Philippines   Capital:Manila  Country Code: ph   
  Dynasty
菲律宾
菲律宾
菲律宾
菲律宾
  菲律宾共和国 Republic of the Philippines.代码PH
  
  【别称】 椰子之国
  
  【国庆日】6月12日
  
  【名胜】 罗哈斯滨海大道、巴纳韦高山梯田、塔尔湖
  
  【面积】 29.97万平方公里(根据菲内务与地方政府部资料)。
  
  【人口】 8400万(2004年统计)。马来族占全国人口的85%以上,包括他加禄人、伊洛戈人、邦班牙人维萨亚人和比科尔人等;少数民族及外来后裔有华人、阿拉伯人、印度人、西班牙人和美国人;还有为数不多的原住民。有70多种语言。国语是以他加禄语为基础的菲律宾语,英语为官方语言。国民约84%信奉天主教,4.9%信奉伊斯兰教,少数人信奉独立教和基督教新教,华人多信奉佛教,原住民多信奉原始宗教。
  
  【首都】 大马尼拉市(Metro Manila),人口1090万(2004年统计)。年均气温28℃。
  
  同北京时差 比格林尼治时间早8小时;与北京时间相同
  
  国际电话码 63
  
  【国家元首】 总统格洛丽亚·马卡帕加尔·阿罗约(Gloria Macapagal ARROYO),2001年1月20日就任,2004年6月竞选成功,再次就任菲总统。
  
  【重要节日】
  独立日(国庆):6月12日;
  巴丹日(纪念二战阵亡战士):4月9日;
  英雄节(纪念国父黎刹殉难):12月30日;
  基督教主要节日(如圣诞节等)。
  
  【货币】
  货币: 菲律宾比索
  辅币名称: 分
  
  【国名】
  
  菲律宾在很早以前,是以吕宋、麻逸、苏禄、胡洛等地的名称闻名的。1521年葡萄牙航海者麦哲伦奉西班牙殖民主义者之命踏上这个群岛时,正好是天主教宗教节日,于是就为群岛起了一个有宗教意义的名称----圣拉哈鲁群岛。后来因为麦哲伦干涉岛上内争被当地人民杀戮,这个名称也就被人们遗忘。1542年,西班牙航海家洛佩兹继麦哲伦之后第二个来到这个群岛。为了在亚洲炫耀西班牙帝国的“功绩”,便按照西班牙皇太子菲律普的名字,把群岛命名为菲律宾群岛。1898年6月,菲律宾人民推翻西班牙殖民者的统治,宣布独立,将国名改为菲律宾共和国。1946年7月,菲律宾摆脱美国的殖民统治,宣布独立,国名仍称为“菲律宾共和国”。
  
  【国徽】
  
  菲律宾共和国的国徽呈盾形,盾形的下面有一条飘带,上面写着“菲律宾共和国”。盾形国徽的图案代表菲律宾的三个历史时期,即西班牙殖民统治时期、美国殖民统治时期和菲律宾共和国时期。国徽的上方和中部代表菲律宾共和国时期,底色都是白色,上方有三个金黄色的五角星,代表菲律宾群岛的三大区域----吕宋、米沙鄢和棉兰老。中部是有八道金黄色辐射线的太阳,表示阳光普照全国。国徽的左下方代表美国殖民统治时期,蓝色的底面上绘有一只向左看的金黄色的美国秃头鹰,左爪握着橄榄枝,表示和平;右爪握着三支矛,表示随时准备战斗,以保卫和平。国徽的右下方代表西班牙殖民统治时期,红色的底面上绘有一只跃立的金黄色的狮子,这是采用当时西班牙王国国旗上的竞狮图形。
  
  【国旗】
  
  菲律宾共和国国旗是在反抗西班牙殖民统治、争取自由和独立的斗争中制定的。上半部为蓝色,下半部为红色,左边为一个白色等边三角形。三角形中央有一个黄色的太阳,周围有八道长的光线和一些较短的光线;三角形的每个角落各有一颗黄色的五角星。蓝色代表和平、真理和正义;红色代表爱国心和勇敢;白色等边三角形代表平等。三角形里的太阳代表自由,表示阳光普照全国。八道光线代表1986年最先拿起武器反抗西班牙统治的八个省,其余的光线代表其他各省。三颗星象征菲律宾群岛的三大区域----吕宋、米沙鄢和棉兰老。
  
  【国歌】
  
  菲律宾共和国的国歌是《菲律宾民族进行曲》。歌词作者为何塞·帕尔马。1898年美国侵略军侵占马尼拉后,菲律宾人民在抗战派领袖阿·马比尼和安·卢纳将军的领导下继续英勇抗战。当时,何塞·帕尔马在卢纳将军创办的《独立报》报社当记者,亲身经历了中吕宋激烈的抗美战争。他于1899年利用原菲律宾著名钢琴师和作曲家胡连·菲利佩于1898年6月谱成的《马达洛菲律宾进行曲》的曲调,以西班牙文填词,成为菲律宾国歌。他创作的菲律宾国歌歌词,充满了反抗侵略,向往自由和热爱祖国的激情。
  
  【男子国服】
  
  菲律宾男子的国服叫“巴隆他加禄” 衬衣。这是一种丝质紧身衬衣,长可及臀,领口如同一般可以扎领带的衬衫,长袖,袖口如同西服上装。前领口直到下襟两侧,都有抽丝镂空图案,花纹各异,颇为大方。据说,在西班牙人统治时期,为了便于从远处区别西班牙人和菲律宾人,殖民者下令所有菲律宾人必须把衬衣穿在外面,不许把衬衣下摆扎在裤内。后来,菲律宾人开始在衬衣上刺绣各种图案,以此表示菲律宾人的自豪。50年代初,这种服装被正式推为菲律宾男子的国服,成为外交场合,庆祝活动和宴会的正式礼服。
  
  【女子国服】
  
  菲律宾女子的国服叫“特尔诺”。这是一种圆领短袖连衣裙。由于它两袖挺直,两边高出肩稍许,宛如蝴蝶展翅,所以也叫“蝴蝶服”。这种服装结合了许多西欧国家,特别是西班牙妇女服装的特点,并经过三四百年的沿革,而成为菲律宾妇女的国服。
  
  【国花】
  
  菲律宾国花是被称为“桑巴吉塔”的茉莉花。这是一种灌木类植物,一般高一米多,花色洁白、香味浓郁,有单瓣和双瓣两种。据说,古代菲律宾男子向她心爱的姑娘求婚时,一般都赠送茉莉花花环。如果姑娘将花环挂在脖子上,就意味着接受了他的爱。然后,他们在月光下用他加禄语誓约:“桑巴吉塔”(我答应永远爱你)。因此,茉莉花在菲律宾又称之为“誓爱花”。
  
  “桑巴吉塔”是忠于祖国、忠于爱情的象征。菲律宾青年常常将它作为献给爱人的礼物,向对方表达“坚贞于爱情的心声”。每到鲜花盛开的5月,姑娘们都佩带上茉莉花环,唱起赞歌,互相祝愿。在国际交往中,菲律宾人也常把茉莉花环献给外国贵宾,以表示纯真的友谊。
  
  【国树】
  
  菲律宾的国树是纳拉树,它是紫檀木的一种。这种树高大挺拔,终年常绿,迎着太阳开放出金光灿烂的花朵。木质坚硬细致,是制作高级家具和乐器的良好材料。纳拉树的树皮在受伤时会渗出一种猩红色的液体。菲律宾人说,这象征自己民族血管里流动着的,而又随时准备为捍卫独立洒在祖国大地上的鲜血。这种树可作为染料和制药原料。菲律宾人民选择纳拉树作为国树,以象征本民族坚强不屈,乐于献身的高尚品质。
  
  【国果】
  
  香飘遐迩、名闻世界的水果----芒果,是菲律宾的国果,它形呈椭圆,甜中带有微酸,味道有点儿象桃子。成熟后呈黄色,异香扑鼻。芒果是菲律宾人民最喜欢的热带水果。
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  二、简况
  [编辑本段]
  
  东南亚岛国。位于亚洲东南部。北隔巴士海峡与中国台湾省遥遥相对,南和西南隔苏拉威西海、巴拉巴克海峡与印度尼西亚、马来西亚相望,西濒南中国海,东临太平洋。共有大小岛屿7107个,其中2,400个岛有名称,1,000多个岛有居民。吕宋岛、棉兰老岛、萨马岛等11个主要岛屿占全国总面积的96%。岛上山峦重叠,三分之二以上岛屿是丘陵、山地及高原。多火山,全国有52座火山,其中活火山11座;地震频繁。除吕宋岛中西部和东南部外,平原均狭小。海岸线曲折,长约18,533公里,多优良港湾。属季风型热带雨林气候,高温多雨,湿度大,米沙鄙群岛以北多台风。月平均气温24-28℃,年雨量2,000-3,500毫米。年均气温27℃,年降水量2000-3000毫米。森林茂密,占全国土地面积的40%以上。主要矿藏有铁、铬、锰、金和铜等。农业人口占总人口的三分之二以上。主要作物有椰子、甘蔗、蕉麻、烟草、香蕉、菠萝、杧果、稻、玉米等。稻田三分之一以上集中在吕宋中央平原。工业有食品、采矿、纺织、冶炼、汽车装配和化学等。刺绣工艺著名。椰干和椰油输出占世界首位,香蕉、杧果、木材、铁、铬等在世界市场上也较重要。进口粮食、石油制品、机器、纺织、金属制品等。
  
  公元三世纪左右,同中国友好往来。14世纪前后,菲律宾出现了由土著部落和马来族移民构成的一些割据王国,其中最著名的是14世纪70年代兴起的海上强国苏禄王国。1521年,麦哲伦率领西班牙远征队到达菲律宾群岛。此后,西班牙逐步侵占菲律宾,并统治长达300多年。1898年6月12日,菲律宾宣告独立,成立菲律宾共和国。同年,美国依据对西班牙战争后签订的《巴黎条约》占领菲律宾。1942年,菲律宾被日本占领。第二次世界大战结束后,菲律宾再次沦为美国殖民地。1946年7月4日,美国被迫同意菲律宾独立。此后,自由党和国民党轮流执政。1965年马科斯就任二战后第六任总统,并三次连任。1983年8月,反对党领导人贝尼格诺·阿基诺被谋杀,导致政局动荡。1986年2月7日,提前举行总统选举,贝尼格诺·阿基诺的夫人科拉松·阿基诺在民众、天主教会和军队的支持下出任总统。此后,拉莫斯和埃斯特拉达先后按宪制当选总统。2001年1月,埃斯特拉达因受贿丑闻被迫下台,副总统阿罗约继任总统。
  
  【衣着】
  
  西班牙殖民者入侵菲律宾前,菲律宾人穿用棉纱、麻纤维制成的衣服。男人穿的上衣称“康岗”,无领、短袖,下身用一条叫“巴哈”的布裹着腹部,上衣下摆略低于腰。衣服的颜色多为蓝色或黑色,只有尊长着红色的衣服。现在菲律宾人的服装变化很大,西装在中上层人士中广泛流行,而老百姓的衣着则比较简单。男子上身穿衬衣,喜用白色,下身穿西装裤;女子喜欢穿无领连衣裙。大部分青年着西式皮鞋,老年人仍穿用木头、麻或草做成的拖鞋。
  
  菲律宾穆斯林男子着短外衣和宽大的长裤,围一条“沙隆”(一种花围裙)作为腰带。到麦加朝圣过的信徒头上围一条白色头巾或戴一顶白帽子。妇女穿紧身的短袖背心,钉上两层金属纽扣,穿紧脚口的宽大裤子,或穿裙子。妇女象马来人一样结发型,有时裹着颜色鲜艳的头巾,他们戴手镯、项链和耳环。
  
  少数民族的穿戴各不相同。如伊富高人男子往往上身袒露,下身围一条T形花布;女子穿着类似裙子,颜色鲜艳。丁冈人衣服极为简单,男子普遍仅在腹部围一块布,有的也穿前襟分开的上衣;女子穿短上衣,用布缠绕腹部,矮黑人的服装最为原始,男女均用布或树叶围于腰间。
  
  【饮食】
  
  菲律宾人的主食是大米、玉米。农民在煮饭前才舂米。米饭是放在瓦缸或竹筒里煮,用手抓饭进食。菲律宾人最喜欢吃的是椰子汁煮木薯、椰子汁煮饭,然后用香蕉叶包饭。玉米作为食物,先是晒干,磨成粉,然后做成各种食品。城市中上层人士大多吃西餐。菲律宾穆斯林人的主食是大米,有时也吃玉米和薯粉,佐以蔬菜和水果等。按照伊斯兰教教规,他们不吃猪肉,不喝烈性酒。他们和其他马来人一样喜欢吃鱼,不喝牛奶。烹调很简单,喜欢使用刺激性的调味品。进食时用手抓。咀嚼槟榔的习惯在菲律宾穆斯林人中非常流行。
  
  【婚姻】
  
  菲律宾各个民族的传统婚姻习俗差异很大。一般菲律宾人多半是自由恋爱结婚。在广大农村则流行男青年弹吉他用歌声向他所倾心的姑娘求爱。在恋爱中,男子多赠女方以化妆品、水果、花束等,花的颜色则以白色和桃色为佳,茶色和红色乃属禁忌之色。结婚仪式均在教堂中举行。菲律宾穆斯林的婚姻由父母决定。男方须通过媒人向女方家庭提出求婚,并交付聘金。婚礼仪式由伊斯兰阿訇主持,并举行盛大宴会款待客人。菲律宾实行早婚制,少女十二三岁便被视为已达结婚年龄。
  
  土著人的婚俗多种多样。居住在北吕宋高山地区的伊戈罗特人的婚姻主要有两种方式,父母主婚或自由试婚。一般来说,较富裕的家庭,为了使自己家庭的财产、地位不致旁落,在儿女幼时即由双方父母作主订婚。到了十四五岁时,便正式成婚,如果婚后一方表示不满意,只要女方尚未受孕,便随时可以分开,男女另找对象。不能生育的,也随时可以分开。由于这些民族认为结婚的最大目的就是生儿育女,因此,在青年男女正式结婚前,接连试婚好几次的现象屡见不鲜。巴交人允许多偶婚,堂兄弟姐妹则禁止通婚,如具有后一种关系的人要结婚,必须作一些“预防”措施和仪式,如将一些贵重物品丢入海中等。矮黑人的男子求婚,必须以弓箭射女子在远处安置的竹筒,如果没有射中,说明男子没有能力养活妻子,就难以达到求婚的目的。
  
  另外在菲律宾的法律规定一个男子最多可以拥有四个妻子。
  
  
  
  
  
  
  三、政治
  [编辑本段]
  
  阿罗约总统执政以来,致力于消除贫困,发展经济。政府出台多项措施,推动国内和平进程,打击恐怖主义、整顿社会治安,旨在重建社会稳定与秩序。
  
  2004年是大选年,国内局势复杂因素较多。1月,"新人民军"多次向政府军发动武装袭击。军方宣布全国军队处于警戒状态。5月,菲全国大选在总体平和有序的气氛中进行。6月,国会两院宣布执政联盟候选人胜选。7月,国会选举。8月,阿罗约总统宣布菲处于"财政危机"。11月,阿罗约总统发表声明,菲已摆脱财政危机。阿罗约连任后,将工作重点转向巩固政权、发展经济、促进民族和解等方面,加强了执政地位,顺利完成了内阁改组。
  
  在推进国内和平进程方面,政府与各反政府武装进行多轮和谈,同时加大打击恐怖主义力度。菲穆斯林领导人重申对阿呼吁国家团结、民族和解的支持。国内政局总体继续保持稳定。
  
  【宪法】
  
  独立后共颁布过三部宪法。现行宪法于1987年2月2日由全民投票通过,由阿基诺总统于同年2月11日宣布生效。该宪法规定:实行行政、立法、司法三权分立政体;总统拥有行政权,由选民直接选举产生,任期6年,不得连选连任;总统无权实施戒严法,无权解散国会,不得任意拘捕反对派;禁止军人干预政治;保障人权,取缔个人独裁统治;进行土地改革。
  
  【议会】
  
  称国会。最高立法机构,由参、众两院组成。参议院由24名议员组成,由全国直接选举产生,任期6年,每三年改选1/2,可连任两届。众议院由250名议员组成,其中200名由各省、市按人口比例分配,从全国各选区选出;25名由参选获胜政党委派,另外25名由总统任命。众议员任期3年,可连任三届。本届国会于2004年7月选举产生。德里隆(Franklin M. DRILON)和德贝内西亚(Jose de VENECIA Jr.)继上届后再次当选参、众议长。
  
  【政府】
  
  实行总统制。总统是国家元首、政府首脑兼武装部队总司令。本届内阁于2004年8月组成,此后略有调整。目前,内阁成员24名:副总统诺利·德卡斯特罗(Noli de CASTRO),文官长埃杜阿多·埃米尔塔(Eduardo ERMITA),外交部长阿尔韦托·罗慕洛(Alberto ROMULO),财政部长凯撒·普里斯马(Cesar V. PURISIMA),司法部长劳尔·冈萨雷斯(Raul GONZALES),农业部长黄严辉(Arthur C. YAP),国防部长阿维利诺·克鲁兹(Avelino CRUZ),贸易与工业部长胡安·圣托斯(Juan V. SANTOS),公共工程与公路部长弗洛伦特·索里奎兹(Florante SORIQUEZ),教育文化与体育部长佛罗伦西奥·阿巴德(Florencio ABAD),劳工与就业部长帕特里莎·桑托·托马斯(Patricia Santo THOMAS),社会经济计划部长罗慕洛·奈利(Romulo NERI),卫生部长曼努埃尔·戴里特(Manuel M. DAYRIT),土地改革部长莱纳·维拉(Rene VILLA),内务与地方政务部长安吉洛·雷耶斯(Angelo REYES),环境与自然资源部长米歇尔·迪范瑟(Michael DEFENSOR),交通与通讯部长雷恩德洛·门多萨(Leandro R. MENDOZA),社会福利部长科拉松·索利曼(Corazon Juliano N. SOLIMAN),预算与管理部长艾米利亚·本科丁(Emilia BONCODIN),科技部长埃斯特莱拉·阿拉巴斯特罗(Estrella ALABASTRO),旅游部长约瑟夫·杜兰诺(Joseph Ace DURANO),能源部长拉斐尔·洛提拉(Raphael P. M. LOTILLA),新闻部长伊格纳西奥·布涅(Ignacia "Toting" BUNYE)。
  
  【行政区划】
  
  全国划分为吕宋、维萨亚和棉兰老三大部分。截止2004年底,全国设有首都地区、科迪勒拉行政区、棉兰老穆斯林自治区等17个地区,下设79个省和117个市。
  
  【司法机构】
  
  司法权属最高法院和各级法院。最高法院由1名首席法官和14名陪审法官组成,均由总统任命,拥有最高司法权;下设上诉法院、地方法院和市镇法院。最高法院首席法官希拉里奥·戴维德(Hilario G. DAVIDE Jr.)。检察工作由司法部检察长办公室负责,总检察长里卡多·加维斯(Ricardo GALVEZ)。
  
  【政党】
  
  有大小政党100余个,大多数为地方性小党。主要政党有:
  
  (1)基督教穆斯林民主力量党(LAKAS-CMD):执政党,也是最大政党,系前总统拉莫斯于1991年底创立,由人民力量党、全国基督教民主联盟、菲律宾穆斯林民主联盟、团结党等整合而成。主张实行两党制,通过修宪扩大地方政府权力,改革选举制度,将总统任期六年一届修改为四年一届,可连任两届;主张通过谈判实现民族和解,促进社会稳定。经济上重视农业发展,增加就业,扶助贫困,加快私有化进程;倡导经济外交,奉行开放政策。1992年该党在大选中获胜,成为执政党。1998年大选中败于菲律宾民众奋斗党联盟。2001年阿罗约就任总统后,该党成为执政联盟的核心。2002年10月,该党针对2004年大选,对执政联盟进行再次整合改组。该党全国主席是阿罗约总统,总裁是众议长德贝内西亚。
  
  (2)民族主义人民联盟(NPC-Nationalist People's Coalition),是前总统埃斯特拉达的执政党联盟-民众奋斗党(LAMP)成员之一。2000年10月,埃被弹劾后,该党成为独立党派。现为众议院第二大党。该党支持修改宪法。为防止总统权力过大,主张实行议会制政体及实行两党制,支持加快国有企业私有化。该党总裁是前众议员圣胡安(Frisco F. SAN JUAN)。
  
  (3)摩洛民族解放阵线(Moro National Liberation Front,简称摩解):南部穆斯林武装组织。1968年创立,旨在棉兰老地区建立独立的伊斯兰国家。1987年南部各省举行公投,建立由棉兰老岛四省组成的"棉兰老穆斯林自治区"(ARMM),密苏阿里任主席。1996年,政府与摩解达成和平协议。2001年,密苏阿里与阿罗约政府发生利益冲突,其支持者于11月在霍洛岛发动武装叛乱。政府迅速平叛,宣布密犯有叛乱罪。摩解另一派系的领导人胡安任该党主席。密潜逃至马来西亚沙巴,被马政府逮捕并于2002年1月引渡回菲。
  
  (4)摩洛伊斯兰解放阵线(Moro Islamic Liberation Front,简称摩伊解):菲最大的穆斯林反政府组织。现有武装力量12500人,主要活跃在棉兰老岛。1978年,以哈希姆·萨拉马(Hashim SALAMAT)为首的强硬派从摩解脱离后建立。2003年萨马拉特去世后,穆拉特(Al Haj Ebrahim MURAD)任主席。主张建立独立的伊斯兰国家,坚持武装斗争。摩伊解与政府虽多次签署停火协议,但均未能得到有效执行。2000年4月摩伊解与政府冲突升级为"全面战争",摩伊解的营地被政府军全部攻占,其武装力量溃散后,继续以小股武装袭击政府军和民用设施。自2001年开始,阿罗约政府与摩伊解重开和谈,并曾签署停火协议与和平协议,但双方武装冲突仍时有发生。2003年,南部地区发生多起恐怖爆炸案件,政府认为是摩伊解所为,宣布通缉其主要领导人,威胁要将摩伊解列为恐怖组织。此后,在马来西亚协调下,双方进行多次非正式会谈,迄无明显进展。
  
  (5)菲律宾共产党(Communist Party of the Philippines):成立于1930年,1967年发生分裂。1968年,在何塞·西逊(Jose SISON)主持下进行改组重建,此后发展迅速,20世纪80年代中期党员达到3万多人。主张通过武装斗争和建立统一战线,夺取国家政权。1969年,菲共在中吕宋建立新人民军,开展武装斗争。新人民军现有1.1万人。菲政府自1993年起与菲共举行和谈,使菲共成为合法政党。双方时谈时战,迄未达成实质性和平协议。"9·11事件"后,菲政府对新人民军采取了强硬措施,包括军事打击。2002年,菲政府将新人民军宣布为恐怖组织,并促使美国和欧盟也将新人民军列为国际恐怖组织,冻结其海外资产。菲共与政府关系破裂,双方和谈停顿。2003年底,菲政府与菲共领导的全国民主阵线在挪威奥斯陆进行两次非正式接触,并于2004年2月重启和谈。菲共提出希望菲政府敦促美政府将其从恐怖组织中除名。美方明确拒绝,并要求菲共先承诺停止一切恐怖活动。
  
  其它政党有自由党(Liberal Party)、民主行动党(Aksyon Demokratiko)、地方发展优先党(Promdi-Probinsiya Muna Development lnitiative)、改革党(Reporma)、民主战斗党(LDP-Lanban ng Demokratikong Pilipino)、民族党(Nationalista Party)等。
  
  
  
  
  四、重要人物
  [编辑本段]
  
  格罗丽亚·马卡帕加尔·阿罗约:总统。1947年4月5日生于邦加锡南省,系已故总统马卡帕加尔之女。先后就读于美国华盛顿乔治城大学、菲律宾圣母神学院、马尼拉阿特尼奥大学和菲律宾大学,获金融学学士、经济学硕士和博士学位。毕业后在大学任教,先后任助理教授、高级讲师。1986年从政,在阿基诺政府任贸工部部长助理、服装与纺织品出口局执行董事和贸工部副部长。1992年当选参议员,1995年连任。多次被评为"杰出参议员",曾被《亚洲周刊》评为亚洲最有影响力的女性之一。1998年5月,以绝对优势当选副总统,兼任社会福利与发展部长。2001年1月,埃斯特拉达总统因受贿丑闻下台,阿罗约就任菲律宾第14任总统,并于2004年6月竞选成功,再次就任菲总统。曾于1972年、1975年、1992年和2000年访华,2001年10月29至31日和2004年9月1至3日分别对华进行国事访问。丈夫何塞·米格尔·阿罗约,是律师兼商人。有3个子女。 诺利·德卡斯特罗:副总统。1949年7月6日出生于东民都洛省。就读于菲律宾东方大学,获银行与金融专业学士学位。曾任菲律宾ABS-CBN广播公司DZMM电台的副总裁,有27年媒体业经验,曾是著名的广播评论员、电视新闻广播员和公共事务节目主持人,多次获奖。2001年5月高票当选参议员。曾任参议院社会公正、福利和农村发展委员会、旅游委员会和文化团体委员会主席。2004年6月当选副总统。夫人阿琳娜·德卡斯特罗。有3个子女。
  
  
  
  
  
  五、经济
  [编辑本段]
  出口导向型经济。第三产业在国民经济中地位突出,同时农业和制造业也占相当比重。20世纪60年代后期采取开放政策,积极吸引外资,经济发展取得显著成效。1982年被世界银行列为"中等收入国家"。此后受西方经济衰退和自身政局动荡影响,经济发展明显放缓。90年代初,拉莫斯政府采取一系列振兴经济措施,经济开始全面复苏,并保持较高增长速度。1997年爆发的亚洲金融危机对菲冲击不大,但其经济增速明显放缓。阿罗约总统执政后,将发展经济、消除贫困作为施政核心,加大对农业和基础设施建设的投入,扩大内需和出口,国际收支得到改善,经济保持平稳增长。但由于菲财政赤字攀升,债务负担沉重,失业和贫困问题严重,市场对菲经济前景依然信心不足。2004年,政府采取一系列促进经济发展的措施,加之世界经济复苏步伐加快,经济取得6.1%的增长,但财政状况未能改善。8月,阿罗约宣布政府处于"财政危机",加强增收节支和改革力度。主要经济数据如下:
  
  国内生产总值(2004年):864.1亿美元
  
  人均国内生产总值(2004年):1101美元
  
  国内生产总值增长率(2004):6.1%
  
  货币名称:比索(Peso)
  
  汇率(2004年):1美元=56.05比索
  
  通货膨胀率(2004年):5.5%
  
  失业率(2004年12月):11.8%
  
  【资源】
  
  矿藏主要有铜、金、银、铁、铬、镍等20余种。铜蕴藏量约37.16亿吨、金1.36亿吨,镍1.27亿吨。地热资源丰富,预计有20.9亿桶原油标准能源。巴拉望岛西北部海域有石油储量约3.5亿桶。
  
  【工业】
  
  工业产值占国内生产总值33%。从业人口占总从业人口15.7%。制造业约占工业总产值71%,建筑业约占16%,矿产业约占3%。2004年工业产值约为285亿美元,比上年增长5.3%。主要矿产品产量如下:
  
  1998 1999 2000
  铜(万吨) 177.9 151.2 129.8
  
  黄金(千公斤) 34.0 31.1 36.5
  
  银(千公斤) 18.2 18.2 23.6
  
  镍(万吨) 814.3 959.9 1023.4
  
  (资料来源:菲律宾国家统计办公室)
  
  【农林渔业】
  
  农林渔业产值约占国内生产总值的20%,从业人口占总劳力的37%。2004年农林渔业产值约为172亿美元,比上年增长4.9%。主要农作物产量如下(单位:万吨):
  
  2000 2001 2002 2003
  
  稻谷 1238.9 1295.4 1327.1 1350.0
  
  玉米 451.1 452.5 431.9 461.6
  
  甘蔗 2351.9 2854.1 2720.3 2938.1
  
  椰子 1249.9 1320.8 1368.3 1412.2
  
  香蕉 493.0 506.0 526.5 536.9
  
  木薯 176.6 165.2 162.6 162.2
  
  (资料来源:菲律宾国家统计办公室)
  
  森林面积1585万公顷,覆盖率达53%。有乌木、檀木等名贵木材。
  
  水产资源丰富,鱼类品种达2400多种,金枪鱼资源居世界前列。已开发的海水、淡水渔场面积2080平方公里。
  
  【服务业】
  
  服务业产值占国内生产总值的47%,从业人口占总劳力的47.5%。2004年约为406亿美元,比上年增长7.3%。
  
  【旅游业】
  
  菲外汇收入重要来源之一。2003年接待游客220万人次,比上年增长14%,旅游业收入16.4亿美元,并创造380万个就业机会。主要旅游点有:百胜滩、蓝色港湾、碧瑶市、马荣火山、伊富高省原始梯田等。
  
  【交通运输】
  
  以公路和海运为主。铁路不发达,集中在吕宋岛。航空运输主要由国家航空公司经营,全国各主要岛屿间都有航班。
  
  铁路:总长1200公里。
  
  公路:总长约20万公里。客运量占全国运输总量的90%,货运量占全国运输货运量的65%。
  
  水运:总长3219公里。全国共有大小港口数百个,商船千余艘。主要港口为马尼拉、宿务、怡朗、三宝颜等。
  
  空运:机场288个。国内航线遍及40多个城市,与30多个国家签订了国际航运协定。主要机场有首都马尼拉的尼诺·阿基诺国际机场、宿务市的马克丹国际机场和达沃机场等。
  
  (资料来源:菲国家铁路、陆地运输办公室、海洋工业局、菲律宾航空公司)
  
  【财政金融】
  
  财政收支2004年继续出现赤字。近几年财政收支情况如下(单位:亿比索):
  
  2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
  
  收入 5057 5637 5660 6266 6983
  
  支出 6418 7107 7787 8265 8844
  
  差额 -1361 -1470 -2127 -1999 -1861
  
  截至2004年底,政府债务678亿美元,外债总额556亿美元,其中短期债务占11.8%。截至2004年12月,外汇储备160.52亿美元。
  
  (资料来源:财政部、菲律宾中央银行)
  
  主要银行有:首都银行,资产额100亿美元;商业银行,资产额80亿美元。
  
  【对外贸易】
  
  与150个国家有贸易关系。近年来,菲政府积极发展对外贸易,促进出口商品多样化和外贸市场多元化,进出口商品结构发生显著变化。非传统出口商品如成衣、电子产品、工艺品、家具、化肥等的出口额,已赶超矿产、原材料等传统商品出口额。近几年贸易额如下(单位:亿美元):
  
  2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
  
  总 额 688.19 617.00 685.37 731.98 838
  
  出口额 380.77 321.50 350.66 357.50 387
  
  进口额 307.42 295.50 334.71 374.48 451
  
  差 额 +73.35 +26.00 +15.95 -16.97 -64
  
  (资料来源:菲国家统计办公室、中央银行、亚洲开发银行)
  
  2004年主要出口产品为半导体、电动机械、铜棒(条)、精制糖、传送设备等;主要进口产品为电动机械、饲料、纺织品等。其中,电子产品出口依然强劲,占出口商品的50%以上。主要贸易伙伴是美、日、新加坡、中国及中国台湾、香港等。
  
  【外国资本】
  
  据菲投资署统计,2004年菲吸引的外国直接投资为367.2亿比索,约合6.8亿美元。日本、中国台湾、美国、德国位居前四位。主要投资领域为制造业和矿业。
  
  【外国援助】
  
  外援主要来自日、美、西欧国家和国际金融组织。每年外国承诺给予菲各项援助约20亿美元。
  
  【人民生活】
  
  2003年,家庭平均收入14.9万比索(约2750美元)。2004年失业率为11.8%。近几年来,人民生活水平提高较慢,贫富不均现象严重,贫困家庭比率为25%。以2000年为基准,2003年消费品价格指数为113.8,2004年为120.6。据2003年统计,人均寿命70岁,人口出生率2.57%,死亡率0.58%。
  
  (资料来源:国家统计办公室、卫生部、劳工部)
  
  军事 1901年建立保安队。1936年以保安队为基础建立陆军。1946年以陆军为基础建立国防军,分海、陆、空和保安军四个军种。1950年4月19日正式改称菲律宾武装部队,并将3月22日(1897年菲反抗西班牙殖民统治成立革命政府的日期)定为建军节。总统是最高统帅。武装部队司令部为三军最高指挥机构,总参谋长是最高军事指挥官。国防部是三军行政管理机构。国防部长阿维利诺·克鲁兹(Avelino CRUZ),武装部队总参谋长埃弗伦·阿布(Efren ABU)。实行志愿兵役制,服役期三年以上。
  
  菲武装力量由正规军、预备役和准军事部队组成,其中正规军总兵力10.9万人。现役陆军6.6万人,编成8个步兵师、23个步兵旅、8个炮兵营、1个装甲旅、5个特种作战旅、1个总统卫队。海军2.6万人,编成1个作战舰队司令部、6个海区司令部和4个海军陆战旅。空军1.7万人,编成3个空军师、9个飞行联队、7个勤务保障联队。
  
  国家警察部队于1991年1月正式组建,隶属于内务与地方政府部。总兵力9.55万人,是仅次于菲武装部队的准军事力量,在各地区、省、县、市、镇均设有国警指挥部和警察局。
  
  2004年军费预算425亿比索。1995年2月16日,参议院通过一项推动武装部队现代化的法案。该法案决定在今后10年里增拨500亿比索,用于军队的现代化建设。
  
  
  
  
  
  六、文化教育
  [编辑本段]
  
  【教育】
  
  宪法规定,中小学实行义务教育。政府重视教育,鼓励私人办学,为私立学校提供长期低息贷款,并免征财产税。2004年教育预算为1109亿比索。政府重视教育,同时鼓励私人办学,为私立学校提供长期低息贷款,并免征财产税。初、中等教育以政府办学为主。全国共有小学39312所,小学生入学率达97%。共有中学7128所,中学入学率65%。高等教育主要由私人控制。全国共有高等教育机构1403所,在校生共200多万人,年毕业生约50万人。著名高等院校有菲律宾大学、阿特尼奥大学、东方大学、远东大学、圣托玛斯大学等。
  
  【新闻出版】
  
  主要英文日报:《马尼拉公报》、《菲律宾星报》、《菲律宾询问日报》、《自由报》、《马尼拉时报》、《马尼拉纪事报》。菲文日报:《消息报》、《菲律宾快报》。华文日报:《世界日报》、《商报》、《菲华时报》、《联合日报》和《环球日报》。
  
  菲律宾通讯社:官方通讯社,成立于1973年3月1日。与中国、马来西亚、印尼、泰国、巴基斯坦、日本等15个国家和地区的通讯社建有新闻交换关系,与美联社、路透社均有工作联系。
  
  新闻组织有全国新闻记者俱乐部、新闻摄影家协会、出版者协会等。全国有257家出版机构。
  
  全国有629家广播电台,137家电视台,其中广播局和人民电视台属官方性质,其余均为私人所有。菲广播电台、电视台使用的语言主要是英语、他加禄语和华语。
  
  
  
  
  
  七、对外关系
  [编辑本段]
  宣称奉行独立的外交政策,在平衡、平等、互利、互敬的基础上发展同所有国家的政治经济关系。对外政策的三大目标是:确保国家安全、主权和领土完整;推动经济和社会发展;保障菲海外公民权益。系美国在东南亚的盟国,重视发展同中国和日本的关系,积极推动东盟内部合作,发展同伊斯兰国家的友好关系。大力推行经济外交,积极参与国际和地区事务。截至2004年底,已同126个国家建交。
  
  
  【同中国的双边关系】
  
  一、双边政治关系回顾
  
  中国同菲律宾于1975年6月9日建交。建交32年来,中菲关系总体发展顺利,双方政治互信不断增强,各领域合作成效显著。
  
  建交以来,中菲高层互访不断。马科斯总统(1975年6月)、阿基诺总统(1988年4月)、拉莫斯总统(1993年4月)、阿罗约副总统(2000年3月)、埃斯特拉达总统(2000年5月)、阿罗约总统(2001年11月、2004年9月)等先后访华。李鹏总理(1990年12月)、乔石委员长(1993年8月)、江泽民主席(1996年11月)、朱镕基总理(1999年11月)、李鹏委员长(2002年9月)、吴邦国委员长(2003年8月)、胡锦涛主席(2005年4月)等先后访菲。
  
  江泽民主席1996年对菲进行国事访问期间,两国领导人同意建立中菲面向21世纪的睦邻互信合作关系,并就在南海问题上“搁置争议,共同开发”达成重要共识和谅解。2000年,双方签署了《中华人民共和国政府和菲律宾共和国政府关于二十一世纪双边合作框架的联合声明》,确定在睦邻合作、互信互利的基础上建立长期稳定的关系。胡锦涛主席2005年对菲进行国事访问期间,两国领导人确认建立致力于和平与发展的战略性合作关系。
  
  2006年,菲参议长德里隆(4月)、副总统德卡斯特罗(6月)和众议长德贝内西亚(6月)先后访华。
  
  2007年1月,温家宝总理出席在菲律宾宿务举行的东亚领导人系列会议,并应菲律宾总统阿罗约邀请,对菲进行正式访问。访问期间,双方发表了联合声明,愿共同全面深化中菲致力于和平与发展的战略性合作关系。两国政府和企业还签署了经贸、基础设施建设、文物保护等领域的一系列合作文件。
  
  两国外交部自1991年起建立磋商机制,迄今已举行14次外交磋商。中菲除互设大使馆外,中国在宿务设有总领馆,2007年3月在拉瓦格开设领事馆。菲在厦门、广州、上海和香港分别设有总领馆。
  
  二、双边经贸关系和经济技术合作
  
  2006年双边贸易额234.1亿美元,同比增长33.4%。截至2006年底,菲累计在华投资实际使用金额22亿美元。2006年6月,首届中菲经贸合作论坛在马尼拉举行,双方签署建立经济合作伙伴关系的谅解备忘录。2007年1月,两国政府签署关于扩大和深化双边经济贸易合作的框架协定。
  
  两国农业合作发展迅速。1999年两国农业部签署《关于加强农业及有关领域合作协定》。2000年双方有关部门签署中方向菲方提供1亿美元信贷协议书。由中方援建的“中菲农业技术中心” 于2003年3月在菲竣工。中国优良杂交稻种和玉米在菲试种成功,现正逐步推广。2004年两国签署《渔业合作谅解备忘录》。2007年1月,两国农业部签署《关于扩大深化农渔业合作的协议备忘录》。
  
  两国基础设施建设合作不断加强。2003年8月,两国就合作建设菲北吕宋铁路项目分别签署谅解备忘录,中国政府向菲政府提供4亿美元的优惠出口买方信贷。2005年4月,中国政府决定再向菲提供5亿美元优惠出口买方信贷,用于菲基础设施建设。同月,两国签署《中华人民共和国商务部和菲律宾共和国贸工部关于基础设施领域合作谅解备忘录》。2007年1月,中国又向菲提供5亿美元优惠出口买方信贷,用于菲铁路建设等重大发展项目。
  
  两国矿产资源开发合作取得进展。2005年1月,中国商务部和菲贸工部签署《矿业领域合作谅解备忘录》。2月,五矿化工商会组团赴菲出席国际矿业大会。4月,中菲两国石油公司签署《关于在菲律宾西北巴拉望海域卡拉棉区域上游项目合作的框架协议》。
  
  三、文教、科技、军事等领域的交往与合作
  
  中菲在文化、科技、司法、旅游等领域的交流与合作不断深化。两国迄今签署了13个双年度文化合作执行计划,举行了13次科技合作联委会会议,共确定了244个科研合作项目。我新华社在马尼拉设有分社。中央电视台第四套节目在菲落地。两国签有:《科技合作协定》(1978年)、《文化合作协定》(1979年)、《民用航空运输协定》(1979年)、《体育合作备忘录》(2001年)、《信息产业合作备忘录》(2001年)、《打击跨国犯罪合作备忘录》(2001年)、《引渡条约》(2001年)、《打击贩毒合作协议》(2001年)、《旅游合作备忘录》(2002年)、《海事合作谅解备忘录》(2005年)、《青年事务合作协议》(2005年)、《卫生和植物卫生合作谅解备忘录》(2007年)、《文化遗产保护协议》(2007年)等一系列合作文件。
  
  中菲结有18对友好省市,分别为杭州市和碧瑶市、广州市和马尼拉市、上海市和大马尼拉市、厦门市和宿务市、沈阳市和奎松市、石狮市和那牙市、抚顺市和利巴市、海南省和宿务省、三亚市和拉普拉市、山东省和北伊洛戈省、淄博市和万那威市、安徽省和新怡诗夏省、湖北省和莱特省、柳州市和穆汀鲁帕市、贺州市和圣费尔南多市、哈尔滨市和卡加延-德奥罗市、来宾市和拉瓦格市、北京市和马尼拉市。
  
  近几年中菲军事交往增多。2002年4月,菲国防部长雷耶斯访华;6月,菲律宾空军司令迪凡叟访华,菲海军舰队首次访华;9月,中央军委副主席、国务委员兼国防部长迟浩田访菲。2004年,菲武装部队总参谋长阿巴亚和国防部长克鲁兹先后访华,双方建立年度防务安全磋商机制。2005年5月,中国人民解放军副总参谋长熊光楷上将赴菲,与菲国防部副部长桑托斯举行中菲首次防务与安全磋商。2006年5月,菲武装部队总参谋长森加上将访华。10月,菲国防部副部长桑托斯访华,双方举行第二次中菲防务安全磋商。同月,我海军北海舰队访菲,与菲海军举行非传统安全联合演习。
  
  四、双边关系中的问题
  
  中菲两国在南沙部分岛礁归属问题上存在分歧。双方经过多轮磋商,同意通过双边友好协商寻求解决分歧的办法。两国间设有在南海地区探讨合作的磋商机制,包括渔业合作、海洋环保和建立信任措施三个工作组。2001年4月,双方在马尼拉举行第三次建立信任措施工作组会议,双方承诺不让双边分歧影响中菲关系发展的大局,同意不采取可能使事态复杂化和扩大化的行动,并将加强双方在渔业、军事、科研等领域的合作。2004年10月,中国海事局与菲律宾海岸警卫队在马尼拉首次举行了中菲联合搜救沙盘演习。经过双方共同努力,中国海洋石油总公司与菲律宾国家石油公司于2004年9月1日签署了《在南中国海部分海域开展联合海洋地震工作协议》。2005年3月,越南同意加入中菲合作,中越菲三国石油公司签署《在南中国海协议区三方联合海洋地震工作协议》。
  
  五、重要双边文件
  
  1、《中华人民共和国政府和菲律宾共和国政府建交联合公报》(1975年6月)
  
  2、《中华人民共和国政府和菲律宾共和国政府关于21世纪双边合作框架的联合声明》(2000年5月)
  
  3、《中华人民共和国与菲律宾共和国联合新闻公报》(2004年9月)
  
  4、《中华人民共和国与菲律宾共和国联合声明》(2005年4月)
  
  5、《中华人民共和国与菲律宾共和国联合声明》(2007年1月)
  
  中国驻菲律宾共和国大使:吴红波。馆址:4896 PASAY ROAD,DASMARINAS VILLAGE,MAKATI,METRO MANILA PHILIPPINES。电话:(00632) 8443148。传真:(00632)8439970。电子信箱:EMB-DHN@PACIFIC.NET.PH。经商处电话:(00632)8195991。传真:(00632)8184553。签证处电话:(00632)8482385。传真:(00632)8482386。
  
  中国驻宿务总领事:崔罗生。馆址:CEBU MEMORIAL FOUNDATION COMPOUND,DON JULIO LLORRENTE STREET,BRGY. CAPITOL SITE, CEBU CITY 60000,PHILIPPINES。办公室电话:(006332)2563422。经商室电话:(00632)2563433。
  
  菲律宾驻华大使:盖威利(Willy C.Gaa)。馆址:北京朝阳区建国门外秀水北街23号。电话:65322794,65321872,65322518,65322451。
  
  【同美国的关系】
  
  菲曾是美殖民地,两国长期保持密切的盟国关系。两国签有共同防御条约和共同防御援助协议。1991年菲参议院废除了菲美军事基地协定,结束了美在菲长达93年的驻军。1998年,两国签署《访问部队协定》。该协定使得美军重返菲律宾,两国恢复大规模联合军事演习。 "9·11"事件使菲美军事合作得到明显加强。菲政府全力支持美反恐行动及对阿富汗和伊拉克战争,向美开放军事设施,提供后勤服务。美国则承诺向菲提供新的军事装备,加大对菲军事经济援助,向菲派遣专家协助反恐训练。
  
  2004年1月,美国能源部长斯宾瑟·阿伯拉汗(Spencer Abraham)访菲。双方签署能源发展合作备忘录。美将向菲提供350万美元技术援助。2月,菲美军队举行"肩并肩2004"联合军演,共派出4900余人(其中美军2600余人)参演。3月,菲律宾外长阿尔韦特访美。7月,菲因伊拉克人质事件而从伊撤军,引起美国不满。11月,菲外交部宣布,美国国会已确定将对菲财政和技术援助由2004年的3700万美元增至6900万美元。
  
  美是菲最大贸易伙伴。2003年,菲美贸易总额为172亿美元,其中菲向美出口94亿美元。
  
  【同日本的关系】
  
  1956年7月建交。菲积极支持日本在国际事务中发挥与其经济影响相称的政治作用。日本是菲最大援助国、第二大投资来源地和主要贸易伙伴。2003年1月,日本外务省副大臣安野光辉郎访菲。6月,阿罗约总统对日进行工作访问,与日首相小泉纯一郎举行会谈。12月,阿罗约总统赴日出席日本-东盟峰会期间,会见日本首相小泉纯一郎,双方签署三项能源贷款合同和《信息技术合作协议》。
  
  2004年2月,菲日开始就双边自贸协定举行谈判;5月,菲贸工部与日咨询科技部发表关于加强两国信息产业联系的联合声明;7月,日本外相川口顺子赴菲出席阿罗约总统就职仪式。
  
  2004年日本对菲直接投资达253.8亿比索,比上年增长187%。
  
  【同东盟国家的关系】
  
  菲律宾重视发展同东盟其他国家的关系,将其列为菲对外政策的优先考虑。菲积极参与、推动和促进东盟内部的各项合作及经济一体化进程。菲律宾同马来西亚之间存在着沙巴领土争端,双方均表示愿通过友好协商解决。马来西亚积极斡旋菲政府与摩伊解之间的和谈。
  
  2004年1月,马来西亚总理巴达维访菲;同月,菲与文莱举行双边合作联席会议;5月,菲外长阿尔伯特赴马来西亚出席不结盟运动巴勒斯坦委员会部长级会议并顺访马来西亚;同月,新加坡旅游署在马尼拉正式开设地区办事处;7月,菲律宾与马来西亚在马尼拉举行双边合作联席会议;10月,菲律宾与印尼相关机构签署两国互换信息、取缔洗钱行为的谅解备忘录;11月,阿罗约总统赴老挝出席第十届东盟领导人峰会;12月,新加坡总理李显龙访菲。
  
  文全称: 菲律宾比索
  币值换算
  1比索=100分
  
  币值: 1、2、5、10、25、50分及1、2、5比索
  
  
  
  
  八、国旗国徽
  [编辑本段]
  国旗:
  
  右侧为蓝、红二色,平时蓝色在上,战时红色在上。太阳象征自由,八道较长的光束代表最初起义的八个省,其余光束表示其他省。三颗五角星表示三大地区:吕宋、萨马、棉兰老。蓝色象征忠心、诚实、正直,红色象征勇气,白色象征和平与纯洁。
  
  国徽:
  
  为盾形。狮子和鹰则分别象征菲律宾摆脱西班牙和美国的统治,获得独立。白色绶带上用英文写着“菲律宾共和国”。
  九
  语言
  塔加洛语(塔加洛语:Tagalog),或译为“他加洛语”、“他加禄语”,在语言分类上是属于南岛语系的马来-波里尼西亚语族,主要被使用于菲律宾。被当成是菲律宾国语及官方语言之一的所谓“菲律宾语”(Filipino),正是以塔加洛语作为主体而发展出来的。
  根据菲律宾政府2000年所进行的人口普查资料,在总数为76,332,470的菲律宾人当中,有21,485,927人是以塔加洛语作为母语的。此外,还有将近5000万的其他菲律宾人,则是以塔加洛语作为第二语言。在菲律宾将近170种的本土语言中,塔加洛语是唯一具有官方语言地位的一个语言。


  The Philippines (Filipino: Pilipinas; Spanish: Filipinas), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Republika ng Pilipinas; RP), is an archipelagic nation located in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. The Philippine archipelago comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean, bordering countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Palau, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and Vietnam. The Philippines is the world's 12th most populous country with a population approaching 90 million people. Its national economy is the 37th largest in the world with a 2006 gross domestic product (GDP) of over US$117.562 billion. There are more than 11 million overseas Filipinos worldwide, the largest diaspora network in the world, about 11% of the total population of the Philippines.
  
  The Philippines was settled mostly by Malayo-Polynesian-speaking peoples. The Philippines became a Spanish colony in the 16th century, and an American territory at the beginning of the 20th century. The Katipunan led the Philippine Revolution of 1896 that won independence from Spain. The U.S. occupation of the Philippines during the Spanish-American War led to the outbreak of the Philippine-American War. The Philippines gained its independence from the United States on July 4, 1946 after the Pacific War (the Second World War) via the Treaty of Manila. Martial law was declared in 1972 by Ferdinand Marcos. The assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr. led to the People Power Revolution of 1986 that overthrew authoritarian rule. Political upheavals and corruption scandals alternated with the peaceful transition of power during the period that followed the restoration of democracy.
  
  Modern Philippines has many affinities with the Western world, derived mainly from the cultures of Spain, Latin America, and the United States. Roman Catholicism is the country's predominant religion, although pre-Hispanic indigenous religious practices still exist; there are also followers of Islam. Spanish was an official language of the Philippines until 1973. Since then, the two official national languages are Filipino and English.
  
  The name Philippines and its Spanish counterpart, Filipinas, are derived from the name of Phillip II, the King of Spain in the late 16th century. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos used the name Las Islas Filipinas in honor of the then-Crown Prince during his expedition to the Philippines, originally referring to the islands of Leyte and Samar. Despite the presence of other names, the name Filipinas was eventually adopted as the name of the entire archipelago.
  
  History
  
  Archeological and paleontological discoveries show that Homo sapiens existed in Palawan circa 50,000 BC. The aboriginal people of the Philippines, the Negritos, are an Australo-Melanesian people, which arrived in the Philippines at least 30,000 years ago. The Austronesians, who originated from populations of Taiwanese aboriginals that migrated from mainland Asia approximately 6000 years ago, colonized the Philippine islands and eventually migrated to Indonesia, Malaysia and, soon after, to the Polynesian islands and Madagascar.[citation needed]
  
  The Philippines had cultural ties with Malaysia, Indonesia, India in ancient times, and trade relations with China and Japan as early as the 9th century.
  
  Islam was brought to the Philippines by traders and proselytizers from Malaysia and Indonesia. The Islamization of the Philippines is due to the strength of then-Muslim India. By the 13th century, Islam was established in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there to Mindanao; it had reached the Manila area by 1565. Muslim converts established Islamic communities and states ruled by rajas or sultans. However, no Islamic state exercised sovereignty over much of the archipelago, and the indigenous maritime and agricultural societies ruled by datus or apos remained autonomous. When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, the majority of the estimated 500,000 people in the islands lived in independent settlements called 'barangay' or networks of settlements.
  
  The Banaue Rice Terraces, they are part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, ancient sprawling man-made structures from 2,000 to 6,000 years old, which are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.In the service of Spain, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his crew started their voyage on September 20, 1519. Magellan sighted Samar on March 17, 1521, on the next day, they reached Homonhon. They reached the island of Limasawa on March 28, 1521 where the first Mass in the Philippines was celebrated on March 31, 1521. Magellan arrived at Cebu on April 7, 1521, befriending Rajah Humabon and converting his family and 700 other Cebuanos to Christianity. However, Magellan would later be killed in the Battle of Mactan by indigenous warriors led by Lapu-Lapu, a fierce rival of Humabon.
  
  The beginnings of colonization started to take form when Philip II of Spain ordered successive expeditions. Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first Spanish settlements in Cebu. In 1571 he established Manila as the capital of the new Spanish colony.
  
  Model of a Philippine-built ship used for trading around the archipelago before the arrival of the Spanish.Spanish rule brought political unification to an archipelago of previously independent islands and communities that later became the Philippines, and introduced elements of western civilization such as the code of law, printing and the calendar. The Philippines was ruled as a territory of New Spain from 1565 to 1821, but after Mexican independence it was administered directly from Madrid. During that time numerous towns were founded, infrastructures built, new crops and livestock introduced, and trade flourished. The Manila Galleon which linked Manila to Acapulco once or twice a year beginning in the late 16th century, carried silk, spices, ivory and porcelain to America and silver on the return trip to the Philippines. The Spanish military fought off various indigenous revolts and several external threats, especially from the British, Chinese pirates, Dutch, and Portuguese. Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the inhabitants to Christianity, and founded numerous schools, universities and hospitals. In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced public education, creating free public schooling in Spanish .
  
  Flag Pambansang Watawat
  Anthem "Lupang Hinirang"
  Patriotic Song "Pilipinas Kong Mahal", "Bayan Ko"
  Gem Pearl of the Orient
  Dance Cariñosa
  Mammal Carabao
  Bird Philippine Eagle
  Fish Milkfish (Bangus)
  Flower Arabian Jasmine (Sampaguita)
  Tree Angsana (Narra)
  Leaf Fan palm (Anahaw)
  Fruit Mango (Mangga)
  Sport Sipa
  House Nipa hut (Bahay kubo)
  Costume Barong Tagalog and Baro't saya
  Hero José Rizal
  
  The Propaganda Movement, which included Philippine nationalist José Rizal, then a student studying in Spain, soon developed on the Spanish mainland. This was done in order to inform the government of the injustices of the administration in the Philippines as well as the abuses of the friars. In the 1880s and the 1890s, the propagandists clamored for political and social reforms, which included demands for greater representation in Spain. Unable to gain the reforms, Rizal returned to the country, and pushed for the reforms locally. Rizal was subsequently arrested, tried, and executed for treason on December 30, 1896. Earlier that year, the Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, had already started a revolution, which was eventually continued by Emilio Aguinaldo, who established a revolutionary government, although the Spanish governor general Fernando Primo de Rivera proclaimed the revolution over in May 17, 1897.
  
  The Spanish-American War began in Cuba in 1898 and soon reached the Philippines when Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila Bay. Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898, and was proclaimed head of state. As a result of its defeat, Spain was forced to officially cede the Philippines, together with Cuba (made an independent country, the US in charge of foreign affairs), Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States. In 1899 the First Philippine Republic was proclaimed in Malolos, Bulacan but was later dissolved by the US forces, leading to the Philippine-American War between the United States and the Philippine revolutionaries, which continued the violence of the previous years. The US proclaimed the war ended when Aguinaldo was captured by American troops on March 23, 1901, but the struggle continued until 1913 claiming the lives of over a million Filipinos . The country's status as a territory changed when it became the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, which provided for more self-governance. Plans for increasing independence over the next decade were interrupted during World War II when Japan invaded and occupied the islands. After the Japanese were defeated in 1945, returned to the Filipino and American forces in the Liberation of the Philippines from 1944 to 1945, the Philippines was granted independence from the United States on July 4, 1946.
  
  A late 19th century photograph of leaders of the Propaganda Movement: José Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar and Mariano Ponce.Since 1946, the newly independent Philippine state has faced political instability with various rebel groups. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw economic development that was second in Asia, next to Japan. Ferdinand Marcos was, then, the elected president. Barred from seeking a third term, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, under the guise of increased political instability and resurgent Communist and Muslim insurgencies, and ruled the country by decree.
  
  Upon returning from exile, opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated on August 21, 1983. In January 1986, Marcos allowed for a snap election, after large protests. The election was believed to be fraudulent, and resulted in a standoff between military mutineers and the military loyalists. Protesters supported the mutineers, and were accompanied by resignations of prominent cabinet officials. Corazon Aquino, the widow of Benigno Aquino, Jr., was the recognized winner of the snap election. She took over the government, and called for a constitutional convention to draft a new constitution, after the People Power Revolution. Marcos, his family and some of his allies fled to Hawaii.
  
  The return of democracy and government reforms after the events of 1986 were hampered by massive national debt, government corruption, coup attempts, a communist insurgency, and a Muslim separatist movement. The economy improved during the administration of Fidel V. Ramos, who was elected in 1992. However, the economic improvements were negated at the onset of the East Asian financial crisis in 1997. The 2001 EDSA Revolution led to the downfall of the following president, Joseph Estrada. The current administration of president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo has been hounded by allegations of corruption and election rigging.
  
  Politics and government
  
  Philippine President Gloria Macapagal ArroyoThe Philippines has a presidential, unitary form of government (with some modification; there is one autonomous region largely free from the national government), where the President functions as both head of state and head of government, and is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president is elected by popular vote to a single six-year term, during which time she or he appoints and presides over the cabinet.
  
  The bicameral Congress is composed of a Senate, serving as the upper house whose members are elected nationally to a six-year term, and a House of Representatives serving as the lower house whose members are elected to a three-year term and are elected from both legislative districts and through sectoral representation.
  
  The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officer and fourteen associate justices, all appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council.
  
  Attempts to amend the constitution to either a federal, unicameral or parliamentary form of government have repeatedly failed since the Ramos administration.
  
  The Philippines is a founding and active member of the United Nations since its inception on October 24, 1945 and is a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The Philippines is also a member of the East Asia Summit (EAS), an active player in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Latin Union, and a member of the Group of 24. The country is a major non-NATO ally of the U.S. but also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.
  
  Administrative divisions
  
  Provinces and regions of the Philippines.The Philippines is divided into three island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. These are divided into 17 regions, 81 provinces, 136 cities, 1,494 municipalities and 41,995 barangays.
  
  Region Designation Government center
  Ilocos Region Region I San Fernando City, La Union
  Cagayan Valley Region Region II Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
  Central Luzon Region Region III City of San Fernando, Pampanga
  CALABARZON Region¹ ² Region IV-A Calamba City, Laguna
  MIMAROPA Region¹ ² ³ Region IV-B Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro
  Bicol Region Region V Legazpi City, Albay
  Western Visayas Region³ Region VI Iloilo City
  Central Visayas Region Region VII Cebu City
  Eastern Visayas Region Region VIII Tacloban City, Leyte
  Zamboanga Peninsula Region Region IX Pagadian City
  Northern Mindanao Region Region X Cagayan de Oro City
  Davao Region Region XI Davao City
  SOCCSKSARGEN Region¹ Region XII Koronadal City, South Cotabato
  Caraga Region Region XIII Butuan City
  Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ARMM Cotabato City
  Cordillera Administrative Region CAR Baguio City
  National Capital Region NCR Manila
  
  ¹ Names are capitalized because they are acronyms, containing the names of the constituent provinces or cities (see Acronyms in the Philippines).
  ² These regions formed the former Southern Tagalog region, or Region IV.
  ³ Palawan was moved from Region IV-B as known as MIMAROPA to Region VI. From November 2005, Region IV-B would be called MIMARO, decreased from five to four provinces and Region VI increased from six to seven provinces.
  
  Geography
  
  Mayon Volcano, the most active volcano in the Philippines.The Philippines constitutes an archipelago of 7,107 islands with a total land area of approximately 300,000 square kilometers (116,000 sq mi). It generally lies between 116° 40' and 126° 34' E. longitude, and 4° 40' and 21° 10' N. latitude, and borders the Philippine Sea on the east, the South China Sea on the west, and the Celebes Sea on the south. The island of Borneo lies a few hundred kilometers southwest and Taiwan directly north. The Moluccas and Sulawesi are to the south/southwest, and Palau is to the east beyond the Philippine Sea.
  
  The islands are commonly divided into three island groups: Luzon (Regions I to V, NCR and CAR), Visayas (VI to VIII), and Mindanao (IX to XIII and ARMM). The busy port of Manila, on Luzon, is the national capital and second largest city after its suburb Quezon City.
  
  Mount Apo, the Philippines' tallest mountain.The local climate is hot, humid, and tropical. The average yearly temperature is around 26.5 °C (79.7 °F). There are three recognized seasons: Tag-init or Tag-araw (the hot season or summer from March to May), Tag-ulan (the rainy season from June to November), and Taglamig (the cold season from December to February). The southwest monsoon (May-October) is known as the "habagat" and the dry winds of the northeast monsoon (November-April) as the "amihan".
  
  Most of the mountainous islands used to be covered in tropical rainforest and are volcanic in origin. The highest point is Mount Apo on Mindanao at 2,954 metres (9,692 ft). There are many active volcanos such as Mayon Volcano, Mount Pinatubo, and Taal Volcano. The country also lies within the typhoon belt of the Western Pacific and about 19 typhoons strike per year.
  
  Lying on the northwestern fringes of the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines experiences frequent seismic and volcanic activities. Some 20 earthquakes are registered daily in the Philippines, though most are too weak to be felt. The last great earthquake was the 1990 Luzon earthquake.
  
  The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon. Manila Bay is connected to Laguna de Bay by means of the Pasig River. Subic Bay, the Davao Gulf and the Moro Gulf are some of the important bays. Transversing the San Juanico Strait is the San Juanico Bridge (considered a point of vital national infrastructure and capacity), that connects the islands of Samar and Leyte.
  
  Economy
  
  Metro Manila Skyline.The Philippines is a newly industrialized country with an economy anchored on agriculture but with substantial contributions from manufacturing, mining, remittances from overseas Filipinos and service industries such as tourism and, increasingly, business process outsourcing. The Philippines is listed in the roster of "Next Eleven" economies.
  
  Historically, the Philippine economy has largely been anchored on the Manila galleon during the Spanish era, and bilateral trade with the United States during the American era. Pro-Filipino economic policies were first implemented during the tenure of Carlos P. Garcia with the "Filipino First" policy. By the 1960s, the Philippine economy was regarded as the second-largest in Asia, next only to Japan. However, the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos would prove disastrous to the Philippine economy, sliding the country into severe economic recession, only to recover starting in the 1990s with a program of economic liberalization and the breaking of Marcos-era monopolies and the system of cronyism under Fidel V. Ramos.
  
  The Asian Financial Crisis affected the Philippine economy to an extent, resulting in a lingering decline of the value of the Philippine peso and falls in the stock market, although the extent to which it was affected is not as severe as that of its Asian neighbors. This is largely due to the fiscal conservatism of the Philippine government partly as a result of decades of monitoring and fiscal supervision from the International Monetary Fund, in comparison to the massive spending of its neighbors on the rapid acceleration of economic growth. By 2004, the Philippine economy experienced six-percent growth in gross domestic product and 7.3% in 2007, in line with the "7, 8, 9" project of the government to accelerate GDP growth by 2009.
  
  Cebu City Business Park.In a bid to further strengthen the Philippine economy, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo pledged to make the Philippines a developed country by 2020. As part of this goal, she instituted five economic "super regions" to concentrate on the economic strengths of various regions of the Philippines, as well as the implementation of tax reforms, continued privatization of state assets, and the building-up of infrastructure in various areas of the Philippines.
  
  Despite the growing economy, the Philippines will have to address several chronic problems in the future. Strategies for streamlining the economy include improvements of infrastructure, more efficient tax systems to bolster government revenues, furthering deregulation and privatization of the economy, and increasing trade integration within the region and across the world. The Philippine economy is also heavily reliant on remittances as a source of foreign currency, surpassing even foreign direct investment. China and India have emerged as major economic competitors, siphoning away investors who would otherwise have invested in the Philippines, particularly telecommunications companies. Regional development is also somewhat uneven, with Luzon and Metro Manila in particular gaining most of the new economic growth at the expense of the other regions, although the government has taken steps to distribute economic growth by promoting investment in other areas of the Philippines.
  
  The Philippines is a founding member of the Asian Development Bank, playing home to its headquarters. It is also a member of the World Bank, the IMF, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Colombo Plan, and the G-77, among others.
  
  Demographics
  
  The Philippines is the world's 12th most populous country, with a population of over 90 million as of 2008.As of 2007, 8% of Filipinos are living abroad as migrant laborers. Roughly half reside on the island of Luzon. Manila, the capital, is the eleventh most populous metropolitan area in the world. The literacy rate was 92.6% in 2003, and about equal for males and females. Life expectancy is 71.23 years, with 73.6 years for females and 69.8 years for males. Population growth rate in 1995-2000 is 3.21% but then dramatically fell to 1.59% for 2005-2010.
  
  Ethnic groups
  
  Majority of Filipinos are descended from the various Austronesian-speaking migrants who arrived in successive waves over a thousand years ago from Taiwan, genetically most closely related to the Ami tribe. The Malayo-Polynesian-speaking peoples, a branch of Austronesian, migrated to the Philippines and brought their knowledge of rice agriculture and ocean-sailing technology. Filipinos to this day are composed of various Malayo-Polynesian-speaking ethnic groups, including but not limited to the Visayans, the Tagalog, the Ilocano, the Moro, the Kapampangan, the Bicolano, the Pangasinense, the Igorot, the Lumad, the Mangyan, the Ibanag, the Badjao, the Ivatan, and the Palawan tribes. The Negritos, including the Aetas and the Ati, are considered as the aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines though they are estimated to be fewer than 30,000 people (0.03%).
  
  Filipinos of Chinese descent currently forms the largest non-Austronesian ethnic group, claiming about 1.5% of the population followed by Filipinos of Spanish descent. Other significant minorities include British, Americans, Japanese, Asian Indians, Koreans, Arabs and Indonesians. Chinese mestizos are those in the Philippines of mixed Chinese and either indigenous Filipino or Spanish (or both) ancestry. They make up between 10-20% of the country's total population.
  
  Throughout the country's history, various ethnic groups as well as immigrants and colonizers have intermarried, producing Filipino mestizos. These mestizos, apart from being of mixed indigenous Austronesian and European ancestry, can be descended from any ethnic foreign forebears. The percentage of Filipinos with foreign ancestry is unknown since there are no credible sources for the percentage of Philippine mestizos residing in the Philippines. The number of Filipino mestizos that reside outside the Philippines is also unknown. However, due to major historical factors, such as the Spanish colonization, the American occupation, and Chinese immigration after World War II; many Filipino mestizos that reside in the Philippines are now of Spanish, American and Chinese descent.
  
  Languages
  
  Map of the dominant ethnolinguistic groups of the Philippines.Filipino and English are the official languages of the Philippines, but more than 180 languages and dialects are spoken in the archipelago, almost all of them belonging to the Borneo-Philippines group of the Malayo-Polynesian language branch of the Austronesian language family.
  
  According to the 1987 Constitution, Filipino and English are both the official languages. Many Filipinos understand, write and speak English, Filipino and their respective regional languages.
  
  Filipino is the de facto standardized version of Tagalog spoken in Metro Manila and urban centers and one of the official languages in the country. English, the other official language, is widely used as a lingua franca throughout the country.
  
  Twelve major regional languages are the auxiliary official languages of their respective regions, each with over one million speakers: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Waray-Waray, Kapampangan, Bikol, Pangasinan. Kinaray-a, Maranao, Maguindanao and Tausug.
  
  English was imposed by Americans during the U.S. intervention and colonization of the archipelago. English is used in education, churches, religious affairs, print and broadcast media, and business, though the number of people who use it as a second language far outnumber those who speak it as a first language. Still, English is the preferred medium for textbooks and instruction for secondary and tertiary levels. Movies and TV programs in English are not subtitled but many films and TV programs are produced in Filipino. English is the sole language of the law courts.
  
  Spanish was the original official language of the country for more than three centuries, and became the lingua franca of the Philippines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Spanish was the language of the Philippine Revolution, and the 1899 Malolos Constitution proclaimed it as the official language. However, Spanish was spoken by a total of 60% of the population in the early 1900s as a first, second or third language. Following the American occupation of the Philippines, its use declined after 1940. Currently, only a few Mestizos of Spanish or Hispanic origin speak it as their first language, although a few others use it together with Filipino and English.
  
  Both Spanish and Arabic are recognized as auxiliary languages in the Filipino Constitution, to be "promoted on a voluntary and optional basis". The use of Arabic is prevalent among Filipino Muslims and taught in madrasah (Muslim) schools.
  
  Religion
  
  Manila Cathedral, officially the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, is mother church of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines.The Philippines is one of two countries in Asia with Roman Catholic majorities; the other being East Timor. The Philippines is separated into dioceses of which the Archdiocese of Manila enjoys primacy. About 90% of Filipinos identify themselves as Christians, with 81% belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. 2% are composed of Protestant denominations and 11% either to the Philippine Independent Church (Aglipayan), Iglesia ni Cristo and others. While Christianity is a major force in the culture of the Filipinos, indigenous traditions and rituals still influence religious practice.
  
  Philippines religiosity
  religion percent
  Christianity   90%
  Islam   5%
  Others   5%
  
  The Philippines is also well-known for its Baroque-style churches. They are a part of the long list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These churches are: San Agustin Church in Intramuros, Manila; Paoay Church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte; Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion (Santa Maria) Church in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur; and the Santo Tomas de Villanueva (Miag-ao) Church in Miag-ao, Iloilo.
  
  Approximately 5% of Filipinos are Muslims, and are locally known as "Moros", having been dubbed this by the Spanish due to their sharing Islam with the Moors of North Africa. They primarily settle in parts of Mindanao, Palawan and the Sulu archipelago, but are now found in most urban areas of the country. Most lowland Muslim Filipinos practice normative Islam, although the practices of some Mindanao's hill tribe Muslims reflect a fusion with animism. There are also small populations of Buddhists, Hindus, Sikhs, and animists, which, along with other non-Christians, non-Muslims and those with no religion, collectively comprise 2.5% of the population.
  
  Culture
  
  An Ifugao sculpture.Filipino culture is a fusion of pre-Hispanic indigenous Austronesian civilizations of the Philippines mixed with Hispanic and American. It has also been influenced by Chinese, Arab, and Indianized cultures.
  
  The Hispanic influences in Filipino culture are largely derived from the culture of Spain and Mexico as a result of over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule through Mexico. These Hispanic influences are most evident in literature, folk music, folk dance, language, food, art and religion, such as Roman Catholic Church religious festivals. Filipinos hold major festivities known as barrio fiestas to commemorate their patron saints. One of the most visible Hispanic legacies is the prevalence of Spanish surnames among Filipinos. This peculiarity, unique among the people of Asia, came as a result of a colonial decree for the systematic distribution of family names and implementation of the Spanish naming system on the inhabitants of the Philippines. A Spanish name and surname among the majority of Filipinos does not always denote Spanish ancestry.
  
  The five instruments of gongs and a drum that make up the Philippine kulintang ensemble, an example of pre-Hispanic musical tradition present in southern PhilippinesNames of countless streets, towns and provinces are in Spanish. Spanish architecture also made a major imprint in the Philippines. This can be seen especially in the country's churches, government buildings and universities. Many Hispanic style houses and buildings are being preserved, like the Spanish colonial town in Vigan City, for protection and conservation. The kalesa is a horse-driven carriage introduced by the Spaniards and was a major mode of transportation during the colonial times. It is still being used today. Filipino cuisine is also heavily influenced by Mexican and Spanish cuisine.
  
  The use of English language in the Philippines is contemporaneous and is America's visible legacy. The most commonly played sports in the Philippines are basketball and billiards. There is also a wide influence of American Pop cultural trends, such as the love of fast-food and movies; many street corners boast fast-food outlets. Aside from the American commercial giants such as McDonald's, Pizza Hut, Burger King, KFC, and Shakey's Pizza, local fast-food chains have also sprung up, including Goldilocks, Jollibee, Greenwich Pizza (acquired by Jollibee in 1994), and Chowking (acquired by Jollibee in 2000). Modern day Filipinos also listen to contemporary American music and watch American movies. However, Original Pilipino Music (also known as OPM) and Philippine movies are also widely appreciated.
  
  Filipinos honor national heroes whose works and deeds contributed to the shaping of the Filipino nation. José Rizal is the most celebrated ilustrado, a Spanish-speaking reformist visionary whose writings contributed greatly in nurturing a sense of national identity and awareness. His novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo originally written in Spanish, are required readings for Filipino students, and provide vignettes of colonial life under the Spanish rule.
  
  As with many cultures, music (which includes traditional music) and leisure activities are an important aspect of the Filipino society. Various sports are also enjoyed, including boxing, basketball, badminton, billiards, football (soccer) and ten-pin bowling being popular games in the country.
 

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