| rì běn Japan shǒudōu:dōng jīng guógūdàimǎ: jp |
 日本 日本 日本 日本 日本 日本yù chēng： yīng huā zhī guó guó qí： rì zhāng qí（ に っ し ょ う き）， chéng cháng fāng xíng， cháng yǔ kuān zhī bǐ wéi 3 ∶ 2。 qí miàn wéi bái sè。 bái sè xiàng zhēng zhèng zhí hé chún jié， hóng sè xiàng zhēng zhēn chéng hé rè chén。 rì běn guó yī cí yì jí “ rì chū zhī guó ”。 rì běn guó qí yě chēng zuò“ tài yáng qí” qí miàn shàng yī lún hóng rì jū zhōng， huī yìng zhe bái sè de qí miàn。 chuán shuō rì běn shì tài yáng shén chuàng zào de， ér tiān huáng jiù shì tài yáng shén de zǐ sūn。 guó huī： yuán xíng huì yòu 16 bàn huáng sè de jú huā bàn guó gē：《 jūn zhī dài》 guó huā： yīng huā guó niǎo： lǜ zhì guó shí： xiǎo jīng xiàn rèn tiān huáng： míng rén（ nián hào ‘ píng chéng ’） 2008 nián wéi píng chéng 20 nián， rì běn rén yòu bù fēn rén yòng tiān huáng nián hào jì nián de xí guàn huáng hòu： měi zhì zǐ（ hūn qián míng： zhèng tián měi zhì zǐ， rì běn yòu hūn hòu fū qī hé wéi yī xìng de xí guàn， dàn duō wéi nǚ xìng gǎi wéi fū xìng） nèi gé zǒng lǐ dà chén（ shǒuxiàng）： fú tián kāng fū rì běn guó yú 1956 nián 12 yuè 18 rì jiā rù lián hé guó jiù míng： wō guó（《 shān hǎi jīng》 wō shǔ yàn， gǔ dài dài chēng）、 dōng yáng（ dōng yíng）、 fú sāng rén kǒu： 1.2777 yì rén（ jié zhì rì běn zǒng wù shěng 2008 nián 1 yuè 1 rì gū jì）， qí zhōng nán xìng wéi 6233 wàn rén； nǚ xìng wéi 6542 wàn rén。 rì běn chū xiàn yán zhòng shǎozǐhuà jí lǎo líng huà xiàn xiàng。 rì běn 65 suì yǐ shàng lǎo nián rén kǒu zhàn rì běn zǒng rén kǒu 21%。 mín zú yǔ zōng jiào： zhù yào mín zú wéi hé zú， běi hǎi dào dì qū yuē yòu 2.4 wàn 'ā yī nǔ zú rén。 tōng yòng rì yǔ， běi hǎi dào dì qū yòu shǎo liàng rén huì 'ā yī nǔ yǔ。 zhù yào zōng jiào wéi shén dào jiào hé fó jiào， xìn yǎng rén kǒu fēn bié zhàn zōng jiào rén kǒu de 49.6 ％ hé 44.8％。 shǒu dū： dōng jīng（ とうきょう）（ Tokyo）， rén kǒu yuē 1229 wàn（ jié zhì 2003 nián 2 yuè）。 dōng jīng wéi rì běn zuì dà de chéng shì， １ yuè píng jūn qì wēn 3 ℃， ８ yuè qì wēn wéi 25℃。 guó míng yóu lái： rì běn yuán lái bìng bù jiào rì běn。 zài gǔ dài rì běn shén huà zhōng， rì běn rén chēng qí wéi“ bā dà zhōu”“ bā dà dǎo guó” děng。 jù《 hàn shū》《 hòu hàn shū》 jìzǎi , wǒ guó gǔ dài chēng rì běn wéi“ wō” huò“ wō guó”。 gōng yuán wǔ shì jì， rì běn tǒng yī hòu， guó míng dìng wéi“ dà hé”。 yīn wéi gǔ dài rì běn rén chóng shàng tài yáng shén， suǒ yǐ jiāng tài yáng shì wéi běn guó de tú téng。 xiāng chuán zài qī shì jì chū， rì běn de shèng dé tài zǐ zài zhì suí yáng dì de guó shū zhōng xiě dào：“ rì chū chù tài zǐ zhì rì luò chù tài zǐ”， zhè jiù shì rì běn guó míng de chú xíng。 zhí dào qī shì jì hòu bàn yè， rì běn qiǎn táng shǐ jiāng qí guó míng gǎi wéi“ rì běn”， yì wéi“ tài yáng shēng qǐ de dì fāng”， qí hòu yán yòng， chéng wéi rì běn de zhèng shì guó míng。《 xīn táng shū · rì běn chuán》 zhōng yòu jìzǎi： xián hēng yuán nián（ 670 nián）， wō guó qiǎn shǐ rù táng， cǐ shí wō guó yǐ“ shāo xí xià yán， è wō míng， gēnghào rì běn。 shǐ zhě zì yán， yīn jìn rì chū， yǐ wéi míng。” cǐ wài， zài hàn yǔ zhōng，“ fú sāng”“ dōng yíng” yě shì rì běn guó míng de bié chēng。 dǎo mù yùn dòng 19 shì jì zhōng qī de rì běn chǔyú dé chuān mù fǔ de tǒng zhì zhī xià， shì yī gè fēng jiàn nóng yè guó jiā。 1853 nián， měi guó jūn jiàn lái dào rì běn， qiǎngpò rì běn“ kāi guó”。 cǐ hòu， měi guó hé qí tā guó jiā xiān hòu yǔ rì běn qiān dìng liǎo bù píng děng tiáo yuē。 miàn duì mín zú wēi jī， rì běn guó nèi bào fā liǎo tuī fān mù fǔ tǒng zhì de yùn dòng， bìng yú 1868 nián jiàn lì liǎo gǎi gé pài de xīn zhèng quán， nián hào míng zhì。 zú qiú duì jí xiáng wù： bù sǐ niǎo 【 gài shù】 1、 dì lǐ wèi zhì rì běn wèi yú yà 'ōu dà lù dōng duān， shì yī gè sì miàn lín hǎi de dǎo guó， zì dōng běi xiàng xī nán chéng hú zhuàng yán shēn。 dōng bù hé nán bù wéi yī wàng wú jì de tài píng yáng， xī lín rì běn hǎi、 dōng hǎi， běi jiē 'è huò cì kè hǎi， gé hǎi fēn bié hé cháo xiān、 zhōng guó、 é luó sī、 fěi lǜ bīn děng guó xiāng wàng。 2、 miàn jī hé dì qū huàfēn gēn jù 1998 nián de zuì xīn cèliáng， bāo kuò běi fāng sì dǎo（ zé zhuō dǎo、 guó hòu dǎo、 sè dān dǎo、 chǐ wǔ qún dǎo） zài nèi， rì běn guó tǔ zǒng miàn jī 377880 píng fāng gōng lǐ， yuē xiāng dāng yú 'é luó sī de 1 ／ 45， zhōng guó hé měi guó de 1／ 25。 rì běn de guó tǔ yóu běi hǎi dào、 běn zhōu、 jiǔ zhōu、 sì guó 4 gè dà dǎo hé 6848 gè xiǎo dǎo zǔ chéng， dōng xī kuān 300 gōng lǐ， nán běi cháng 3500 gōng lǐ。 rì běn de guó tǔ xí guàn shàng zì běi xiàng nán fēn wéi běi hǎi dào、 dōng běi、 guān dōng、 zhōng bù、 jìn jī、 zhōng guó、 sì guó、 jiǔ zhōu děng 8 gè dì qū， bù shì xíng zhèng shàng de huàfēn。 lǐng hǎi miàn jī 310000 píng fāng gōng lǐ。 yǔ 'é luó sī cún zài“ běi fāng sì dǎo”（ é fāng míng wéi“ nán qiān dǎo qún dǎo”） lǐng tǔ zhēng duān， yǔ hán guó cún zài zhú dǎo（ hán fāng míng wéi“ dú dǎo”） lǐng tǔ zhēng duān。 3、 dì xíng、 dì shì rì běn jìng nèi duō shān， shān dì chéng jǐ zhuàng fēn bù yú rì běn de zhōng yāng， jiāng rì běn de guó tǔ fēn gē wéi tài píng yáng yī cè hé rì běn hǎi yī cè , shān dì hé qiū líng zhàn zǒng miàn jī de 71％。 rì běn wèi yú tài píng yáng huǒ shān dì zhèn dài shàng， huǒ shān huó dòng pín fán， gěi dāng dì rén men de shēng huó dài lái liǎo hěn dà má fán。 quán guó yòu 160 duō zuò huǒ shān， qí zhōng 50 duō zuò shì huó huǒ shān， wéi shì jiè shàng yòu míng de dì zhèn qū。 fù shì shān shì quán guó de zuì gāo fēng， hǎi bá 3776 mǐ。 zài huǒ shān fēn bù dì qū， jǐng sè yōu měi， wēn quán zī yuán fēng fù， chéng wéi zhù míng de guān guāng liáo yǎng dì。 4、 hé liú、 píng yuán、 húpō rì běn de hé liú dà duō fā yuán yú zhōng bù shān dì， xiàng dōng xī liǎng cè liú rù tài píng yáng hé rì běn hǎi。 yóu yú rì běn dōng xī xiá zhǎi， jiā zhī shān shì dǒu qiào， hé liú duō duǎn 'ér jí cù。 zài méi yǔ hé tái fēng jì jié， shuǐ liàng zēng dà， róng yì xíng chéng hóng shuǐ。 wèicǐ， rì běn xiū zhù liǎo dà liàng de dī fáng hé shuǐ kù， yòng yú fáng hóng。 hé shuǐ guǎng fàn yòng yú shēng huó yòng shuǐ、 nóng yè hé gōng yè yòng shuǐ、 shuǐ lì fā diàn。 rì běn de píng yuán zhù yào fēn bù zài hé liú de xià yóu jìn hǎi yī dài， duō wéi chōng jī píng yuán， guī mó jiào xiǎo， jiào dà de píng yuán yòu guān dōng píng yuán、 shí shòu píng yuán、 yuè hòu píng yuán、 nóng wěi píng yuán、 shí shèng píng yuán děng。 zuì dà de húpō shì pí pá hú， miàn jī 672.8 píng fāng gōng lǐ。 5、 hǎi 'àn xiàn hé hǎi yáng rì běn hǎi 'àn xiàn quán cháng 33889 gōng lǐ。 yóu yú rì běn shì yī gè dǎo guó， yīn cǐ qí hǎi 'àn xiàn shí fēn fù zá。 xī bù rì běn hǎi yī cè duō xuán yá qiào bì， gǎng kǒu xī shǎo， dōng bù tài píng yáng yī cè duō rù hǎi kǒu， xíng chéng xǔ duō tiān rán liáng gǎng。 zài dōng bù tài píng yáng yī cè zì nán xiàng běi jūn bèi rì běn nuǎn liú（ hēi cháo） huán rào、 dōng běi bù xíng chéng qiān dǎo hán liú（ qīn cháo）， xī bù rì běn hǎi yī cè shì duì mǎ nuǎn liú hé lǐ màn hán liú。 zài hán liú hé nuǎn liú jiāo huì chù， yú lèi zī yuán fēng fù， chéng wéi tiān rán yú chǎng。 yóu yú dì chù hǎi yáng de bāo wéi zhī zhōng， shǔ wēn dài hǎi yáng xìng jì fēng qì hòu， zhōng nián wēn hé shī rùn， dōng wú yán hán， xià wú kù shǔ。 xià qiū liǎng jì duō tái fēng， 6 yuè fèn duō méi yǔ。 1 yuè píng jūn qì wēn běi bù － 6℃， nán bù 16℃； 7 yuè běi bù 17℃， nán bù 28℃。 nián jiàng shuǐ liàng 700 héng 3500 háo mǐ， zuì gāo dá 4000 háo mǐ yǐ shàng。 jìn nián , dǎo zhì hǎi shuǐ shēng wēn de 'è 'ěr ní nuò xiàn xiàng yě duì rì běn chǎn shēng yǐng xiǎng， zhù yào shì méi yǔ chí xù shí jiān yán cháng， róng yì xíng chéng lěng xià hé nuǎn dōng。 6、 dì mào dì zhì cóng bǎn kuài gòu zào xué shuō de guān diǎn， rì běn wèi yú yà 'ōu bǎn kuài hé tài píng yáng bǎn kuài de xiāo wáng biān jiè， wéi xī tài píng yáng dǎo hú - hǎi 'àn shān mài - hǎi gōu zǔ hé de yī bù fēn。 quán guó 68% de dì yù shì shān dì。 rì běn zuì gāo de shān shì zhù míng de fù shì shān， hǎi bá 3,776 mǐ。 yóu yú píng yuán jiào shǎo， rì běn hěn duō shān shàng dū zhòngzhí nóng zuò wù， zuì dà de píng yuán wéi guān dōng píng yuán。 rì běn wèi yú huán tài píng yáng huǒ shān dì zhèn dài， quán qiú yòu shí fēn zhī yī de huǒ shān wèi zài rì běn， zài quán guó dū shí cháng huì fā shēng huǒ shān huó dòng。 yán zhòng de dì zhèn zé měi yī gè shì jì dū huì fā shēng jǐ cì； jìn nián fā shēng de bǎn shén dà dì zhèn、 xīn xì xiàn zhōng yuè dì zhèn dōushì ruì shì dì zhèn guī mó 6 jí yǐ shàng de qiáng zhèn， shòu dào shì jiè gè guó guān zhù。 rì běn de wēn quán hěn duō， bìng qiě yǐ jīng fā zhǎn chéng wéi lǚ yóu jǐng diǎn。 yóu yú rì běn de dǎo yǔ chéng běi dōng xiàng yán shēn dé hěn cháng， nán běi kuà yuè wěi dù yuē 20 dù， yīn cǐ yòu xǔ duō zhǒng qì hòu lèi xíng。 qì hòu lèi xíng dà bù fēn shì wēn dài jì fēng qì hòu， nán bù de jiǔ zhōu dǎo、 sì guó、 liú qiú qún dǎo（ guī shǔ cún zài zhēng yì） yòu fù rè dài jì fēng qì hòu。 běi bù de dǎo yǔ xià tiān wēn nuǎn， dōng tiān zé shí fēn màn cháng、 hán lěng， hái shí cháng yòu dà liàng jiàng xuě。 ér zhōng xī bù dì qū zé dōng tiān bǐ jiào gān zào， hěn shǎo xià xuě， xià tiān cháo shī。 rì běn shì dǎo guó， yòu shēn shòu hēi cháo yǐng xiǎng， hǎi yáng xìng qì hòu xiǎn zhe。 【 jiǎn shǐ】 yuē gōng yuán 1 shì jì， rì běn gè dì yòu 100 duō gè xiǎo guó（ qí zhōng yòu de yǔ dōng hàn jiàn lì liǎo wài jiāo guān xì）。 hòu lái， zhè xiē xiǎo guó zhú jiàn dé dào tǒng yī。 dào liǎo gōng yuán 4 shì jì， zài guān xī dì fāng jiàn lì liǎo bǐ jiào dà de guó jiā， jù shuō zuì zhōng jiāng tā men tǒng yī qǐ lái de shì dāng jīn tiān huáng jiā zú de zǔ xiān。 dāng shí， rì běn guó de fàn wéi bāo kuò běn zhōu xī bù、 jiǔ zhōu běi bù jí sì guó。 yú shì， jīng guò liǎo màn cháng de suì yuè， guó jiā cái dé yǐ tǒng yī。 suǒ yǐ hěn nán duì rì běn guó dàn shēng díquè shí nián dài zuò chū zhǔn què de pàn dìng。 jù《 gǔ shì jì》 hé《 rì běn shū jì》 jìzǎi， dì yī dài tiān huáng héng héng shén wǔ tiān huáng yú gōng yuán qián 660 nián jiàn guó bìng jí wèi， jí wèi rì xiāng dāng yú xiàn zài de gōng lì 2 yuè 11 rì， yīn cǐ jiù bǎ zhè yī tiān dìng wéi“ jiàn guó jì niàn rì”。 shéng wén shí dài cóng hóng jī shì qǐ， rì běn liè dǎo shàng jiù yòu rén lèi de zǔ xiān shēng huó， rì běn rén zhǒng jí rì yǔ yuán xíng de xíng chéng zé bèi rèn wéi shì 1 wàn nián qián zhì gōng yuán qián 3 shì jì qián hòu de shéng wén shí dài。 dāng shí， rén men shù rén huò shí rén yī hù jū zhù zài shù kēng shì cǎo wū， yǐ shòu liè、 bǔ lāo jí cǎi jí wéi shēng， gòu chéng liǎo pín fù yǔ jiē jí chā bié de shè huì。 mí shēng shí dài gōng yuán qián 3 shì jì， shuǐ dào zhòngzhí hé jīn shǔ qì jù shǐ yòng jì shù yóu cháo xiān zhuǎn rù jiǔ zhōu běi bù。 dào zuò jì shù gěi rì běn shè huì dài lái liǎo huàshídài de biàn huà， tā kuò dà liǎo shēng chǎn， chǎn shēng liǎo pín fù děng jí chā bié， shǐ nóng cūn gòng tóng tǐ qū xiàng zhèng zhì jí tuán huà。 nóng gēng dài lái de xìn yǎng、 lǐ yí、 fēng sú xí guàn yě zhú jiàn chuán bō kāi lái， xíng chéng liǎo rì běn wén huà de yuán xíng。 fēi niǎo shí dài gōng yuán 4 shì jì zhōng qī， dà hé zhèng quán tǒng yī liǎo gē jù de xiǎo guó。 suí zhe guó jiā de tǒng yī， yǐ qián fāng hòu yuán fén wéi dài biǎo de gǔ fén guǎng dà dào gè gè dì fāng。 zhè gè shí qī shì zhōng guó xǔ duō zhī shí hé jì shù chuán rù rì běn de shí qī。 4 shì jì， dà hé zhèng quán xī yǐn liǎo dà lù de gāo dù wù zhì wén míng。 dào liǎo 5 shì jì， lái zì cháo xiān bàn dǎo de wài lái rén（ guī huà rén） dài lái liǎo tiě qì shēng chǎn、 zhì táo、 fǎng zhì、 jīn shǔ gōng yì jí tǔ mù děng jì shù。 tóng shí yǐ kāi shǐ shǐ yòng zhōng guó de hàn zì。 6 shì jì， zhèng shì jiē shòu rú jiào， fó jiào yě chuán rù rì běn。 7 shì jì， shèng dé tài zǐ zhì lì yú zhèng zhì gé xīn， bìng yǐ“ dà huà gé xīn” wéi qì jī， zhuóshǒu jiàn lì yī gè yǐ tiān huáng wéi zhōng xīn de zhōng yāng jí quán guó jiā。 zhè gè zuò fǎ fǎng xiào liǎo suí、 táng， ér qiě cǐ shí gèng jiā jī jí dì shè qǔ dà lù wén huà。 zhì 9 shì jì mò qī xiān hòu gòng pài chū 10 duō cì qiǎn suí shǐ hé qiǎn táng shǐ。 nài liáng shí dài gōng yuán 710 nián， rì běn dìng dū píng chéng jīng（ xiàn zài de nài liáng shì yǐ jí jìn jiāo）， yíng lái liǎo lǜ lìng guó jiā de xīng shèng shí qī。 dàn shì， cǐ shí nóng mín pín kùn、 yóu mín zēng jiā， yóu yú zhuāng yuán kuò dà 'ér dǎo zhì gōng dì gōng mín zhì de shí zhì shàng de bēng kuì děng， máo dùn kāi shǐ bào lù chū lái。 zhè gè shí qī yóu yú guó jiā jí lì bǎo hù fó jiào， yīn cǐ， fó jiào wén huà， tè bié shì fó jiào měi shù kāi shǐ fán róng qǐ lái。 rú 7 shì jì chū qī kāi chuàng rì běn fó jiào wén huà de fēi niǎo wén huà； 7 shì jì hòu qī dú jù yī gé de bái fèng wén huà； 8 shì jì zhōng yè zài táng dài dǐng shèng qī wén huà de yǐng xiǎng xià yǐ xiě shí shǒu fǎ tǐ xiàn rén lèi fēng fù qíng gǎn de tiān píng wén huà děng děng。 yǔ fó jiào měi shù xiāng pì měi， zhè gè shí qī wén huà fāng miàn de jīn zì tǎ shì《 wàn yè jí》。《 wàn yè jí》 shōu jí liǎo 8 shì jì zhōng yè qián yuē 400 nián jiān， xià zhì shù mín shàng zhì tiān huáng suǒ zuò de dà yuē 4500 shǒu hègē， rú shí fǎn yìng liǎo gǔ dài rì běn rén de pǔ sù de shēng huó qíng gǎn。 cǐ wài， xiàn zài hái bǎo cún zhe de rì běn zuì gǔ lǎo de lì shǐ shū jí《 gǔ shì jì》（ 712 nián） zuì gǔ chì zhuàn lì shǐ shū《 rì běn shū jì》（ 720 nián）、 zuì gǔ de hàn shī jí《 huái fēng zǎo》（ 751 nián） děng děngdōu shì zhè gè shí qī de wén huà yí chǎn。 píng 'ān shí dài 8 shì jì mò， rì běn jiāng dū chéng yí zhì píng 'ān jīng（ xiàn zài de jīng dū shì）， shì tú chóngjiàn lǜ lìng tǐ zhì。 dàn yóu yú gōng dì gōng mín zhì de bēng kuì， guó jiā xiàn rù liǎo cái zhèng kùn nán。 894 nián pài chū zuì hòu yī pī qiǎn táng shǐ hòu biàn gào zhōng zhǐ， jiù cǐ bù zài dà liàng shè qǔ dà lù wén huà。 10 héng 11 shì jì， téng yuán shì lǒng duàn zhèng quán， yǐ zhuāng yuán wéi jīng jì jī chǔ， shì lì zuì wéi qiáng shèng。 dàn shì， yóu yú dì fāng zhèng zhì de hùn luàn， dǎo zhì zhì 'ān hùn luàn， wǔ shì jí tuán qiáng dà qǐ lái。 dào 11 shì jì mò， wéi duì kàng téng yuán kāi shǐ shí xíng“ yuàn zhèng”（ zhǐ rì běn píng 'ān shí dài hòu qī shàng huáng、 fǎ huáng dài lǐ tiān huáng zhí zhèng）。 yú shì， wǔ shì jìn rù liǎo zhōng yāng zhèng jiè。 píng 'ān shí dài yǐ zhōng guó wén huà wéi tè sè。 9 shì jì shí shòu táng cháo yǐng xiǎng， mì jiào hé hàn xué fāng miàn de hóng rén、 zhēnguàn wén huà hái shí fēn fán róng。 dàn shì 10 shì jì hòu yǔ dà lù de zhí jiē jiāo liú duàn jué hòu， biàn chǎn shēng liǎo rì běn dú tè de guì zú wén huà。 qí dài biǎo yòu dì yī bù chì zhuàn hègē jí《 gǔ jīn hègē jí》（ 10 shì jì chū）、 shì jiè shàng zuì gǔ lǎo de cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 yuán shì wù yǔ》（ 11 shì jì chū）、 suí bǐ《 zhěn cǎo zǐ》（ gōng yuán 1000 nián qián hòu） děng děng yī pī wén yì zuò pǐn。 lián cāng shí dài 12 shì jì mò， yuán lài cháo shòu fēng dì yī dài zhēng yí dàjiàng jūn， bìng zài lián cāng jiàn lì mù fǔ， cóng cǐ dàn shēng liǎo wǔ shì zhèng quán， yóu cǐ chǎn shēng liǎo wǔ jiā zhèng zhì hé gōng jiā（ zhǐ cháo tíng gōng qīng、 guì zú） zhèng zhì de duì lì。 13 shì jì hòu qī， mù fǔ de wǔ shì tǒng zhì kāi shǐ miàn lín kùn nán， lián cāng mù fǔ zhú jiàn zǒu shàng miè wáng de dào lù。 zài wén huà fāng miàn， yǐ guò qù de guì zú wén huà wéi jī chǔ， shè qǔ sòng cháo shí chuán rù rì běn de chán zōng wén huà， péi yù liǎo shēng dòng、 xiě shí、 pǔ sù jí dú tè de wǔ jiā wén huà。 zài zōng jiào fāng miàn， yóu fǎ rán、 qīn luán、 rì lián děng zhù míng sēng rén chuàng jiàn liǎo lián cāng fó jiào， huò dé liǎo gè jiē céng de xìn yǎng。 12 shì jìzhuàn rù rì běn de chán zōng shòu dào liǎo guān dōng wǔ shì de zhòng shì， yì shù lǐng yù yě chū xiàn liǎo xīn de qīng xiàng。 wén xué fāng miàn chū xiàn liǎo yǐ yuán píng hé zhàn wéi bèi jǐng xiǎo shuō《 píng jiā wù yǔ》（ yuán zuò dàn shēng yú 13 shì jì chū）， shì rì běn gǔ dài jūn jì wù yǔ de jié chū dài biǎo。 shì dīng shí dài 14 shì jì de qián bàn qī， zhēng yí dàjiàng jūn zú lì yì mǎn wěn dìng liǎo jīng dū de shì dīng mù fǔ yǐ hòu， 2 gè duō shì jì nèi zài zhèng zhì、 wén huà fāng miàn， wǔ jiādōu yā dǎo gōng jiā， chǔyú yōu shì。 yóu yú shì dīng mù fǔ shì jù jí liǎo gè yòu lì dà míng 'ér jiàn lì de， yīn cǐ mù fǔ běn shēn de tǒng zhì néng lì bó ruò。 yìng rén yuán nián（ 1467 nián） yī yuè， yìng rén zhī luàn bào fā， quán guó gè dì de dà míng fēn fēn 'ér qǐ， shì dīng mù fǔ yáo yáo yù zhuì， rì běn jìn rù zhàn guó shí dài。 zhàn guó dà míng chéng liǎo tǒng zhì dāng dì tǔ dì jí rén mín de qiáng 'ér yòu lì de dú lì zhèng quán。 zài wén huà fāng miàn， wú lùn shì guì zú hái shì wǔ jiā de wén huà， dū shòu dào chán zōng de yǐng xiǎng。 14 shì jì mò qī yǐ jīn gé sì wéi dài biǎo de běi shān wén huà jí 15 shì jì mò qī yǐ yín gé sì wéi dài biǎo de dōng shān wén huà dū shí fēn fā dá。 16 shì jì zhōng yè， pú táo yá rén、 xī bān yá rén lái dào rì běn， chuán rù liǎo qiāng pào hé jī dū jiào。 nà shì wén huà fāng miàn chōng mǎn shēng qì de shí dài。 zhàn guó shí dài（ shì dīng mò qī jí 'ān tǔ、 táo shān shí dài） yìng rén zhī luàn hòu， rì běn gè dì dà míng fēn fēn jué qǐ， zhàn huǒ fēn fēi， mín bù liáo shēng。 16 shì jì zhōng yè， yī wèi jué xīn yǐ wǔ lì tǒng yī rì běn、 jié shù luàn shì de xiāo xióng chū xiàn， tā jiù shì zhì tián xìn cháng。 yǒng lù sān nián（ 1560 nián）， zhì tián xìn cháng zài tǒng xiá jiān yǐ liǎng qiān rén mǎ jī bài jīn chuān yì yuán sì wàn dà jūn， míng shēng dà zhèn。 ěr hòu zhú bù tǒng yī wěi zhāng、 jìn jī， bìng zhǔn bèi jìn gōng shān yīn、 shān yáng。 zài cǐ qī jiān， xìn cháng xiū zhù liǎo qì shì hóng dà de 'ān tǔ chéng。 yīn cǐ， xìn cháng de shí dài bèi chēng wéi“ ān tǔ shí dài”。 tiān zhèng shí nián（ 1582 nián）， běn néng sì zhī biàn bào fā， xìn cháng shēn wáng。 zhì tián zhòng chén yǔ chái xiù jí xiān hòu jī bài míng zhì guāng xiù jí chái tián shèng jiā， què lì liǎo zì jǐ de jì chéng rén dì wèi。 cǐ hòu jīng guò sì guó zhēng fá、 jiǔ zhōu zhēng fá、 xiǎo tián yuán zhī zhàn， zhú bù tǒng yī rì běn。 hòu bèi tiān huáng cì xìng“ fēng chén”， bìng shòu fēng“ guān bái” yī zhí。 fēng chén xiù jí de shí dài bèi chēng wéi“ táo shān shí dài”。 qìng cháng sān nián（ 1598 nián）， fēng chén xiù jí zài fú jiàn chéng bìng shì。 fēng chén jiā liè fēn wéi jìn jiāng（ xī jūn） hé wěi zhāng（ dōng jūn） liǎng pài。 shēn wéi fēng chén zhèng quán wǔ dà lǎo zhī yī de dé chuān jiā kāng yú qìng cháng wǔ nián（ 1600 nián） fā dòng guān yuán hé zhàn， dà bài xī jūn， jiàn lì dé chuān zhèng quán。 qìng cháng bā nián（ 1603 nián）， dé chuān mù fǔ jiàn lì， zhàn guó shí dài jié shù。 jiāng hù shí dài qìng cháng bā nián（ 1603 nián）， dé chuān jiā kāng shòu fēng zhēng yí dàjiàng jūn， zài jiāng hù（ xiàn dōng jīng） jiàn lì mù fǔ zhèng quán， cǐ hòu 260 duō nián， dé chuān jiā tǒng zhì quán guó。 zhè duàn shí qī bèi chēng zuò jiāng hù shí dài。 dé chuān mù fǔ yán gé kòng zhì tiān huáng、 guì zú、 sì yuàn shén shè， bìng fèi jìn xīn jì tǒng zhì zhe zhī chēng mù fān tǐ zhì de nóng mín。 yuán hé jiǔ nián（ 1623 nián）， dé chuān jiā dì sān dài jiāng jūn dé chuān jiā guāng jiù zhí， xià lìng suǒ guó。 chú kāi fàng cháng qí、 jiè zuò wéi duì wài gǎng kǒu wài， yī lǜ jìn zhǐ wài guó rén lái rì běn， yě jìn zhǐ rì běn rén yuǎn dù hǎi wài。 yóu yú bì guān zì shǒu， mù fān tǐ zhì yíng lái liǎo 'ān dìng shí qī。 dàn shì suí zhe chǎn yè de fā dá、 shāng pǐn jīng jì de fā zhǎn， nóng mín zìjǐ zì zú de jīng yíng tǐ zhì xì bēng kuì， 18 shì jì qǐ mù fān tǐ zhì kāi shǐ dòng yáo。 shù mín wén huà shì zhè gè shí qī de tè sè。 17 shì jì hòu qī zhì 18 shì jì chū qī de yuán lù wén huà shì yǐ jīng dū、 dà bǎn děng shàng fāng（ rì běn guān dōng dì fāng rén chēng jīng dū、 dà bǎn wéi shàng fāng） dì qū wéi zhōng xīn de wǔ shì hé shāng rén de wén huà。 rén 'ǒu jìng liú lí、 gē wǔ jì、 fú shì huì、 wén rén huà děng chéng xiàn chū xuàn lì duō cǎi de shāng rén wén huà。 míng zhì shí dài jiāng hù mù fǔ mò qī， tiān zāi bù duàn， mù fǔ tǒng zhì fǔ bài， mín bù liáo shēng。 qiě mù fǔ cái zhèng kùn nán， shǐ dà bù fēn zhōng xià jí wǔ shì duì mù fǔ rì yì bù mǎn。 tóng shí， xī fāng zī běn zhù yì liè qiáng yǐ jiān chuán lì pào kòu kāi suǒ guó dá 200 yú nián de rì běn guó mén。 zài nèi yōu wài huàn de shuāngchóng yā lì xià， rì běn rén zhú jiàn rèn shí dào， zhǐ yòu tuī fān mù fǔ tǒng zhì， xiàng zī běn zhù yì guó jiā xué xí， cái shì rì běn fù qiáng zhī lù。 yú shì yīcháng hōng hōng liè liè de dǎo mù yùn dòng zhǎn kāi liǎo。 zài zhè chǎng tuī fān mù fǔ tǒng zhì de yùn dòng zhōng， sà mó、 cháng zhōu liǎng fān wǔ shì qǐ zhe zhòng dà de zuò yòng。 1868 nián 1 yuè 3 rì， dài biǎo zī chǎn jiē jí hé xīn xīng dì zhù jiē jí lì yì de dǎo mù pài， zài yòu“ wéi xīn sān jié” zhī chēng de dà jiǔ bǎo lì tōng、 xī xiāng lóng shèng、 mù hù xiào yǔn de lǐng dǎo xià， chéng gōng fā dòng zhèng biàn， pò shǐ dé chuān mù fǔ dì 15 dài jiāng jūn dé chuān qìng xǐ jiāo chū zhèng quán， bìng yóu xīn jí wèi de míng zhì tiān huáng bān bù“ wáng zhèng fù gǔ” zhào shū。 zhè jiù rì běn lì shǐ shàng de“ míng zhì wéi xīn”。 rì běn cóng cǐ zǒu shàng zī běn zhù yì dào lù。 1868 nián（ míng zhì 'èr nián）， míng zhì tiān huáng qiān dū jiāng hù， bìng gǎi míng wéi dōng jīng。 zhī hòu cóng zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 wén jiào、 wài jiāo děng fāng miàn jìn xíng liǎo yī xì liè zhòng dà de gǎi gé。 míng zhì chū qī， rì běn zhòng shì qīng gōng yè， 19 shì jì 90 nián dài， shēng sī hé mián huā fǎng zhì yè yǐ jīng wéi diǎn xíng gōng yè。 shēng sī quán guó chū kǒu liàng dì yī， mián huā hé shā dài tì liǎo chá yè， chū kǒu liàng jǐn cì yú shēng sī。 jiàn jiàn dì， rì běn chéng liǎo shēng sī hé mián de chū kǒu dà guó。 dàn yǔ cǐ xiāng duì zhào de shì， rì běn de zhòng gōng yè zài cǐ shí qī fā zhǎn huǎn màn。 rì běn guó lì zhú jiàn qiáng dà。 hòu lái zài jiá wǔ zhōng rì zhàn zhēng（ rì běn fāng miàn chēng“ rì qīng zhàn zhēng”） jí rì 'é zhàn zhēng zhōng dǎ bài zhōng guó běi yáng jiàn duì， quán jiān 'é guó tài píng yáng jiàn duì hé bō luó de hǎi jiàn duì。 rì běn chéng wéi dì guó zhù yì liè qiáng zhī yī。 dà zhèng shí dài、 zhāo hé shí dài yǔ míng zhì shí dài qǔ dé de lì shǐ xìng jìn yī bù xiāng bǐ， dà zhèng tiān huáng bèi chēng wéi“ bù xìng de dà zhèng”。 dà zhèng tiān huáng zài wèi 15 nián（ 1912 héng 1926 nián）， zhèng jì hái bù rú míng zhì， ér qiě tā yī shēng wéi nǎo bìng suǒ kùn， zuì hòu bèi pò ràng quán liáo yǎng， yóu yù rén qīn wáng shè zhèng。 1926 nián， yù rén dēng jī， nián hào“ zhāo hé”， jí zhāo hé tiān huáng。 zhāo hé shí dài qián 30 nián， duì yú zhōng guó、 cháo xiān、 dōng nán yà jí tài píng yáng dì qū rén mín lái shuō， shì hēi 'àn de 30 nián。 zhè shí de rì běn zhèng fǔ zhì lì yú qīn lüè kuò zhāng。 1931 nián 9 yuè 18 rì，“ jiǔ · yī bā shì biàn” bào fā， rì jūn bù jiǔ hòu qīn zhàn zhōng guó mǎn zhōu。 1937 nián 7 yuè 7 rì， rì jūn tiǎo qǐ“ lú gōu qiáo shì biàn”， fā dòng quán miàn qīn huá zhàn zhēng。 1941 nián 12 yuè 7 rì， rì jūn tōu xí zhēn zhū gǎng， tài píng yáng zhàn zhēng bào fā。 zhè yī shí qī， bù jǐn gěi zhōng guó、 cháo xiān、 dōng nán yà jí tài píng yáng dì qū rén mín dài lái shēn zhòng de zāinàn， yě gěi rì běn rén mín dài lái jù dà de tòng kǔ。 zhè shì rì běn lì shǐ yǐ jí zhōng rì guān xì shǐ shàng zuì hēi 'àn de shí qī。 1945 nián 8 yuè 15 rì， rì jūn tóu jiàng。 měi jūn zhàn lǐng rì běn， gǎi rì běn zhuān zhì tiān huáng zhì wéi jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì， tiān huáng zuò wéi rì běn de xiàng zhēng bèi bǎo liú xià lái。 1972 nián 7 yuè， tián zhōng jiǎo róng chū rèn rì běn shǒuxiàng， kāi shǐ zhí xíng“ duō biān zì zhù” wài jiāo。 tóng nián 9 yuè tián zhōng fǎng huá， yú 9 yuè 29 rì yǔ zhōu 'ēn lái zǒng lǐ qiān shǔ《 zhōng rì lián hé shēng míng》， xuān bù zhōng rì zhèng shì jiàn jiāo。 1978 nián 8 yuè zhōng rì liǎng guó dì jié zhōng rì hé píng yǒu hǎo tiáo yuē。 1978 nián 10 yuè dèng xiǎo píng fù zǒng lǐ yìng yāo fǎng wèn rì běn， xuān bù hé píng yǒu hǎo tiáo yuē zhèng shì shēng xiào。 zhōng rì liǎng guó guān xì cóng cǐ qū yú zhèng cháng huà。 1989 nián 1 yuè 7 rì， zhāo hé tiān huáng bìng shì。 huáng tài zǐ míng rén jí wèi， gǎi nián hào wéi“ píng chéng”。 mài kè 'ā sè yǔ rì běn 1951 nián 4 yuè 16 rì chén， bèi dù lǔ mén zǒng tǒng jiě chú liǎo zhàn lǐng jūn sī lìng zhí wù de mài kè 'ā sè jiù yào huí guó liǎo， duì tā de lí qù chú shǎo shù rì běn gāo guān wài méi yòu tōng zhī rèn hé rén。 dàn dāng mài kè zuò shàng qì chē shí cái fā xiàn， cóng tā xià tà de guān dǐ zhí dào hòu mù jī chǎng， shàng bǎi wàn rì běn rén zì fā de zhàn zài jiē dào liǎng bàng wèitā sòng xíng。 dāng chē duì jīng guò shí chuán lái rì běn rén fā zì nèi xīn de gāo hū shēng： dà yuán shuài。 lǎo mài kè rè lèi yíng kuàng。 cǐ shí cǐ kè yòu duō shǎo rén néng xiǎng dào mài kè 'ā sè céng yǔ rì běn rén jié xià de xuè hǎi shēn chóu。 1942 nián 3 yuè 11 rì， mài kè 'ā sè chéng kuài tǐng lí kāi kē léi jí duō 'ěr yào sài， zài tā de shēn hòu shì jí jiāng xiàn luò de bā dān， shì 10 wàn dàn jìn liáng jué de bù duì yǐ jí děng dài zhe tā men de wú jìn de kǔ nán。 tā zhè yī páo jiù páo dào liǎo 'ào dà lì yà， zài suí hòu 3 nián duō de shí jiān lǐ， tā yòu shuài lǐng yī zhī bǎi wàn dà jūn chōng pò liǎo rì běn rén yī dào yòu yī dào yòng shī tǐ zhù chéng de dī bà， cóng yáo yuǎn de mò 'ěr běn yī zhí dǎ dào liǎo dōng jīng。 shèn zhì kě yǐ zhè yàng shuō， shì jiè shàng méi yòu rèn hé yī gè rén xiàng mài kè yī yàng shuāng shǒu zhān mǎn nà me duō rì běn rén de xiān xuè。 cóng lāi tè wān zhí dào tā jiàng luò zài rì běn hòu mù jī chǎng， dōuyòu shǔbù qīng de tè gōng duì yuán gān yuàn jià jī xiāng zhuàng， yǔ tā tóng guī yú jìn。 rì běn rén duì tā hé tā duì rì běn réndōu tóng yàng hèn zhī rù gǔ， dàn lìng rì běn rén bù jiě de shì， dāng rì běn dài biǎo zài mì sū lǐ hào zhàn jiàn shàng qiān zì tóu jiàng hòu， lǎo mài kè fā biǎo de shì yī piān chōng mǎn jī qíng . hū huàn hé píng . zhèng yì hé kuān róng 'ér bù shì chóu hèn de yǎn jiǎng。 zhàn hòu de rì běn guó pò jiā wáng jīng jì bēng kuì， lián guó huì yì yuán de gōng zuò wǔ cān yě bù guò shì yī wǎn dì guā xī fàn， jī 'è lǒngzhào liǎo rì běn。 zhè shí lǎo mài kè tǐng shēn 'ér chū， xiàng guó nèi shī jiā jù dà yā lì， pò shǐ měi guó zhèng fǔ ràng bù。 350 wàn dūn liáng shí hé 20 yì měi yuán de jīng jì yuán zhù jǐn jí sòng wǎng rì běn。 tā bù jǐn bǎo liú liǎo rì běn zhèng fǔ， gèng dǐng zhù yā lì shè miǎn liǎo tiān huáng， tā shèn zhì guān xīn pǔ tōng rì běn fù yuán jūn rén de mìng yùn， gěi tā men yǐ shēng huó de chū lù。 zài mài kè 'ā sè de biǎo shuài zuò yòng xià， 40 wàn dēng lù měi jūn yě yòng tā men de kè zhì . shàn yì . lǐ xiǎng zhù yì hé xiàn shēn jīng shén zhēng fú liǎo rì běn rén。 dāng zài rì běn xiá zhǎi de chéng shì jiē xiàng lǐ， rì běn píng mín yǔ měi guó dà bīng xiāng yù 'ér tōng guò kùn nán shí， zǒng shì měi guó bīng zhàn zài yī bàng ràng rì běn rén xiān zǒu。 rì běn rén bù néng bù mén xīn zì wèn， rú guǒ tā men shì shèng lì zhě， tā men zì jǐ néng zuòde dào má？ dāng rán lǎo mài kè dài gěi rì běn de bù jǐn shì kuān róng， wéi xiāo chú yà zhōu de zhè gè zhàn zhēng cè yuán dì， tā jìn xíng liǎo dà dāo kuò fǔ de gǎi gé。 tā bāng zhù rì běn zhì dìng liǎo quán shì jiè dú yī wú 'èr de xiàn fǎ， fàng qì liǎo rèn hé zhù quán guó jiādōu bù néng fàng qì de quán lì héng xuān zhàn quán。 dāng gǎi gé yù dào zǔ lì shí， tā dà duō huì zuò chū tuǒ xié， gěi rì běn rén yǐ zuì dà de xìn rèn， dàn wéi dú zài jiào yù tǐ zhì de gǎi gé shàng tā cùn bù bù ràng。 tā háo bù liú qíng de bǎ měi guó de jiào yù zhì dù qiáng jiā dào liǎo rì běn rén de tóu shàng， ér lì shǐ zhèng míng mài kè 'ā sè zuò duì liǎo。 20 duō nián hòu， rì běn zhù míng zuò jiā sān dǎo yóu jì fū wéi zhòng zhèn dì guó jūn wēi， zài yī suǒ jūn xiào lǐ dāng zhòng pōu fù zì shā， ér tái xià 1400 míng shì guān shēng jìng wú dòng yú zhōng。 xiàn dài rì běn qīng nián bǎi fēn zhī jiǔ shí rèn wéi zhàn zhēng zhōng tóu jiàng shì zhèng cháng de， bǎi fēn zhī qī shí wǔ rèn wéi dāng bīng hé qǐ gài méi yòu shénme bù tóng。 yǔ dé guó yǐ qīng shàonián wéi zhù de xīn nà cuì yùn dòng bù tóng， dāng jīn rì běn de jí yòu tuán tǐ yǐ zhōng lǎo nián rén wéi duō。 rì běn qīng nián suǒ zhuī qiú de shì zì yóu . shēng mìng hé cái fù。 【 xíng zhèng qū huá】 rì běn dedōu、 dào、 fǔ、 xiàn shì píng xíng de yī jí xíng zhèng qū， zhí shǔ zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ， dàn gè dū、 dào、 fǔ、 xiàn dū yōng yòu zì zhì quán。 xià shè shì、 dīng、 cūn。 qí bàn shì jī gòu chēng wéi“ tīng”， jí“ dū tīng”、“ dào tīng”、“ fǔ tīng”、“ xiàn tīng”， xíng zhèng zhǎngguān chēng wéi“ zhī shì”。 měi gèdōu、 dào、 fǔ、 xiàn xià shè ruò gān gè shì、 dīng ( xiāng dāng yú zhōng guó de zhèn )、 cūn。 qí bàn shì jī gòu chēng“ yì suǒ”， jí“ shì yì suǒ”、“ dīng yì suǒ”、“ cūn yì suǒ”， xíng zhèng zhǎngguān chēng wéi“ shì cháng”、“ dīng cháng”、“ cūn cháng”。 rì běn bèi huàfēn wéi 47 gè yī jí xíng zhèng qū： 1 dū， 1 dào， 2 fǔ， 43 xiàn。 shǒu dū： dōng jīng dū【 dōng jīng（とうきょう）】（ Tokyo）， wèi yú běn zhōu guān dōng píng yuán nán duān， xià xiá 23 gè tè bié qū、 27 gè shì、 5 gè dīng、 8 gè cūn yǐ jí yī dòu qún dǎo hé xiǎo lì yuán qún dǎo， zǒng miàn jī 2155 píng fāng gōng lǐ， rén kǒu 1254 wàn。 1868 nián， rì běn míng zhì wéi xīn hòu， tiān huáng yóu jīng dū qiān jū zhì cǐ， gǎi jiāng hù wéi dōng jīng， zhè lǐ chéng wéi rì běn guó de shǒu dū。 1943 nián， rì běn zhèng fǔ bān bù fǎ lìng， jiāng dōng jīng shì gǎi wéi dōng jīng dū， kuò dà liǎo tā de guǎn xiá fàn wéi。 dōng běi : běi hǎi dào | qīng sēn xiàn | yán shǒu xiàn | gōng chéng xiàn | qiū tián xiàn | shān xíng xiàn | fú dǎo xiàn guān dōng : dōng jīng dū | cí chéng xiàn | lì mù xiàn | qún mǎ xiàn | qí yù xiàn | qiān yè xiàn | shén nài chuān xiàn | shān lí xiàn zhōng bù : xīn xì xiàn | fù shān xiàn | shí chuān xiàn | fú jǐng xiàn | shān lí xiàn | cháng yě xiàn | qí fù xiàn | jìng gāng xiàn | ài zhī xiàn | sān zhòng xiàn jìn jī : jīng dū fǔ | dà bǎn fǔ | sān zhòng xiàn | zī hè xiàn | bīng kù xiàn | nài liáng xiàn | hègē shān xiàn zhōng guó : niǎo qǔ xiàn | dǎo gēn xiàn | gāng shān xiàn | guǎng dǎo xiàn | shān kǒu xiàn sì guó : dé dǎo xiàn | xiāng chuān xiàn | ài yuán xiàn | gāo zhī xiàn jiǔ zhōu : fú gāng xiàn | zuǒ hè xiàn | cháng qí xiàn | xióng běn xiàn | dà fēn xiàn | gōng qí xiàn | lù 'ér dǎo xiàn liú qiú zhū dǎo : chōng shéng xiàn（ èr zhàn mò qī měi guó wéi shí xiàn qí 'è zhì zhàn lüè， jiāng diào yú dǎo zhì yú měi guó de xíng zhèng guǎn lǐ zhī xià。 1971 nián 6 yuè， měi guó yòu jiāng diào yú dǎo suí tóng chōng shéng yī qǐ“ guī hái” gěi rì běn。 ér rì běn zhèng shì yǐ jù zhè gè míng mù zhāng dǎn wéi fǎn guó jì tiáo yuē de suǒ wèi“ xié dìng”， yú cì nián“ jiē guǎn” liǎo diào yú dǎo。 zhōng guó zhèng fǔ lì jí fā biǎo shēng míng， jiān jué fǎn duì“ rì měi gòu jié” jiāng zhōng guó lǐng tǔ diào yú dǎo liè rù“ guī hái qū yù”， zhǐ chū zhè shì wán quán fēi fǎ de。） 【 zhèng zhì】 rì běn wéi jūn zhù lì xiàn guó， xiàn fǎ dìng míng“ zhù quán zài mín”， ér tiān huáng zé wéi“ rì běn guó jí rén mín tuán jié de xiàng zhēng”。 rú tóng shì jiè shàng duō shù jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì dù， tiān huáng yú rì běn zhǐ yòu yuán shǒu míng yì， bìng wú zhèng zhì shí quán， dàn bèi shòu mín zhòng jìng zhòng。 rì běn zhèng zhì tǐ zhì sān quán fēn lì： lì fǎ quán guī liǎng yuàn zhì guó huì； sī fǎ quán guī cái pàn suǒ， jí fǎ yuàn； xíng zhèng quán guī nèi gé、 dì fāng gōng gòng tuán tǐ jí zhōng yāng shěng tīng。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng guó jiā zuì gāo quán lì jī gòu wèiguó huì， zhòng yì yuàn 480 xí， cān yì yuàn 242 xí。 xuǎn mín wéi 20 suì yǐ shàng de guó mín。 cóng 1955 nián qǐ， yuán chēng bǎo shǒu hé tóng de zì yóu mín zhù dǎng（ zì mín dǎng） yī zhí cháng qī zhí zhèng， zhǐ shì céng zài 1993 nián zhì 1996 nián jiān duǎn zàn bèi duì shǒu tì dài zhí zhèng， 1996 nián hòu jiù yī zhí zhí zhèng dào jīn tiān。 qí yú zài yě zhèng dǎng bāo kuò rì běn mín zhù dǎng、 rì běn shè huì mín zhù dǎng、 rì běn gòng chǎn dǎng děng。 xiàn shí rì běn zì yóu mín zhù dǎng jí gōng míng dǎng zǔ chéng de lián hé zhèng fǔ zhí zhèng。 xiàn fǎ： xiàn xíng《 rì běn guó xiàn fǎ》 yú 1947 nián ５ yuè ３ rì shí shī。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng， guó jiā shí xíng yǐ lì fǎ、 sī fǎ hé xíng zhèng sān quán fēn lì wéi jī chǔ de yì huì nèi gé zhì； tiān huáng wéi rì běn guó hé rì běn guó mín zǒng tǐ de xiàng zhēng， wú quán cānyù guó zhèng；“ yǒng yuǎn fàng qì bǎ lì yòng guó jiā quán lì fā dòng zhàn zhēng、 wǔ lì wēi xié huò xíng shǐ wǔ lì zuò wéi jiě jué guó jì zhēng duān de shǒu duàn， wéi dá cǐ mùdì， rì běn bù bǎo chí lù、 hǎi、 kōng jūn jí qí tā zhàn zhēng lì liàng， bù chéng rèn guó jiā de jiāo zhàn quán”（ dì ９ tiáo）。 zhèng dǎng： zhàn hòu rì běn shí xíng“ zhèng dǎng zhèng zhì”， dài biǎo bù tóng jiē jí、 jiē céng de gè zhǒng zhèng dǎng xiāng jì huī fù huò jiàn lì。 mù qián cān jiā guó huì huó dòng de zhù yào zhèng dǎng yòu zì mín dǎng、 mín zhù dǎng、 gōng míng dǎng、 rì běn gòng chǎn dǎng、 shè mín dǎng。 dāng qián zhí zhèng dǎng shì zì mín dǎng， shǒuxiàng fú tián kāng fū。 【 wài jiāo】 1. duì wài guān xì jìn nián lái， rì běn wài jiāo chéng quán fāng wèi jìn qǔ tài shì。 jī jí zhǎn kāi dà guó wài jiāo， gèng jiā yǐ zhòng měi lì jiān hé zhòng guó， jiā qiáng rì měi 'ān quán hé zuò， tóng shí zhì lì yú wěn dìng duì huá guān xì， shēn huà yǔ dōng méng guān xì， jiā qiáng duì 'ōu guān xì， gǎi shàn rì 'é hé rì cháo guān xì。 jī jí cānyù dì qū hé guó jì zhèng zhì、 jīng jì hé 'ān quán shì wù， lì zhēng chéng wéi lián hé guó 'ān lǐ huì cháng rèn lǐ shì guó。 yǔ zhōng guó guān xì： 1972 nián 9 yuè 29 rì， zhōng rì liǎng guó qiān shǔ《 zhōng rì lián hé shēng míng》， shí xiàn bāng jiāo zhèng cháng huà， 1973 nián 1 yuè hù shè dà shǐ guǎn。 zhōng guó zài dà bǎn、 fú gāng、 zhá huǎng、 cháng qí， rì běn zài shàng hǎi、 guǎng zhōu、 shěn yáng hé xiāng gǎng fēn bié kāi shè zǒng lǐng shì guǎn。 rì běn zài dà lián shè yòu zhù shěn yáng zǒng lǐng guǎn bàn shì chù， zài chóngqìng shè yòu zhù huá shǐ guǎn lǐng shì bù bàn shì chù。 1978 nián 8 yuè 12 rì， liǎng guó qiān shǔ《 zhōng rì hé píng yǒu hǎo tiáo yuē》， tóng nián１ ０ yuè dèng xiǎo píng fù zǒng lǐ fǎng rì， shuāng fāng hù huàn《 zhōng rì hé píng yǒu hǎo tiáo yuē》 pī zhǔn shū。 1998 nián 11 yuè， jiāng zé mín zhù xí duì rì běn jìn xíng guó shì fǎng wèn， zhè shì zhōng guó guó jiā yuán shǒu shǒu cì zhèng shì fǎng rì， zhōng rì liǎng guó fā biǎo liǎo《 guān yú jiàn lì zhì lì yú hé píng yǔ fā zhǎn de yǒu hǎo hé zuò huǒ bàn guān xì de lián hé xuān yán》。 2006 nián 9 yuè rì běn shǒuxiàng fǎng huá， qǔ dé jù dà chéng gōng， huǎn hé liǎng guó jiān yīn lì shǐ wèn tí bù kuài， shì zhōng rì guān xì gǎi shàn zhòng yào biāo zhì。 2. lǐng tǔ jiū fēn rì běn gēn zhōng guó、 hán guó、 é luó sī děng guó jiā huò dì qū dōuyòu lǐng tǔ zhēng yì。 diào yú dǎo / jiān gé zhū dǎo wèi yú tái wān dōng běi fāng xiàng， liú qiú qún dǎo xī nán， zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó zhèng fǔ chēng diào yú dǎo huò diào yú tái（ rì běn chēng jiān gé zhū dǎo）， shǔ tái wān shěng guǎn xiá； dàn xiàn yóu rì běn shí jì kòng zhì。 měi guó zài 1972 nián yí jiāo liú qiú qún dǎo de xíng zhèng guǎn xiá quán shí bǎ diào yú dǎo yī tóng yí jiāo de jǔ dòng céng yǐn fā xiāng gǎng xué shēng shì wēi， ér zhōng guó dà lù hé tái wān shěng yě yòu mín jiān rén shì cānyù liǎo bǎo diào yùn dòng， qí zhōng yú 1996 nián xiāng gǎng bǎo diào rén shì chén yù xiáng yú diào yú tái shuǐ yù kàng yì shí yù nì sǐ wáng。 qiān dǎo liè dǎo / běi fāng sì dǎo qiān dǎo liè dǎo / běi fāng sì dǎo wèi zhì . rì běn zhèng fǔ yī zhí xuān chēng duì zài 'èr zhàn qī jiān bèi sū lián zhàn lǐng， sū lián jiě tǐ hòu réng rán yóu 'é luó sī kòng zhì de qiān dǎo liè dǎo zuì nán duān de guó hòu、 zé zhuō、 chǐ wǔ、 sè dān sì dǎo（ rì běn chēng běi fāng sì dǎo）、 běi bù qiān dǎo liè dǎo、 nán huà tài（ kù yè dǎo） yōng yòu zhù quán。 dú dǎo / zhú dǎo rì běn yì xuān chēng tā men yōng yòu wèi yú rì běn hǎi de zhú dǎo（ hán guó chēng“ dú dǎo”） de“ zhù quán”， gāi dǎo xiàn yóu hán guó kòng zhì， hán guó zài zhè gè dǎo shàng zhù zhā dà liàng jǐng chá。 【 jīng jì shí lì】 rì běn GDP： 49113.62 yì měi yuán ( liè dì 2 wèi ) rén jūn GDP： 38533 měi yuán (2007 nián ) zhèng fǔ yǐ zī běn fú chí gōng yè yǔ qǐ yè、 qiáng dà de láo dòng lì、 gāo kē jì de fā zhǎn yǐ jí jiào dī de jūn shì yù suàn bǐ lì（ zhàn GDP de 1％）， bāng zhù rì běn jīng jì gāo sù fā zhǎn， bìng chéng wéi dāng jīn kē jì fā dá chéng dù jǐn cì yú měi guó de jīng jì tǐ， yǐ jí jǐn cì yú měi guó de quán qiú dì 'èr dà jīng jì tǐ。 rì běn de jīng jì tè diǎn shì shēng chǎn shāng、 gōng yìng shāng hé jīng xiāo shāng de jǐn mì jié hé jí yóu yínháng wéi zhōng xīn de cái fá shì jīn róng mó shì； wéi jiā gōng xíng jīng jì； qiáng dà de qǐ yè lián méng； yǐ jí bù fēn chéng shì rén kǒu de zhōng shēn jiù yè bǎo zhàng。 rán 'ér zhè xiē tè diǎn mù qián dū zhèng suí zhù shí dài yǔ shè huì huán jìng biàn qiān 'ér màn màn liú shī。 rì běn de jīng jì zhī zhù héng gōng yè xū yào yǐ lài jìn kǒu de yuán cái liào hé néng yuán。 ér jiào xiǎo de nóng yè zé yǐ lài zhèng fǔ de bǔ zhù yǔ bǎo hù， rì běn de dà mǐ néng gòu zìjǐ zì zú， dàn qí tā nóng zuò wù de 50％ zé xū yào jìn kǒu。 rì běn shì quán qiú zuì dà de yú yè guó jiā zhī yī， bǔ yú liàng zhàn quán qiú zǒng bǔ yú liàng de jìn 15％。 rì běn jīng jì zì 1950 nián dài mò qī qǐ， bǎo chí liǎo 20 duō nián de gāo dù chéngzhǎng： 1960 nián dài zhèng fǔ tí chū“ suǒ dé bèi zēng jìhuà”， chū xiàn píng jūn 10％ de zēngzhǎng； 1973 nián suī rán pèng shàng shí yóu wēi jī， píng jūn réng yòu 5％ de zēngzhǎng； 1980 nián dài zé wéi píng jūn 4％ de zēngzhǎng。 ér cóng 20 shì jì 90 nián dài kāi shǐ， rì běn jīng jì qū yú bù jǐng qì， zhù yào shì yóu yú 20 shì jì 80 nián dài mò de guò dù tóu zī suǒ zào chéng de zī chǎn péng zhàng， yǐ jí zhèng quàn jí fáng dì chǎn shì chǎng de“ pào mò huà”， zuì zhōng zài yú fàng bǐ guò gāo yǔ rì yuán bù duàn shēng zhí xià， pào mò jīng jì wǎ jiě。 zhèng fǔ gǎi gé jīng jì de nǔ lì chéng xiào bù dà， bù guò， 1997 nián de yà zhōu jīn róng wēi jī hé 2001 nián de měi guó jīng jì shuāi tuì zhǐ wéi dāng shí de rì běn jīng jì dài lái qīng wēi yǐng xiǎng。 suī rán rì běn jīng jì zēngzhǎng jiǎn huǎn， dàn shī yè shuài yǐ jiù cháng qī chǔyú dī shuǐ píng。 yōng jǐ de jū zhù huán jìng de yǐ jí rén kǒu lǎo líng huà shì liǎng dà cháng qī wèn tí。 jī qì rén zhì zào zé shì zhù yào de cháng qī jīng jì yōu shì， quán qiú 720000 gè jī qì rén zhōng， rì běn yōng yòu 410000 gè， kě yǐ shuō shì jī qì rén wáng guó。 1985 nián， rì běn jǐ chéng wéi shì jiè zuì dà zhài quán guó， 1986 nián dǐ hǎi wài jìng zī chǎn yī qiān bā bǎi líng sì yì měi yuán。 1993 nián rì běn hǎi wài zī chǎn shàng shēng dào liù qiān bā bǎi wǔ shí yì， rì běn chéng liǎo shì jiè zuì dà de gōng yìng guó， dōng jīng guó jì jīn róng shì chǎng de zuò yòng zhèng zài kuò dà， rì běn zhèng zài cháo jīn róng dà guó huà fāng xiàng fā zhǎn。 【 jūn shì shí lì】 èr zhàn hòu， měi jūn duì rì shí xíng dān dú jūn shì zhàn lǐng， rì běn jiù jūn duì quán bù jiě sàn。 cháo xiān zhàn zhēng bào fā hòu， měi lì jiān hé zhòng guó zhī chí rì běn fā zhǎn jūn shì lì liàng。 rì běn fáng wèi de jī běn zhèng cè shì： zài hé píng xiàn fǎ xià， shí xíng zhuān shǒu fáng wèi， jiān chí rì měi 'ān bǎo tǐ zhì， què bǎo wén guān tǒng zhì， zūn shǒu fēi hé sān yuán zé， yòu jié zhì dì zēng qiáng fáng wèi lì liàng。 1976 nián zhì dìng《 fáng wèi jìhuà dà gāng》， tí chū fáng wèi zǒng tǐ shè xiǎng hé kuò jūn fāng zhēn： bǎo chí jūn héng fā zhǎn de fáng wèi tài shì， jiān chí zhòng shì zhì liàng de jiàn jūn yuán zé， shǐ zhī néng dú lì yìng fù yòu xiàn de xiǎo guī mó zhàn zhēng。 zhì 1990 nián yǐ jī běn dá dào dà gāng suǒ dìng zhǐ biāo。 1990 nián 12 yuè， rì běn nèi gé huì yì pī zhǔn liǎo xīn“ zhōng qī fáng wèi lì liàng zhěng bèi jìhuà”（ 1991 héng 1995 nián）， guī dìng 5 nián jūn fèi zǒng 'é wéi 22.75 wàn yì rì yuán， jìhuà de zhòng diǎn shì zhù zhòng zhì liàng， tí gāo wǔ qì zhuāng bèi shuǐ píng， jiā qiáng hòu qín、 qíng bào、 tōng xìn jiàn shè， gèng duō dì chéng dān zhù rì měi jūn fèi yòng děng。 1995 nián 11 yuè rì běn zhèng fǔ yòu pī zhǔn zǒng 'é yuē 25.1 wàn yì rì yuán wéi qī wǔ nián de xīn《 fáng wèi jìhuà dà gāng》。 2000 nián 12 yuè， rì běn zhèng fǔ zhì dìng liǎo xīn yī qī fáng wèi lì liàng zhěng bèi jìhuà（ 2001 héng 2005 nián）， zǒng jīng fèi gāo dá 25.16 wàn yì rì yuán。 1954 nián bān bù《 fáng wèi tīng shè zhì fǎ》 hé《 zì wèi duì fǎ》， zhèng shì jiàn lì lù、 hǎi、 kōng lì liàng zǔ chéng de zì wèi duì， bìng chéng lì fáng wèi tīng。 nèi gé shǒu xiāng duì zì wèi duì yōng yòu zuì gāo zhǐ huī jiān dū quán。 1956 nián chéng lì guó fáng huì yì。 1986 nián 7 yuè“ ān quán bǎo zhàng huì yì” qǔ dài yuán“ guó fáng huì yì”， fù zé chǔlǐ gè zhǒng tū fā shì jiàn hé yī qiē yǔ guó jiā 'ān quán yòu guān de zhòng dà shì yí， yóu shǒuxiàng rèn zhù xí。 fáng wèi tīng lì shǔ zǒng lǐ fǔ， zhǎngguān yóu wén zhí rén yuán dān rèn， shòu shǒuxiàng zhī mìng， tōng guò lù、 hǎi、 kōng jūn mù liáo cháng（ cān móu cháng） tǒng shuài lù hǎi kōng zì wèi duì。 tǒng hé mù liáo huì yì（ cān móu cháng lián xí huì yì） shì fáng wèi tīng zhǎngguān de fǔ zhù jī gòu， fù zé nǐ dìng hé tiáozhěng sān jūn de zuò zhàn、 xùn liàn hé hòu qín bǔjǐ jìhuà， sōu jí fēn xī jūn shì qíng bào。 2006 nián 3 yuè 27 rì， rì běn fáng wèi tīng shè lì tǒng yī zhǐ huī lù hǎi kōng zì wèi duì de tǒng hé mù liáo jiān bù（ lián hé cān móu běn bù）， qǔ dài guò qù de tǒng hé mù liáo huì yì。 rì běn lù hǎi kōng zì wèi duì de mù liáo cháng guò qù fēn bié tīng cóng fáng wèi tīng zhǎngguān zhǐ huī， gè zì xiàng suǒ shǔ zì wèi duì xià dá mìng lìng。 jīn hòu， tǒng hé mù liáo cháng jiāng zài fáng wèi tīng zhǎngguān shòu quán xià， tǒng yī zhǐ huī lù hǎi kōng zì wèi duì， bìng zài“ jǐn jí” qíng kuàng xià zǔ jiàn“ tǒng hé rèn wù bù duì”， zhí xíng dàn dào dǎo dàn fáng yù、 dà guī mó dì zhèn jiù zāi、 guó jì jiù yuán děng rèn wù。 zì wèi duì shí xíng zhì yuàn bīng yì zhì。 lù shàng zì wèi duì fú yì qī wéi 2 zhì 3 nián， hǎi、 kōng zì wèi duì wéi 3 nián。 jūn duì míng chēng： zì wèi duì 【 wén huà chuán tǒng】 rì běn dú tè de dì lǐ tiáo jiàn hé yōu jiǔ de lì shǐ， yùn yù liǎo bié jù yī gé de rì běn wén huà。 yīng huā、 hé fú、 pái jù yǔ wǔ shì、 qīng jiǔ、 shén dào jiào gòu chéng liǎo chuán tǒng rì běn de liǎng gè fāng miàn héng héng jú yǔ jiàn。 zài rì běn yòu zhù míng de " sān dào "， jí rì běn mín jiān de chá dào、 huā dào、 shū dào。 chá dào yě jiào zuò chá tānɡ（ pǐn míng huì）， zì gǔ yǐ lái jiù zuò wéi yī zhǒng měi gǎn yí shì shòu dào shàng liú jiē céng de wú bǐ xǐ 'ài。 chá dào shì yī zhǒng dú tè de yǐn chá yí shì hé shè huì lǐ yí。 xiàn zài， chá dào bèi yòng zuò xùn liàn jí zhōng jīng shén， huò zhě yòng yú péi yǎng lǐ yí jǔ zhǐ， wéi yī bān mín zhòng suǒ guǎng fàn dì jiē shòu。 rì běn guó nèi yòu xǔ duō chuán shòu chá dào gè liú pài jì fǎ de xué xiào， bù shǎo bīn guǎn yě shè yòu chá shì， kě yǐ qīng sōng dì xīn shǎng dào chá dào de biǎo yǎn。 dàn rì běn de chá dào zuì zhōng shì yóu zhōng guó táng cháo zhēnguàn nián jiān chuán dào rì běn de。 zài gǔ dài， rì běn yǔ zhōng guó zào yòu wǎng lái。 shèng táng shí qī， rì běn céng pài dà liàng shǐ chén lái zhōng guó， shòu zhōng guó yǐng xiǎng jiào shēn。 rì běn rén mín chēng " zhōng guó shì rì běn chá dào de gù xiāng "。 huā dào zuò wéi yī zhǒng zài chá shì nèi zài xiàn yě wài shèng kāi de xiān huā de jì fǎ 'ér dàn shēng。 yīn zhǎn shì de guī zé hé fāng fǎ de yòu suǒ bù tóng， huā dào kě fēn chéng 20 duō zhǒng liú pài， rì běn guó nèi yě yòu xǔ duō chuán shòu huā dào gè liú pài jì fǎ de xué xiào。 lìng wài， zài bīn guǎn、 bǎi huò shāng diàn、 gōng gòng shè shī de dà tīng děng gè zhǒng chǎng suǒ， kě yǐ xīn shǎng dào zhuāng shì yōu měi de chā huā yì shù。 shū dào yě chēng rì běn shū fǎ， shì rì běn rén de qín qí shū huà sì dà yì shù zhī yī。 xiàngpū lái yuán yú rì běn shén dào de zōng jiào yí shì。 rén men zài shén diàn wéi fēng shōu zhī shén jǔ xíng bǐ sài， pàn wàng néng dài lái hǎo de shōu chéng。 zài nài liáng hé píng 'ān shí qī， xiàngpū shì yī zhǒng gōng tíng guān shǎng yùn dòng， ér dào liǎo lián cāng zhàn guó shí qī， xiàngpū chéng wéi wǔ shì xùn liàn de yī bù fēn。 18 shì jì xīng qǐ liǎo zhí yè xiàngpū yùn dòng， tā yǔ xiàn zài de xiàngpū bǐ sài jí wéi xiāng sì。 shén dào yí shì qiáng diào xiàngpū yùn dòng， bǐ sài qián de duǒ jiǎo yí shì（ sì gù） de mù de shì jiāng chǎng dì zhōng de 'è guǐ qū zǒu， tóng shí hái qǐ dào fàng sōng jī ròu de zuò yòng。 chǎng dì shàng hái yào sǎ yán yǐ dá dào jìng huà de mùdì， yīn wéi shén dào jiào yì rèn wéi yán néng qū gǎn guǐ mèi。 xiàngpū bǐ sài zài tái zǐ shàng jìn xíng。 zhěng gè tái zǐ wéi zhèng fāng xíng， zhōng bù wéi yuán juàn， qí zhí jìng wéi 4.55 mǐ。 bǐ sài shí， liǎng wèi lì shì shù fā shū jì， xià shēn xì yī tiáo dōu dài， jìn hū chì shēn luǒ tǐ shàng tái bǐ sài。 bǐ sài zhōng， lì shì chú jiǎo zhǎng wài rèn hé bù fēn bù dé chù jí tái zǐ biǎo miàn， tóng shí yě bù dé chāo chū yuán juàn。 bǐ sài zài yī 'èr fēn zhōng shèn zhì jǐ miǎo zhōng nèi biàn néng jué chū shèng fù。 xiàngpū de cái pàn gòng yóu 6 rén zǔ chéng。 zhù cái pàn yóu shǒu chí zhé shàn“ xíng sī” dēng tái dān rèn， qí yú 5 rén fēn bié zài zhèng miàn、 dōng miàn、 xī miàn jí cái pàn xí shàng。 dà lì shì de zuì gāo děng jí shì“ héng gāng”。 xià miàn shì dà guān、 guān xié、 xiǎo jié、 qián jǐng， zhè sì gè děng jí bèi chēng wéi“ mù nèi”， shǔ yú lì tǔ zhōng de shàng céng。 zài cì shì shí liǎng、 mù xià， chú cǐ zhī wài hái yòu gèng dī jí de sān duàn mù、 xù sān duàn。 chǔyú xù zhī kǒu、 xù 'èr duàn de xué yuán zhǐ néng zuò yī xiē dǎ shuǐ sǎo dì zhī lèi de dǎ zá gōng zuò， zhǐ yòu dào liǎo sān duàn mùdì shí hòu， shī fù cái huì chuán shòu yī xiē jì shù， ér dào liǎo shí liǎng de xué yuán jiù shì zhí yè xiàngpū xuǎn shǒu liǎo， bèi chēng wéi“ lì shì”， bù jǐn yòu gōng zī， ér qiě hái kě yǐ cān jiā gè zhǒng bǐ sài yíng qǔ jiǎng jīn。 néng dào dá guān xié hé dà guān de xuǎn shǒu yǐ shì liáo liáo wú jǐ liǎo。 xiàngpū shǒu yī dàn dá dào liǎo héng gāng， jīhū jiù kě yǐ shuō shì zhàn zài liǎo rì běn xiàngpū jiè de dǐng diǎn， jiāng yōng yòu zhōng shēn zhì gāo wú shàng de róng yào。 xiàn zài rì běn xiàngpū shǐ shàng de héng gāng yī gòng zhǐ yòu 68 wèi； xiàngpū yǔ xǔ duō yùn dòng bù tóng de， tā de děng jí shì bù dìng de， huì yìng bù cān jiā bǐ sài huò shī bài 'ér dǎo zhì děng jí xià huá。 hé fú shì rì běn chuán tǒng mín zú fú zhuāng de chēng hū。 tā zài rì běn yě chēng“ zhe wù”。 hé fú shì fǎng zhào zhōng guó suí táng fú shì hé wú fú gǎi zhì de， suǒ yǐ zài rì běn bèi chēng wéi " wú fú " hé " táng yī "， hé fú shì xī fāng rén duì wú fú de chēng wèi， xiàn zài rì běn rén yǐ jīng jiē shòu de zhè gè chēng wèi， dàn shì hěn duō mài hé fú de shāng diàn， hái shì xiě zhe " wú fú "。 gōng yuán bā zhì jiǔ shì jì， rì běn yī dù shèng xíng guò“ táng fēng” fú zhuāng。 yǐ hòu suī yòu gǎi biàn xíng chéng rì běn dú tè de fēng gé， dàn réng hán yòu zhōng guó gǔ dài fú zhuāng de mǒu xiē tè sè。 fù nǚ hé fú de kuǎn shì hé huā sè de chā bié shì qū bié nián líng hé jié hūn yǔ fǒu de biāo zhì。 lì rú， wèi hūn de gū niàn chuān jǐn xiù wài fú， yǐ hūn fù nǚ chuān kuān xiù wài fú； shū“ dǎo tián” shì fàxíng ( rì běn shì fàxíng zhī yī， chéng bō zhuàng )， chuān hóng lǐng chèn yī de shì gū niàn， shū yuán fàjì， chuān sù sè chèn yī de shì zhù fù。 hé fú bù yòng niǔ kòu， zhǐ yòng yī tiáo dǎ jié de yāo dài。 yāo dài de zhǒng lèi hěn duō， qí dǎ jié de fāng fǎ yě gè yòu bù tóng。 bǐ jiào guǎng fàn shǐ yòng de yī zhǒng dǎ jié fāng fǎ jiào“ tài gǔ jié”， zài hòu yāo dǎ jié chù de yāo dài nèi diàn yòu yī gè zhǐ huò bù zuò de xìn zǐ， kàn qù xiàng gè fāng hé。 zhè jiù shì wǒ men cháng kàn dào de hé fú bèi hòu de zhuāng shì pǐn。 yóu yú dǎ jié hěn fèi shì， zhàn hòu yòu chū xiàn liǎo bèi yòu xiàn chéng jié de“ gǎi liáng dài” hé“ wén huà dài”。 suī rán jīn tiān rì běn rén de rì cháng fú zhuāng zǎo yǐ wéi xī fú suǒ tì dài， dàn zài hūn lǐ、 qìng diǎn、 chuán tǒng huā dào、 chá dào yǐ jí qí tā lóng zhòng de shè jiāo chǎng hé， hé fú réng shì gōng rèn de bì chuān lǐ fú。 róu dào zài quán shì jiè yòu guǎng fàn shēng yù。 róu dào de jī běn yuán lǐ bù shì gōng jī、 ér shì yī zhǒng lì yòng duì fāng de lì liàng de hù shēn zhī shù， róu dào jiā de jí bié yòng yāo dài de yán sè（ chū jí∶ bái / gāo jí∶ hēi） lái biǎo shì。 jiàn dào shì zhǐ cóng wǔ shì de zhòng yào wǔ yì jiàn shù zhōng pài shēng 'ér chū de rì běn jī jiàn yùn dòng。 bǐ sài zhě 'àn zhào yán gé de guī zé， shēn zhe zhuān yòng fáng hù jù， yòng yī bǎ zhú dāo hù cì duì fāng de tóu、 qū tǐ yǐ jí shǒu zhǐ jiān。 kōng shǒu dào shì jīng liú qiú wáng guó（ xiàn zài de chōng shéng） cóng zhōng guó chuán rù rì běn de gé dǒu yùn dòng。 kōng shǒu dào bù shǐ yòng rèn hé wǔ qì、 jǐn shǐ yòng quán hé jiǎo， yǔ qí tā gé dǒu yùn dòng xiāng bǐ， shì yī zhǒng xiāng dāng jù yòu shí zhàn yì yì de yùn dòng xíng shì。 hé qì dào yuán lái zhǐ shì yī zhǒng yòng yú liàn xí“ xíng shì” de yùn dòng， qí jī běn lǐ niàn shì duì yú lì liàng bù cǎi yòng lì liàng jìn xíng duì kàng。 yǔ róu dào hé kōng shǒu dào děng yùn dòng xiāng bǐ， méi yòu cū yě gǎn de hé qì dào zuò wéi yī zhǒng jīng shén duàn liàn hé jiàn shēn yùn dòng， hěn shòu lǎo nián rén hé nǚ xìng de huān yíng。 shū dào， tí qǐ shū fǎ， xiāng xìn bù shǎo rén huì rèn wéi tā shì zhōng guó dú yòu de yī mén yì shù。 qí shí， shū fǎ zài rì běn bù jǐn shèng xíng， gèng shì rén men xiū xíng yǎng xìng de fāng shì zhī yī。 gǔ dài rì běn rén chēng shū fǎ jiào 「 rù mù dào 」 huò「 bǐ dào」， zhí dào jiāng hù shí dài ( shí qī shì jì )， cái chū xiàn「 shū dào」 zhè gè míng cí。 zài rì běn， yòng máo bǐ xiě hàn zì 'ér shèng xíng shū fǎ， yīngdāng shì zài fó jiào chuán rù zhī hòu。 sēng lǚ hé fó jiào tú mó fǎng zhōng guó， yòng máo bǐ chāo lù jīng shū。 néng jù shì rì běn de chuán tǒng xì jù， yě shì shì jiè shàng xiàn cún de zuì gǔ lǎo de xì jù zhī yī。 néng jù yuán yú gǔ dài wǔ dǎo xì jù xíng shì hé 12 shì jì huò 13 shì jì zài rì běn de shén shè hé sì yuàn jǔ xíng de gè zhǒng jié qìng xì jù。“ néng” jù yòu cái néng huò jì néng de yì yì。 yǎn yuán tōng guò miàn bù biǎo qíng hé xíng tǐ dòng zuò 'àn shì gù shì de běn zhì， ér bù shì bǎ tā biǎo xiàn chū lái。 xiàn zài zhè yī jù zhǒng zài rì běn réng jù yòu wán qiáng de shēng mìng lì。 gē wǔ jì hé néng jù yī yàng shì rì běn zuì yòu dài biǎo xìng de chuán tǒng xìqǔ zhī yī。 hé zhōng guó de jīng jù yī yàng， yě shì yǐ yīn lè hé wǔ dǎo wéi zhōng xīn， yóu tái cí、 gēqǔ、 wǔ dǎ chǎng miàn děng gòu chéng de zōng hé wǔ tái yì shù。 gē wǔ jì qǐ yuán yú 17 shì jì chū de yī wèi jiào zuò“ chū yún の ā guó（ chū yún zhī 'ā guó）” de nǚ xìng， tā fēi cháng shàn yú biǎo yǎn dāng shí de shè huì xí sú， shòu dào rén men de jí dà huān yíng。 rán 'ér， cǐ hòu suí zhe shí dài de biàn qiān， gē wǔ jì gǎi chéng liǎo quán bù juésè dū yóu nán xìng bàn yǎn， jí shǐ shì nǚ xìng juésè yě yī yàng， zhè gè chuán tǒng yī zhí yán xù dào liǎo xiàn zài。 shòu sī shì yǐ shēng yú piàn【 cì shēn（ さし み）】、 shēng xiā、 shēng yú fěn děng wéi yuán liào， pèi yǐ jīng bái mǐ fàn、 cù、 hǎi xiān、 là gēn děng， niē chéng fàn tuán hòu shí yòng de yī zhǒng shí wù。 shòu sī de zhǒng lèi hěn duō， bù xià shù bǎi zhǒng， gè dì qū de shòu sī yě yòu bù tóng de tè diǎn。 dà duō shù shì xiān yòng mǐ fàn jiā cù tiáozhì， zài bāo juàn yú、 ròu、 dàn lèi， jiā yǐ zǐ cài huò dòu pí。 chī shēng yú shòu sī shí， yǐn rì běn lǜ chá huò qīng jiǔ， bié yòu yī fān fēng wèi。 【 jiào yù tǐ zhì】 xué zhì wéi xiǎo xué 6 nián、 guó zhōng（ chū zhōng） 3 nián、 gāo zhōng 3 nián、 dà xué 4 nián、 dà zhuān 2 héng 3 nián。 shí xíng 12 nián yì wù jiào yù。 dà xué yòu guó lì dà xué、 gōng lì dà xué hé sī lì dà xué。 rì běn shì yī gè fēi cháng zhòng shì jiào yù de guó jiā， jiào shī de dì wèi fēi cháng gāo， zhù míng de guó lì zōng hé dà xué yòu dōng jīng dà xué， jīng dū dà xué、 míng gǔ wū dà xué、 dà bǎn dà xué、 běi hǎi dào dà xué， yǐ jí zhù míng de sī lì dà xué zǎo dào tián dà xué hé qìng yìng dà xué děng。 【 xīn wén chū bǎn】 zōng hé xìng rì bào shè yòu 121 jiā。 quán guó yòu yǐng xiǎng de bào zhǐ tōng chēng liù dà bào：《 zhāorì xīn wén》、《 dú mài xīn wén》、《 měi rì xīn wén》、《 rì běn chǎn jīng xīn wén》、《 dōng jīng xīn wén》、《 rì běn jīng jì xīn wén》。 quán guó fā xíng de sān dà dì fāng bào wéi：《 zhōng rì xīn wén》、《 běi hǎi dào xīn wén》、《 xī rì běn xīn wén》。 jiào yòu yǐng xiǎng de zá zhì yòu：《 zhōng yāng gōng lùn》、《 dōng yáng jīng jì》、《 jīng jì xué rén》、《 wén yì chūn qiū》 děng。 guǎng bō diàn tái、 diàn shì tái yòu jìn 200 jiā。 quán guó xìng de diàn shì、 guǎng bō gōng sī zhù yào yòu： rì běn guǎng bō xié huì（ Ｎ Ｈ Ｋ）， 1952 nián chéng lì， shǔ bàn guān fāng xìng zhì； dōng jīng guǎng bō gōng sī（ Ｔ Ｂ Ｓ）， 1951 nián chéng lì； rì běn diàn shì guǎng bō wǎng gōng sī（ＮＴ Ｖ）， 1953 nián chéng lì。 chú rì běn guǎng bō xié huì wài， qí tā diàn shì guǎng bō gōng sī jūn wéi sī yíng。 gòng tóng tōng xùn shè shì rì běn zuì dà de tōng xùn shè， jiǎn chēng gòng tóng shè。 shí shì tōng xùn shè shì rì běn dì 'èr dà tōng xùn shè， jiǎn chēng shí shì shè。 【 wén zì yǔ yán】 rì wén wén zì fēn wéi hàn zì hé jiǎ míng , hàn zì yòu liǎng zhǒng dú fǎ , yī zhǒng shì yīn dú , yī zhǒng shì xùn dú； jiǎ míng yòu fēn wéi píng jiǎ míng hé piàn jiǎ míng。 bù lùn shì píng jiǎ míng huò piàn jiǎ míng de zì xíng dū fǎng zì zhōng wén。 rì běn gǔ dài méi yòu wén zì， hé wǒ guó yòu liǎo wén huà shàng de jiāo liú zhī hòu， rì běn rén jiù lì yòng hàn zì de cǎo shū zì xíng chuàng zào liǎo píng jiǎ míng， lì yòng hàn zì de piān bàng bù shǒu chuàng zào liǎo piàn jiǎ míng。 yě yīn wéi wài lái de yǔ yán、 wài guó rén míng dì míng。 nǐ shēng nǐ tài yǔ、 dòng zhí wù míng。 rì wén zhōng píng ( ひ ら ) shì róng yì、 jiǎn dān de yì sī， piàn ( か た ) zé shì piàn miàn、 bù wán quán zhī yì。 rú guǒ jué dé bù tài hǎo jì de huà， jiù jì dé rì běn rén píng cháng shēng huó shàng yòng de jiù shì 『 píng jiǎ míng 』， zì tǐ kàn qǐ lái xiàng yòng de， yī piàn yī piàn de jiù shì『 piàn jiǎ míng』 liǎo。 rì běn yǔ de fā yīn bìng bù kùn nán， tā jī běn shàng shì yóu ( あ いう え お ) wǔ gè mǔ yīn wéi zhù suǒ chuàn chéng de yīn jié。 hé hàn yǔ yòu shí duō gè mǔ yīn bǐ jiào qǐ lái shǎo liǎo xǔ duō， ér qiě rì běn yǔ yòu de mǔ yīn， hàn yǔ dà zhì shàng dōuyòu。 【 fēng sú mín qíng】 rì běn rén zhī jiān dǎ zhāo hū： jī běn shàng shì yǐ jū gōng lái biǎo shì de。 zhàn zhe de shí hòu， shuāng jiǎo hé lǒng、 zhí lì， wān yāo dī tóu。 cóng yī bān xìng xíng lǐ dào shàng shēn zhì 90 dù de jū gōng。 gēn jù lǐ jié qīng zhòng chéng dù de bù tóng， dī tóu de jiǎo dù shì gè zhǒng gè yàng de。 zài pū zhe“たたみ” ( tà tà mǐ ) de fáng jiān lǐ， bì xū yào zuò zhe xíng lǐ。 yǐ“ zhèng zuò” de zī shì shàng shēn wān xià， liǎng shǒu fàng zài qián miàn zhe dì rán hòu dī tóu。 yī bān rì běn rén xíng lǐ zhì yì shì hù bù jiē chù shēn tǐ de， chuán tǒng shàng yě méi yòu wò shǒu de xí guàn。 rì běn rén yòu shí hòu yě wò shǒu， dàn dà duō zài hé wài guó rén、 jìng xuǎn rén hé xuǎn mín huò míng xīng hé yǐng mí děng tè shū chǎng hé。 zuò de zī shì： zài xué xiào、 gōng sī yī bān dū zuò yǐ zǐ de。 dàn zài jiā tíng lǐ， rì běn rén réng rán bǎo chí zhe chuán tǒng de zuò zài“たたみ”（ tà tà mǐ） shàng de shēng huó。 zuì jìn， zài pǔ tōng jiā tíng lǐ， xī yáng shì de jū shì hé cān shì duō qǐ lái liǎo， suǒ yǐ bù zuò“たたみ”（ tà tà mǐ） de nián qīng yī dài zài zhú jiàn zēng duō。 zhāo shǒu： bǎ shǒu zhǎng cháo xià qīng qīng dì fàng kāi， shǒu wàn cóng qián fāng cháo zì jǐ yī biān lái huí bǎi dòng jǐ cì。 zhè zhǒng fāng shì méi yòu xìng bié、 nián líng de xiàn zhì， dōunéng shǐ yòng。 dàn duì dì wèi、 bèi fèn gāo de rén zhè yàng zhāo shǒu shì shī lǐ de， yào jìn liàng bì miǎn。 zì jǐ： biǎo shì“ nà shì wǒ”、“ shì wǒ má？” děng yì sī shí， yòng shí zhǐ zhǐ zhe zì jǐ de bí zǐ。 wàn suì： zhè shì zài bǐ sài zhōng huò shèng huò pèng shàng hǎo yùn shí， jǔ shǒu biǎo shì gāo xīng de dòng zuò。 duō shù qíng kuàng shì， dà jiā yī qǐ tóng shí huān hū“ wàn suì”， yǐ biǎo shì qìng hè xìng yùn hé zhù yuàn xìng fú de xīn qíng。 xǐ zǎo： rì běn rén xǐ zǎo bù jǐn shì wèile xǐ jìng shēn tǐ， ér qiě shì jiāng shēn tǐ jìn zài yù chí lǐ， màn màn dì nuǎnhuo shēn tǐ de yī zhǒng xí guàn。 suǒ yǐ xǐ shēn tǐ hé qù chú wū gòu dōuzài yù chí wài miàn jìn xíng。 yù chí lǐ de rè shuǐ kě yǐ jiā wēn， dāng rè shuǐ jiǎn shàoshí， kě yǐ zài tiān shuǐ jiā wēn。 jǐ gè rén jìn tóng yī gè yù chí， yì wèi zhe dà jiā shì fēi cháng qīn jìn、 hù xiāng xìn rèn de péng yǒu， zuì hòu yī gè rén xǐ wán zǎo hòu， fàng diào yù chí lǐ de shuǐ。 bù jí lì de shù zì： rì běn rén jì huì“ 4” hé“ 9”。 yīn wéi“ 4” de dú yīn hé“ sǐ” xiāng tóng；“ 9” hé“ kǔ” de dú yīn xiāng tóng，“ 9” yì wèi zhe kǔ。 yuán běn rì běn rén nián bìng bù jì huì“ 13” de， dàn yīn 'ōu měi jì huì“ 13” zhè gè shù zì， ér shòu dào 'ōu měi wén huà yǐng xiǎng rì běn yòu xǔ duō rén yě kāi shǐ jué dé“ 13” yě shì bù jí lì de shù zì。 xiàn zài rì běn xǔ duō lǚ guǎn fáng jiān hào hé tíng chē wèi méi yòu 4、 9、 13 zhè jǐ gè shù zì。 bù shōu xiǎo fèi zhì： dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn qián， yī bù fēn lǚ guǎn hé jiāo tōng jī gòu yòu shōu xiǎo fèi de xí guàn， jìn nián lái jī běn shàng méi yòu liǎo。 zài rì běn bù yí yòu de xí guàn： zài rén qián jiē wěn： rì běn rén rèn wéi zài rén qián jiē wěn shì nán wéi qíng de shì。 yōng bào： jiē chù tā rén de shēn tǐ， zài rì běn bèi rèn wéi shì shī lǐ de xíng wéi。 nán nǚ zhī jiān chú liàn 'ài guān xì de shuāng fāng wài， yī bān bù wò shǒu。 zài rén qián jiáo kǒu xiāng táng： yǔn xǔ chōu yān， dàn jiáo kǒu xiāng táng bù xíng。 bié rén méi chī， zì jǐ dú zì chī dōng xī， yě bèi shì wéi shī lǐ。 chuānzhuó xié zǐ jìn wū： jìn rù rì běn zhù zhái， bì xū tuō xié。 kuī shì bié rén jiā de chú fáng： zài rì běn， fǎng wèn bié rén jiā tíng shí， kuī shì chú fáng shì bù lǐ mào de xíng wéi。 mín shì jiū fēn qīng yì sù zhū fǎ yuàn： rì běn rén zài gè rén shēng huó zhōng bǐ qì yuē guān xì gèng zhòng shì xìn lài guān xì。 yīn cǐ， yù shì dà duō shù tōng guò dāng shì rén zhī jiān de xié shāng jiě jué huò tōng guò zhōng jiànrén jiě jué。 wéi yòu dāng shì rén zhī jiān de guān xì míng xiǎn 'è huà shí cái shàng fǎ yuàn。 lǜ shī de rén shù jǐn shì měi guó de 1/30。 rì běn rén bù yāo qǐng gōng zuò shàng de kè rén jìn jiā mén： rì běn rén bù xí guàn zài zì jǐ jiā lǐ jiē dài yè wù shàng de kè rén huò quán jiā chū lái jiāo jì。 chú gè tǐ jīng yíng wài， qī zǐ dōubù cānyù zhàng fū de gōng zuò。 zài yòu bì yào hé yè wù fāng miàn de kè hù lián yì shí， jiù dào zhuān mén tí gōng jiǔ yàn de dì fāng jǔ xíng。 gànbù yòu shí yě zài jiā lǐ zhāo dài bù xià、 yǔ zì jǐ dì wèi xiāng tóng de rén huò shàng sī， yī bān zhǐ xiàn yú jiàn zào xīn fáng de shí hòu。 【 jié rì jiàqī】 yuán dàn héng héng 1 yuè 1 rì mín jiān lì lái jiù yòu qìng xīn nián zhī fēng sú， dàn què dìng wèiguó jiā jié rì shì zài 1948 nián。 àn chuán tǒng xí sú，“ dà huì rì”（ chú xī） jìn xíng dà sǎo chú。 mén qián bǎi shàng sōng、 zhú、 méi（“ sōng mén”）（ xiàn duō yǐ gǎi wéi huàpiān dài tì）， yǐ shì jí xiáng rú yì。 chú xī wán cān， quán jiā chī guò nián miàn（ qiáo mài miàn tiáo）， fàn hòu yī miàn kàn zhuān wéi xīn nián bō sòng de diàn shì jié mù， yī miàn děng dài xīn nián zhōng shēng， chēng“ shǒu suì”。 yuán dàn zǎo cān chī zá zhǔ（ nián gāo tānɡ）， hē tú sū jiǔ， chī“ yù jié liào lǐ“（ gè zhǒng měi wèi jí jié rì cài yáo）。 yuán dàn yī bān xiūjià 5~7 tiān。 chéng rén jié héng héng 1 yuè 15 rì 1948 nián dìng wéi guó jiā jié rì。 àn rì běn fǎ lǜ guī dìng： 20 suì wéi chéng nián。 zhè yī tiān fán nián mǎn 20 suì de qīng nián dū shēn zhe shèng zhuāng qù cān jiā chéng rén qìng zhù yí shì。 bìng yǐ zhè yī tiān wéi rén shēng de xīn qǐ diǎn， kāi shǐ jù bèi lǚ xíng fǎ lǜ de quán lì hé yì wù。 jiàn guó jì niàn rì héng héng 2 yuè 11 rì rì běn shén huà chuán shuō， gōng yuán qián 660 nián 2 yuè 11 rì shén wǔ tiān huáng tǒng yī rì běn hòu jiàn lì rì běn guó， bìng zuò liǎo rì běn dì yī dài tiān huáng。 jiù shí（ èr zhàn jié shù qián） chēng wéi“ jì yuán jié”， 1945 nián bèi fèi chú， 1966 nián huī fù hòu gǎi chēng wéi xiàn míng。 jiàn guó jì niàn rì héng héng 2 yuè 11 rì 1966 nián 12 yuè， zuǒ téng nèi gé tí chū bǎ 2 yuè 11 rì zuò wéi jiàn guó jì niàn rì， dì 'èr nián kāi shǐ shí shī。 yuán yóu gōng yuán qián 660 nián 2 yuè 11 rì dì yī dài tiān huáng jiàn guó jí wèi。 yīng huā jì héng héng 3 yuè 15 rì yáng chūn sān yuè yīng huā shèng kāi， rì běn rén mín rèn wéi yīng huā jù yòu gāo yǎ、 gāngjìng、 qīng xiù zhì pǔ hé dú lì de jīng shén。 tā men bǎ yīng huā zuò wéi qín láo、 yǒng gǎn、 zhì huì de xiàng zhēng。 yī bān rì běn rén xuǎn zé zài zhè gè shí hòu chū yóu， shǎng yīng， tóng shí yě shì zàn měi dà zì rán， fàng sōng shēn xīn de jué hǎo shí kè。 bù guò tóng zhǒng zhí wù de huā qī bù kě néng shí zài tóng yī tiān， zǒng yòu xiān hòu； ér qiě yīng huā de huā qī hěn duǎn， suǒ yǐ zài sān yuè zhè gè yīng huā guān shǎng yuè lǐ xuǎn dìng liǎo 15 rì（ sān yuè zhōng xún） wéi yīng huā jié（ zhè shí hòu jué dà duō yīng huā yě kāi liǎo， zǎo yīng hái wèi quán xiè）。 yīng huā shì rì běn de guó huā。“ yù wèn dà hé hún， cháo yáng dǐ xià kàn shān yīng。” yīng huā zài rì běn yǐ jīng yòu yī qiān duō nián de lì shǐ， rì běn rén rèn wéi rén shēng duǎn zàn， huó zhe jiù yào xiàng yīng huā yī yàng càn làn。 ér qiě， yīng huā rè liè、 chún jié、 gāo shàng， yán dōng guò hòu， tā zuì xiān dài lái chūn tiān de xiāo xī。 yīn cǐ， rì běn zhèng fǔ bǎ měi nián de 3 yuè 15 rì zhì 4 yuè 15 rì dìng wéi“ yīng huā jié”。 zhè shí， rén men dài shàng qīn shǔ， yāo shàng yǒu rén， zài yīng huā shù xià xí dì 'ér zuò， biān shǎng yīng、 biān chàng yǐn， shí wéi rén shēng yī dà kuài shì。 nǚ 'ér jié héng héng 3 yuè 3 rì qí qiú nǚ hái jiàn kāng chéngzhǎng bìng huò dé xìng fú chūn fēn héng héng 3 yuè 20 rì jiù chēng“ chūn jì huáng líng jì”， shì tiān huáng chūn jì jì zǔ de rì zǐ， rì běn rén yě zài zhè yī tiān jìn xíng sǎo mù huó dòng， jì sì zì jǐ de zǔ xiān。 zhè yī tiān， yě shì zàn měi dà zì rán， ài hù shēng wù de rì zǐ。 lǜ jié héng héng 4 yuè 29 rì yuán zhāo hé tiān huáng shēng rì xiàn fǎ jì niàn rì héng héng 5 yuè 3 rì 1947 nián 5 yuè 3 rì rì běn guó xiàn fǎ shí xíng nán hái jié héng héng 5 yuè 5 rì zhù yuàn nán hái zǐ zhuó zhuàng chéngzhǎng， 1948 nián dìng wéi guó dìng jié rì（ jiù shí chēng wéi“ duān wǔ jié”）， xiàn zuò wéi nán hái zǐ de jié rì。 zhè yī tiān fán yòu nán hái zǐ de jiā tíng dōuzài wū dǐng xuán guà bù zhì dà lǐ yú（ chēng“ lǐ zhì”）， mén shàng bǎi chāng pú yè， quán jiā chī gāo tuán zòng zǐ。 xià rì jì héng héng 8 yuè 15 rì zài zhè tiān zhèng fǔ huì jǔ bàn jì diàn yóu xíng， zhèng fǔ jí qí mín jiān de shè tuán huì jǔ xíng hěn duō biǎo yǎn， rén men zhuāng shàng piào liàng de hé fú， shàng jiē guàng jiē， mǎi dōng xī， cān jiā yú lè huó dòng（ yě jiù shì zhōng guó suǒ shuō de yóu yuán）； zhōu biān de diàn miàn zài zhè tiān yě huì zhuāng shì yī xīn， kāi zhǎn gè zhǒng tè bié huó dòng。 zhè zhǒng miào huì de yuán shǐ xí sú yuán xiān lái zì zhōng guó， hòu lái chuán dào rì běn， jié hé rì běn de běn tǔ wén huà， jiù yòu liǎo jīn tiān gè zhǒng gè yàng de jì diàn huó dòng， zhú jiàn xíng chéng liǎo rì běn zì jǐ de mín zú wén huà tè sè。 yú lán pén huì héng héng héng héng nóng lì qī yuè shí wǔ zài nóng lì qī yuè shí wǔ jǔ xíng。 yú lán pén jié shì rì běn mín jiān zuì dà de chuán tǒng jié rì， yòu chēng " hún jì "、 " dēng lóng jié "、 " fó jiào wàn líng huì " děng， yuán shì zhuī jì zǔ xiān、 qí dǎo míng fú de rì zǐ， xiàn yǐ shì jiā tíng tuán yuán、 hé cūn huān lè de jié rì。 měi dào yú lán pén jié shí， rì běn gè qǐ yè jūn fàngjià７ zhì１５ tiān， rén men gǎn huí gù xiāng tuán jù。 zài xiǎo zhèn hé nóng cūn shēng huó de rén hái yào chuānzhuó xià jì de dān hé fú tiào yú lán pén wǔ。 yuè jiàn héng héng héng héng nóng lì 8 yuè 15 rì zài dōng fāng shì jiè dà dōuyòu shǎng yuè de xí guàn， rì běn zài 8 yuè 15 rì zhè tiān huì zhǔn bèi yòu wán zǐ、 jì jié xìng shuǐ guǒ děng wù pǐn bǎi zài chuāng biān gòngfèng yuè liàng， rán hòu zài yī biān shǎng yuè。 yuè liàng gāo guà zài chéng jìng de qiū kōng zhōng huì xiǎn dé gé wài de měi， duì yǐ nóng wéi běn de rì běn rén lái shuō shǎng yuè de yuán yì shì qí qiú nóng zuò wù fēng shōu de xíng shì， dàn zài xiàn zài yǐ shì chún cuì de shǎng yuè 'ér yǐ liǎo。 jìng lǎo jié héng héng 9 yuè 15 rì 1966 nián dìng wéi guó jiā jiàrì， yǐ biǎo shì duì shè huì zuò chū gòng xiàn de lǎo rén de zūn zhòng， bìng zhù yuàn tā men jiàn kāng cháng shòu。 zhè yī tiān quán guó gè dì jǔ xíng qìng zhù huì， xiàng lǎo rén zèng sòng jì niàn pǐn。 qiū fēn héng héng 9 yuè 23 rì jiù chēng“ qiū jì huáng líng jì”， shì tiān huáng qiū jì jì zǔ de rì zǐ。 mín jiān yě zài zhè yī tiān jì sì zǔ xiān， yǐ miǎn huái xiān rén。 tǐ yù jié héng héng 10 yuè 10 rì 1964 nián dōng jīng 'ào yùn huì kāi mù rì， 1966 nián bèi dìng wéi guó jiā jié rì。 qiū jì yùn dòng huì yī bān yě zài zhè yī tiān jǔ xíng。 wén huà jié héng héng 11 yuè 3 rì yú 1937 nián dìng。 jiù chēng“ míng zhì jié”， shì wéi liǎo jì niàn míng zhì tiān huáng de dàn chén rì。 xiàn zài shì zuò wéi xiàng kē xué、 wén huà shì yè shàng yòu tū chū gòng xiàn de rén shòu“ wén huà xūn zhāng” de rì zǐ。 yīn xūn zhāng shàng kè yòu jú huā tú 'àn， suǒ yǐ yě chēng zhī wéi“ jú huā rì”。 zhè yī tiān gè jí xué xiào dū tíng kè， zǔ zhì yī xiē yòu yì yì de huó dòng。 753 ér tóng jié héng héng 11 yuè 15 rì tè bié wéi 7 suì hé 3 suì de nǚ hái， yǐ jí 5 suì de nán hái guò de jié rì。 láo dòng gǎn xiè jié héng héng 11 yuè 23 rì yú 1948 nián dìng。 jiù chēng“ xīn cháng jì”， shì tiān huáng pǐn cháng xīn mǐ de rì zǐ。 zhè yī tiān yě shì zūn zhòng láo dòng、 qìng zhù shēng chǎn de rì zǐ。 tiān huáng dàn shēng rì héng héng 12 yuè 23 rì míng rén tiān huáng shēng yú 1933 nián 12 yuè 23 rì。 jiàn guó jì niàn rì： 2 yuè 11 rì， xì 'àn yáng lì tuī suàn chū de gǔ dài shén wǔ tiān huáng yuán nián de yuán dàn。 shèng dàn jié héng héng 12 yuè 25 rì zài rì běn yě bù zhǐ xiàn jī dū tú， yòu hěn duō réndōu huì zài shèng dàn yè yǔ jiā rén huò nán、 nǚ péng yǒu hù huàn shèng dàn lǐ wù hé yī qǐ xiǎng shòu fēng shèng de shèng dàn dà cān。 tōng cháng dū hái huì zhǔn bèi yòu zhuāng shì shèng dàn jié shì yàng de dàn gāo lái qìng zhù。 wéi cì jī xiāo fèi yì yù gè bǎi huò gōng sī hé qǐ yè zài shèng dàn jié qián jiù huì kāi shǐ chǎo zuò suǒ wèi de shèng dàn jié huó dòng。 dà yuē zài měi nián de 11 yuè hòu bàn yuè qǐ， bǎi huò gōng sī hé shāng diàn jiē jiù huì zhuāng diǎn de fēi cháng měi lì， jìn 'ér kāi shǐ zhǎn kāi yī lián chuàn de shèng dàn tè mài huó dòng。 【 míng shèng gǔ jì】 fù shì shān dōng jīng tǎ jīn gé sì yín gé sì táng zhāo tí sì ā sū huǒ shān dōng dà sì yán dǎo shén shè píng 'ān shén gōng nà zhì pù bù qīng shuǐ sì dōng xún fāng tiān zhī qiáo lì（ tiān qiáo） yīng dǎo shì jiè wén huà yí chǎn héng bái shān lì shǐ xiāng cūn shì jiāng rì běn chuán tǒng wán zhěng bǎo cún de fàn lì。 cūn zhuāng kào zhòngzhí sāng shù， fā zhǎn yǎng cán yè 'ér dé yǐ zài màn cháng de lì shǐ jìn chéng zhōng jīhū bèi rén lèi yí wàng de shān dì zhōng yán xù xià lái。 wèile jiǎn qīng hán lěng dōng jì de jī xuě yā lì， jū mín men bǎ wū dǐng qīng xié dù jiā dà， jiàn chéng dú tè de shuāng céng máo cǎo dǒu pō dǐng mù zhù zhái。 zhè zhǒng mù wū yī bān cháng 18 mǐ， kuān 10 mǐ， nèi yòu 3-4 céng lóu miàn， yī bān jū zhù yī dà jiā zú rén。 yóu yú wū dǐng de xíng zhuàng hěn xiàng rì běn rén bài shén shí shuāng shǒu hé zhǎng de yàng zǐ， gù chēng“ hé zhǎng wū” yě chēng“ sān jiǎo wū”。 zhè xiē cūn zhuāng chú liǎo zài jīng jì fán róng shàng de yì yì wài， gèng xiàng shì rén zhǎn shì liǎo gǔ dài láo dòng zhě shì yìng huán jìng， fā zhǎn jīng jì de qín láo pǐn zhì hé zhì huì。 【 lì shǐ míng rén】 gǔ dài míng rén ā bèi zhòng má lǚ jiān yuán dào zhēn bǎn shàng tián cūn má lǚ shèng dé tài zǐ yuán lài cháo yuán yì jīng zú lì yì mǎn zhàn guó míng rén zhì tián xìn cháng fēng chén xiù jí dé chuān jiā kāng wǔ tián xìn xuán shàng shān qiān xìn máo lì yuán jiù yī dá zhèng zōng míng zhì guāng xiù jìn dài zhèng zhì jiā bǎn běn lóng mǎ shèng hǎi zhōu dà jiǔ bǎo lì tōng xī xiāng lóng shèng mù hù xiào yǔn yī téng bó wén fú zé yù jí dōng tiáo yīng jī tián zhōng jiǎo róng jìn dài wén xué、 yì shù、 kē jì míng rén xià mù shù shí chuān duān kāng chéng dà jiāng jiàn sān láng hēi zé míng cūn shàng chūn shù dōng shān kuí yí yě kǒu yīng shì guī lí hé yě rì běn de zhù míng gāo sēng héng yuán rén fǎ shī yuán rén shì rì běn tiān tái zōng de gāo sēng。 838 nián， tā yǔ liǎng gè dì zǐ dào zhōng guó qiú fǎ， lì jīng jiǔ nián zhī duō， zài shān dōng dì qū yóu lì jìn sì nián。 tā yǔ sēng zhòng、 bǎi xìng guǎng fàn jiē chù， xiāng chù róng qià， jié xià liǎo shēn hòu de yǒu qíng。 847 nián， yuán rén huí guó。 tā yǐ qīn shēn jiàn wén xiě chéng《 rù táng qiú fǎ xún lǐ xíng jì》 yī shū， bèi yù wéi rì běn de xuán zàng。 yīng huā yǔ rì běn jīng shén yīng huā shì rì běn de guó huā， wú yí yě bèi rì běn rén shì wéi jīng shén de xiàng zhēng。 yīng shù tōng cháng bèi rì běn rén shì wéi shén shù， cóng zuì běi de běi hǎi dào dào zuì nán de chōng shéng dǎo， dào chù dōuyòu zhòngzhí。 zhè zhǒng měi lì de zhí wù měi nián chūn jì kāi fàng， huò fēi hóng huò chún bái， rán 'ér huā qī què fēi cháng duǎn zàn， huā kāi shí jí shì huā luò shí， jiè shí dà piàn yīng yǔ rú màn tiān fēi xuě yáng yáng sǎ sǎ， yī yè zhī jiān， huā luò mǎn dì。 rì běn rén cháng yǐ cì wéi yù， rèn wéi rén shēng biàn xū rú yīng huā yī bān， zhǐ qiú zuì huá měi càn làn de yī shùn， duǎn zàn yì wú fáng。 zhè zhǒng xìn niàn tōng cháng huì tǐ xiàn zài tā men shēng huó、 chù shì zhī dào zhōng， zì gǔ rú cǐ， jiǔ 'ér jiǔ zhī biàn péi yǎng chū liǎo rì běn rén tè yòu de bù xī yī qiē lì qiú xiàng shàng、 jiān rěn bù bá de mín zú jīng shén。 rì běn qǐ yuán： jù shuō shì xú fú nà xiǎo zǐ dài de chuán duì de hòu yì 【 rì běn lì shǐ shàng fā shēng de dà dì zhèn】 1923 nián 9 yuè 1 rì， dōng jīng fā shēng lǐ shì 7.9 jí dì zhèn， zào chéng 142807 rén sǐ wáng。 1927 nián 3 yuè 7 rì， rì běn xī bù jīng dū dì qū fā shēng lǐ shì 7.3 jí dì zhèn， zào chéng 2925 rén sǐ wáng。 1933 nián 3 yuè 3 rì， běn zhōu dǎo běi bù sān lù fā shēng lǐ shì 8.1 jí dì zhèn， zào chéng 3008 rén sǐ wáng。 1943 nián 9 yuè 10 rì， rì běn xī hǎi 'àn niǎo qǔ xiàn fā shēng lǐ shì 7.2 jí dì zhèn， zào chéng 1083 rén sǐ wáng。 1944 nián 12 yuè 7 rì， rì běn zhōng bù tài píng yáng hǎi 'àn fā shēng lǐ shì 7.9 jí dì zhèn， zào chéng 998 rén sǐ wáng。 1945 nián 1 yuè 13 rì， rì běn zhōng bù míng gǔ wū fù jìn sān chuān fā shēng lǐ shì 6.8 jí dì zhèn， zào chéng 2306 rén sǐ wáng。 1946 nián 12 yuè 21 rì， rì běn xī bù dà miàn jī dì qū fā shēng lǐ shì 8.0 jí dì zhèn， zào chéng 1443 rén sǐ wáng。 1995 nián 1 yuè 17 rì， rì běn xī bù shén hù jí fù jìn dì qū fā shēng lǐ shì 7.3 jí dì zhèn， zào chéng 6437 rén sǐ wáng huò shī zōng。 2004 nián 10 yuè 23 rì， rì běn zhōng bù xīn xì fā shēng lǐ shì 6.8 jí dì zhèn， zào chéng 67 rén sǐ wáng。 2008 nián 6 yuè 14 rì， rì běn yán shǒu xiàn fā shēng lǐ shì 7.3 jí dì zhèn， yǐ jīng zào chéng 27 rén sǐ wáng， 15 rén shī zōng， 190 duō rén shòu shāng。 【 gōng yè qū】 běi jiǔ zhōu gōng yè qū lái hù nèi hǎi gōng yè qū bǎn shén gōng yè qū míng gǔ wū gōng yè qū dōng hǎi xīn gōng yè qū jīng bīn gōng yè qū běi lù xīn gōng yè qū （ zhù yào fēn bù zài： tài píng yáng yán 'àn hé lái hù nèi hǎi yán 'àn） Japan comprises over 3,000 islands making it an archipelago. The largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for 97% of Japan's land area. Most of the islands are mountainous, many volcanic; for example, Japan’s highest peak, Mount Fuji, is a volcano. Japan has the world's tenth largest population, with about 128 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents. Archaeological research indicates that people were living on the islands of Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan begins with brief appearances in Chinese history texts from the first century AD. Influence from the outside world followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. Since adopting its constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament, the Diet. A major economic power, Japan has the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP. It is a member of the United Nations, G8, G4, OECD and APEC, with the world's fifth largest defense budget. It is also the world's fourth largest exporter and sixth largest importer and a world leader in technology and machinery. The English word Japan is an exonym not used in the Japanese language. The Japanese names for Japan are Nippon (にっぽん) and Nihon (にほん). They are both written in Japanese using the kanji 日本. The Japanese name Nippon is used for most official purposes, including on Japanese money, postage stamps, and for many international sporting events. Nihon is a more casual term and the most frequently used in contemporary speech. Both Nippon and Nihon literally mean "the sun's origin" and are often translated as the Land of the Rising Sun. This nomenclature comes from Imperial correspondence with Chinese Sui Dynasty and refers to Japan's eastward position relative to China. Before Japan had relations with China, it was known as Yamato and Hi no moto, which means "source of the sun". The English word for Japan came to the West from early trade routes. The early Mandarin Chinese or possibly Wu Chinese word for Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. The modern Shanghainese (a Wu Chinese dialect 呉語) pronunciation of characters 日本 (Japan) is still Zeppen [zəʔpən] (in Wu language, 日 has two pronounciations 白读：niʔ or 文读：zəʔ, in some regions in South Wu, it is pronounced as niʔpən, similar to that of Japanese). The old Malay word for Japan, Jepang (modern spelling Jepun, although Indonesian has retained the older spelling), was borrowed from a Chinese language, and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century. It is thought the Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe. It was first recorded in English in 1577 spelled Giapan. History The first signs of occupation on the Japanese Archipelago appeared with a Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC, followed from around 14,000 BC by the Jōmon period, a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture of pit dwelling and a rudimentary form of agriculture. Decorated clay vessels from this period, often with plaited patterns, are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world. The Yayoi period, starting around the third century BC, introduced new practices, such as wet-rice farming, iron and bronze-making and a new style of pottery, brought by migrants from China or Korea. With the development of Yayoi culture, a predominantly agricultural society emerged in Japan. The Japanese first appear in written history in China’s Book of Han. According to the Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku. The Great Buddha in Kamakura (1252).Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje of the Korean Peninsula, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism and Buddhist sculptures were primarily influenced by China. Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and eventually gained growing acceptance since the Asuka period. The Nara period of the eighth century marked the first emergence of a strong central Japanese state, centered around an imperial court in the city of Heijō-kyō, or modern day Nara. In addition to the continuing adoption of Chinese administrative practices, the Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent written literature with the completion of the massive chronicles Kojiki (712) and Nihon Shoki (720). (Nara was not the first capital city in Japan, though. Before Nara, Fujiwara-kyō and Asuka served as capitals of the Yamato state.) In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō for a brief ten-year period, before relocating it to Heian-kyō (modern day Kyoto) in 794, where it remained for more than a millennium. This marked the beginning of the Heian period, during which time a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged, noted for its art, poetry and literature. Lady Murasaki's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of modern Japan's national anthem, Kimi ga Yo were written during this time. Japan's feudal era was characterized by the emergence of a ruling class of warriors, the samurai. In 1185, following the defeat of the rival Taira clan, Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed Shogun and established a base of power in Kamakura. After Yoritomo's death, the Hōjō clan came to rule as regents for the shoguns. Zen Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period (1185–1333) and became popular among the samurai class. The Kamakura shogunate managed to repel Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281, aided by a storm that the Japanese interpreted as a kamikaze, or Divine Wind. The Kamakura shogunate was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo, who was soon himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336. The succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords (daimyo), and a civil war erupted (the Ōnin War) in 1467 which opened a century-long Sengoku period. During the sixteenth century, traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time, initiating active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West (Nanban trade). The 1945 atomic bombing of Nagasaki.Oda Nobunaga conquered numerous other daimyo by using European technology and firearms and had almost unified the nation when he was assassinated in 1582. Toyotomi Hideyoshi succeeded Nobunaga and united the nation in 1590. Hideyoshi invaded Korea twice, but following several defeats by Korean and Ming China forces and Hideyoshi's death, Japanese troops were withdrawn in 1598. After Hideyoshi's death, Tokugawa Ieyasu utilized his position as regent for Hideyoshi's son Toyotomi Hideyori to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed shōgun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo). The Tokugawa shogunate enacted a variety of measures such as Buke shohatto to control the autonomous daimyo. In 1639, the shogunate began the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period. The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued during this period through contacts with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku, or literally "national studies", the study of Japan by the Japanese themselves. On March 31, 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry and the "Black Ships" of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa. Subsequent similar treaties with the Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought Japan into economic and political crises. The abundance of the prerogative and the resignation of the shogunate led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state unified under the name of the Emperor (Meiji Restoration). Adopting Western political, judicial and military institutions, the Cabinet organized the Privy Council, introduced the Meiji Constitution, and assembled the Imperial Diet. The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that embarked on a number of military conflicts to expand the nation's sphere of influence. After victories in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea, and the southern half of Sakhalin. The early twentieth century saw a brief period of "Taisho democracy" overshadowed by the rise of expansionism and militarization. World War I enabled Japan, which joined the side of the victorious Allies, to expand its influence and territorial holdings. Japan continued its expansionist policy by occupying Manchuria in 1931. As a result of international condemnation for this occupation, Japan resigned from the League of Nations two years later. In 1936, Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Nazi Germany, joining the Axis powers in 1941. In 1937, Japan invaded other parts of China, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States naval base in Pearl Harbor and declared war on the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. This act brought the United States into World War II. After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, along with the Soviet Union joining the war against it, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15 (Victory over Japan Day). The war cost Japan millions of lives and left much of the country's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, was convened by the Allies (on May 3, 1946) to prosecute Japanese leaders for war crimes such as the Nanking Massacre. In 1947, Japan adopted a new pacifist constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices. The Allied occupation ended by the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952 and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956. Japan later achieved spectacular growth to become the second largest economy in the world, with an annual growth rate averaging 10% for four decades. This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession. Positive growth in the early twenty-first century has signaled a gradual recovery. Government and politics The National Diet Building, in Nagatachō, Tokyo.Japan is a constitutional monarchy where the power of the Emperor is very limited. As a ceremonial figurehead, he is defined by the constitution as "the symbol of the state and of the unity of the people". Power is held chiefly by the Prime Minister of Japan and other elected members of the Diet, while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people. The Emperor effectively acts as the head of state on diplomatic occasions. Akihito is the current Emperor of Japan. Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan, stands as next in line to the throne. Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. The Diet consists of a House of Representatives, containing 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved and a House of Councillors of 242 seats, whose popularly-elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age, with a secret ballot for all elective offices. The liberal conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has been in power since 1955, except for a short-lived coalition government formed from opposition parties in 1993. The largest opposition party is the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan. The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government. The position is appointed by the Emperor of Japan after being designated by the Diet from among its members and must enjoy the confidence of the House of Representatives to remain in office. The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet (the literal translation of his Japanese title is "Prime Minister of the Cabinet") and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State, a majority of whom must be Diet members. Yasuo Fukuda currently serves as the Prime Minister of Japan. Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki. However, since the late nineteenth century, the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably France and Germany. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on the German model. With post-World War II modifications, the code remains in effect in present-day Japan. Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature, the National Diet of Japan, with the rubber stamp approval of the Emperor. The current constitution requires that the Emperor promulgates legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose the passing of the legislation. Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts. The main body of Japanese statutory law is a collection called the Six Codes. Foreign relations and military Yasuo Fukuda with US President George W. Bush Sailors aboard the JMSDF training vessel JDS KashimaJapan maintains close economic and military relations with its key ally the United States, with the U.S.-Japan security alliance serving as the cornerstone of its foreign policy. A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 18 years, most recently in 2005–2006. It is also one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council. As a member of the G8, the APEC, the "ASEAN Plus Three" and a participant in the East Asia Summit, Japan actively participates in international affairs. It is also the world's second-largest donor of official development assistance, donating US$8.86 bn in 2004. Japan contributed non-combatant troops to the Iraq War but subsequently withdrew its forces from Iraq. Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors: with Russia over the South Kuril Islands, with South Korea over the Liancourt Rocks, with the People's Republic of China and Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands and the EEZ around Okinotorishima. Japan also faces an ongoing dispute with North Korea over its abduction of Japanese citizens and its nuclear weapons and missile program (see also Six-party talks). As a result of the Kuril Islands dispute, Japan is technically still at war with Russia since no treaty resolving the issue was ever signed. Japan's military is restricted by the Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force as a means of settling international disputes. Japan's military is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations and the deployment of Japanese troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of its military since World War II. Administrative divisions Map of the prefectures of Japan in ISO 3166-2:JP order and the regions of Japan.While there exist eight commonly defined regions of Japan, administratively Japan consists of forty-seven prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy. The former city of Tokyo is further divided into twenty-three special wards, each with the same powers as cities. The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities, towns and villages with each other. This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs. Japan has dozens of major cities, which play an important role in Japan's culture, heritage and economy. Those in the list below of the ten most populous are all prefectural capitals and government ordinance cities, except where indicated: Geography Japan from space, May 2003. Mount Fuji Mount Yari, Nagano Prefecture in August Beach in Minnajima, Okinawa in SeptemberJapan is a country of over three thousand islands extending along the Pacific coast of Asia. The main islands, running from north to south, are Hokkaidō, Honshū (the main island), Shikoku and Kyūshū. The Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa, are a chain of islands south of Kyushū. Together they are often known as the Japanese Archipelago. About 70% to 80% of the country is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use. This is because of the generally steep elevations, climate and risk of landslides caused by earthquakes, soft ground and heavy rain. This has resulted in an extremely high population density in the habitable zones that are mainly located in coastal areas. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire, at the juncture of three tectonic plates, gives Japan frequent low-intensity tremors and occasional volcanic activity. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunamis, occur several times each century. The most recent major quakes are the 2004 Chūetsu earthquake and the Great Hanshin Earthquake of 1995. Hot springs are numerous and have been developed as resorts. The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies greatly from north to south. Japan's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones: Hokkaidō: The northernmost zone has a temperate climate with long, cold winters and cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snow banks in the winter. Sea of Japan: On Honshū's west coast, the northwest wind in the wintertime brings heavy snowfall. In the summer, the region is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures, because of the foehn wind phenomenon. Central Highland: A typical inland climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and between day and night. Precipitation is light. Seto Inland Sea: The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the region from the seasonal winds, bringing mild weather throughout the year. Pacific Ocean: The east coast experiences cold winters with little snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. Ryukyu Islands: The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season. Typhoons are common. The hottest temperature ever measured in Japan — 40.9 degrees Celsius — was recorded on August 16, 2007. The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the stationary rain front responsible for this gradually works its way north until it dissipates in northern Japan before reaching Hokkaidō in late July. In most of Honshū, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain. Japan is home to nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands. Environment Japan's environmental history and current policies reflect a tenuous balance between economic development and environmental protection. In the rapid economic growth after the World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations. As an inevitable consequence, some crucial environmental pollution (see Pollution in Japan) occurred in 1950s and 1960s. In the rising concern over the problem, the government introduced many environmental protection laws in 1970 and established the Ministry of the Environment in 1971. The Oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy due to Japan's lack of natural resources. Current priority environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for environmental conservation. Today Japan is one of the world's leaders in the development of new environment-friendly technologies. Honda and Toyota hybrid electric vehicles were named to have the highest fuel economy and lowest emissions. This is due to the advanced technology in hybrid systems, biofuels, use of lighter weight material and better engineering. Japan also takes issues surrounding climate change and global warming seriously. As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligations to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps related to curbing climate change. The Cool Biz campaign introduced under former Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was targeted at reducing energy use through the reduction of air conditioning use in government offices. Japan is preparing to force industry to make big cuts in greenhouse gases, taking the lead in a country struggling to meet its Kyoto Protocol obligations. Japan is ranked 30th best in the world in the Environmental Sustainability Index. Economy The automobile industry is among the chief elements of the country's economy and exports.Japan's economy is characterized by low overall taxation and overwhelmingly private sector economy compared to most Western countries, high economic freedom, close government-industry cooperation for economic growth, emphasis on science and technology, and strong work ethic. Extraordinary relationship-based - rather than productive - arrangements in the financial sector and employment, along with relatively shallow international competition in domestic markets, are among widely acknowledged causes behind the protracted lost decade in the 1990s. Slowly progressing reforms took pace in the mid-2000s and higher growth rates were seen after 2005. Japan is the second largest economy in the world, after the United States, at around US$4.5 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and third after the United States and China in terms of purchasing power parity. Banking, insurance, real estate, retailing, transportation and telecommunications are all major industries. Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the largest, leading and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles and processed foods. Construction has long been one of Japan's largest industries, with the help of multi-billion dollar government contracts in the civil sector. Distinguishing characteristics of the Japanese economy have included the cooperation of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks in closely-knit groups called keiretsu and the guarantee of lifetime employment in big corporations. Recently, Japanese companies have begun to abandon some of these norms in an attempt to increase profitability. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is the second largest in the world.Japan is also home to some of the largest financial services companies, business groups and bank such as Sony, Sumitomo, Mitsubishi and Toyota. It is also home to the world's largest bank by asset, Japan Post Bank (US$3.2 trillion) and others such as Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (US$1.2 trillion), Mizuho Financial Group (US$1.4 trillion) and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (US$1.3 trillion). The Tokyo Stock Exchange with a market capitalization of over 549.7 trillion Yen as of December 2006 stands as the second largest in the world. From the 1960s to the 1980s, overall real economic growth has been called a "miracle": a 10% average in the 1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and a 4% average in the 1980s. Growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, largely because of the after-effects of over-investment during the late 1980s and domestic policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. Government efforts to revive economic growth met with little success and were further hampered in 2000 to 2001 by the deceleration of the global economy. However, the economy showed strong signs of recovery after 2005. GDP growth for that year was 2.8%, with an annualized fourth quarter expansion of 5.5%, surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period. Because only about 15% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation, a system of terrace farming is used to build in small areas. This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area, while the agricultural subsidies and protection are costly to the economy. Japan imports about 50% of its requirements of grain and fodder crops other than rice, and it relies on imports for most of its supply of meat. In fishing, Japan is ranked second in the world behind China in tonnage of fish caught. Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch. Japan relies on foreign countries for almost all oil and food. Overall taxation as a percentage of GDP was 26.4% in 2007, less than any major Western country. Less than half of employees pay income tax at all and VAT is very low at 5%, albeit corporate tax rates are high. Transportation in Japan is highly developed. As of 2004, there are 1,177,278 km (731,683 s) of paved roadways, 173 airports, and 23,577 km (14,653 miles) of railways. Air transport is mostly operated by All Nippon Airways (ANA) and Japan Airlines (JAL). Railways are operated by Japan Railways Group among others. There are extensive international flights from many cities and countries to and from Japan. Japan's main export partners are the United States 22.8%, the European Union 14.5%, China 14.3%, South Korea 7.8%, Taiwan 6.8% and Hong Kong 5.6% (for 2006). Japan's main exports are transport equipment, motor vehicles, electronics, electrical machinery and chemicals. With very limited natural resources to sustain economic development, Japan depends on other nations for most of its raw materials; thus it imports a wide variety of goods. Its main import partners are China 20.5%, U.S. 12.0%, the European Union 10.3%, Saudi Arabia 6.4%, UAE 5.5%, Australia 4.8%, South Korea 4.7% and Indonesia 4.2% (for 2006). Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries. Overall, Japan's largest trading partners are China and the United States. Science and technology Press release photo of the most recent ASIMO model.Japan is one of the leading nations in the fields of scientific research, particularly technology, machinery and biomedical research. Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US$130 billion research and development budget, the third largest in the world. For instance some of Japan's more prominent technological contributions are found in the fields of electronics, automobiles, machinery, industrial robotics, optics, chemicals, semiconductors and metals. Japan leads the world in robotics production and use, possessing more than half (402,200 of 742,500) of the world's industrial robots used for manufacturing. It also produced QRIO, ASIMO and AIBO. Japan is the world's largest producer of automobiles and home to six of the world's fifteen largest automobile manufacturers and seven of the world's twenty largest semiconductor sales leaders as of today. Japan has plans in space exploration, including building a moonbase by 2030. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) conducts space and planetary research, aviation research, and development of rockets and satellites. It is a participant in the International Space Station and the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) is slated to be added to the International Space Station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008. Demographics A view of Shibuya crossing, an example of Tokyo's often crowded streets. Shinto torii at Fushimi Inari-taisha, Kyoto.Japan's population is estimated at around 127.3 million. For the most part, Japanese society is linguistically and culturally homogeneous with small populations of foreign workers, Zainichi Koreans, Zainichi Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese Brazilians and others. The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people; the primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu and Ryukyuan, as well as social minority groups like the burakumin. Japan has one of the highest life expectancy rates in the world, at 81.25 years of age as of 2006. The Japanese population is rapidly aging, the effect of a post-war baby boom followed by a decrease in births in the latter part of the twentieth century. In 2004, about 19.5% of the population was over the age of 65. The changes in the demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in the workforce population and increases in the cost of social security benefits such as the public pension plan. Many Japanese youth are increasingly preferring not to marry or have families as adults. Japan's population is expected to drop to 100 million by 2050 and to 64 million by 2100. Demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem. Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population. Japanese religiosity religion percent Shinto and Buddhism 95% Others 4% Christianity 0.8% The highest estimates for the amount of Buddhists and Shintoists in Japan is 84-96%, representing a large number of believers in a syncretism of both religions. However, these estimates are based on people with an association with a temple, rather than the number of people truly following the religion. Professor Robert Kisala (Nanzan University) suggests that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion. Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs. Religion in Japan tends to be syncretic in nature, and this results in a variety of practices, such as parents and children celebrating Shinto rituals, students praying before exams, couples holding a wedding at a Christian church and funerals being held at Buddhist temples. A minority (0.7%) profess to Christianity. In addition, since the mid-19th century, numerous religious sects (Shinshūkyō) have emerged in Japan, such as Tenrikyo and Aum Shinrikyo (or Aleph). About 99% of the population speaks Japanese as their first language. It is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary which indicate the relative status of speaker and listener. According to a Japanese dictionary Shinsen-kokugojiten, Chinese-based words comprise 49.1% of the total vocabulary, indigenous words are 33.8% and other loanwords are 8.8%. The writing system uses kanji (Chinese characters) and two sets of kana (syllabaries based on simplified Chinese characters), as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals. The Ryukyuan languages, also part of the Japonic language family to which Japanese belongs, are spoken in Okinawa, but few children learn these languages. The Ainu language is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaidō. Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English. Largest cities of Japan view • talk • edit Core City Prefecture Population Core City Prefecture Population 1 Tokyo Tokyo 8,483,050 Tokyo Yokohama 7 Kyoto Kyoto 1,474,764 2 Yokohama Kanagawa 3,579,133 8 Fukuoka Fukuoka 1,400,621 3 Osaka Osaka 2,628,776 9 Kawasaki Kanagawa 1,327,009 4 Nagoya Aichi 2,215,031 10 Saitama Saitama 1,176,269 5 Sapporo Hokkaidō 1,880,875 11 Hiroshima Hiroshima 1,159,391 6 Kobe Hyōgo 1,525,389 12 Sendai Miyagi 1,028,214 Source: 2005 Census Education and health Yasuda Auditorium, University of Tokyo.Primary, secondary schools and universities were introduced into Japan in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration. Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan consists of elementary school and middle school, which lasts for nine years (from age 6 to age 15). Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school, and, according to the MEXT, about 75.9% of high school graduates attend a university, junior college, trade school, or other post-secondary institution in 2005. Japan's education is very competitive, especially for entrance to institutions of higher education. The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University. The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Japanese knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds as the 6th best in the world. In Japan, healthcare services are provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health care insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments. Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance. Patients are free to select physicians or facilities of their choice. Culture and recreation The Great Wave off Kanagawa (1832), an ukiyo-e from Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji by Hokusai.Japanese culture has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original Jōmon culture to its contemporary culture, which combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts (ikebana, origami, ukiyo-e, dolls, lacquerware, pottery), performances (bunraku, dance, kabuki, noh, rakugo), traditions (games, tea ceremony, Budō, architecture, gardens, swords) and cuisine. The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a typically Japanese comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan. Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have prospered since the 1980s. Japanese music is eclectic, having borrowed instruments, scales and styles from neighboring cultures. Many instruments, such as the koto, were introduced in the ninth and tenth centuries. The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the fourteenth century and the popular folk music, with the guitar-like shamisen, from the sixteenth. Western music, introduced in the late nineteenth century, now forms an integral part of the culture. Post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European modern music, which has led to the evolution of popular band music called J-pop. Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity. A November 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional cultural pursuits such as flower arranging or tea ceremony. A Japanese gardenThe earliest works of Japanese literature include two history books the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki and the eighth century poetry book Man'yōshū, all written in Chinese characters. In the early days of the Heian period, the system of transcription known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was created as phonograms. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative. An account of Heian court life is given by The Pillow Book written by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki is often described as the world's first novel. During the Edo period, literature became not so much the field of the samurai aristocracy as that of the chōnin, the ordinary people. Yomihon, for example, became popular and reveals this profound change in the readership and authorship. The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms, during which Japanese literature integrated Western influences. Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first "modern" novelists of Japan, followed by Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, Tanizaki Jun'ichirō, Yasunari Kawabata, Yukio Mishima and, more recently, Haruki Murakami. Japan has two Nobel Prize-winning authors — Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994). Sports Sumo, a traditional Japanese sport.Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport and it is one of the most popular spectator sports in Japan. Martial arts such as judo, karate and kendō are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. After the Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system. The professional baseball league in Japan was established in 1936. Today baseball is the most popular spectator sport in the country. One of the most famous Japanese baseball players is Ichiro Suzuki, who, having won Japan's Most Valuable Player award in 1994, 1995 and 1996, now plays in North American Major League Baseball. Prior to that, Sadaharu Oh was well-known outside Japan, having hit more home runs during his career in Japan than his contemporary, Hank Aaron, did in America. Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football (soccer) has also gained a wide following. Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea. Japan is one of the most successful soccer teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup three times. Golf is also popular in Japan, as is auto racing, the Super GT sports car series and Formula Nippon formula racing. Twin Ring Motegi was completed in 1997 by Honda in order to bring IndyCar racing to Japan. |
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