ bīn Philippines
shǒudōu:mǎ ní lā guógūdàimǎ: ph
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 菲律宾 菲律宾 菲律宾 菲律宾【 bié chēng】 yē zǐ zhī guó 【 guó qìng rì】 6 yuè 12 rì 【 míng shèng】 luó hā sī bīn hǎi dà dào、 bā nà wéi gāo shān tī tián、 tǎ 'ěr hú 【 miàn jī】 29.97 wàn píng fāng gōng lǐ（ gēn jù fěi nèi wù yǔ dì fāng zhèng fǔ bù zī liào）。 【 rén kǒu】 8400 wàn（ 2004 nián tǒng jì）。 mǎ lái zú zhàn quán guó rén kǒu de 85% yǐ shàng， bāo kuò tā jiā lù rén、 yī luò gē rén、 bāng bān yá rén wéi sà yà rén hé bǐ kē 'ěr rén děng； shǎo shù mín zú jí wài lái hòu yì yòu huá rén、 ā lā bó rén、 yìn dù rén、 xī bān yá rén hé měi guó rén； hái yòu wéi shǔbù duō de yuán zhù mín。 yòu 70 duō zhǒng yǔ yán。 guó yǔ shì yǐ tā jiā lù yǔ wéi jī chǔ de fěi lǜ bīn yǔ， yīng yǔ wéi guān fāng yǔ yán。 guó mín yuē 84% xìn fèng tiān zhù jiào， 4.9% xìn fèng yī sī lán jiào， shǎo shù rén xìn fèng dú lì jiào hé jī dū jiào xīn jiào， huá rén duō xìn fèng fó jiào， yuán zhù mín duō xìn fèng yuán shǐ zōng jiào。 【 shǒu dū】 dà mǎ ní lā shì（ MetroManila）， rén kǒu 1090 wàn（ 2004 nián tǒng jì）。 nián jūn qì wēn 28 ℃。 tóng běi jīng shí chā bǐ gé lín ní zhì shí jiān zǎo 8 xiǎo shí； yǔ běi jīng shí jiān xiāng tóng guó jì diàn huà mǎ 63 【 guó jiā yuán shǒu】 zǒng tǒng gé luò lì yà · mǎ kǎ pà jiā 'ěr · ā luó yuē（ GloriaMacapagalARROYO）， 2001 nián 1 yuè 20 rì jiù rèn， 2004 nián 6 yuè jìng xuǎn chéng gōng， zài cì jiù rèn fěi zǒng tǒng。 【 zhòng yào jié rì】 dú lì rì（ guó qìng）： 6 yuè 12 rì； bā dān rì（ jì niàn 'èr zhàn zhèn wáng zhàn shì）： 4 yuè 9 rì； yīng xióng jié（ jì niàn guó fù lí chà xùnnàn）： 12 yuè 30 rì； jī dū jiào zhù yào jié rì（ rú shèng dàn jié děng）。 【 huò bì】 huò bì： fěi lǜ bīn bǐ suǒ fǔ bì míng chēng : fēn 【 guó míng】 fěi lǜ bīn zài hěn zǎo yǐ qián， shì yǐ lǚ sòng、 má yì、 sū lù、 hú luò děng dì de míng chēng wén míng de。 1521 nián pú táo yá háng hǎi zhě mài zhé lún fèng xī bān yá zhí mín zhù yì zhě zhī mìng tà shàng zhè gè qún dǎo shí， zhèng hǎo shì tiān zhù jiào zōng jiào jié rì， yú shì jiù wéi qún dǎo qǐ liǎo yī gè yòu zōng jiào yì yì de míng chēng ---- shèng lā hā lǔ qún dǎo。 hòu lái yīn wéi mài zhé lún gān shè dǎo shàng nèi zhēng bèi dāng dì rén mín shā lù， zhè gè míng chēng yě jiù bèi rén men yí wàng。 1542 nián， xī bān yá háng hǎi jiā luò pèi cí jì mài zhé lún zhī hòu dì 'èr gè lái dào zhè gè qún dǎo。 wèile zài yà zhōu xuàn yào xī bān yá dì guó de “ gōng jì ”， biàn 'àn zhào xī bān yá huáng tài zǐ fěi lǜ pǔ de míng zì， bǎ qún dǎo mìng míng wéi fěi lǜ bīn qún dǎo。 1898 nián 6 yuè， fěi lǜ bīn rén mín tuī fān xī bān yá zhí mín zhě de tǒng zhì， xuān bù dú lì， jiāng guó míng gǎi wéi fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó。 1946 nián 7 yuè， fěi lǜ bīn bǎi tuō měi guó de zhí mín tǒng zhì， xuān bù dú lì， guó míng réng chēng wéi“ fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó”。 【 guó huī】 fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó de guó huī chéng dùn xíng， dùn xíng de xià miàn yòu yī tiáo piāo dài， shàng miàn xiě zhe“ fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó”。 dùn xíng guó huī de tú 'àn dài biǎo fěi lǜ bīn de sān gè lì shǐ shí qī， jí xī bān yá zhí mín tǒng zhì shí qī、 měi guó zhí mín tǒng zhì shí qī hé fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó shí qī。 guó huī de shàng fāng hé zhōng bù dài biǎo fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó shí qī， dǐ sè dōushì bái sè， shàng fāng yòu sān gè jīn huáng sè de wǔ jiǎo xīng， dài biǎo fěi lǜ bīn qún dǎo de sān dà qū yù ---- lǚ sòng、 mǐ shā yān hé mián lán lǎo。 zhōng bù shì yòu bā dào jīn huáng sè fú shè xiàn de tài yáng， biǎo shì yáng guāng pǔ zhào quán guó。 guó huī de zuǒ xià fāng dài biǎo měi guó zhí mín tǒng zhì shí qī， lán sè de dǐ miàn shàng huì yòu yī zhǐ xiàng zuǒ kàn de jīn huáng sè de měi guó tū tóu yīng， zuǒ zhǎo wò zhe gǎn lǎn zhī， biǎo shì hé píng； yòu zhǎo wò zhe sān zhī máo， biǎo shì suí shí zhǔn bèi zhàn dǒu， yǐ bǎo wèi hé píng。 guó huī de yòu xià fāng dài biǎo xī bān yá zhí mín tǒng zhì shí qī， hóng sè de dǐ miàn shàng huì yòu yī zhǐ yuè lì de jīn huáng sè de shī zǐ， zhè shì cǎi yòng dāng shí xī bān yá wáng guó guó qí shàng de jìng shī tú xíng。 【 guó qí】 fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó guó qí shì zài fǎn kàng xī bān yá zhí mín tǒng zhì、 zhēng qǔ zì yóu hé dú lì de dǒu zhēng zhōng zhì dìng de。 shàng bàn bù wéi lán sè， xià bàn bù wéi hóng sè， zuǒ biān wéi yī gè bái sè děng biān sān jiǎo xíng。 sān jiǎo xíng zhōng yāng yòu yī gè huáng sè de tài yáng， zhōu wéi yòu bā dào cháng de guāng xiàn hé yī xiē jiào duǎn de guāng xiàn； sān jiǎo xíng de měi gè jiǎo luò gè yòu yī kē huáng sè de wǔ jiǎo xīng。 lán sè dài biǎo hé píng、 zhēn lǐ hé zhèng yì； hóng sè dài biǎo 'ài guó xīn hé yǒng gǎn； bái sè děng biān sān jiǎo xíng dài biǎo píng děng。 sān jiǎo xíng lǐ de tài yáng dài biǎo zì yóu， biǎo shì yáng guāng pǔ zhào quán guó。 bā dào guāng xiàn dài biǎo 1986 nián zuì xiān ná qǐ wǔ qì fǎn kàng xī bān yá tǒng zhì de bā gè shěng， qí yú de guāng xiàn dài biǎo qí tā gè shěng。 sān kē xīng xiàng zhēng fěi lǜ bīn qún dǎo de sān dà qū yù ---- lǚ sòng、 mǐ shā yān hé mián lán lǎo。 【 guó gē】 fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó de guó gē shì《 fěi lǜ bīn mín zú jìn xíng qū》。 gē cí zuò zhě wèihé sài · pà 'ěr mǎ。 1898 nián měi guó qīn lüè jūn qīn zhàn mǎ ní lā hòu， fěi lǜ bīn rén mín zài kàng zhàn pài lǐng xiù 'ā · mǎ bǐ ní hé 'ān · lú nà jiāng jūn de lǐng dǎo xià jì xù yīng yǒng kàng zhàn。 dāng shí， hé sài · pà 'ěr mǎ zài lú nà jiāng jūn chuàng bàn de《 dú lì bào》 bào shè dāng jì zhě， qīn shēn jīng lì liǎo zhōng lǚ sòng jī liè de kàng měi zhàn zhēng。 tā yú 1899 nián lì yòng yuán fěi lǜ bīn zhù míng gāng qín shī hé zuòqǔ jiā hú lián · fěi lì pèi yú 1898 nián 6 yuè pǔ chéng de《 mǎ dá luò fěi lǜ bīn jìn xíng qū》 de qǔdiào， yǐ xī bān yá wén tián cí， chéng wéi fěi lǜ bīn guó gē。 tā chuàng zuò de fěi lǜ bīn guó gē gē cí， chōng mǎn liǎo fǎn kàng qīn lüè， xiàng wǎng zì yóu hé rè 'ài zǔ guó de jī qíng。 【 nán zǐ guó fú】 fěi lǜ bīn nán zǐ de guó fú jiào“ bā lóng tā jiā lù” chèn yī。 zhè shì yī zhǒng sī zhì jǐn shēn chèn yī， cháng kě jí tún， lǐng kǒu rú tóng yī bān kě yǐ zhā lǐng dài de chèn shān， cháng xiù， xiù kǒu rú tóng xī fú shàng zhuāng。 qián lǐng kǒu zhí dào xià jīn liǎng cè， dōuyòu chōu sī lòu kōng tú 'àn， huā wén gè yì， pō wéi dà fāng。 jù shuō， zài xī bān yá rén tǒng zhì shí qī， wèile biàn yú cóng yuǎn chù qū bié xī bān yá rén hé fěi lǜ bīn rén， zhí mín zhě xià lìng suǒ yòu fěi lǜ bīn rén bì xū bǎ chèn yī chuān zài wài miàn， bù xǔ bǎ chèn yī xià bǎi zhā zài kù nèi。 hòu lái， fěi lǜ bīn rén kāi shǐ zài chèn yī shàng cì xiù gè zhǒng tú 'àn， yǐ cǐ biǎo shì fěi lǜ bīn rén de zì háo。 50 nián dài chū， zhè zhǒng fú zhuāng bèi zhèng shì tuī wéi fěi lǜ bīn nán zǐ de guó fú， chéng wéi wài jiāo chǎng hé， qìng zhù huó dòng hé yàn huì de zhèng shì lǐ fú。 【 nǚ zǐ guó fú】 fěi lǜ bīn nǚ zǐ de guó fú jiào“ tè 'ěr nuò”。 zhè shì yī zhǒng yuán lǐng duǎn xiù lián yī qún。 yóu yú tā liǎng xiù tǐng zhí， liǎng biān gāo chū jiān shāo xǔ， wǎn rú hú dié zhǎn chì， suǒ yǐ yě jiào“ hú dié fú”。 zhè zhǒng fú zhuāng jié hé liǎo xǔ duō xī 'ōu guó jiā， tè bié shì xī bān yá fù nǚ fú zhuāng de tè diǎn， bìng jīng guò sān sì bǎi nián de yán gé， ér chéng wéi fěi lǜ bīn fù nǚ de guó fú。 【 guó huā】 fěi lǜ bīn guó huā shì bèi chēng wéi“ sāng bā jí tǎ” de mò lì huā。 zhè shì yī zhǒng guàn mù lèi zhí wù， yī bān gāo yī mǐ duō， huā sè jié bái、 xiāng wèi nóng yù， yòu dān bàn hé shuāng bàn liǎng zhǒng。 jù shuō， gǔ dài fěi lǜ bīn nán zǐ xiàng tā xīn 'ài de gū niàn qiú hūn shí， yī bān dū zèng sòng mò lì huā huā huán。 rú guǒ gū niàn jiāng huā huán guà zài bó zǐ shàng， jiù yì wèi zhe jiē shòu liǎo tā de 'ài。 rán hòu， tā men zài yuè guāng xià yòng tā jiā lù yǔ shì yuē：“ sāng bā jí tǎ” ( wǒ dāyìng yǒng yuǎn 'ài nǐ )。 yīn cǐ， mò lì huā zài fěi lǜ bīn yòu chēng zhī wéi“ shì 'ài huā”。 “ sāng bā jí tǎ” shì zhōng yú zǔ guó、 zhōng yú 'ài qíng de xiàng zhēng。 fěi lǜ bīn qīng nián cháng cháng jiāng tā zuò wéi xiàn gěi 'ài rén de lǐ wù， xiàng duì fāng biǎo dá“ jiān zhēn yú 'ài qíng de xīn shēng”。 měi dào xiān huā shèng kāi de 5 yuè， gū niàn mendōu pèi dài shàng mò lì huā huán， chàng qǐ zàn gē， hù xiāng zhù yuàn。 zài guó jì jiāo wǎng zhōng， fěi lǜ bīn rén yě cháng bǎ mò lì huā huán xiàn gěi wài guó guì bīn， yǐ biǎo shì chún zhēn de yǒu yì。 【 guó shù】 fěi lǜ bīn de guó shù shì nà lā shù， tā shì zǐ tán mù de yī zhǒng。 zhè zhǒng shù gāo dà tǐng bá， zhōng nián cháng lǜ， yíng zhe tài yáng kāi fàng chū jīn guāng càn làn de huā duǒ。 mù zhì jiān yìng xì zhì， shì zhì zuò gāo jí jiā jù héyuè qì de liáng hǎo cái liào。 nà lā shù de shù pí zài shòu shāng shí huì shèn chū yī zhǒng xīng hóng sè de yè tǐ。 fěi lǜ bīn rén shuō， zhè xiàng zhēng zì jǐ mín zú xuè guǎn lǐ liú dòng zhe de， ér yòu suí shí zhǔn bèi wéi hàn wèi dú lì sǎ zài zǔ guó dà dì shàng de xiān xuè。 zhè zhǒng shù kě zuò wéi rǎn liào hé zhì yào yuán liào。 fěi lǜ bīn rén mín xuǎn zé nà lā shù zuò wéi guó shù， yǐ xiàng zhēng běn mín zú jiān qiáng bù qū， lè yú xiàn shēn de gāo shàng pǐn zhì。 【 guó guǒ】 xiāng piāo xiá 'ěr、 míng wén shì jiè de shuǐ guǒ ---- máng guǒ， shì fěi lǜ bīn de guó guǒ， tā xíng chéng tuǒ yuán， tián zhōng dài yòu wēi suān， wèi dào yòu diǎn 'ér xiàng táo zǐ。 chéng shú hòu chéng huáng sè， yì xiāng pū bí。 máng guǒ shì fěi lǜ bīn rén mín zuì xǐ huān de rè dài shuǐ guǒ。 èr、 jiǎn kuàng [ biān ji běn duàn ] dōng nán yà dǎo guó。 wèi yú yà zhōu dōng nán bù。 běi gé bā shì hǎi xiá yǔ zhōng guó tái wān shěng yáo yáo xiāng duì， nán hé xī nán gé sū lā wēi xī hǎi、 bā lā bā kè hǎi xiá yǔ yìn dù ní xī yà、 mǎ lái xī yà xiāng wàng， xī bīn nán zhōng guó hǎi， dōng lín tài píng yáng。 gòng yòu dà xiǎo dǎo yǔ 7107 gè， qí zhōng 2， 400 gè dǎo yòu míng chēng， 1， 000 duō gè dǎo yòu jū mín。 lǚ sòng dǎo、 mián lán lǎo dǎo、 sà mǎ dǎo děng 11 gè zhù yào dǎo yǔ zhàn quán guó zǒng miàn jī de 96%。 dǎo shàng shān luán chóngdié， sān fēn zhī 'èr yǐ shàng dǎo yǔ shì qiū líng、 shān dì jí gāo yuán。 duō huǒ shān， quán guó yòu 52 zuò huǒ shān， qí zhōng huó huǒ shān 11 zuò； dì zhèn pín fán。 chú lǚ sòng dǎo zhōng xī bù hé dōng nán bù wài， píng yuán jūn xiá xiǎo。 hǎi 'àn xiàn qū zhé， cháng yuē 18,533 gōng lǐ， duō yōu liáng gǎng wān。 shǔ jì fēng xíng rè dài yǔ lín qì hòu， gāo wēn duō yǔ， shī dù dà， mǐ shā bǐ qún dǎo yǐ běi duō tái fēng。 yuè píng jūn qì wēn 24-28℃， nián yǔ liàng 2， 000-3， 500 háo mǐ。 nián jūn qì wēn 27℃， nián jiàng shuǐ liàng 2000 － 3000 háo mǐ。 sēn lín mào mì， zhàn quán guó tǔ dì miàn jī de 40 ％ yǐ shàng。 zhù yào kuàng cáng yòu tiě、 gè、 měng、 jīn hé tóng děng。 nóng yè rén kǒu zhàn zǒng rén kǒu de sān fēn zhī 'èr yǐ shàng。 zhù yào zuò wù yòu yē zǐ、 gān zhè、 jiāo má、 yān cǎo、 xiāng jiāo、 bō luó、 máng guǒ、 dào、 yù mǐ děng。 dào tián sān fēn zhī yī yǐ shàng jí zhōng zài lǚ sòng zhōng yāng píng yuán。 gōng yè yòu shí pǐn、 cǎi kuàng、 fǎng zhì、 yě liàn、 qì chē zhuāng pèi hé huà xué děng。 cì xiù gōng yì zhù míng。 yē gān hé yē yóu shū chū zhàn shì jiè shǒu wèi， xiāng jiāo、 máng guǒ、 mù cái、 tiě、 gè děng zài shì jiè shì chǎng shàng yě jiào zhòng yào。 jìn kǒu liáng shí、 shí yóu zhì pǐn、 jī qì、 fǎng zhì、 jīn shǔ zhì pǐn děng。 gōng yuán sān shì jì zuǒ yòu， tóng zhōng guó yǒu hǎo wǎng lái。 14 shì jì qián hòu， fěi lǜ bīn chū xiàn liǎo yóu tǔ zhù bù luò hé mǎ lái zú yí mín gòu chéng de yī xiē gē jù wáng guó， qí zhōng zuì zhù míng de shì 14 shì jì 70 nián dài xīng qǐ de hǎi shàng qiáng guó sū lù wáng guó。 1521 nián， mài zhé lún shuài lǐng xī bān yá yuǎn zhēng duì dào dá fěi lǜ bīn qún dǎo。 cǐ hòu， xī bān yá zhú bù qīn zhàn fěi lǜ bīn， bìng tǒng zhì cháng dá 300 duō nián。 1898 nián 6 yuè 12 rì， fěi lǜ bīn xuān gào dú lì， chéng lì fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó。 tóng nián， měi guó yǐ jù duì xī bān yá zhàn zhēng hòu qiān dìng de《 bā lí tiáo yuē》 zhàn lǐng fěi lǜ bīn。 1942 nián， fěi lǜ bīn bèi rì běn zhàn lǐng。 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn jié shù hòu， fěi lǜ bīn zài cì lún wéi měi guó zhí mín dì。 1946 nián 7 yuè 4 rì， měi guó bèi pò tóng yì fěi lǜ bīn dú lì。 cǐ hòu， zì yóu dǎng hé guó mín dǎng lún liú zhí zhèng。 1965 nián mǎ kē sī jiù rèn 'èr zhàn hòu dì liù rèn zǒng tǒng， bìng sān cì lián rèn。 1983 nián 8 yuè， fǎn duì dǎng lǐng dǎo rén bèi ní gé nuò · ā jī nuò bèi móu shā， dǎo zhì zhèng jú dòng dàng。 1986 nián 2 yuè 7 rì， tí qián jǔ xíng zǒng tǒng xuǎn jǔ， bèi ní gé nuò · ā jī nuò de fū rén kē lā sōng · ā jī nuò zài mín zhòng、 tiān zhù jiào huì hé jūn duì de zhī chí xià chū rèn zǒng tǒng。 cǐ hòu， lā mò sī hé 'āi sī tè lā dá xiān hòu 'àn xiàn zhì dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng。 2001 nián 1 yuè， āi sī tè lā dá yīn shòu huì chǒu wén bèi pò xià tái， fù zǒng tǒng 'ā luó yuē jì rèn zǒng tǒng。 【 yī zhe】 xī bān yá zhí mín zhě rù qīn fěi lǜ bīn qián， fěi lǜ bīn rén chuān yòng mián shā、 má xiān wéi zhì chéng de yī fú。 nán rén chuān de shàng yī chēng“ kāng gǎng”， wú lǐng、 duǎn xiù， xià shēn yòng yī tiáo jiào“ bā hā” de bù guǒ zhe fù bù， shàng yī xià bǎi lüè dī yú yāo。 yī fú de yán sè duō wéi lán sè huò hēi sè， zhǐ yòu zūn cháng zhe hóng sè de yī fú。 xiàn zài fěi lǜ bīn rén de fú zhuāng biàn huà hěn dà， xī zhuāng zài zhōng shàng céng rén shì zhōng guǎng fàn liú xíng， ér lǎo bǎi xìng de yī zhe zé bǐ jiào jiǎn dān。 nán zǐ shàng shēn chuān chèn yī， xǐ yòng bái sè， xià shēn chuān xī zhuāng kù； nǚ zǐ xǐ huān chuān wú lǐng lián yī qún。 dà bù fēn qīng nián zhe xī shì pí xié， lǎo nián rén réng chuān yòng mù tóu、 má huò cǎo zuò chéng de tuō xié。 fěi lǜ bīn mù sī lín nán zǐ zhe duǎn wài yī hé kuān dà de cháng kù， wéi yī tiáo“ shā lóng” ( yī zhǒng huā wéi qún ) zuò wéi yāo dài。 dào mài jiā cháo shèng guò de xìn tú tóu shàng wéi yī tiáo bái sè tóu jīn huò dài yī dǐng bái mào zǐ。 fù nǚ chuān jǐn shēn de duǎn xiù bèi xīn， dīng shàng liǎng céng jīn shǔ niǔ kòu， chuān jǐn jiǎo kǒu de kuān dà kù zǐ， huò chuān qún zǐ。 fù nǚ xiàng mǎ lái rén yī yàng jiéfà xíng， yòu shí guǒ zhe yán sè xiān yàn de tóu jīn， tā men dài shǒu zhuó、 xiàng liàn hé 'ěr huán。 shǎo shù mín zú de chuān dài gè bù xiāng tóng。 rú yī fù gāo rén nán zǐ wǎng wǎng shàng shēn tǎn lù， xià shēn wéi yī tiáo T xíng huā bù； nǚ zǐ chuānzhuó lèi sì qún zǐ， yán sè xiān yàn。 dīng gāng rén yī fú jí wéi jiǎn dān， nán zǐ pǔ biàn jǐn zài fù bù wéi yī kuài bù， yòu de yě chuān qián jīn fēn kāi de shàng yī； nǚ zǐ chuān duǎn shàng yī， yòng bù chán rào fù bù， ǎi hēi rén de fú zhuāng zuì wéi yuán shǐ， nán nǚ jūn yòng bù huò shù yè wéi yú yāo jiān。 【 yǐn shí】 fěi lǜ bīn rén de zhù shí shì dà mǐ、 yù mǐ。 nóng mín zài zhǔ fàn qián cái chōng mǐ。 mǐ fàn shì fàng zài wǎ gāng huò zhú tǒng lǐ zhǔ， yòng shǒu zhuā fàn jìn shí。 fěi lǜ bīn rén zuì xǐ huān chī de shì yē zǐ zhī zhǔ mù shǔ、 yē zǐ zhī zhǔ fàn， rán hòu yòng xiāng jiāo yè bāo fàn。 yù mǐ zuò wéi shí wù， xiān shì shài gān， mó chéng fěn， rán hòu zuò chéng gè zhǒng shí pǐn。 chéng shì zhōng shàng céng rén shì dà duō chī xī cān。 fěi lǜ bīn mù sī lín rén de zhù shí shì dà mǐ， yòu shí yě chī yù mǐ hé shǔ fěn， zuǒ yǐ shū cài hé shuǐ guǒ děng。 àn zhào yī sī lán jiào jiào guī， tā men bù chī zhū ròu， bù hē liè xìng jiǔ。 tā men hé qí tā mǎ lái rén yī yàng xǐ huān chī yú， bù hē niú nǎi。 pēngtiáo hěn jiǎn dān， xǐ huān shǐ yòng cì jī xìng de tiáowèi pǐn。 jìn shí shí yòng shǒu zhuā。 jǔjué bīn láng de xí guàn zài fěi lǜ bīn mù sī lín rén zhōng fēi cháng liú xíng。 【 hūn yīn】 fěi lǜ bīn gè gè mín zú de chuán tǒng hūn yīn xí sú chā yì hěn dà。 yī bān fěi lǜ bīn rén duō bàn shì zì yóu liàn 'ài jié hūn。 zài guǎng dà nóng cūn zé liú xíng nán qīng nián dàn jí tā yòng gē shēng xiàng tā suǒ qīng xīn de gū niàn qiú 'ài。 zài liàn 'ài zhōng， nán zǐ duō zèng nǚ fāng yǐ huà zhuāng pǐn、 shuǐ guǒ、 huā shù děng， huā de yán sè zé yǐ bái sè hé táo sè wéi jiā， chá sè hé hóng sè nǎi shǔ jìn jì zhī sè。 jié hūn yí shì jūn zài jiào táng zhòngjǔ xíng。 fěi lǜ bīn mù sī lín de hūn yīn yóu fù mǔ jué dìng。 nán fāng xū tōng guò méi rén xiàng nǚ fāng jiā tíng tí chū qiú hūn， bìng jiāo fù pìn jīn。 hūn lǐ yí shì yóu yī sī lán 'ā hōng zhù chí， bìng jǔ xíng shèng dà yàn huì kuǎn dài kè rén。 fěi lǜ bīn shí xíng zǎo hūn zhì， shàonǚ shí 'èr sān suì biàn bèi shì wéi yǐ dá jié hūn nián líng。 tǔ zhù rén de hūn sú duō zhǒng duō yàng。 jū zhù zài běi lǚ sòng gāo shān dì qū de yī gē luó tè rén de hūn yīn zhù yào yòu liǎng zhǒng fāng shì， fù mǔ zhù hūn huò zì yóu shì hūn。 yī bān lái shuō， jiào fù yù de jiā tíng， wèile shǐ zì jǐ jiā tíng de cái chǎn、 dì wèi bù zhì bàng luò， zài 'ér nǚ yòu shí jí yóu shuāng fāng fù mǔ zuò zhù dìng hūn。 dào liǎo shí sì wǔ suì shí， biàn zhèng shì chéng hūn， rú guǒ hūn hòu yī fāng biǎo shì bù mǎn yì， zhǐ yào nǚ fāng shàng wèi shòu yùn， biàn suí shí kě yǐ fēn kāi， nán nǚ lìng zhǎo duì xiàng。 bù néng shēng yù de， yě suí shí kě yǐ fēn kāi。 yóu yú zhè xiē mín zú rèn wéi jié hūn de zuì dà mùdì jiù shì shēng 'ér yù nǚ， yīn cǐ， zài qīng nián nán nǚ zhèng shì jié hūn qián， jiē lián shì hūn hǎo jǐ cì de xiàn xiàng lǚjiànbùxiǎn。 bā jiāo rén yǔn xǔ duō 'ǒu hūn， táng xiōng dì jiě mèi zé jìn zhǐ tōng hūn， rú jù yòu hòu yī zhǒng guān xì de rén yào jié hūn， bì xū zuò yī xiē“ yù fáng” cuò shī hé yí shì， rú jiāng yī xiē guì zhòng wù pǐn diū rù hǎi zhōng děng。 ǎi hēi rén de nán zǐ qiú hūn， bì xū yǐ gōng jiàn shè nǚ zǐ zài yuǎn chù 'ān zhì de zhú tǒng， rú guǒ méi yòu shè zhōng， shuō míng nán zǐ méi yòu néng lì yǎng huó qī zǐ， jiù nán yǐ dá dào qiú hūn de mùdì。 lìng wài zài fěi lǜ bīn de fǎ lǜ guī dìng yī gè nán zǐ zuì duō kě yǐ yōng yòu sì gè qī zǐ。 sān、 zhèng zhì [ biān ji běn duàn ] ā luó yuē zǒng tǒng zhí zhèng yǐ lái， zhì lì yú xiāo chú pín kùn， fā zhǎn jīng jì。 zhèng fǔ chū tái duō xiàng cuò shī， tuī dòng guó nèi hé píng jìn chéng， dǎ jī kǒng bù zhù yì、 zhěng dùn shè huì zhì 'ān， zhǐ zài chóngjiàn shè huì wěn dìng yǔ zhì xù。 2004 nián shì dà xuǎn nián， guó nèi jú shì fù zá yīn sù jiào duō。 1 yuè， " xīn rén mín jūn " duō cì xiàng zhèng fǔ jūn fā dòng wǔ zhuāng xí jī。 jūn fāng xuān bù quán guó jūn duì chǔyú jǐng jiè zhuàng tài。 5 yuè， fěi quán guó dà xuǎn zài zǒng tǐ píng hé yòu xù de qì fēn zhōng jìn xíng。 6 yuè， guó huì liǎng yuàn xuān bù zhí zhèng lián méng hòu xuǎn rén shèng xuǎn。 7 yuè， guó huì xuǎn jǔ。 8 yuè， ā luó yuē zǒng tǒng xuān bù fěi chǔyú " cái zhèng wēi jī "。 11 yuè， ā luó yuē zǒng tǒng fā biǎo shēng míng， fěi yǐ bǎi tuō cái zhèng wēi jī。 ā luó yuē lián rèn hòu， jiāng gōng zuò zhòng diǎn zhuànxiàng gǒng gù zhèng quán、 fā zhǎn jīng jì、 cù jìn mín zú hé jiě děng fāng miàn， jiā qiáng liǎo zhí zhèng dì wèi， shùn lì wán chéng liǎo nèi gé gǎi zǔ。 zài tuī jìn guó nèi hé píng jìn chéng fāng miàn， zhèng fǔ yǔ gè fǎn zhèng fǔ wǔ zhuāng jìn xíng duō lún hé tán， tóng shí jiā dà dǎ jī kǒng bù zhù yì lì dù。 fěi mù sī lín lǐng dǎo rén chóngshēn duì 'ā hūyù guó jiā tuán jié、 mín zú hé jiě de zhī chí。 guó nèi zhèng jú zǒng tǐ jì xù bǎo chí wěn dìng。 【 xiàn fǎ】 dú lì hòu gòng bān bù guò sān bù xiàn fǎ。 xiàn xíng xiàn fǎ yú 1987 nián 2 yuè 2 rì yóu quán mín tóu piào tōng guò， yóu 'ā jī nuò zǒng tǒng yú tóng nián 2 yuè 11 rì xuān bù shēng xiào。 gāi xiàn fǎ guī dìng： shí xíng xíng zhèng、 lì fǎ、 sī fǎ sān quán fēn lì zhèng tǐ； zǒng tǒng yōng yòu xíng zhèng quán， yóu xuǎn mín zhí jiē xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng， rèn qī 6 nián， bù dé lián xuǎn lián rèn； zǒng tǒng wú quán shí shī jiè yán fǎ， wú quán jiě sàn guó huì， bù dé rèn yì jū bǔ fǎn duì pài； jìn zhǐ jūn rén gān yù zhèng zhì； bǎo zhàng rén quán， qǔ dì gè rén dú cái tǒng zhì； jìn xíng tǔ dì gǎi gé。 【 yì huì】 chēng guó huì。 zuì gāo lì fǎ jī gòu， yóu cān、 zhòng liǎng yuàn zǔ chéng。 cān yì yuàn yóu 24 míng yì yuán zǔ chéng， yóu quán guó zhí jiē xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng， rèn qī 6 nián， měi sān nián gǎi xuǎn 1/2， kě lián rèn liǎng jiè。 zhòng yì yuàn yóu 250 míng yì yuán zǔ chéng， qí zhōng 200 míng yóu gè shěng、 shì 'àn rén kǒu bǐ lì fēn pèi， cóng quán guó gè xuǎn qū xuǎn chū； 25 míng yóu cān xuǎn huò shèng zhèng dǎng wěi pài， lìng wài 25 míng yóu zǒng tǒng rèn mìng。 zhòng yì yuán rèn qī 3 nián， kě lián rèn sān jiè。 běn jiè guó huì yú 2004 nián 7 yuè xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng。 dé lǐ lóng（ FranklinM.DRILON） hé dé bèi nèi xī yà（ JosedeVENECIAJr.） jì shàng jiè hòu zài cì dāng xuǎn cān、 zhòng yì cháng。 【 zhèng fǔ】 shí xíng zǒng tǒng zhì。 zǒng tǒng shì guó jiā yuán shǒu、 zhèng fǔ shǒu nǎo jiān wǔ zhuāng bù duì zǒng sī lìng。 běn jiè nèi gé yú 2004 nián 8 yuè zǔ chéng， cǐ hòu lüè yòu tiáozhěng。 mù qián， nèi gé chéng yuán 24 míng： fù zǒng tǒng nuò lì · dé kǎ sī tè luó（ NolideCASTRO）， wén guān cháng 'āi dù 'ā duō · āi mǐ 'ěr tǎ（ EduardoERMITA）， wài jiāo bù cháng 'ā 'ěr wéi tuō · luó mù luò（ AlbertoROMULO）， cái zhèng bù cháng kǎi sǎ · pǔ lǐ sī mǎ（ CesarV.PURISIMA）， sī fǎ bù cháng láo 'ěr · gāng sà léi sī（ RaulGONZALES）， nóng yè bù cháng huáng yán huī（ ArthurC.YAP）， guó fáng bù cháng 'ā wéi lì nuò · kè lǔ cí（ AvelinoCRUZ）， mào yì yǔ gōng yè bù cháng hú 'ān · shèng tuō sī（ JuanV.SANTOS）， gōng gòng gōng chéng yǔ gōng lù bù cháng fú luò lún tè · suǒ lǐ kuí cí（ FloranteSORIQUEZ）， jiào yù wén huà yǔ tǐ yù bù cháng fó luó lún xī 'ào · ā bā dé（ FlorencioABAD）， láo gōng yǔ jiù yè bù cháng pà tè lǐ suō · sāng tuō · tuō mǎ sī（ PatriciaSantoTHOMAS）， shè huì jīng jì jìhuà bù cháng luó mù luò · nài lì（ RomuloNERI）， wèi shēng bù cháng màn nǔ 'āi 'ěr · dài lǐ tè（ ManuelM.DAYRIT）， tǔ dì gǎi gé bù cháng lāi nà · wéi lā（ ReneVILLA）， nèi wù yǔ dì fāng zhèng wù bù cháng 'ān jí luò · léi yé sī（ AngeloREYES）， huán jìng yǔ zì rán zī yuán bù cháng mǐ xiē 'ěr · dí fàn sè（ MichaelDEFENSOR）， jiāo tōng yǔ tōng xùn bù cháng léi 'ēn dé luò · mén duō sà（ LeandroR.MENDOZA）， shè huì fú lì bù cháng kē lā sōng · suǒ lì màn（ CorazonJulianoN.SOLIMAN）， yù suàn yǔ guǎn lǐ bù cháng 'ài mǐ lì yà · běn kē dīng（ EmiliaBONCODIN）， kē jì bù cháng 'āi sī tè lāi lā · ā lā bā sī tè luó（ EstrellaALABASTRO）， lǚ yóu bù cháng yuē sè fū · dù lán nuò（ JosephAceDURANO）， néng yuán bù cháng lā fěi 'ěr · luò tí lā（ RaphaelP.M.LOTILLA）， xīn wén bù cháng yī gé nà xī 'ào · bù niè（ Ignacia"Toting"BUNYE）。 【 xíng zhèng qū huá】 quán guó huàfēn wéi lǚ sòng、 wéi sà yà hé mián lán lǎo sān dà bù fēn。 jié zhǐ 2004 nián dǐ， quán guó shè yòu shǒu dū dì qū、 kē dí lè lā xíng zhèng qū、 mián lán lǎo mù sī lín zì zhì qū děng 17 gè dì qū， xià shè 79 gè shěng hé 117 gè shì。 【 sī fǎ jī gòu】 sī fǎ quán shǔ zuì gāo fǎ yuàn hé gè jí fǎ yuàn。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn yóu １ míng shǒu xí fǎ guān hé 14 míng péi shěn fǎ guān zǔ chéng， jūn yóu zǒng tǒng rèn mìng， yōng yòu zuì gāo sī fǎ quán； xià shè shàng sù fǎ yuàn、 dì fāng fǎ yuàn hé shì zhèn fǎ yuàn。 zuì gāo fǎ yuàn shǒu xí fǎ guān xī lā lǐ 'ào · dài wéi dé（ HilarioG.DAVIDEJr.）。 jiǎn chá gōng zuò yóu sī fǎ bù jiǎn chá cháng bàn gōng shì fù zé， zǒng jiǎn chá cháng lǐ kǎ duō · jiā wéi sī（ RicardoGALVEZ）。 【 zhèng dǎng】 yòu dà xiǎo zhèng dǎng 100 yú gè， dà duō shù wéi dì fāng xìng xiǎo dǎng。 zhù yào zhèng dǎng yòu： （ 1） jī dū jiào mù sī lín mín zhù lì liàng dǎng（ LAKAS-CMD）： zhí zhèng dǎng， yě shì zuì dà zhèng dǎng， xì qián zǒng tǒng lā mò sī yú 1991 nián dǐ chuàng lì， yóu rén mín lì liàng dǎng、 quán guó jī dū jiào mín zhù lián méng、 fěi lǜ bīn mù sī lín mín zhù lián méng、 tuán jié dǎng děng zhěng hé 'ér chéng。 zhù zhāng shí xíng liǎng dǎng zhì， tōng guò xiū xiàn kuò dà dì fāng zhèng fǔ quán lì， gǎi gé xuǎn jǔ zhì dù， jiāng zǒng tǒng rèn qī liù nián yī jiè xiū gǎi wéi sì nián yī jiè， kě lián rèn liǎng jiè； zhù zhāng tōng guò tán pàn shí xiàn mín zú hé jiě， cù jìn shè huì wěn dìng。 jīng jì shàng zhòng shì nóng yè fā zhǎn， zēng jiā jiù yè， fú zhù pín kùn， jiā kuài sī yòu huà jìn chéng； chàng dǎo jīng jì wài jiāo， fèng xíng kāi fàng zhèng cè。 1992 nián gāi dǎng zài dà xuǎn zhōng huò shèng， chéng wéi zhí zhèng dǎng。 1998 nián dà xuǎn zhōng bài yú fěi lǜ bīn mín zhòng fèn dǒu dǎng lián méng。 2001 nián 'ā luó yuē jiù rèn zǒng tǒng hòu， gāi dǎng chéng wéi zhí zhèng lián méng de hé xīn。 2002 nián 10 yuè， gāi dǎng zhēn duì 2004 nián dà xuǎn， duì zhí zhèng lián méng jìn xíng zài cì zhěng hé gǎi zǔ。 gāi dǎng quán guó zhù xí shì 'ā luó yuē zǒng tǒng， zǒng cái shì zhòng yì cháng dé bèi nèi xī yà。 （ 2） mín zú zhù yì rén mín lián méng（ NPC-NationalistPeople'sCoalition）， shì qián zǒng tǒng 'āi sī tè lā dá de zhí zhèng dǎng lián méng - mín zhòng fèn dǒu dǎng（ LAMP） chéng yuán zhī yī。 2000 nián 10 yuè， āi bèi dàn hé hòu， gāi dǎng chéng wéi dú lì dǎng pài。 xiàn wéi zhòng yì yuàn dì 'èr dà dǎng。 gāi dǎng zhī chí xiū gǎi xiàn fǎ。 wéi fáng zhǐ zǒng tǒng quán lì guò dà， zhù zhāng shí xíng yì huì zhì zhèng tǐ jí shí xíng liǎng dǎng zhì， zhī chí jiā kuài guó yòu qǐ yè sī yòu huà。 gāi dǎng zǒng cái shì qián zhòng yì yuán shèng hú 'ān（ FriscoF.SANJUAN）。 （ 3） mó luò mín zú jiě fàng zhèn xiàn（ MoroNationalLiberationFront， jiǎn chēng mó jiě）： nán bù mù sī lín wǔ zhuāng zǔ zhì。 1968 nián chuàng lì， zhǐ zài mián lán lǎo dì qū jiàn lì dú lì de yī sī lán guó jiā。 1987 nián nán bù gè shěng jǔ xíng gōng tóu， jiàn lì yóu mián lán lǎo dǎo sì shěng zǔ chéng de " mián lán lǎo mù sī lín zì zhì qū "（ ARMM）， mì sū 'ā lǐ rèn zhù xí。 1996 nián， zhèng fǔ yǔ mó jiě dá chéng hé píng xié yì。 2001 nián， mì sū 'ā lǐ yǔ 'ā luó yuē zhèng fǔ fā shēng lì yì chōng tū， qí zhī chí zhě yú 11 yuè zài huò luò dǎo fā dòng wǔ zhuāng pàn luàn。 zhèng fǔ xùn sù píng pàn， xuān bù mì fàn yòu pàn luàn zuì。 mó jiě lìng yī pài xì de lǐng dǎo rén hú 'ān rèn gāi dǎng zhù xí。 mì qián táo zhì mǎ lái xī yà shā bā， bèi mǎ zhèng fǔ dài bǔ bìng yú 2002 nián 1 yuè yǐn dù huí fěi。 （ 4） mó luò yī sī lán jiě fàng zhèn xiàn（ MoroIslamicLiberationFront， jiǎn chēng mó yī jiě）： fěi zuì dà de mù sī lín fǎn zhèng fǔ zǔ zhì。 xiàn yòu wǔ zhuāng lì liàng 12500 rén， zhù yào huó yuè zài mián lán lǎo dǎo。 1978 nián， yǐ hā xī mǔ · sà lā mǎ（ HashimSALAMAT） wéi shǒu de qiáng yìng pài cóng mó jiě tuō lí hòu jiàn lì。 2003 nián sà mǎ lā tè qù shì hòu， mù lā tè（ AlHajEbrahimMURAD） rèn zhù xí。 zhù zhāng jiàn lì dú lì de yī sī lán guó jiā， jiān chí wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng。 mó yī jiě yǔ zhèng fǔ suī duō cì qiān shǔ tíng huǒ xié yì， dàn jūn wèi néng dé dào yòu xiào zhí xíng。 2000 nián 4 yuè mó yī jiě yǔ zhèng fǔ chōng tū shēng jí wéi " quán miàn zhàn zhēng "， mó yī jiě de yíng dì bèi zhèng fǔ jūn quán bù gōng zhàn， qí wǔ zhuāng lì liàng kuì sàn hòu， jì xù yǐ xiǎo gǔ wǔ zhuāng xí jī zhèng fǔ jūn hé mín yòng shè shī。 zì 2001 nián kāi shǐ， ā luó yuē zhèng fǔ yǔ mó yī jiě zhòng kāi hé tán， bìng céng qiān shǔ tíng huǒ xié yì yǔ hé píng xié yì， dàn shuāng fāng wǔ zhuāng chōng tū réng shí yòu fā shēng。 2003 nián， nán bù dì qū fā shēng duō qǐ kǒng bù bào zhà 'àn jiàn， zhèng fǔ rèn wéi shì mó yī jiě suǒ wéi， xuān bù tōng jī qí zhù yào lǐng dǎo rén， wēi xié yào jiāng mó yī jiě liè wéi kǒng bù zǔ zhì。 cǐ hòu， zài mǎ lái xī yà xié diào xià， shuāng fāng jìn xíng duō cì fēi zhèng shì huì tán， qì wú míng xiǎn jìn zhǎn。 （ 5） fěi lǜ bīn gòng chǎn dǎng（ CommunistPartyofthePhilippines）： chéng lì yú 1930 nián， 1967 nián fā shēng fēn liè。 1968 nián， zài hé sài · xī xùn（ JoseSISON） zhù chí xià jìn xíng gǎi zǔ chóngjiàn， cǐ hòu fā zhǎn xùn sù， 20 shì jì 80 nián dài zhōng qī dǎng yuán dá dào 3 wàn duō rén。 zhù zhāng tōng guò wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng hé jiàn lì tǒng yī zhàn xiàn， duó qǔ guó jiā zhèng quán。 1969 nián， fěi gòng zài zhōng lǚ sòng jiàn lì xīn rén mín jūn， kāi zhǎn wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng。 xīn rén mín jūn xiàn yòu 1.1 wàn rén。 fěi zhèng fǔ zì 1993 nián qǐ yǔ fěi gòng jǔ xíng hé tán， shǐ fěi gòng chéng wéi hé fǎ zhèng dǎng。 shuāng fāng shí tán shí zhàn， qì wèi dá chéng shí zhì xìng hé píng xié yì。 "9·11 shì jiàn " hòu， fěi zhèng fǔ duì xīn rén mín jūn cǎi qǔ liǎo qiáng yìng cuò shī， bāo kuò jūn shì dǎ jī。 2002 nián， fěi zhèng fǔ jiāng xīn rén mín jūn xuān bù wéi kǒng bù zǔ zhì， bìng cù shǐ měi guó hé 'ōu méng yě jiāng xīn rén mín jūn liè wèiguó jì kǒng bù zǔ zhì， dòng jié qí hǎi wài zī chǎn。 fěi gòng yǔ zhèng fǔ guān xì pò liè， shuāng fāng hé tán tíng dùn。 2003 nián dǐ， fěi zhèng fǔ yǔ fěi gòng lǐng dǎo de quán guó mín zhù zhèn xiàn zài nuó wēi 'ào sī lù jìn xíng liǎng cì fēi zhèng shì jiē chù， bìng yú 2004 nián 2 yuè zhòng qǐ hé tán。 fěi gòng tí chū xī wàng fěi zhèng fǔ dūn cù měi zhèng fǔ jiāng qí cóng kǒng bù zǔ zhì zhōng chú míng。 měi fāng míng què jù jué， bìng yào qiú fěi gòng xiān chéng nuò tíng zhǐ yī qiē kǒng bù huó dòng。 qí tā zhèng dǎng yòu zì yóu dǎng（ LiberalParty）、 mín zhù xíng dòng dǎng（ AksyonDemokratiko）、 dì fāng fā zhǎn yōu xiān dǎng（ Promdi-ProbinsiyaMunaDevelopmentlnitiative）、 gǎi gé dǎng（ Reporma）、 mín zhù zhàn dǒu dǎng（ LDP-LanbanngDemokratikongPilipino）、 mín zú dǎng（ NationalistaParty） děng。 sì、 zhòng yào rén wù [ biān ji běn duàn ] gé luó lì yà · mǎ kǎ pà jiā 'ěr · ā luó yuē： zǒng tǒng。 1947 nián 4 yuè 5 rì shēng yú bāng jiā xī nán shěng， xì yǐ gù zǒng tǒng mǎ kǎ pà jiā 'ěr zhī nǚ。 xiān hòu jiù dú yú měi guó huá shèng dùn qiáo zhì chéng dà xué、 fěi lǜ bīn shèng mǔ shén xué yuàn、 mǎ ní lā 'ā tè ní 'ào dà xué hé fěi lǜ bīn dà xué， huò jīn róng xué xué shì、 jīng jì xué shuò shì hé bó shì xué wèi。 bì yè hòu zài dà xué rèn jiào， xiān hòu rèn zhù lǐ jiào shòu、 gāo jí jiǎng shī。 1986 nián cóng zhèng， zài 'ā jī nuò zhèng fǔ rèn mào gōng bù bù cháng zhù lǐ、 fú zhuāng yǔ fǎng zhì pǐn chū kǒu jú zhí xíng dǒng shì hé mào gōng bù fù bù cháng。 1992 nián dāng xuǎn cān yì yuán， 1995 nián lián rèn。 duō cì bèi píng wéi " jié chū cān yì yuán "， céng bèi《 yà zhōu zhōu kān》 píng wéi yà zhōu zuì yòu yǐng xiǎng lì de nǚ xìng zhī yī。 1998 nián 5 yuè， yǐ jué duì yōu shì dāng xuǎn fù zǒng tǒng， jiān rèn shè huì fú lì yǔ fā zhǎn bù cháng。 2001 nián 1 yuè， āi sī tè lā dá zǒng tǒng yīn shòu huì chǒu wén xià tái， ā luó yuē jiù rèn fěi lǜ bīn dì 14 rèn zǒng tǒng， bìng yú 2004 nián 6 yuè jìng xuǎn chéng gōng， zài cì jiù rèn fěi zǒng tǒng。 céng yú 1972 nián、 1975 nián、 1992 nián hé 2000 nián fǎng huá， 2001 nián 10 yuè 29 zhì 31 rì hé 2004 nián 9 yuè 1 zhì 3 rì fēn bié duì huá jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn。 zhàng fū hé sài · mǐ gé 'ěr · ā luó yuē， shì lǜ shī jiān shāng rén。 yòu 3 gè zǐ nǚ。 nuò lì · dé kǎ sī tè luó： fù zǒng tǒng。 1949 nián 7 yuè 6 rì chū shēng yú dōng mín dū luò shěng。 jiù dú yú fěi lǜ bīn dōng fāng dà xué， huò yín xíng yǔ jīn róng zhuān yè xué shì xué wèi。 céng rèn fěi lǜ bīn ABS-CBN guǎng bō gōng sī DZMM diàn tái de fù zǒng cái， yòu 27 nián méi tǐ yè jīng yàn， céng shì zhù míng de guǎng bō píng lùn yuán、 diàn shì xīn wén guǎng bō yuán hé gōng gòng shì wù jié mù zhù chí rén， duō cì huò jiǎng。 2001 nián 5 yuè gāo piào dāng xuǎn cān yì yuán。 céng rèn cān yì yuàn shè huì gōng zhèng、 fú lì hé nóng cūn fā zhǎn wěi yuán huì、 lǚ yóu wěi yuán huì hé wén huà tuán tǐ wěi yuán huì zhù xí。 2004 nián 6 yuè dāng xuǎn fù zǒng tǒng。 fū rén 'ā lín nà · dé kǎ sī tè luó。 yòu 3 gè zǐ nǚ。 wǔ、 jīng jì [ biān ji běn duàn ] chū kǒu dǎo xiàng xíng jīng jì。 dì sān chǎn yè zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng dì wèi tū chū， tóng shí nóng yè hé zhì zào yè yě zhàn xiāng dāng bǐ zhòng。 20 shì jì 60 nián dài hòu qī cǎi qǔ kāi fàng zhèng cè， jī jí xī yǐn wài zī， jīng jì fā zhǎn qǔ dé xiǎn zhù chéng xiào。 1982 nián bèi shì jiè yínháng liè wéi " zhōng děng shōu rù guó jiā "。 cǐ hòu shòu xī fāng jīng jì shuāi tuì hé zì shēn zhèng jú dòng dàng yǐng xiǎng， jīng jì fā zhǎn míng xiǎn fàng huǎn。 90 nián dài chū， lā mò sī zhèng fǔ cǎi qǔ yī xì liè zhèn xīng jīng jì cuò shī， jīng jì kāi shǐ quán miàn fù sū， bìng bǎo chí jiào gāo zēngzhǎng sù dù。 1997 nián bào fā de yà zhōu jīn róng wēi jī duì fěi chōng jī bù dà， dàn qí jīng jì zēng sù míng xiǎn fàng huǎn。 ā luó yuē zǒng tǒng zhí zhèng hòu， jiāng fā zhǎn jīng jì、 xiāo chú pín kùn zuò wéi shī zhèng hé xīn， jiā dà duì nóng yè hé jī chǔ shè shī jiàn shè de tóu rù， kuò dà nèi xū hé chū kǒu， guó jì shōu zhī dé dào gǎi shàn， jīng jì bǎo chí píng wěn zēngzhǎng。 dàn yóu yú fěi cái zhèng chì zì pān shēng， zhài wù fù dān chén zhòng， shī yè hé pín kùn wèn tí yán zhòng， shì chǎng duì fěi jīng jì qián jǐng yǐ rán xìn xīn bù zú。 2004 nián， zhèng fǔ cǎi qǔ yī xì liè cù jìn jīng jì fā zhǎn de cuò shī， jiā zhī shì jiè jīng jì fù sū bù fá jiā kuài， jīng jì qǔ dé 6.1% de zēngzhǎng， dàn cái zhèng zhuàng kuàng wèi néng gǎi shàn。 8 yuè， ā luó yuē xuān bù zhèng fǔ chǔyú " cái zhèng wēi jī "， jiā qiáng zēng shōu jié zhī hé gǎi gé lì dù。 zhù yào jīng jì shù jù rú xià： guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí（ 2004 nián）： 864.1 yì měi yuán rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí（ 2004 nián）： 1101 měi yuán guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ（ 2004）： 6.1% huò bì míng chēng： bǐ suǒ（ Peso） huì shuài（ 2004 nián）： 1 měi yuán ＝ 56.05 bǐ suǒ tōng huò péng zhàng shuài (2004 nián )： 5.5% shī yè shuài（ 2004 nián 12 yuè）： 11.8% 【 zī yuán】 kuàng cáng zhù yào yòu tóng、 jīn、 yín、 tiě、 gè、 niè děng 20 yú zhǒng。 tóng yùn cáng liàng yuē 37.16 yì dūn、 jīn 1.36 yì dūn， niè 1.27 yì dūn。 dì rè zī yuán fēng fù， yù jì yòu 20.9 yì tǒng yuán yóu biāo zhǔn néng yuán。 bā lā wàng dǎo xī běi bù hǎi yù yòu shí yóu chǔ liàng yuē 3.5 yì tǒng。 【 gōng yè】 gōng yè chǎn zhí zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí 33%。 cóng yè rén kǒu zhàn zǒng cóng yè rén kǒu 15.7%。 zhì zào yè yuē zhàn gōng yè zǒng chǎn zhí 71%， jiàn zhù yè yuē zhàn 16%， kuàng chǎn yè yuē zhàn 3％。 2004 nián gōng yè chǎn zhí yuē wéi 285 yì měi yuán， bǐ shàng nián zēngzhǎng 5.3%。 zhù yào kuàng chǎn pǐn chǎn liàng rú xià： 199819992000 tóng（ wàn dūn） 177.9151.2129.8 huáng jīn（ qiān gōng jīn） 34.031.136.5 yín（ qiān gōng jīn） 18.218.223.6 niè（ wàn dūn） 814.3959.91023.4 （ zī liào lái yuán： fěi lǜ bīn guó jiā tǒng jì bàn gōng shì） 【 nóng lín yú yè】 nóng lín yú yè chǎn zhí yuē zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 20%， cóng yè rén kǒu zhàn zǒng láo lì de 37%。 2004 nián nóng lín yú yè chǎn zhí yuē wéi 172 yì měi yuán， bǐ shàng nián zēngzhǎng 4.9%。 zhù yào nóng zuò wù chǎn liàng rú xià（ dān wèi： wàn dūn）： 2000200120022003 dào gǔ 1238.91295.41327.11350.0 yù mǐ 451.1452.5431.9461.6 gān zhè 2351.92854.12720.32938.1 yē zǐ 1249.91320.81368.31412.2 xiāng jiāo 493.0506.0526.5536.9 mù shǔ 176.6165.2162.6162.2 （ zī liào lái yuán： fěi lǜ bīn guó jiā tǒng jì bàn gōng shì） sēn lín miàn jī 1585 wàn gōng qǐng， fù gài shuài dá 53%。 yòu wū mù、 tán mù děng míng guì mù cái。 shuǐ chǎn zī yuán fēng fù， yú lèi pǐn zhǒng dá 2400 duō zhǒng， jīn qiāng yú zī yuán jū shì jiè qián liè。 yǐ kāi fā de hǎi shuǐ、 dàn shuǐ yú chǎng miàn jī 2080 píng fāng gōng lǐ。 【 fú wù yè】 fú wù yè chǎn zhí zhàn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí de 47%， cóng yè rén kǒu zhàn zǒng láo lì de 47.5%。 2004 nián yuē wéi 406 yì měi yuán， bǐ shàng nián zēngzhǎng 7.3%。 【 lǚ yóu yè】 fěi wài huì shōu rù zhòng yào lái yuán zhī yī。 2003 nián jiē dài yóu kè 220 wàn rén cì， bǐ shàng nián zēngzhǎng 14%， lǚ yóu yè shōu rù 16.4 yì měi yuán， bìng chuàng zào 380 wàn gè jiù yè jī huì。 zhù yào lǚ yóu diǎn yòu： bǎi shèng tān、 lán sè gǎng wān、 bì yáo shì、 mǎ róng huǒ shān、 yī fù gāo shěng yuán shǐ tī tián děng。 【 jiāo tōng yùn shū】 yǐ gōng lù hé hǎi yùn wéi zhù。 tiě lù bù fā dá， jí zhōng zài lǚ sòng dǎo。 háng kōng yùn shū zhù yào yóu guó jiā háng kōng gōng sī jīng yíng， quán guó gè zhù yào dǎo yǔ jiān dōuyòu háng bān。 tiě lù： zǒng cháng 1200 gōng lǐ。 gōng lù： zǒng cháng yuē 20 wàn gōng lǐ。 kè yùn liàng zhàn quán guó yùn shū zǒng liàng de 90%， huò yùn liàng zhàn quán guó yùn shū huò yùn liàng de 65%。 shuǐ yùn： zǒng cháng 3219 gōng lǐ。 quán guó gòng yòu dà xiǎo gǎng kǒu shù bǎi gè， shāng chuán qiān yú sōu。 zhù yào gǎng kǒu wéi mǎ ní lā、 sù wù、 yí lǎng、 sān bǎo yán děng。 kōng yùn： jī chǎng 288 gè。 guó nèi háng xiàn biàn jí 40 duō gè chéng shì， yǔ 30 duō gè guó jiā qiān dìng liǎo guó jì háng yùn xié dìng。 zhù yào jī chǎng yòu shǒu dū mǎ ní lā de ní nuò · ā jī nuò guó jì jī chǎng、 sù wù shì de mǎ kè dān guó jì jī chǎng hé dá wò jī chǎng děng。 （ zī liào lái yuán： fěi guó jiā tiě lù、 lù dì yùn shū bàn gōng shì、 hǎi yáng gōng yè jú、 fěi lǜ bīn háng kōng gōng sī） 【 cái zhèng jīn róng】 cái zhèng shōu zhī 2004 nián jì xù chū xiàn chì zì。 jìn jǐ nián cái zhèng shōu zhī qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì bǐ suǒ）： 20002001200220032004 shōu rù 50575637566062666983 zhī chū 64187107778782658844 chā 'é -1361-1470-2127-1999-1861 jié zhì 2004 nián dǐ， zhèng fǔ zhài wù 678 yì měi yuán， wài zhài zǒng 'é 556 yì měi yuán， qí zhōng duǎn qī zhài wù zhàn 11.8%。 jié zhì 2004 nián 12 yuè， wài huì chǔ bèi 160.52 yì měi yuán。 （ zī liào lái yuán： cái zhèng bù、 fěi lǜ bīn zhōng yāng yínháng） zhù yào yínháng yòu： shǒu dū yínháng， zī chǎn 'é 100 yì měi yuán； shāng yè yínháng， zī chǎn 'é 80 yì měi yuán。 【 duì wài mào yì】 yǔ 150 gè guó jiā yòu mào yì guān xì。 jìn nián lái， fěi zhèng fǔ jī jí fā zhǎn duì wài mào yì， cù jìn chū kǒu shāng pǐn duō yàng huà hé wài mào shì chǎng duō yuán huà， jìn chū kǒu shāng pǐn jié gòu fā shēng xiǎn zhù biàn huà。 fēi chuán tǒng chū kǒu shāng pǐn rú chéng yī、 diàn zǐ chǎn pǐn、 gōng yì pǐn、 jiā jù、 huà féi děng de chū kǒu 'é， yǐ gǎn chāo kuàng chǎn、 yuán cái liào děng chuán tǒng shāng pǐn chū kǒu 'é。 jìn jǐ nián mào yì 'é rú xià（ dān wèi： yì měi yuán）： 20002001200220032004 zǒng 'é 688.19617.00685.37731.98838 chū kǒu 'é 380.77321.50350.66357.50387 jìn kǒu 'é 307.42295.50334.71374.48451 chā 'é +73.35+26.00+15.95-16.97-64 （ zī liào lái yuán： fěi guó jiā tǒng jì bàn gōng shì、 zhōng yāng yínháng、 yà zhōu kāi fā yínháng） 2004 nián zhù yào chū kǒu chǎn pǐn wéi bàn dǎo tǐ、 diàn dòng jī xiè、 tóng bàng（ tiáo）、 jīng zhì táng、 chuán sòng shè bèi děng； zhù yào jìn kǒu chǎn pǐn wéi diàn dòng jī xiè、 sì liào、 fǎng zhì pǐn děng。 qí zhōng， diàn zǐ chǎn pǐn chū kǒu yǐ rán qiángjìng， zhàn chū kǒu shāng pǐn de 50% yǐ shàng。 zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn shì měi、 rì、 xīn jiā pō、 zhōng guó jí zhōng guó tái wān、 xiāng gǎng děng。 【 wài guó zī běn】 jù fěi tóu zī shǔ tǒng jì， 2004 nián fěi xī yǐn de wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī wéi 367.2 yì bǐ suǒ， yuē hé 6.8 yì měi yuán。 rì běn、 zhōng guó tái wān、 měi guó、 dé guó wèi jū qián sì wèi。 zhù yào tóu zī lǐng yù wéi zhì zào yè hé kuàng yè。 【 wài guó yuán zhù】 wài yuán zhù yào lái zì rì、 měi、 xī 'ōu guó jiā hé guó jì jīn róng zǔ zhì。 měi nián wài guó chéng nuò jǐyǔ fěi gè xiàng yuán zhù yuē 20 yì měi yuán。 【 rén mín shēng huó】 2003 nián， jiā tíng píng jūn shōu rù 14.9 wàn bǐ suǒ（ yuē 2750 měi yuán）。 2004 nián shī yè shuài wéi 11.8%。 jìn jǐ nián lái， rén mín shēng huó shuǐ píng tí gāo jiào màn， pín fù bù jūn xiàn xiàng yán zhòng， pín kùn jiā tíng bǐlǜ wéi 25％。 yǐ 2000 nián wéi jī zhǔn， 2003 nián xiāo fèi pǐn jià gé zhǐ shù wéi 113.8， 2004 nián wéi 120.6。 jù 2003 nián tǒng jì， rén jūn shòu mìng 70 suì， rén kǒu chū shēng shuài 2.57%， sǐ wáng shuài 0.58%。 ( zī liào lái yuán： guó jiā tǒng jì bàn gōng shì、 wèi shēng bù、 láo gōng bù ) jūn shì 1901 nián jiàn lì bǎo 'ān duì。 1936 nián yǐ bǎo 'ān duì wéi jī chǔ jiàn lì lù jūn。 1946 nián yǐ lù jūn wéi jī chǔ jiàn lì guó fáng jūn， fēn hǎi、 lù、 kōng hé bǎo 'ān jūn sì gè jūn zhǒng。 1950 nián 4 yuè 19 rì zhèng shì gǎi chēng fěi lǜ bīn wǔ zhuāng bù duì， bìng jiāng 3 yuè 22 rì（ 1897 nián fěi fǎn kàng xī bān yá zhí mín tǒng zhì chéng lì gé mìng zhèng fǔ de rì qī） dìng wéi jiàn jūn jié。 zǒng tǒng shì zuì gāo tǒng shuài。 wǔ zhuāng bù duì sī lìng bù wéi sān jūn zuì gāo zhǐ huī jī gòu， zǒng cān móu cháng shì zuì gāo jūn shì zhǐ huī guān。 guó fáng bù shì sān jūn xíng zhèng guǎn lǐ jī gòu。 guó fáng bù cháng 'ā wéi lì nuò · kè lǔ cí（ AvelinoCRUZ）， wǔ zhuāng bù duì zǒng cān móu cháng 'āi fú lún · ā bù（ EfrenABU）。 shí xíng zhì yuàn bīng yì zhì， fú yì qī sān nián yǐ shàng。 fěi wǔ zhuāng lì liàng yóu zhèng guī jūn、 yù bèi yì hé zhǔn jūn shì bù duì zǔ chéng， qí zhōng zhèng guī jūn zǒng bīng lì 10.9 wàn rén。 xiàn yì lù jūn 6.6 wàn rén， biān chéng 8 gè bù bīng shī、 23 gè bù bīng lǚ、 8 gè pào bīng yíng、 1 gè zhuāng jiá lǚ、 5 gè tè zhǒng zuò zhàn lǚ、 1 gè zǒng tǒng wèi duì。 hǎi jūn 2.6 wàn rén， biān chéng 1 gè zuò zhàn jiàn duì sī lìng bù、 6 gè hǎi qū sī lìng bù hé 4 gè hǎi jūn lù zhàn lǚ。 kōng jūn 1.7 wàn rén， biān chéng 3 gè kōng jūn shī、 9 gè fēi xíng lián duì、 7 gè qín wù bǎo zhàng lián duì。 guó jiā jǐng chá bù duì yú 1991 nián 1 yuè zhèng shì zǔ jiàn， lì shǔ yú nèi wù yǔ dì fāng zhèng fǔ bù。 zǒng bīng lì 9.55 wàn rén， shì jǐn cì yú fěi wǔ zhuāng bù duì de zhǔn jūn shì lì liàng， zài gè dì qū、 shěng、 xiàn、 shì、 zhèn jūn shè yòu guó jǐng zhǐ huī bù hé jǐng chá jú。 2004 nián jūn fèi yù suàn 425 yì bǐ suǒ。 1995 nián 2 yuè 16 rì， cān yì yuàn tōng guò yī xiàng tuī dòng wǔ zhuāng bù duì xiàn dài huà de fǎ 'àn。 gāi fǎ 'àn jué dìng zài jīn hòu 10 nián lǐ zēng bō 500 yì bǐ suǒ， yòng yú jūn duì de xiàn dài huà jiàn shè。 liù、 wén huà jiào yù [ biān ji běn duàn ] 【 jiào yù】 xiàn fǎ guī dìng， zhōng xiǎo xué shí xíng yì wù jiào yù。 zhèng fǔ zhòng shì jiào yù， gǔ lì sī rén bàn xué， wéi sī lì xué xiào tí gōng cháng qī dī xī dài kuǎn， bìng miǎn zhēng cái chǎn shuì。 2004 nián jiào yù yù suàn wéi 1109 yì bǐ suǒ。 zhèng fǔ zhòng shì jiào yù， tóng shí gǔ lì sī rén bàn xué， wéi sī lì xué xiào tí gōng cháng qī dī xī dài kuǎn， bìng miǎn zhēng cái chǎn shuì。 chū、 zhōng děng jiào yù yǐ zhèng fǔ bàn xué wéi zhù。 quán guó gòng yòu xiǎo xué 39312 suǒ， xiǎo xué shēng rù xué shuài dá 97%。 gòng yòu zhōng xué 7128 suǒ， zhōng xué rù xué shuài 65%。 gāo děng jiào yù zhù yào yóu sī rén kòng zhì。 quán guó gòng yòu gāo děng jiào yù jī gòu 1403 suǒ， zài xiào shēng gòng 200 duō wàn rén， nián bì yè shēng yuē 50 wàn rén。 zhù míng gāo děng yuàn xiào yòu fěi lǜ bīn dà xué、 ā tè ní 'ào dà xué、 dōng fāng dà xué、 yuǎn dōng dà xué、 shèng tuō mǎ sī dà xué děng。 【 xīn wén chū bǎn】 zhù yào yīng wén rì bào：《 mǎ ní lā gōng bào》、《 fěi lǜ bīn xīng bào》、《 fěi lǜ bīn xún wèn rì bào》、《 zì yóu bào》、《 mǎ ní lā shí bào》、《 mǎ ní lā jì shì bào》。 fěi wén rì bào：《 xiāo xī bào》、《 fěi lǜ bīn kuài bào》。 huá wén rì bào：《 shì jiè rì bào》、《 shāng bào》、《 fěi huá shí bào》、《 lián hé rì bào》 hé《 huán qiú rì bào》。 fěi lǜ bīn tōng xùn shè： guān fāng tōng xùn shè， chéng lì yú 1973 nián 3 yuè 1 rì。 yǔ zhōng guó、 mǎ lái xī yà、 yìn ní、 tài guó、 bā jī sī tǎn、 rì běn děng 15 gè guó jiā hé dì qū de tōng xùn shè jiàn yòu xīn wén jiāo huàn guān xì， yǔ měi lián shè、 lù tòu shè jūn yòu gōng zuò lián xì。 xīn wén zǔ zhì yòu quán guó xīn wén jì zhě jù lè bù、 xīn wén shè yǐng jiā xié huì、 chū bǎn zhě xié huì děng。 quán guó yòu 257 jiā chū bǎn jī gòu。 quán guó yòu 629 jiā guǎng bō diàn tái， 137 jiā diàn shì tái， qí zhōng guǎng bō jú hé rén mín diàn shì tái shǔ guān fāng xìng zhì， qí yú jūn wéi sī rén suǒ yòu。 fěi guǎng bō diàn tái、 diàn shì tái shǐ yòng de yǔ yán zhù yào shì yīng yǔ、 tā jiā lù yǔ hé huá yǔ。 qī、 duì wài guān xì [ biān ji běn duàn ] xuān chēng fèng xíng dú lì de wài jiāo zhèng cè， zài píng héng、 píng děng、 hù lì、 hù jìng de jī chǔ shàng fā zhǎn tóng suǒ yòu guó jiā de zhèng zhì jīng jì guān xì。 duì wài zhèng cè de sān dà mù biāo shì： què bǎo guó jiā 'ān quán、 zhù quán hé lǐng tǔ wán zhěng； tuī dòng jīng jì hé shè huì fā zhǎn； bǎo zhàng fěi hǎi wài gōng mín quán yì。 xì měi guó zài dōng nán yà de méng guó， zhòng shì fā zhǎn tóng zhōng guó hé rì běn de guān xì， jī jí tuī dòng dōng méng nèi bù hé zuò， fā zhǎn tóng yī sī lán guó jiā de yǒu hǎo guān xì。 dà lì tuī xíng jīng jì wài jiāo， jī jí cānyù guó jì hé dì qū shì wù。 jié zhì 2004 nián dǐ， yǐ tóng 126 gè guó jiā jiàn jiāo。 【 tóng zhōng guó de shuāng biān guān xì】 yī、 shuāng biān zhèng zhì guān xì huí gù zhōng guó tóng fěi lǜ bīn yú 1975 nián 6 yuè 9 rì jiàn jiāo。 jiàn jiāo 32 nián lái， zhōng fěi guān xì zǒng tǐ fā zhǎn shùn lì， shuāng fāng zhèng zhì hù xìn bù duàn zēng qiáng， gè lǐng yù hé zuò chéng xiào xiǎn zhù。 jiàn jiāo yǐ lái， zhōng fěi gāo céng hù fǎng bù duàn。 mǎ kē sī zǒng tǒng（ 1975 nián 6 yuè）、 ā jī nuò zǒng tǒng（ 1988 nián 4 yuè）、 lā mò sī zǒng tǒng（ 1993 nián 4 yuè）、 ā luó yuē fù zǒng tǒng（ 2000 nián 3 yuè）、 āi sī tè lā dá zǒng tǒng（ 2000 nián 5 yuè）、 ā luó yuē zǒng tǒng（ 2001 nián 11 yuè、 2004 nián 9 yuè） děng xiān hòu fǎng huá。 lǐ péng zǒng lǐ（ 1990 nián 12 yuè）、 qiáo shí wěi yuán cháng（ 1993 nián 8 yuè）、 jiāng zé mín zhù xí（ 1996 nián 11 yuè）、 zhū róng jī zǒng lǐ（ 1999 nián 11 yuè）、 lǐ péng wěi yuán cháng（ 2002 nián 9 yuè）、 wú bāng guó wěi yuán cháng（ 2003 nián 8 yuè）、 hú jǐn tāo zhù xí（ 2005 nián 4 yuè） děng xiān hòu fǎng fěi。 jiāng zé mín zhù xí 1996 nián duì fěi jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn qī jiān， liǎng guó lǐng dǎo rén tóng yì jiàn lì zhōng fěi miàn xiàng 21 shì jì de mù lín hù xìn hé zuò guān xì， bìng jiù zài nán hǎi wèn tí shàng“ gē zhì zhēng yì， gòng tóng kāi fā” dá chéng zhòng yào gòng shí hé liàng jiě。 2000 nián， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ liǎo《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ hé fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ guān yú 'èr shí yī shì jì shuāng biān hé zuò kuàng jià de lián hé shēng míng》， què dìng zài mù lín hé zuò、 hù xìn hù lì de jī chǔ shàng jiàn lì cháng qī wěn dìng de guān xì。 hú jǐn tāo zhù xí 2005 nián duì fěi jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn qī jiān， liǎng guó lǐng dǎo rén què rèn jiàn lì zhì lì yú hé píng yǔ fā zhǎn de zhàn lüè xìng hé zuò guān xì。 2006 nián， fěi cān yì cháng dé lǐ lóng（ 4 yuè）、 fù zǒng tǒng dé kǎ sī tè luó（ 6 yuè） hé zhòng yì cháng dé bèi nèi xī yà（ 6 yuè） xiān hòu fǎng huá。 2007 nián 1 yuè， wēn jiā bǎo zǒng lǐ chū xí zài fěi lǜ bīn sù wù jǔ xíng de dōng yà lǐng dǎo rén xì liè huì yì， bìng yìng fěi lǜ bīn zǒng tǒng 'ā luó yuē yāo qǐng， duì fěi jìn xíng zhèng shì fǎng wèn。 fǎng wèn qī jiān， shuāng fāng fā biǎo liǎo lián hé shēng míng， yuàn gòng tóng quán miàn shēn huà zhōng fěi zhì lì yú hé píng yǔ fā zhǎn de zhàn lüè xìng hé zuò guān xì。 liǎng guó zhèng fǔ hé qǐ yè hái qiān shǔ liǎo jīng mào、 jī chǔ shè shī jiàn shè、 wén wù bǎo hù děng lǐng yù de yī xì liè hé zuò wén jiàn。 liǎng guó wài jiāo bù zì 1991 nián qǐ jiàn lì cuō shāng jī zhì， qì jīn yǐ jǔ xíng 14 cì wài jiāo cuō shāng。 zhōng fěi chú hù shè dà shǐ guǎn wài， zhōng guó zài sù wù shè yòu zǒng lǐng guǎn， 2007 nián 3 yuè zài lā wǎ gé kāi shè lǐng shì guǎn。 fěi zài xiàmén、 guǎng zhōu、 shàng hǎi hé xiāng gǎng fēn bié shè yòu zǒng lǐng guǎn。 èr、 shuāng biān jīng mào guān xì hé jīng jì jì shù hé zuò 2006 nián shuāng biān mào yì 'é 234.1 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 33.4%。 jié zhì 2006 nián dǐ， fěi lěi jì zài huá tóu zī shí jì shǐ yòng jīn 'é 22 yì měi yuán。 2006 nián 6 yuè， shǒu jiè zhōng fěi jīng mào hé zuò lùn tán zài mǎ ní lā jǔ xíng， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ jiàn lì jīng jì hé zuò huǒ bàn guān xì de liàng jiě bèi wàng lù。 2007 nián 1 yuè， liǎng guó zhèng fǔ qiān shǔ guān yú kuò dà hé shēn huà shuāng biān jīng jì mào yì hé zuò de kuàng jià xié dìng。 liǎng guó nóng yè hé zuò fā zhǎn xùn sù。 1999 nián liǎng guó nóng yè bù qiān shǔ《 guān yú jiā qiáng nóng yè jí yòu guān lǐng yù hé zuò xié dìng》。 2000 nián shuāng fāng yòu guān bù mén qiān shǔ zhōng fāng xiàng fěi fāng tí gōng 1 yì měi yuán xìn dài xié yì shū。 yóu zhōng fāng yuán jiàn de“ zhōng fěi nóng yè jì shù zhōng xīn” yú 2003 nián 3 yuè zài fěi jùn gōng。 zhōng guó yōu liáng zá jiāo dào zhǒng hé yù mǐ zài fěi shì zhǒng chéng gōng， xiàn zhèng zhú bù tuī guǎng。 2004 nián liǎng guó qiān shǔ《 yú yè hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》。 2007 nián 1 yuè， liǎng guó nóng yè bù qiān shǔ《 guān yú kuò dà shēn huà nóng yú yè hé zuò de xié yì bèi wàng lù》。 liǎng guó jī chǔ shè shī jiàn shè hé zuò bù duàn jiā qiáng。 2003 nián 8 yuè， liǎng guó jiù hé zuò jiàn shè fěi běi lǚ sòng tiě lù xiàng mù fēn bié qiān shǔ liàng jiě bèi wàng lù， zhōng guó zhèng fǔ xiàng fěi zhèng fǔ tí gōng 4 yì měi yuán de yōu huì chū kǒu mǎi fāng xìn dài。 2005 nián 4 yuè， zhōng guó zhèng fǔ jué dìng zài xiàng fěi tí gōng 5 yì měi yuán yōu huì chū kǒu mǎi fāng xìn dài， yòng yú fěi jī chǔ shè shī jiàn shè。 tóng yuè， liǎng guó qiān shǔ《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó shāng wù bù hé fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó mào gōng bù guān yú jī chǔ shè shī lǐng yù hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》。 2007 nián 1 yuè， zhōng guó yòu xiàng fěi tí gōng 5 yì měi yuán yōu huì chū kǒu mǎi fāng xìn dài， yòng yú fěi tiě lù jiàn shè děng zhòng dà fā zhǎn xiàng mù。 liǎng guó kuàng chǎn zī yuán kāi fā hé zuò qǔ dé jìn zhǎn。 2005 nián 1 yuè， zhōng guó shāng wù bù hé fěi mào gōng bù qiān shǔ《 kuàng yè lǐng yù hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》。 2 yuè， wǔ kuàng huà gōng shāng huì zǔ tuán fù fěi chū xí guó jì kuàng yè dà huì。 4 yuè， zhōng fěi liǎng guó shí yóu gōng sī qiān shǔ《 guān yú zài fěi lǜ bīn xī běi bā lā wàng hǎi yù kǎ lā mián qū yù shàng yóu xiàng mù hé zuò de kuàng jià xié yì》。 sān、 wén jiào、 kē jì、 jūn shì děng lǐng yù de jiāo wǎng yǔ hé zuò zhōng fěi zài wén huà、 kē jì、 sī fǎ、 lǚ yóu děng lǐng yù de jiāo liú yǔ hé zuò bù duàn shēn huà。 liǎng guó qì jīn qiān shǔ liǎo 13 gè shuāng nián dù wén huà hé zuò zhí xíng jìhuà， jǔ xíng liǎo 13 cì kē jì hé zuò lián wěi huì huì yì， gòng què dìng liǎo 244 gè kē yán hé zuò xiàng mù。 wǒ xīn huá shè zài mǎ ní lā shè yòu fēn shè。 zhōng yāng diàn shì tái dì sì tào jié mù zài fěi luò dì。 liǎng guó qiān yòu：《 kē jì hé zuò xié dìng》（ 1978 nián）、《 wén huà hé zuò xié dìng》（ 1979 nián）、《 mín yòng háng kōng yùn shū xié dìng》（ 1979 nián）、《 tǐ yù hé zuò bèi wàng lù》（ 2001 nián）、《 xìn xī chǎn yè hé zuò bèi wàng lù》（ 2001 nián）、《 dǎ jī kuà guó fàn zuì hé zuò bèi wàng lù》（ 2001 nián）、《 yǐn dù tiáo yuē》（ 2001 nián）、《 dǎ jī fàn dú hé zuò xié yì》（ 2001 nián）、《 lǚ yóu hé zuò bèi wàng lù》（ 2002 nián）、《 hǎi shì hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》（ 2005 nián）、《 qīng nián shì wù hé zuò xié yì》（ 2005 nián）、《 wèi shēng hé zhí wù wèi shēng hé zuò liàng jiě bèi wàng lù》（ 2007 nián）、《 wén huà yí chǎn bǎo hù xié yì》（ 2007 nián） děng yī xì liè hé zuò wén jiàn。 zhōng fěi jié yòu 18 duì yǒu hǎo shěng shì， fēn bié wéi háng zhōu shì hé bì yáo shì、 guǎng zhōu shì hé mǎ ní lā shì、 shàng hǎi shì hé dà mǎ ní lā shì、 xiàmén shì hé sù wù shì、 shěn yáng shì hé kuí sōng shì、 shí shī shì hé nà yá shì、 fǔ shùn shì hé lì bā shì、 hǎi nán shěng hé sù wù shěng、 sān yà shì hé lā pǔ lā shì、 shān dōng shěng hé běi yī luò gē shěng、 zī bó shì hé wàn nà wēi shì、 ān huī shěng hé xīn yí shī xià shěng、 hú běi shěng hé lāi tè shěng、 liǔ zhōu shì hé mù tīng lǔ pà shì、 hè zhōu shì hé shèng fèi 'ěr nán duō shì、 hā 'ěr bīn shì hé kǎ jiā yán－ dé 'ào luó shì、 lái bīn shì hé lā wǎ gé shì、 běi jīng shì hé mǎ ní lā shì。 jìn jǐ nián zhōng fěi jūn shì jiāo wǎng zēng duō。 2002 nián 4 yuè， fěi guó fáng bù cháng léi yé sī fǎng huá； 6 yuè， fěi lǜ bīn kōng jūn sī lìng dí fán sǒu fǎng huá， fěi hǎi jūn jiàn duì shǒu cì fǎng huá； 9 yuè， zhōng yāng jūn wěi fù zhù xí、 guó wù wěi yuán jiān guó fáng bù cháng chí hào tián fǎng fěi。 2004 nián， fěi wǔ zhuāng bù duì zǒng cān móu cháng 'ā bā yà hé guó fáng bù cháng kè lǔ cí xiān hòu fǎng huá， shuāng fāng jiàn lì nián dù fáng wù 'ān quán cuō shāng jī zhì。 2005 nián 5 yuè， zhōng guó rén mín jiě fàng jūn fù zǒng cān móu cháng xióng guāng jiē shàngjiàng fù fěi， yǔ fěi guó fáng bù fù bù cháng sāng tuō sī jǔ xíng zhōng fěi shǒu cì fáng wù yǔ 'ān quán cuō shāng。 2006 nián 5 yuè， fěi wǔ zhuāng bù duì zǒng cān móu cháng sēn jiā shàngjiàng fǎng huá。 10 yuè， fěi guó fáng bù fù bù cháng sāng tuō sī fǎng huá， shuāng fāng jǔ xíng dì 'èr cì zhōng fěi fáng wù 'ān quán cuō shāng。 tóng yuè， wǒ hǎi jūn běi hǎi jiàn duì fǎng fěi， yǔ fěi hǎi jūn jǔ xíng fēi chuán tǒng 'ān quán lián hé yǎn xí。 sì、 shuāng biān guān xì zhōng de wèn tí zhōng fěi liǎng guó zài nán shā bù fēn dǎo jiāo guī shǔ wèn tí shàng cún zài fēn qí。 shuāng fāng jīng guò duō lún cuō shāng， tóng yì tōng guò shuāng biān yǒu hǎo xié shāng xún qiú jiě jué fēn qí de bàn fǎ。 liǎng guó jiān shè yòu zài nán hǎi dì qū tàn tǎo hé zuò de cuō shāng jī zhì， bāo kuò yú yè hé zuò、 hǎi yáng huán bǎo hé jiàn lì xìn rèn cuò shī sān gè gōng zuò zǔ。 2001 nián 4 yuè， shuāng fāng zài mǎ ní lā jǔ xíng dì sān cì jiàn lì xìn rèn cuò shī gōng zuò zǔ huì yì， shuāng fāng chéng nuò bù ràng shuāng biān fēn qí yǐng xiǎng zhōng fěi guān xì fā zhǎn de dà jú， tóng yì bù cǎi qǔ kě néng shǐ shì tài fù zá huà hé kuò dà huà de xíng dòng， bìng jiāng jiā qiáng shuāng fāng zài yú yè、 jūn shì、 kē yán děng lǐng yù de hé zuò。 2004 nián 10 yuè， zhōng guó hǎi shì jú yǔ fěi lǜ bīn hǎi 'àn jǐng wèi duì zài mǎ ní lā shǒu cì jǔ xíng liǎo zhōng fěi lián hé sōu jiù shā pán yǎn xí。 jīng guò shuāng fāng gòng tóng nǔ lì， zhōng guó hǎi yáng shí yóu zǒng gōng sī yǔ fěi lǜ bīn guó jiā shí yóu gōng sī yú 2004 nián 9 yuè 1 rì qiān shǔ liǎo《 zài nán zhōng guó hǎi bù fēn hǎi yù kāi zhǎn lián hé hǎi yáng dì zhèn gōng zuò xié yì》。 2005 nián 3 yuè， yuè nán tóng yì jiā rù zhōng fěi hé zuò， zhōng yuè fěi sān guó shí yóu gōng sī qiān shǔ《 zài nán zhōng guó hǎi xié yì qū sān fāng lián hé hǎi yáng dì zhèn gōng zuò xié yì》。 wǔ、 zhòng yào shuāng biān wén jiàn 1、《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ hé fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ jiàn jiāo lián hé gōng bào》（ 1975 nián 6 yuè） 2、《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ hé fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ guān yú 21 shì jì shuāng biān hé zuò kuàng jià de lián hé shēng míng》（ 2000 nián 5 yuè） 3、《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó yǔ fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó lián hé xīn wén gōng bào》（ 2004 nián 9 yuè） 4、《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó yǔ fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó lián hé shēng míng》（ 2005 nián 4 yuè） 5、《 zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó yǔ fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó lián hé shēng míng》（ 2007 nián 1 yuè） zhōng guó zhù fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó dà shǐ： wú hóng bō。 guǎn zhǐ： 4896PASAYROAD， DASMARINASVILLAGE， MAKATI， METROMANILAPHILIPPINES。 diàn huà： (00632)8443148。 chuán zhēn：（ 00632） 8439970。 diàn zǐ xìn xiāng： EMB-DHN@PACIFIC.NET.PH。 jīng shāng chù diàn huà：（ 00632） 8195991。 chuán zhēn：（ 00632） 8184553。 qiān zhèng chù diàn huà：（ 00632） 8482385。 chuán zhēn：（ 00632） 8482386。 zhōng guó zhù sù wù zǒng lǐng shì： cuī luó shēng。 guǎn zhǐ： CEBUMEMORIALFOUNDATIONCOMPOUND,DONJULIOLLORRENTESTREET,BRGY.CAPITOLSITE,CEBUCITY60000,PHILIPPINES。 bàn gōng shì diàn huà：（ 006332） 2563422。 jīng shāng shì diàn huà：（ 00632） 2563433。 fěi lǜ bīn zhù huá dà shǐ： gài wēi lì（ WillyC.Gaa）。 guǎn zhǐ： běi jīng cháo yáng qū jiàn guó mén wài xiù shuǐ běi jiē 23 hào。 diàn huà： 65322794， 65321872， 65322518， 65322451。 【 tóng měi guó de guān xì】 fěi céng shì měi zhí mín dì， liǎng guó cháng qī bǎo chí mìqiè de méng guó guān xì。 liǎng guó qiān yòu gòng tóng fáng yù tiáo yuē hé gòng tóng fáng yù yuán zhù xié yì。 1991 nián fěi cān yì yuàn fèi chú liǎo fěi měi jūn shì jī dì xié dìng， jié shù liǎo měi zài fěi cháng dá 93 nián de zhù jūn。 1998 nián， liǎng guó qiān shǔ《 fǎng wèn bù duì xié dìng》。 gāi xié dìng shǐ dé měi jūn chóngfǎn fěi lǜ bīn， liǎng guó huī fù dà guī mó lián hé jūn shì yǎn xí。 "9·11" shì jiàn shǐ fěi měi jūn shì hé zuò dé dào míng xiǎn jiā qiáng。 fěi zhèng fǔ quán lì zhī chí měi fǎn kǒng xíng dòng jí duì 'ā fù hàn hé yī lā kè zhàn zhēng， xiàng měi kāi fàng jūn shì shè shī， tí gōng hòu qín fú wù。 měi guó zé chéng nuò xiàng fěi tí gōng xīn de jūn shì zhuāng bèi， jiā dà duì fěi jūn shì jīng jì yuán zhù， xiàng fěi pài qiǎn zhuān jiā xié zhù fǎn kǒng xùn liàn。 2004 nián 1 yuè， měi guó néng yuán bù cháng sī bīn sè · ā bó lā hàn（ SpencerAbraham） fǎng fěi。 shuāng fāng qiān shǔ néng yuán fā zhǎn hé zuò bèi wàng lù。 měi jiāng xiàng fěi tí gōng 350 wàn měi yuán jì shù yuán zhù。 2 yuè， fěi měi jūn duì jǔ xíng " jiān bìng jiān 2004" lián hé jūn yǎn， gòng pài chū 4900 yú rén（ qí zhōng měi jūn 2600 yú rén） cān yǎn。 3 yuè， fěi lǜ bīn wài cháng 'ā 'ěr wéi tè fǎng měi。 7 yuè， fěi yīn yī lā kè rén zhì shì jiàn 'ér cóng yī chè jūn， yǐn qǐ měi guó bù mǎn。 11 yuè， fěi wài jiāo bù xuān bù， měi guó guó huì yǐ què dìng jiāng duì fěi cái zhèng hé jì shù yuán zhù yóu 2004 nián de 3700 wàn měi yuán zēng zhì 6900 wàn měi yuán。 měi shì fěi zuì dà mào yì huǒ bàn。 2003 nián， fěi měi mào yì zǒng 'é wéi 172 yì měi yuán， qí zhōng fěi xiàng měi chū kǒu 94 yì měi yuán。 【 tóng rì běn de guān xì】 1956 nián 7 yuè jiàn jiāo。 fěi jī jí zhī chí rì běn zài guó jì shì wù zhōng fā huī yǔ qí jīng jì yǐng xiǎng xiāngchèn de zhèng zhì zuò yòng。 rì běn shì fěi zuì dà yuán zhù guó、 dì 'èr dà tóu zī lái yuán dì hé zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn。 2003 nián 1 yuè， rì běn wài wù shěng fù dà chén 'ān yě guāng huī láng fǎng fěi。 6 yuè， ā luó yuē zǒng tǒng duì rì jìn xíng gōng zuò fǎng wèn， yǔ rì shǒuxiàng xiǎo quán chún yī láng jǔ xíng huì tán。 12 yuè， ā luó yuē zǒng tǒng fù rì chū xí rì běn－ dōng méng fēng huì qī jiān， huì jiàn rì běn shǒuxiàng xiǎo quán chún yī láng， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ sān xiàng néng yuán dài kuǎn hé tóng hé《 xìn xī jì shù hé zuò xié yì》。 2004 nián 2 yuè， fěi rì kāi shǐ jiù shuāng biān zì mào xié dìng jǔ xíng tán pàn； 5 yuè， fěi mào gōng bù yǔ rì zī xún kē jì bù fā biǎo guān yú jiā qiáng liǎng guó xìn xī chǎn yè lián xì de lián hé shēng míng； 7 yuè， rì běn wàixiàng chuān kǒu shùn zǐ fù fěi chū xí 'ā luó yuē zǒng tǒng jiù zhí yí shì。 2004 nián rì běn duì fěi zhí jiē tóu zī dá 253.8 yì bǐ suǒ， bǐ shàng nián zēngzhǎng 187%。 【 tóng dōng méng guó jiā de guān xì】 fěi lǜ bīn zhòng shì fā zhǎn tóng dōng méng qí tā guó jiā de guān xì， jiāng qí liè wéi fěi duì wài zhèng cè de yōu xiān kǎo lǜ。 fěi jī jí cānyù、 tuī dòng hé cù jìn dōng méng nèi bù de gè xiàng hé zuò jí jīng jì yī tǐ huà jìn chéng。 fěi lǜ bīn tóng mǎ lái xī yà zhī jiān cún zài zhe shā bā lǐng tǔ zhēng duān， shuāng fāng jūn biǎo shì yuàn tōng guò yǒu hǎo xié shāng jiě jué。 mǎ lái xī yà jī jí wò xuán fěi zhèng fǔ yǔ mó yī jiě zhī jiān de hé tán。 2004 nián 1 yuè， mǎ lái xī yà zǒng lǐ bā dá wéi fǎng fěi； tóng yuè， fěi yǔ wén lāi jǔ xíng shuāng biān hé zuò lián xí huì yì； 5 yuè， fěi wài cháng 'ā 'ěr bó tè fù mǎ lái xī yà chū xí bù jié méng yùn dòng bā lè sī tǎn wěi yuán huì bù cháng jí huì yì bìng shùn fǎng mǎ lái xī yà； tóng yuè， xīn jiā pō lǚ yóu shǔ zài mǎ ní lā zhèng shì kāi shè dì qū bàn shì chù； 7 yuè， fěi lǜ bīn yǔ mǎ lái xī yà zài mǎ ní lā jǔ xíng shuāng biān hé zuò lián xí huì yì； 10 yuè， fěi lǜ bīn yǔ yìn ní xiāng guān jī gòu qiān shǔ liǎng guó hù huàn xìn xī、 qǔ dì xǐ qián xíng wéi de liàng jiě bèi wàng lù； 11 yuè， ā luó yuē zǒng tǒng fù lǎo wō chū xí dì shí jiè dōng méng lǐng dǎo rén fēng huì； 12 yuè， xīn jiā pō zǒng lǐ lǐ xiǎn lóng fǎng fěi。 wén quán chēng : fěi lǜ bīn bǐ suǒ bì zhí huàn suàn 1 bǐ suǒ =100 fēn bì zhí :1、 2、 5、 10、 25、 50 fēn jí 1、 2、 5 bǐ suǒ bā、 guó qí guó huī [ biān ji běn duàn ] guó qí： yòu cè wéi lán、 hóng 'èr sè， píng shí lán sè zài shàng， zhàn shí hóng sè zài shàng。 tài yáng xiàng zhēng zì yóu， bā dào jiào cháng de guāng shù dài biǎo zuì chū qǐ yì de bā gè shěng， qí yú guāng shù biǎo shì qí tā shěng。 sān kē wǔ jiǎo xīng biǎo shì sān dà dì qū： lǚ sòng、 sà mǎ、 mián lán lǎo。 lán sè xiàng zhēng zhōng xīn、 chéng shí、 zhèng zhí， hóng sè xiàng zhēng yǒng qì， bái sè xiàng zhēng hé píng yǔ chún jié。 guó huī： wéi dùn xíng。 shī zǐ hé yīng zé fēn bié xiàng zhēng fěi lǜ bīn bǎi tuō xī bān yá hé měi guó de tǒng zhì， huò dé dú lì。 bái sè shòu dài shàng yòng yīng wén xiě zhe“ fěi lǜ bīn gòng hé guó”。 jiǔ yǔ yán tǎ jiā luò yǔ ( tǎ jiā luò yǔ： Tagalog)， huò yì wéi“ tā jiā luò yǔ”、“ tā jiā lù yǔ”， zài yǔ yán fēn lèi shàng shì shǔ yú nán dǎo yǔ xì de mǎ lái - bō lǐ ní xī yà yǔ zú， zhù yào bèi shǐ yòng yú fěi lǜ bīn。 bèi dàngchéng shì fěi lǜ bīn guó yǔ jí guān fāng yǔ yán zhī yī de suǒ wèi“ fěi lǜ bīn yǔ” (Filipino)， zhèng shì yǐ tǎ jiā luò yǔ zuò wéi zhù tǐ 'ér fā zhǎn chū lái de。 gēn jù fěi lǜ bīn zhèng fǔ 2000 nián suǒ jìn xíng de rén kǒu pǔ chá zī liào， zài zǒng shù wéi 76,332,470 de fěi lǜ bīn rén dāng zhōng， yòu 21,485,927 rén shì yǐ tǎ jiā luò yǔ zuò wéi mǔ yǔ de。 cǐ wài， hái yòu jiāng jìn 5000 wàn de qí tā fěi lǜ bīn rén， zé shì yǐ tǎ jiā luò yǔ zuò wéi dì 'èr yǔ yán。 zài fěi lǜ bīn jiāng jìn 170 zhǒng de běn tǔ yǔ yán zhōng， tǎ jiā luò yǔ shì wéi yī jù yòu guān fāng yǔ yán dì wèi de yī gè yǔ yán。 The Philippines was settled mostly by Malayo-Polynesian-speaking peoples. The Philippines became a Spanish colony in the 16th century, and an American territory at the beginning of the 20th century. The Katipunan led the Philippine Revolution of 1896 that won independence from Spain. The U.S. occupation of the Philippines during the Spanish-American War led to the outbreak of the Philippine-American War. The Philippines gained its independence from the United States on July 4, 1946 after the Pacific War (the Second World War) via the Treaty of Manila. Martial law was declared in 1972 by Ferdinand Marcos. The assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr. led to the People Power Revolution of 1986 that overthrew authoritarian rule. Political upheavals and corruption scandals alternated with the peaceful transition of power during the period that followed the restoration of democracy. Modern Philippines has many affinities with the Western world, derived mainly from the cultures of Spain, Latin America, and the United States. Roman Catholicism is the country's predominant religion, although pre-Hispanic indigenous religious practices still exist; there are also followers of Islam. Spanish was an official language of the Philippines until 1973. Since then, the two official national languages are Filipino and English. The name Philippines and its Spanish counterpart, Filipinas, are derived from the name of Phillip II, the King of Spain in the late 16th century. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos used the name Las Islas Filipinas in honor of the then-Crown Prince during his expedition to the Philippines, originally referring to the islands of Leyte and Samar. Despite the presence of other names, the name Filipinas was eventually adopted as the name of the entire archipelago. History Archeological and paleontological discoveries show that Homo sapiens existed in Palawan circa 50,000 BC. The aboriginal people of the Philippines, the Negritos, are an Australo-Melanesian people, which arrived in the Philippines at least 30,000 years ago. The Austronesians, who originated from populations of Taiwanese aboriginals that migrated from mainland Asia approximately 6000 years ago, colonized the Philippine islands and eventually migrated to Indonesia, Malaysia and, soon after, to the Polynesian islands and Madagascar.[citation needed] The Philippines had cultural ties with Malaysia, Indonesia, India in ancient times, and trade relations with China and Japan as early as the 9th century. Islam was brought to the Philippines by traders and proselytizers from Malaysia and Indonesia. The Islamization of the Philippines is due to the strength of then-Muslim India. By the 13th century, Islam was established in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there to Mindanao; it had reached the Manila area by 1565. Muslim converts established Islamic communities and states ruled by rajas or sultans. However, no Islamic state exercised sovereignty over much of the archipelago, and the indigenous maritime and agricultural societies ruled by datus or apos remained autonomous. When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, the majority of the estimated 500,000 people in the islands lived in independent settlements called 'barangay' or networks of settlements. The Banaue Rice Terraces, they are part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, ancient sprawling man-made structures from 2,000 to 6,000 years old, which are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.In the service of Spain, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his crew started their voyage on September 20, 1519. Magellan sighted Samar on March 17, 1521, on the next day, they reached Homonhon. They reached the island of Limasawa on March 28, 1521 where the first Mass in the Philippines was celebrated on March 31, 1521. Magellan arrived at Cebu on April 7, 1521, befriending Rajah Humabon and converting his family and 700 other Cebuanos to Christianity. However, Magellan would later be killed in the Battle of Mactan by indigenous warriors led by Lapu-Lapu, a fierce rival of Humabon. The beginnings of colonization started to take form when Philip II of Spain ordered successive expeditions. Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first Spanish settlements in Cebu. In 1571 he established Manila as the capital of the new Spanish colony. Model of a Philippine-built ship used for trading around the archipelago before the arrival of the Spanish.Spanish rule brought political unification to an archipelago of previously independent islands and communities that later became the Philippines, and introduced elements of western civilization such as the code of law, printing and the calendar. The Philippines was ruled as a territory of New Spain from 1565 to 1821, but after Mexican independence it was administered directly from Madrid. During that time numerous towns were founded, infrastructures built, new crops and livestock introduced, and trade flourished. The Manila Galleon which linked Manila to Acapulco once or twice a year beginning in the late 16th century, carried silk, spices, ivory and porcelain to America and silver on the return trip to the Philippines. The Spanish military fought off various indigenous revolts and several external threats, especially from the British, Chinese pirates, Dutch, and Portuguese. Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the inhabitants to Christianity, and founded numerous schools, universities and hospitals. In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced public education, creating free public schooling in Spanish . Flag Pambansang Watawat Anthem "Lupang Hinirang" Patriotic Song "Pilipinas Kong Mahal", "Bayan Ko" Gem Pearl of the Orient Dance Cariñosa Mammal Carabao Bird Philippine Eagle Fish Milkfish (Bangus) Flower Arabian Jasmine (Sampaguita) Tree Angsana (Narra) Leaf Fan palm (Anahaw) Fruit Mango (Mangga) Sport Sipa House Nipa hut (Bahay kubo) Costume Barong Tagalog and Baro't saya Hero José Rizal The Propaganda Movement, which included Philippine nationalist José Rizal, then a student studying in Spain, soon developed on the Spanish mainland. This was done in order to inform the government of the injustices of the administration in the Philippines as well as the abuses of the friars. In the 1880s and the 1890s, the propagandists clamored for political and social reforms, which included demands for greater representation in Spain. Unable to gain the reforms, Rizal returned to the country, and pushed for the reforms locally. Rizal was subsequently arrested, tried, and executed for treason on December 30, 1896. Earlier that year, the Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, had already started a revolution, which was eventually continued by Emilio Aguinaldo, who established a revolutionary government, although the Spanish governor general Fernando Primo de Rivera proclaimed the revolution over in May 17, 1897. The Spanish-American War began in Cuba in 1898 and soon reached the Philippines when Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila Bay. Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898, and was proclaimed head of state. As a result of its defeat, Spain was forced to officially cede the Philippines, together with Cuba (made an independent country, the US in charge of foreign affairs), Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. In 1899 the First Philippine Republic was proclaimed in Malolos, Bulacan but was later dissolved by the US forces, leading to the Philippine-American War between the United States and the Philippine revolutionaries, which continued the violence of the previous years. The US proclaimed the war ended when Aguinaldo was captured by American troops on March 23, 1901, but the struggle continued until 1913 claiming the lives of over a million Filipinos . The country's status as a territory changed when it became the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, which provided for more self-governance. Plans for increasing independence over the next decade were interrupted during World War II when Japan invaded and occupied the islands. After the Japanese were defeated in 1945, returned to the Filipino and American forces in the Liberation of the Philippines from 1944 to 1945, the Philippines was granted independence from the United States on July 4, 1946. A late 19th century photograph of leaders of the Propaganda Movement: José Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar and Mariano Ponce.Since 1946, the newly independent Philippine state has faced political instability with various rebel groups. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw economic development that was second in Asia, next to Japan. Ferdinand Marcos was, then, the elected president. Barred from seeking a third term, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, under the guise of increased political instability and resurgent Communist and Muslim insurgencies, and ruled the country by decree. Upon returning from exile, opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated on August 21, 1983. In January 1986, Marcos allowed for a snap election, after large protests. The election was believed to be fraudulent, and resulted in a standoff between military mutineers and the military loyalists. Protesters supported the mutineers, and were accompanied by resignations of prominent cabinet officials. Corazon Aquino, the widow of Benigno Aquino, Jr., was the recognized winner of the snap election. She took over the government, and called for a constitutional convention to draft a new constitution, after the People Power Revolution. Marcos, his family and some of his allies fled to Hawaii. The return of democracy and government reforms after the events of 1986 were hampered by massive national debt, government corruption, coup attempts, a communist insurgency, and a Muslim separatist movement. The economy improved during the administration of Fidel V. Ramos, who was elected in 1992. However, the economic improvements were negated at the onset of the East Asian financial crisis in 1997. The 2001 EDSA Revolution led to the downfall of the following president, Joseph Estrada. The current administration of president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has been hounded by allegations of corruption and election rigging. Politics and government Philippine President Gloria Macapagal ArroyoThe Philippines has a presidential, unitary form of government (with some modification; there is one autonomous region largely free from the national government), where the President functions as both head of state and head of government, and is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president is elected by popular vote to a single six-year term, during which time she or he appoints and presides over the cabinet. The bicameral Congress is composed of a Senate, serving as the upper house whose members are elected nationally to a six-year term, and a House of Representatives serving as the lower house whose members are elected to a three-year term and are elected from both legislative districts and through sectoral representation. The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officer and fourteen associate justices, all appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council. Attempts to amend the constitution to either a federal, unicameral or parliamentary form of government have repeatedly failed since the Ramos administration. The Philippines is a founding and active member of the United Nations since its inception on October 24, 1945 and is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The Philippines is also a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS), an active player in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Latin Union, and a member of the Group of 24. The country is a major non-NATO ally of the U.S. but also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement. Administrative divisions Provinces and regions of the Philippines.The Philippines is divided into three island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. These are divided into 17 regions, 81 provinces, 136 cities, 1,494 municipalities and 41,995 barangays. Region Designation Government center Ilocos Region Region I San Fernando City, La Union Cagayan Valley Region Region II Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Central Luzon Region Region III City of San Fernando, Pampanga CALABARZON Region¹ ² Region IV-A Calamba City, Laguna MIMAROPA Region¹ ² ³ Region IV-B Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro Bicol Region Region V Legazpi City, Albay Western Visayas Region³ Region VI Iloilo City Central Visayas Region Region VII Cebu City Eastern Visayas Region Region VIII Tacloban City, Leyte Zamboanga Peninsula Region Region IX Pagadian City Northern Mindanao Region Region X Cagayan de Oro City Davao Region Region XI Davao City SOCCSKSARGEN Region¹ Region XII Koronadal City, South Cotabato Caraga Region Region XIII Butuan City Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ARMM Cotabato City Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Baguio City National Capital Region NCR Manila ¹ Names are capitalized because they are acronyms, containing the names of the constituent provinces or cities (see Acronyms in the Philippines). ² These regions formed the former Southern Tagalog region, or Region IV. ³ Palawan was moved from Region IV-B as known as MIMAROPA to Region VI. From November 2005, Region IV-B would be called MIMARO, decreased from five to four provinces and Region VI increased from six to seven provinces. Geography Mayon Volcano, the most active volcano in the Philippines.The Philippines constitutes an archipelago of 7,107 islands with a total land area of approximately 300,000 square kilometers (116,000 sq mi). It generally lies between 116° 40' and 126° 34' E. longitude, and 4° 40' and 21° 10' N. latitude, and borders the Philippine Sea on the east, the South China Sea on the west, and the Celebes Sea on the south. The island of Borneo lies a few hundred kilometers southwest and Taiwan directly north. The Moluccas and Sulawesi are to the south/southwest, and Palau is to the east beyond the Philippine Sea. The islands are commonly divided into three island groups: Luzon (Regions I to V, NCR and CAR), Visayas (VI to VIII), and Mindanao (IX to XIII and ARMM). The busy port of Manila, on Luzon, is the national capital and second largest city after its suburb Quezon City. Mount Apo, the Philippines' tallest mountain.The local climate is hot, humid, and tropical. The average yearly temperature is around 26.5 °C (79.7 °F). There are three recognized seasons: Tag-init or Tag-araw (the hot season or summer from March to May), Tag-ulan (the rainy season from June to November), and Taglamig (the cold season from December to February). The southwest monsoon (May-October) is known as the "habagat" and the dry winds of the northeast monsoon (November-April) as the "amihan". Most of the mountainous islands used to be covered in tropical rainforest and are volcanic in origin. The highest point is Mount Apo on Mindanao at 2,954 metres (9,692 ft). There are many active volcanos such as Mayon Volcano, Mount Pinatubo, and Taal Volcano. The country also lies within the typhoon belt of the Western Pacific and about 19 typhoons strike per year. Lying on the northwestern fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activities. Some 20 earthquakes are registered daily in the Philippines, though most are too weak to be felt. The last great earthquake was the 1990 Luzon earthquake. The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon. Manila Bay is connected to Laguna de Bay by means of the Pasig River. Subic Bay, the Davao Gulf and the Moro Gulf are some of the important bays. Transversing the San Juanico Strait is the San Juanico Bridge (considered a point of vital national infrastructure and capacity), that connects the islands of Samar and Leyte. Economy Metro Manila Skyline.The Philippines is a newly industrialized country with an economy anchored on agriculture but with substantial contributions from manufacturing, mining, remittances from overseas Filipinos and service industries such as tourism and, increasingly, business process outsourcing. The Philippines is listed in the roster of "Next Eleven" economies. Historically, the Philippine economy has largely been anchored on the Manila galleon during the Spanish era, and bilateral trade with the United States during the American era. Pro-Filipino economic policies were first implemented during the tenure of Carlos P. Garcia with the "Filipino First" policy. By the 1960s, the Philippine economy was regarded as the second-largest in Asia, next only to Japan. However, the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos would prove disastrous to the Philippine economy, sliding the country into severe economic recession, only to recover starting in the 1990s with a program of economic liberalization and the breaking of Marcos-era monopolies and the system of cronyism under Fidel V. Ramos. The Asian Financial Crisis affected the Philippine economy to an extent, resulting in a lingering decline of the value of the Philippine peso and falls in the stock market, although the extent to which it was affected is not as severe as that of its Asian neighbors. This is largely due to the fiscal conservatism of the Philippine government partly as a result of decades of monitoring and fiscal supervision from the International Monetary Fund, in comparison to the massive spending of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic growth. By 2004, the Philippine economy experienced six-percent growth in gross domestic product and 7.3% in 2007, in line with the "7, 8, 9" project of the government to accelerate GDP growth by 2009. Cebu City Business Park.In a bid to further strengthen the Philippine economy, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo pledged to make the Philippines a developed country by 2020. As part of this goal, she instituted five economic "super regions" to concentrate on the economic strengths of various regions of the Philippines, as well as the implementation of tax reforms, continued privatization of state assets, and the building-up of infrastructure in various areas of the Philippines. Despite the growing economy, the Philippines will have to address several chronic problems in the future. Strategies for streamlining the economy include improvements of infrastructure, more efficient tax systems to bolster government revenues, furthering deregulation and privatization of the economy, and increasing trade integration within the region and across the world. The Philippine economy is also heavily reliant on remittances as a source of foreign currency, surpassing even foreign direct investment. China and India have emerged as major economic competitors, siphoning away investors who would otherwise have invested in the Philippines, particularly telecommunications companies. Regional development is also somewhat uneven, with Luzon and Metro Manila in particular gaining most of the new economic growth at the expense of the other regions, although the government has taken steps to distribute economic growth by promoting investment in other areas of the Philippines. The Philippines is a founding member of the Asian Development Bank, playing home to its headquarters. It is also a member of the World Bank, the IMF, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Colombo Plan, and the G-77, among others. Demographics The Philippines is the world's 12th most populous country, with a population of over 90 million as of 2008.As of 2007, 8% of Filipinos are living abroad as migrant laborers. Roughly half reside on the island of Luzon. Manila, the capital, is the eleventh most populous metropolitan area in the world. The literacy rate was 92.6% in 2003, and about equal for males and females. Life expectancy is 71.23 years, with 73.6 years for females and 69.8 years for males. Population growth rate in 1995-2000 is 3.21% but then dramatically fell to 1.59% for 2005-2010. Ethnic groups Majority of Filipinos are descended from the various Austronesian-speaking migrants who arrived in successive waves over a thousand years ago from Taiwan, genetically most closely related to the Ami tribe. The Malayo-Polynesian-speaking peoples, a branch of Austronesian, migrated to the Philippines and brought their knowledge of rice agriculture and ocean-sailing technology. Filipinos to this day are composed of various Malayo-Polynesian-speaking ethnic groups, including but not limited to the Visayans, the Tagalog, the Ilocano, the Moro, the Kapampangan, the Bicolano, the Pangasinense, the Igorot, the Lumad, the Mangyan, the Ibanag, the Badjao, the Ivatan, and the Palawan tribes. The Negritos, including the Aetas and the Ati, are considered as the aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines though they are estimated to be fewer than 30,000 people (0.03%). Filipinos of Chinese descent currently forms the largest non-Austronesian ethnic group, claiming about 1.5% of the population followed by Filipinos of Spanish descent. Other significant minorities include British, Americans, Japanese, Asian Indians, Koreans, Arabs and Indonesians. Chinese mestizos are those in the Philippines of mixed Chinese and either indigenous Filipino or Spanish (or both) ancestry. They make up between 10-20% of the country's total population. Throughout the country's history, various ethnic groups as well as immigrants and colonizers have intermarried, producing Filipino mestizos. These mestizos, apart from being of mixed indigenous Austronesian and European ancestry, can be descended from any ethnic foreign forebears. The percentage of Filipinos with foreign ancestry is unknown since there are no credible sources for the percentage of Philippine mestizos residing in the Philippines. The number of Filipino mestizos that reside outside the Philippines is also unknown. However, due to major historical factors, such as the Spanish colonization, the American occupation, and Chinese immigration after World War II; many Filipino mestizos that reside in the Philippines are now of Spanish, American and Chinese descent. Languages Map of the dominant ethnolinguistic groups of the Philippines.Filipino and English are the official languages of the Philippines, but more than 180 languages and dialects are spoken in the archipelago, almost all of them belonging to the Borneo-Philippines group of the Malayo-Polynesian language branch of the Austronesian language family. According to the 1987 Constitution, Filipino and English are both the official languages. Many Filipinos understand, write and speak English, Filipino and their respective regional languages. Filipino is the de facto standardized version of Tagalog spoken in Metro Manila and urban centers and one of the official languages in the country. English, the other official language, is widely used as a lingua franca throughout the country. Twelve major regional languages are the auxiliary official languages of their respective regions, each with over one million speakers: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, Bikol, Pangasinan. Kinaray-a, Maranao, Maguindanao and Tausug. English was imposed by Americans during the U.S. intervention and colonization of the archipelago. English is used in education, churches, religious affairs, print and broadcast media, and business, though the number of people who use it as a second language far outnumber those who speak it as a first language. Still, English is the preferred medium for textbooks and instruction for secondary and tertiary levels. Movies and TV programs in English are not subtitled but many films and TV programs are produced in Filipino. English is the sole language of the law courts. Spanish was the original official language of the country for more than three centuries, and became the lingua franca of the Philippines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Spanish was the language of the Philippine Revolution, and the 1899 Malolos Constitution proclaimed it as the official language. However, Spanish was spoken by a total of 60% of the population in the early 1900s as a first, second or third language. Following the American occupation of the Philippines, its use declined after 1940. Currently, only a few Mestizos of Spanish or Hispanic origin speak it as their first language, although a few others use it together with Filipino and English. Both Spanish and Arabic are recognized as auxiliary languages in the Filipino Constitution, to be "promoted on a voluntary and optional basis". The use of Arabic is prevalent among Filipino Muslims and taught in madrasah (Muslim) schools. Religion Manila Cathedral, officially the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, is mother church of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines.The Philippines is one of two countries in Asia with Roman Catholic majorities; the other being East Timor. The Philippines is separated into dioceses of which the Archdiocese of Manila enjoys primacy. About 90% of Filipinos identify themselves as Christians, with 81% belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. 2% are composed of Protestant denominations and 11% either to the Philippine Independent Church (Aglipayan), Iglesia ni Cristo and others. While Christianity is a major force in the culture of the Filipinos, indigenous traditions and rituals still influence religious practice. Philippines religiosity religion percent Christianity 90% Islam 5% Others 5% The Philippines is also well-known for its Baroque-style churches. They are a part of the long list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These churches are: San Agustin Church in Intramuros, Manila; Paoay Church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte; Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion (Santa Maria) Church in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur; and the Santo Tomas de Villanueva (Miag-ao) Church in Miag-ao, Iloilo. Approximately 5% of Filipinos are Muslims, and are locally known as "Moros", having been dubbed this by the Spanish due to their sharing Islam with the Moors of North Africa. They primarily settle in parts of Mindanao, Palawan and the Sulu archipelago, but are now found in most urban areas of the country. Most lowland Muslim Filipinos practice normative Islam, although the practices of some Mindanao's hill tribe Muslims reflect a fusion with animism. There are also small populations of Buddhists, Hindus, Sikhs, and animists, which, along with other non-Christians, non-Muslims and those with no religion, collectively comprise 2.5% of the population. Culture An Ifugao sculpture.Filipino culture is a fusion of pre-Hispanic indigenous Austronesian civilizations of the Philippines mixed with Hispanic and American. It has also been influenced by Chinese, Arab, and Indianized cultures. The Hispanic influences in Filipino culture are largely derived from the culture of Spain and Mexico as a result of over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule through Mexico. These Hispanic influences are most evident in literature, folk music, folk dance, language, food, art and religion, such as Roman Catholic Church religious festivals. Filipinos hold major festivities known as barrio fiestas to commemorate their patron saints. One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the prevalence of Spanish surnames among Filipinos. This peculiarity, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial decree for the systematic distribution of family names and implementation of the Spanish naming system on the inhabitants of the Philippines. A Spanish name and surname among the majority of Filipinos does not always denote Spanish ancestry. The five instruments of gongs and a drum that make up the Philippine kulintang ensemble, an example of pre-Hispanic musical tradition present in southern PhilippinesNames of countless streets, towns and provinces are in Spanish. Spanish architecture also made a major imprint in the Philippines. This can be seen especially in the country's churches, government buildings and universities. Many Hispanic style houses and buildings are being preserved, like the Spanish colonial town in Vigan City, for protection and conservation. The kalesa is a horse-driven carriage introduced by the Spaniards and was a major mode of transportation during the colonial times. It is still being used today. Filipino cuisine is also heavily influenced by Mexican and Spanish cuisine. The use of English language in the Philippines is contemporaneous and is America's visible legacy. The most commonly played sports in the Philippines are basketball and billiards. There is also a wide influence of American Pop cultural trends, such as the love of fast-food and movies; many street corners boast fast-food outlets. Aside from the American commercial giants such as McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Burger King, KFC, and Shakey's Pizza, local fast-food chains have also sprung up, including Goldilocks, Jollibee, Greenwich Pizza (acquired by Jollibee in 1994), and Chowking (acquired by Jollibee in 2000). Modern day Filipinos also listen to contemporary American music and watch American movies. However, Original Pilipino Music (also known as OPM) and Philippine movies are also widely appreciated. Filipinos honor national heroes whose works and deeds contributed to the shaping of the Filipino nation. José Rizal is the most celebrated ilustrado, a Spanish-speaking reformist visionary whose writings contributed greatly in nurturing a sense of national identity and awareness. His novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo originally written in Spanish, are required readings for Filipino students, and provide vignettes of colonial life under the Spanish rule. As with many cultures, music (which includes traditional music) and leisure activities are an important aspect of the Filipino society. Various sports are also enjoyed, including boxing, basketball, badminton, billiards, football (soccer) and ten-pin bowling being popular games in the country. |
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