| ní bó 'ěr Nepal shǒudōu:jiā dé mǎn dū guógūdàimǎ: np |
 尼泊尔ní bó 'ěr guó huì yú 5 yuè 28 rì xuān bù fèi chú jūn zhù zhì， jié shù yú 280 duō nián de shā 'ā wáng cháo， chéng lì ní bó 'ěr mín zhù lián bāng gòng hé guó， shí xiàn gòng hé， shì shì jiè shàng zuì nián qīng de gòng hé guó。 ní bó 'ěr wáng guó guó qí ní bó 'ěr de guó qí shì shì jiè shàng wéi yī sān jiǎo xíng de guó qí。 yī gè shì jì qián ní bó 'ěr jiù chū xiàn guò zhè zhǒng sān jiǎo qí， hòu lái liǎng miàn sān jiǎo qí lián zài yī qǐ， jiù chéng wéi jīn tiān ní bó 'ěr guó qí de shì yàng。 yóu shàng xiǎo xià dà、 shàng xià xiāng dié de liǎng gè sān jiǎo xíng zǔ chéng， qí miàn wéi hóng sè， qí biān wéi lán sè。 hóng sè shì guó huā hóng dù juān de yán sè， lán sè dài biǎo hé píng。 shàng miàn de sān jiǎo xíng qí zhōng shì bái sè wān yuè、 xīng tú 'àn， dài biǎo huáng shì； xià miàn sān jiǎo xíng qí zhōng de bái sè tài yáng tú 'àn lái zì lā nà jiā zú de biāo zhì。 tài yáng hé yuè liàng tú 'àn yě dài biǎo ní bó 'ěr rén mín qí pàn guó jiā xiàng rì yuè yī yàng cháng cún de měi hǎo yuàn wàng。 liǎng gè qí jiǎo biǎo shì xǐ mǎ lā yǎ shān mài de liǎng gè shān fēng。 guó huī ní bó 'ěr guó huī dà zhì chéng yuán xíng。 guó huī zhōng bù dǐ tú shì shì jiè dì yī gāo de zhū mù lǎng mǎ fēng， fēng dǐng piāo zhe ní bó 'ěr guó qí， fēng dǐ yǐ cì shì qiū líng hé píng yuán。 fú zài dì mào dǐ tú zhī shàng de shì bái sè ní bó 'ěr dì tú hé nǚ xìng yǔ nán xìng wò shǒu tú yàng。 zài zhěng gè tú 'àn de wài wéi， zuǒ yòu liǎng biān huán rào zhe ní bó 'ěr guó huā dù juān， huā shù xià fāng yòu dào suì tú 'àn。 dǐ bù jī zuò shì hú xíng de hóng shòu dài， shàng miàn yòng fàn yǔ xiě zhe “ mǔ qīn yǔ zǔ guó zhòng yú shàng tiān ”。（ 2006 nián 12 yuè pī zhǔn shǐ yòng） guó gē 《 ní bó 'ěr mín zhù lián bāng gòng hé guó guó gē》 guó huā dù juān huā guó shòu huáng niú shǒu dū jiā dé mǎn dū (Kathmandu)， wèi yú zhōng bù bā gé mǎ dì zhuān qū de jiā dé mǎn dū hé gǔ。 lì shǐ míng chéng， 1768 nián qǐ chéng wéi ní bó 'ěr shǒu dū。 wéi quán guó zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 wén huà zhōng xīn hé jiāo tōng shū niǔ。 jū mín zhù yào wéi ní wǎ 'ěr rén。 sì miào hé gǔ jì hěn duō。 guān fāng yǔ yán ní bó 'ěr yǔ huò bì ní bó 'ěr lú bǐ rén kǒu 2642 wàn（ 2006 nián 7 yuè tǒng jì）， quán guó yòu lā yī、 lín bù、 sū nǔ wǎ 'ěr、 dá máng、 mǎ jiā 'ěr、 gǔ lóng、 xiè 'ěr bā、 ní wǎ 'ěr、 tǎ lǔ děng 30 duō gè mín zú， qí zhōng bāo kuò shì jū yǔ liú wáng de zàngzú gòng sān wàn zuǒ yòu， dà bù fēn yǐ jīng qǔ dé ní bó 'ěr guó jí。 ní bó 'ěr yǔ wèiguó yǔ， shàng céng shè huì tōng yòng yīng yǔ。 jū mín 86.2 ％ xìn fèng yìn dù jiào， 7.8％ xìn fèng fó jiào， 3.8％ xìn fèng yī sī lán jiào， xìn fèng qí tā zōng jiào rén kǒu zhàn 2.2％。 miàn jī 147181 píng fāng gōng lǐ guó jiā yuán shǒu 2007 nián 1 yuè 15 rì， ní bān bù lín shí xiàn fǎ guī dìng， shǒuxiàng jí lǐ jiǎ · pǔ lā sà dé · kē yī lā là（ GirijaPrasadKoirala） zài zhì xiàn huì yì xuǎn jǔ qián dài xíng guó jiā yuán shǒu zhī zhí。 4 yuè 1 rì， ní lín shí zhèng fǔ chéng lì， kē yī lā là jì xù dān rèn shǒuxiàng。 2008 nián 5 yuè 28 rì， ní yì huì fā bù shēng míng， xuān bù ní wéi“ mín zhù lián bāng gòng hé guó”。 zhòng yào jié rì yì huì xuān yán bān bù rì： 5 yuè 18 rì（ 2006 nián） dìng wéi guó jiā jié rì， xiāng dāng yú guó qìng jié。 dé sài jié（ Dashain）： yòu chēng dà dé sài jié（ BaraDashain）、 shí shèng jié（ VijayaDashami）， shì ní mín jiān zuì dà de jié rì， zài gōng lì 10 yuè， gòng 15 tiān， quán guó fàngjià 7 tiān。 míng shèng bó kè lā hé gǔ fó jiào shèng dì lán pí ní（ Lumbini) shì jiè yí chǎn sà jiā mǎ tǎ guó jiā gōng yuán（ bāo kuò zhū mù lǎng mǎ fēng）， jiā dé mǎn dū gǔ dì， qí tè wàn huáng jiā guó jiā jí sēn lín gōng yuán， lán pí ní fó zǔ dàn shēng dì lì shǐ gōng yuán qián 6 shì jì jiàn lì wáng cháo。 gōng yuán 1769 nián， xīng qǐ yú ní zhōng xī bù dì qū de shā 'ā wáng cháo zhēng fú jiā dé mǎn dū gǔ dì， cóng cǐ ní zhú bù qū yú tǒng yī， bìng kāi shǐ yòu nián dài zhǔn què、 zī liào xiáng shí de lì shǐ。 1814 nián yīng guó rù qīn hòu， pò shǐ ní jiāng nán bù dà piàn lǐng tǔ gē ràng gěi yìn dù， bìng zài ní xiǎng yòu duō zhǒng tè quán。 1846 zhì 1950 nián， lā nà jiā zú yǐ kào yīng guó rén de zhī chí duó qǔ jūn zhèng dà quán， bìng huò shì xí shǒuxiàng de dì wèi， shǐ guó wáng chéng wéi kuǐ léi。 1923 nián yīng chéng rèn ní dú lì。 1950 nián， ní rén mín xiān qǐ shēng shì hào dà de fǎn duì lā nà jiā zú zhuān zhèng de qún zhòng yùn dòng hé wǔ zhuāng dǒu zhēng。 guó wáng tè lǐ bù wén hé wáng chǔ mǎ hēng dé lā zài yìn dù de zhī chí xià， tōng guò tán pàn huī fù wáng quán。 lā nà jiā tíng tǒng zhì jié shù， ní shí xíng 'èr yuán zhì jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì。 1960 nián， mǎ hēng dé lā guó wáng qǔ dì zhèng dǎng， shí xíng wú dǎng pài yì huì zhì。 1990 nián quán guó bào fā dà guī mó“ rén mín yùn dòng”， bǐ lán dé lā guó wáng bèi pò shí xíng jūn zhù lì xiàn de duō dǎng yì huì zhì。 cǐ hòu， ní zhèng jú chí xù dòng dàng， dǎng pài dǒu zhēng jī liè， zhèng fǔ gēngdié pín fán。 1996 nián， ní gòng chǎn dǎng jī jìn pài xuān bù tuì chū yì huì dǒu zhēng， chéng wéi fǎn zhèng fǔ shì lì， kāi zhǎn suǒ wèi“ rén mín zhàn zhēng”， yǔ ní jūn duì hé jǐng chá bù duàn fā shēng chōng tū， yǐng xiǎng yuè lái yuè dà。 2001 nián 6 yuè， ní wáng shì tū fā xuè 'àn， bǐ lán dé lā guó wáng děng wáng shì chéng yuán yù hài， bǐ de bāo dì jiǎ nán dé lā dēng jī。 jiù zài gōng yuán 2008 nián 5 yuè 29 rì， ní bó 'ěr guó qí cóng qián guó wáng jiǎ nán dé lā jū zhù de nà lā yáng xī dì wáng gōng shēng qǐ。 ní bó 'ěr zhì xiàn huì yì dì yī cì huì yì 28 rì wǎn tōng guò liǎo yóu ní bó 'ěr lín shí zhèng fǔ tí chū de yì 'àn， xuān bù ní bó 'ěr wéi lián bāng mín zhù gòng hé guó， cún xù liǎo jìn 240 nián de ní bó 'ěr shā 'ā wáng cháo cóng cǐ tuì chū lì shǐ wǔ tái。 dì lǐ ní bó 'ěr běi biān yǔ zhōng guó de xīzàng zì zhì qū jiē rǎng， dōng， xī， nán sān miàn bèi yìn dù bāo wéi。 zhè shì yī gè cháng fāng xíng de guó jiā， cóng dōng dào xī cháng dù wéi 885 gōng lǐ， ér cóng nán dào běi zé zài 145-241 gōng lǐ zhī jiān。 ní bó 'ěr cóng dì xíng shàng kě yǐ fēn wéi sān gè bù fēn： běi bù xǐ mǎ lā yǎ dì qū： zhè gè dì qū de hǎi bá gāo dù zài 4， 877 mǐ zhì 8848 mǐ zhī jiān， háo wú yí wèn shì shì jiè de“ jǐ liáng”。 zhè lǐ yòu quán shì jiè zuì gāo de 14 zuò hǎi bá chāo guò 8， 000 mǐ de gāo fēng zhōng de 8 zuò， qí zhōng jiù bāo kuò yóu kè shú xī de zhū mù lǎng mǎ fēng， ān nà pǔ nà fēng， dào lā jí lǐ fēng。 zhōng bù shān qū： ní bó 'ěr guó tǔ miàn jī de 68% shì shān qū， zhù yào yóu liǎng bù fēn zǔ chéng： zuì gāo fēng dá dào 4， 877 mǐ de mǎ hā bù hā lā shān xì， yǐ jí xiāng duì jiào 'ǎi de qiū rì shān xì。 tè lāi dī dì： zhàn guó jiā lǐng tǔ miàn jī de 17%。 ní bó 'ěr wèi yú xǐ mǎ lā yǎ shān mài zhōng duàn nán lù。 běi miàn yǔ wǒ guó xīzàng pí lín， dōng jiè xī jīn， dōng nán、 xī、 nán yǔ yìn dù jiē rǎng。 miàn jī： 147181 píng fāng gōng lǐ。 ní bó 'ěr bèi shì rén shì wéi“ wěi dà de xiǎo shān guó”（ AGreatLittleCountry）， zài miàn jī 145,391 píng fāng gōng lǐ tǔ dì shàng， yòu chāo guò sì fēn zhī yī de tǔ dì gāo dù zài hǎi bá 3,000 gōng chǐ yǐ shàng， xiá cháng de gāo shān dì xíng， yòu sān fēn zhī yī shì sēn lín。 ní bó 'ěr jìng nèi yōng yòu bā zuò chāo guò 8,000 mǐ shān fēng。 jí： sà jiā mǎ tǎ fēng（ Sagarmatha）、 kāng chéng zhāng jiā fēng（ Kanchenjunga）、 shèng mǔ fēng（ jí zhū mù lǎng mǎ fēng）（ Everest）、 luó cí fēng（ Lhotse）、 mǎ kǎ lù fēng（ Makalu）、 qí 'ōu yǔ fēng（ ChoOyu）、 dào lā jí lì fēng（ Dhaulagiri）、 mǎ nà sī lù fēng（ Manaslu）。 zhèng zhì zhèng fǔ quán chēng“ ní bó 'ěr zhèng fǔ（ GovernmentofNepal）”。 2007 nián 4 yuè 1 rì， ní chéng lì lín shí zhèng fǔ， ní dà huì dǎng zhù xí kē yī lā là liú rèn shǒuxiàng。 dà huì dǎng zǒng shū jì lā mǔ · chāng dé lā · bào dé 'ěr（ RamChandraPoudel） wéi hé píng yǔ chóngjiàn dà chén， sà hā nà · pǔ lā dān (SahanaPradhan) wéi wài jiāo dà chén， kè lǐ shí nà · bā hā dù 'ěr · mǎ hā lā (KrishnaBahadurMahara) wéi xìn xī tōng xùn dà chén， pǔ lā dì pǔ · ní pà 'ěr (PradipNepal) wéi jiào yù hé tǐ yù dà chén， mǎ hēng tǎ · tǎ kù（ MahanthaThaku） wéi kē xué jì shù dà chén， lā mǔ · sà rén · mǎ hā tè (RamSharmaMahat) wéi cái zhèng dà chén， nà rén dé lā · bǐ kè lā mǔ · nà mǔ wàng（ NarendraBikramNemwang） wéi sī fǎ yì huì shì wù dà chén， kè ruì shí nà · xī táo lā (KrishnaSitaula) wéi nèi zhèng dà chén， dài wéi · gǔ lóng (DevGurung) wéi dì fāng fā zhǎn dà chén， lā jié dé lā · mǎ hā tuō (RajendraMahato) wéi gōng shāng gōng yìng dà chén， pǔ lì wéi sī · sū bā · gǔ lóng (PrithviSubbaGurung) wéi wén huà、 lǚ yóu hé mín háng dà chén， mǎ cuī kǎ · yǎ dá fū (MatrikaYadav) wéi sēn lín hé tǔ dì bǎo hù dà chén， chá bǐ · lā 'ěr · bì shí wò kǎ 'ěr mǎ (ChhabiLalBiswokarma) wéi nóng yè yǔ hé zuò dà chén， xī sī lā · yǎ mǐ (HisilaYami) wéi wù zī jìhuà hé gōng chéng dà chén， jiǎ gā tè · bā hā dù 'ěr · bó gā dì (JagatBahadurBogati) wéi tǔ dì gǎi gé hé guǎn lǐ dà chén， kǎ dé gā · bā hā dù 'ěr · bì shí wò kǎ 'ěr mǎ (KhadgaBahadurBiswokarma) wéi fù nǚ、 ér tóng yǔ shè huì fú lì dà chén， yǐ jí lā mài sī · léi kǎ kè (RameshLekhak) wéi láo gōng yǔ yùn shū guǎn lǐ guó wù dà chén děng 5 wèi guó wù dà chén。 2002 nián 5 yuè， jiǎ nán dé lā guó wáng yìng shí rèn shǒuxiàng dé wū pà de yào qiú xuān bù jiě sàn yì huì。 tóng nián 10 yuè， guó wáng bà miǎn shǒuxiàng， jiě sàn nèi gé， rèn mìng luò kěn dé lā · bā hā dù 'ěr · chāng dé（ LokendraBahadurChand） wéi shǒuxiàng。 2003 nián 5 yuè， guó wáng rèn mìng sū lǐ yà · bā hā dù 'ěr · tǎ pà（ SuryaBahadurThapa） wéi shǒuxiàng。 2004 nián 6 yuè 2 rì， guó wáng rèn mìng ní bó 'ěr dà huì dǎng（ mín zhù pài） zhù xí xiè 'ěr · bā hā dù 'ěr · dé wū pà（ SherBahadurDeuba） wéi xīn shǒuxiàng。 2005 nián 2 yuè， guó wáng jiě sàn dé wū pà zhèng fǔ， qīn zì gān zhèng。 2006 nián 4 yuè， ní zhù yào zhèng dǎng zǔ chéng de“ qī dǎng lián méng” yǔ ní bó 'ěr gòng chǎn dǎng（ máo zhù yì） lián hé fā qǐ fǎn guó wáng jiē tóu yùn dòng。 guó wáng tuǒ xié， 4 yuè 28 rì， rèn mìng ní bó 'ěr dà huì dǎng zhù xí jí · pǔ · kē yī lā là（ G.P.Koirala） wéi xīn shǒuxiàng。 5 yuè， ní zǔ chéng zhèng dǎng zhèng fǔ。 18 rì， ní yì huì tōng guò xuān yán， bō duó guó wáng quán lì， jiāng“ ní bó 'ěr guó wáng bì xià zhèng fǔ” gēngmíng wéi“ ní bó 'ěr zhèng fǔ”。 zhī hòu ní zhèng fǔ yǔ ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） jiā jǐn hé tán， qǐ dòng hé píng jìn chéng。 11 yuè 21 rì， shuāng fāng qiān shǔ《 quán miàn hé píng xié yì》， xuān bù jié shù 11 nián de wǔ zhuāng chōng tū。 2007 nián 1 yuè 15 rì， ní yì huì bān bù lín shí xiàn fǎ， zǔ jiàn bāo hán ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） de lín shí yì huì， ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） zhèng shì huí guī zhèng zhì zhù liú。 4 yuè 1 rì， ní lín shí zhèng fǔ chéng lì。 kē yī lā là jì xù dān rèn shǒuxiàng。 ní qián guó wáng zhèng fǔ yǔ ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） céng yú 2001 nián hé 2003 nián liǎng cì jǔ xíng hé tán。 yóu yú shuāng fāng zài guó jiā zhèng tǐ děng gēn běn wèn tí shàng fēn qí yán zhòng， hé tán pò liè。 ní zhèng fǔ xuān bù ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） wéi kǒng bù zǔ zhì， shuāng fāng chōng tū bù duàn。 dé wū pà zhèng fǔ chéng lì hòu biǎo shì， ní zhèng fǔ yuàn zǎo rì tóng ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） huī fù hé tán， xī shuāng fāng jūn cǎi qǔ líng huó lì chǎng。 guó wáng qīn zhèng hòu， jiā dà duì ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） de dǎ jī lì dù。 2005 nián 11 yuè， ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） yǔ qī dǎng lián méng wéi fǎn guó wáng lián shǒu。 2006 nián qī dǎng lián méng chéng lì xīn zhèng fǔ hòu， shuāng fāng jǔ xíng duō cì hé tán。 8 yuè， shuāng fāng fēn bié zhì xìn lián hé guó mì shū cháng 'ān nán， yī zhì yào qiú lián hé guó xié zhù guǎn lǐ shuāng fāng wǔ qì hé jūn duì。 zhèng dǎng ní xiàn zhèng fǔ wéi qī dǎng lián méng zhèng fǔ， bāo hán： ní bó 'ěr dà huì dǎng、 ní bó 'ěr gòng chǎn dǎng（ lián hé mǎ liè）、 ní bó 'ěr dà huì dǎng（ mín zhù pài）、 ní bó 'ěr rén mín zhèn xiàn dǎng、 ní bó 'ěr qīn shàn dǎng、 ní bó 'ěr gōng nóng dǎng hé ní bó 'ěr lián hé zuǒ yì zhèn xiàn。 mù qián， ní gòng yòu dǎng pài 70 duō gè， qí zhōng zhù yào dǎng pài yòu 4 gè。 (1) ní bó 'ěr dà huì dǎng (NepaliCongress)： ní dì yī dà dǎng。 1947 nián 1 yuè chéng lì。 gāi dǎng zhù zhāng gǒng gù duō dǎng mín zhù hé jūn zhù lì xiàn zhèng tǐ， jiàn lì mín zú tuán jié bìng bǎo chí suǒ yòu rén de xiāng hù xìn rèn yǔ hé zuò， jiān chí bù jié méng。 1999 nián 7 yuè， gāi dǎng chóngxīn zǔ jiàn zhōng yāng gōng zuò wěi yuán huì， zhù xí jí lǐ jiǎ · pǔ lā sà dé · kē yī lā là (GirijaPrasadKoirala)。 2002 nián 5 yuè dà huì dǎng nèi bù dé wū pà pài yǔ kē yī lā là pài fā shēng zhēng dǒu， 6 yuè dé wū pà zhào kāi dǎng dài huì， chè xiāo kē yī lā là de dǎng zhù xí zhí wù， 19 rì zǔ chéng dǎng de xīn de lǐng dǎo bān zǐ， bèi chēng wéi dà huì dǎng ( mín zhù pài )， yóu dé wū pà rèn dǎng zhù xí， kù · bā · kǎ dé jiǎ wéi zǒng shū jì。 21 rì dà huì dǎng（ kē pài） chéng lì 6 rén wěi yuán huì。 dà huì dǎng fēn liè。 2006 nián 4 yuè， ní dà huì dǎng zhù xí kē yī lā là chū rèn ní xīn zhèng fǔ shǒuxiàng。 (2) ní bó 'ěr gòng chǎn dǎng ( lián hé mǎ liè (NepalCommunistParty[UnifiedMarxist-Leninist])： ní dì 'èr dà dǎng。 zài ní xià céng rén mín zhōng pō yòu yǐng xiǎng， bìng yòu jiào qiáng de hào zhào lì hé zǔ zhì néng lì。 gāi dǎng yóu ní gòng ( mǎ ) hé ní gòng ( mǎ liè ) yú 1991 nián 1 yuè 7 rì hé bìng 'ér chéng， 1993 nián 12 yuè 14 rì ní gòng ( ā mǎ dì yà ) de bìng rù shǐ gāi dǎng de rén shù cóng 3.7 wàn rén zēng zhì 4 wàn rén。 ní gòng ( lián hé mǎ liè ) zhù zhāng duō dǎng mín zhù， jiàn lì yī gè fǎ zhì de、 zì yóu hé kāi fàng de fú lì guó jiā， yǐ shí xiàn guó jiā de gēn běn biàn gé。 gāi dǎng yú 1998 nián 3 yuè fēn liè wéi ní gòng（ lián hé mǎ liè） hé ní gòng（ mǎ liè）。 2002 nián 2 yuè 15 rì， ní gòng ( lián hé mǎ liè ) hé ní gòng（ mǎ liè） liǎng dǎng zhèng shì hé bìng。 liǎng dǎng zǒng shū jì lián hé fā biǎo liǎo tǒng yī shēng míng， xuān bù zhèng shì qǔ xiāo ní gòng（ mǎ liè） de chēng wèi hé xuǎn jǔ biāo zhì。 hé bìng hòu xiàn rèn zǒng shū jì réng wéi mǎ dá fū · kù mǎ 'ěr · ní pà 'ěr (MadhavKumarNepal)。 (3) mín zú mín zhù dǎng (RastriyaPrajatantraParty)： 1992 nián 1 yuè 3 rì chéng lì。 gāi dǎng yóu qí qián shēn mín zú mín zhù dǎng（ chāng dé pài） hé mín zú mín zhù dǎng（ tǎ pà pài） ( liǎng dǎng jūn chéng lì yú 1990 nián 5 yuè 29 rì ) hé bìng 'ér chéng， yóu qián píng yì huì rén shì zǔ chéng。 gāi dǎng jiān chí jūn zhù lì xiàn zhèng tǐ hé duō dǎng zhì mín zhù， zhù zhāng tóng shì jiè gè guó tè bié shì lín guó bǎo chí yǒu hǎo guān xì。 gāi dǎng yú 1998 nián 1 yuè duǎn zàn fēn liè， 1999 nián 12 yuè zhòng yòu lián hé。 2002 nián 12 yuè 15 rì， yuán dǎng zǒng shū jì pà sū pà dì · lā nà（ PashupatiRana） dāng xuǎn xīn rèn dǎng zhù xí。 (4) ní bó 'ěr qīn shàn dǎng (NepalSadbhavanaParty)： qí qián shēn wéi 1983 nián chéng lì de ní bó 'ěr qīn shàn wěi yuán huì， 1990 nián gǎi wéi xiàn míng。 gāi dǎng zhù yào dài biǎo ní nán bù yǔ yìn jiē rǎng de píng yuán dì qū gè shǎo shù mín zú de lì yì， zhù zhāng duì nèi jiā qiáng yǔ wáng shì de hé zuò， duì wài bǎo chí yǔ yìn de mìqiè guān xì。 gāi dǎng céng yú 1993、 1994 nián liǎng cì fēn liè。 yuán gāi dǎng zhù xí jiǎ jīn dé lā · nà lā yáng · xīn gé (GajendraNarayanSingh) yú 2002 nián 1 yuè 23 rì yīn bìng shì shì。 2002 nián 10 yuè， gāi dǎng zhí xíng zhù xí bā · pǔ · màn dá 'ěr bèi rèn mìng wéi fù shǒuxiàng。 2003 nián 3 yuè， gāi dǎng dì 3 cì fēn liè， màn dá 'ěr dāng xuǎn dǎng zhù xí。 yì huì wéi zuì gāo lì fǎ jī gòu， xiàn wéi lín shí yì huì， shí xíng yī yuàn zhì， gòng shè 330 xí。 qí zhōng sì dà zhèng dǎng xí wèi fēn pèi rú xià： dà huì dǎng 85 xí， ní gòng（ lián hé mǎ liè） 83 xí， ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） 83 xí， dà huì dǎng（ mín zhù） 48 xí。 xiàn rèn yì cháng sū bā sī · nèi mǔ wàng（ SubasNemwang）。 2007 nián 6 yuè 20 rì zhì xiàn huì yì xuǎn jǔ hòu jiāng chéng lì 425 xí de zhì xiàn huì yì。 xíng zhèng qū huá quán guó gòng fēn wéi 5 gè fā zhǎn qū (DevelopmentRegion)， 14 gè zhuān qū (Zone)， 36 gè shì (Town)， 75 gè xiàn (District)， 3995 gè cūn (Village)。 sī fǎ jī gòu ní fǎ yuàn fēn wéi sān jí： zuì gāo fǎ yuàn、 shàng sù fǎ yuàn hé xiàn fǎ yuàn， quán guó shè shàng sù fǎ yuàn 16 gè， xiàn fǎ yuàn 75 gè。 xiàn rèn zuì gāo fǎ yuàn shǒu xí dà fǎ guān dí lǐ pǔ · kù mǎ · bào dé 'ěr（ DilipKumarPoudel）， 2005 nián 7 yuè shàng rèn。 ní shè zǒng jiǎn chá cháng yī míng， xiàn rèn zǒng jiǎn chá cháng bān jiǎ dé (YagyeaMurgiBanjade),2006 nián 5 yuè 12 rì shàng rèn。 xiàn fǎ 2007 nián 1 yuè 15 rì， ní yì huì bān bù lín shí xiàn fǎ， guī dìng xiàn yì huì jiě sàn， zǔ jiàn bāo hán ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） de lín shí yì huì； quán miàn bō duó guó wáng xíng zhèng quán lì， shǒuxiàng zhǎng wò xíng zhèng dà quán bìng zài 6 yuè zhì xiàn huì yì xuǎn jǔ qián dài xíng guó jiā yuán shǒu zhī zhí。 zhè shì 60 nián lái ní bān bù de dì liù bù xiàn fǎ。 3 yuè， ní yì huì tōng guò lín shí xiàn fǎ dì yī cì xiū zhèng 'àn， jué dìng tōng guò zhì xiàn huì yì xuǎn jǔ zài ní shí xíng mín zhù lián bāng zhì。 zhòng yào rén wù jí lǐ jiǎ · pǔ lā sà dé · kē yī lā là（ GirijaPrasadKoirala）， shēng yú yìn dù bǐ hā 'ěr bāng sà hā sà xiàn， 81 suì。 céng zài yìn dù jiē shòu gāo děng jiào yù。 zǎo nián tóu shēn zhèng zhì yùn dòng， cān jiā 1950-51 nián tuī fān ní bó 'ěr lā nà jiā zú tǒng zhì de yùn dòng。 shàng shì jì 50 nián dài céng rèn ní bó 'ěr dà huì dǎng mò lǎng xiàn wěi zhù xí hé ní bó 'ěr gōng huì dà huì zhù xí。 60-70 nián dài yīn zhèng zhì huó dòng bèi bǔ rù yù， qí hòu liú wáng yìn dù。 1976-1991 nián jiān duō cì dāng xuǎn ní dà huì dǎng zǒng shū jì。 kē shì 1990 nián ní fǎn píng yì huì zhì dù de“ rén mín yùn dòng” de lǐng dǎo rén zhī yī。 1991 nián 5 yuè chū rèn ní dà huì dǎng yì huì dǎng tuán lǐng xiù， bèi rèn mìng wéi zhèng fǔ shǒuxiàng。 2007 nián 4 yuè 1 rì， liú rèn lín shí zhèng fǔ shǒuxiàng， shì qí dì 6 cì chū rèn shǒuxiàng。 kē duì huá yǒu hǎo， céng yú 1992 nián yǐ shǒuxiàng shēn fèn fǎng huá， 1993 nián yǐ shǒuxiàng shēn fèn zhuān fǎng xīzàng。 2004 nián 11 yuè， zuò wéi dà huì dǎng zhù xí fǎng huá， zhèng xié zhù xí jiǎ qìng lín huì jiàn ní wéi nóng yè guó， jīng jì luò hòu， shì shì jiè shàng zuì bù fā dá guó jiā zhī yī。 90 nián dài chū qǐ， ní kāi shǐ shí xíng yǐ shì chǎng wéi dǎo xiàng de zì yóu jīng jì zhèng cè， dàn yóu yú zhèng jú duō biàn hé jī chǔ shè shī bó ruò， shōu xiào bù zhāng。 90 nián dài ní jīng jì nián jūn zēngchánglǜ wéi 4.8％。 wáng shì xuè 'àn hòu， jīng jì xíng shì yù jiā 'è huà。 2002 nián pín kùn rén kǒu bǐ lì dá 41％。 jìn nián lái， yòu suǒ xià jiàng， 2005 nián wéi 31%。 yán zhòng yǐ lài wài yuán， yù suàn zhī chū de sān fēn zhī yī lái zì wài guó juān zèng hé dài kuǎn。 jié zhì 2006 nián 4 yuè， ní gòng yòu 1062 gè wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī xiàng mù， zǒng jīn 'é yuē 285 yì lú bǐ（ yuē hé 4.04 yì měi yuán）。 jié zhì 2006 nián 7 yuè 16 rì， ní wài zhài dá 2340 yì lú bǐ（ yuē hé 31 yì měi yuán）， yuē zhàn GDP de 40%。 2003 nián 9 yuè 11 rì， shì jiè mào yì zǔ zhì dì 5 cì bù cháng huì yì pī zhǔn guān yú ní jiā rù gāi zǔ zhì de yì 'àn。 2004 nián 1 yuè， ní jiā rù mèng yìn miǎn sī tài jīng jì hé zuò zǔ zhì（ BIMSTEC）。 2006 nián 8 yuè， ní cái zhèng bù tǒng jì， 2002 nián zhì 2005 nián gè zhǒng zài ní xiàng mùdì wài yuán xié yì jīn 'é zǒng jì dá 930 yì lú bǐ（ yuē hé 12.6 yì měi yuán）。 guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí (2005/2006 cái nián ):5579 yì lú bǐ（ yuē hé 75.4 yì měi yuán） rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí (2005/2006 cái nián ):22540 lú bǐ（ yuē hé 311 měi yuán） guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí zēngchánglǜ (2005/2006 cái nián ):2.4% huò bì míng chēng： ní bó 'ěr lú bǐ（ NepaleseRupee) huì shuài (2005/2006 cái nián ):1 měi yuán ＝ 74 lú bǐ tōng huò péng zhàng shuài（ 2005/2006 cái nián）： 7.6% （ zhù： ní cái zhèng nián dù qǐ yú běn nián dù de 7 yuè 16 rì， zhǐ yú xià nián dù de 7 yuè 15 rì。） zī yuán： tóng、 tiě、 lǚ、 xīn、 lín、 gǔ、 shí yīng、 liú huáng、 hè méi、 yún mǔ、 dà lǐ shí、 shí huī shí、 líng měi kuàng、 mù cái děng， jūn zhǐ dé dào shǎo liàng kāi cǎi。 shuǐ lì zī yuán fēng fù， shuǐ diàn yùn cáng liàng wéi 8300 wàn qiān wǎ， yuē zhàn shì jiè shuǐ diàn yùn cáng liàng de 2.3%。 qí zhōng 2700 wàn qiān wǎ kě fā zhǎn shuǐ lì fā diàn。 ní zhèng fǔ jī jí gǔ lì shuǐ lì zī yuán kāi fā。 gōng yè： jī chǔ bó ruò， guī mó jiào xiǎo， jī xiè huà shuǐ píng dī， fā zhǎn huǎn màn。 zhù yào yòu zhì táng、 fǎng zhì、 pí gé zhì xié、 shí pǐn jiā gōng、 xiāng yān hé huǒ chái、 huáng má jiā gōng、 zhuān wǎ shēng chǎn hé sù liào zhì pǐn děng。 chǎn zhí yuē zhàn GDP de 10％。 nóng yè： 2005/2006 cái nián， nóng yè zēngzhǎng 1.7%。 nóng yè rén kǒu zhàn zǒng rén kǒu yuē 80%。 gēng dì miàn jī wéi 325.1 wàn gōng qǐng。 jìn jǐ nián zhù yào nóng chǎn pǐn chǎn liàng rú xià ( dān wèi： wàn gōng dūn )： 2001/20022002/20032003/20042004/20052005/2006 shuǐ dào 421.6416.5413.3445.6* yù mǐ 148.4151.1156.9159* xiǎo mài 115.8125.8134.4138.7* dà mài 33.13.23* xiǎo mǐ 28.328.228.328.3* gān zhè 224.8234.3230.5237.6246.3 yóu liào zuò wù 13.512.513.314.213.9 mǎ líng shǔ 138153.1164.3173.9197.5 huáng má 1.611.71.691.771.9 zī liào lái yuán： 2005/2006 cái nián jīng jì gài lǎn。 * wéi zàn wú tǒng jì zī liào lái yuán： 2005/2006 cái nián jīng jì gài lǎn。 * wéi zàn wú tǒng jì lǚ yóu yè： ní dì chù xǐ mǎ lā yǎ shān nán lù， zì rán fēng guāng yǐ nǐ， qì hòu yí rén， tú bù lǚ yóu hé dēng shān yè bǐ jiào fā dá。 ní zhèng fǔ yě jī jí gǔ lì xiàng lǚ yóu yè de tóu zī。 2004/05 cái nián， lǚ yóu yè chuàng huì 105 yì lú bǐ， zhàn GDP de 2%， jiào shàng yī cái nián de 181 yì lú bǐ yòu dà fú xià jiàng。 2005 nián quán nián jiē dài guó wài yóu kè 375398 rén， tóng bǐ jiǎn shǎo 2.6%。 fù ní lǚ yóu zhù yào wéi yà zhōu yóu kè， qí zhōng yǐ yìn dù yóu kè jū duō， zhàn zǒng shù de 25.7%。 qí cì wéi xī 'ōu hé běi měi yóu kè。 jiāo tōng yùn shū： yǐ gōng lù hé háng kōng wéi zhù。 jié zhì 2006 nián 3 yuè zhōng xún， gōng lù zǒng cháng 17297 gōng lǐ， qí zhōng lì qīng lù miàn 4918 gōng lǐ， zhàn 28.4%。 yòu gè lèi jī chǎng 45 gè , zhí shēng jī tíng jī píng 120 gè。 chú shǒu dū yòu yī guó jì jī chǎng wài， qí yú wéi jiǎn yì jī chǎng。 quán guó yòu yī jiā guó yíng de ní bó 'ěr huáng jiā háng kōng gōng sī， 6 jiā sī yíng háng kōng gōng sī hé yī jiā sī yíng zhí shēng fēi jī gōng sī。 guó nèi zhù yào chéng zhèn yòu bān jī tōng háng。 tóng yìn dù、 bā jī sī tǎn、 tài guó、 mèng jiā lā guó、 wén lāi、 xīn jiā pō、 zhōng guó xiāng gǎng、 ā lā bó lián hé qiú cháng guó、 zhōng guó、 dé guó hé yīng guó děng guó jiā hé dì qū tōng háng。 ní bó 'ěr huò bì duì huàn： ní bó 'ěr shǐ yòng de huò bì shì lú bǐ， hé yìn dù， bā jī sī tǎn， mèng jiā lā děng nán yà guó jiā yī yàng， dàn xiāng tóng de zhǐ shì huò bì de xiě fǎ hé fā yīn， yǔ qí tā guó jiā huò bì de huì shuài shì bù tóng de。 ní bó 'ěr lú bǐ yǔ yìn dù lú bǐ shí xíng lián xì huì shuài， jiù shì shuō liǎng zhǒng lú bǐ de duì huàn huì shuài gù dìng zài 1： 1.6 zhī jiān， yī dàn yìn dù lú bǐ yǔ měi yuán huò zhě rén mín bì de huì shuài bō dòng， ní bó 'ěr lú bǐ yǔ tā men de huì shuài yě suí zhī bō dòng。 yóu yú ní bó 'ěr de zhèng jiè gāo céng jī běn shàng dōushì cóng yìn dù liú xué huí lái de， suǒ yǐ zhè liǎng gè guó jiā de zhèng zhì jīng jì tǐ xì， bāo kuò yǔ yán wén zì kē xué jiào yù dōuyòu diǎn xiàng lǎo shī yǔ xué shēng de guān xì。 liǎng guó lián xì hěn mìqiè， shuāng fāng gōng mín kě yǐ zì yóu lái wǎng， zài ní bó 'ěr， chú liǎo dà miàn 'é de chāo piào， yìn dù lú bǐ kě yǐ liú tōng。 zài xīzàng biān jìng de zhāng mù， yǐ jí ní bó 'ěr de jiā dé mǎn dū hé bó kǎ lā zhe liǎng gè yóu kè zuì jí zhōng de dì fāng， dào chù dōukě yǐ zhǎo dào duì huàn rén mín bì de rén（ zhè zhǒng xíng shì zhǐ zài zhāng mù zhèn cái yòu） hé huò bì duì huàn xiǎo diàn（ jiā dé mǎn dū de tānɡ měi qū hé bó kǎ lā de fěi wǎ hú biān）。 zài ní bó 'ěr de zhè liǎng gè dì fāng， jué dà duō shù lǚ xíng shè， lǚ guǎn， cān tīng， jiǔ bā， shāng diàn dōukě yǐ shǐ yòng bāo kuò wéi sà guó jì kǎ zài nèi de gè zhǒng xìn yòng kǎ， lìng wài dāng dì de yínháng kě yǐ wéi nín duì huàn gè zhù yào wài bì huò zhě lǚ xíng zhī piào。 suǒ yǐ zài zhè lǐ nín gēn běn bù yòng dān xīn huò bì duì huàn de wèn tí。 ní bó 'ěr lú bǐ yǔ rén mín bì de guān fāng huì shuài zài 1： 9 shàng xià fú dòng， yǔ měi yuán de huì shuài yī bān zài 1： 75 shàng xià。 cái zhèng jīn róng： jìn jǐ cái nián cái zhèng shōu zhī qíng kuàng rú xià ( dān wèi： yì lú bǐ ) 2002/20032003/20042004/2005 zǒng zhī chū 840.06894.431025.60 cháng guī zhī chū 520.91555.52616.86 fā zhǎn zhī chū 223.56230.96273.41 zǒng shōu rù 675.69736.14845.14 cái zhèng shōu rù 562.30623.31701.23 wài guó yuán zhù 113.39112.83143.91 chì zì 164.37158.28180.47 2005/2006 cái nián qián 8 gè yuè， zǒng zhī chū dá 685.8 yì lú bǐ， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 10.7%。 2005/2006 cái nián qián 7 gè yuè， wài huì chǔ bèi zēngzhǎng 11.3%， dá 1445.2 yì lú bǐ。 duì wài mào yì： 2004/2005 cái nián， wài mào zǒng 'é wéi 1904.2 yì lú bǐ ( yuē 26.3 yì měi yuán）， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 0.12％。 zhù yào mào yì huǒ bàn yòu yìn dù、 měi guó、 dé guó děng。 zhù yào jìn kǒu shāng pǐn shì méi、 shí yóu zhì pǐn、 yáng máo、 yào pǐn、 jī xiè、 diàn qì、 huà féi děng， zhù yào chū kǒu shāng pǐn shì shū cài yóu、 tóng xiàn、 yáng róng zhì pǐn、 dì tǎn、 chéng yī、 pí gé、 nóng chǎn pǐn、 shǒu gōng yì pǐn děng。 jìn nián lái ní wài mào qíng kuàng rú xià ( dān wèi： yì lú bǐ )（ 2005/2006 cái nián wéi qián 8 gè yuè tǒng jì） 2002/20032003/20042004/20052005/2006 chū kǒu 'é 492539582433.1 jìn kǒu 'é 1255136313221174 chā é -763-824-740-741.7 wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī： 2005 nián 3 yuè zhì 2006 nián 3 yuè jiān， gòng xīn zēng 76 gè wài guó zhí jiē tóu zī xiàng mù， xié yì xiàng mù zǒng 'é 14.4 yì lú bǐ（ yuē hé 0.19 yì měi yuán）， shàng yī nián dù tóng qī xīn zēng 35 gè xiàng mù， jīn 'é 5.46 yì lú bǐ。 jū qián sān wèi de tóu zī guó réng wéi yìn dù、 zhōng guó、 rì běn。 wài guó yuán zhù： jìn jǐ nián jiē shòu wài yuán qíng kuàng rú xià（ dān wèi： yì lú bǐ） 2001/20022002/20032003/20042004/2005 zǒng é 196.48244.50237.4381.5 wú cháng yuán zhù 87.0259.1189.57253.9 dài kuǎn 109.46185.39147 ． 81127.6 zhù yào yuán zhù guó hé guó jì zǔ zhì shì : dé guó、 fǎ guó、 ruì shì、 hé lán、 měi guó、 jiā ná dà、 rì běn、 yìn dù、 zhōng guó、 shā tè 'ā lā bó yǐ jí yuán ní cái tuán（ bāo kuò měi、 rì、 dé、 yīng、 fǎ děng guó）、 lián hé guó kāi fā jìhuà shǔ、 yà zhōu kāi fā yín xíng hé shì jiè yínháng děng。 rén mín shēng huó： 2005/2006 cái nián， ní rén jūn guó nèi shēng chǎn zǒng zhí wéi 311 měi yuán。 jié zhì 2006 nián 3 yuè， quán guó yòu yī yuàn 87 suǒ， bìng chuáng 6796 zhāng， yī shēng 1257 rén。 jūn shì guó wáng wéi wǔ zhuāng lì liàng zuì gāo tǒng shuài。 guó jiā 'ān quán wěi yuán huì yóu shǒuxiàng、 guó fáng dà chén hé lù jūn cān móu cháng zǔ chéng， shǒuxiàng rèn zhù xí。 zhǐ yòu lù jūn。 xiàn rèn lù jūn cān móu cháng wéi pí yà 'ěr · zhōng gé · tǎ pà（ PyarJungThapa)， dào 2006 nián 9 yuè rèn qī jiè mǎn。 shí xíng zhì yuàn bīng yì zhì， shì bīng fú yì qī yī bān wéi 15 nián。 zǒng bīng lì 6.8 wàn rén， biān chéng 23 gè lǚ。 quán guó yòu jǐng chá 4.7 wàn rén。 2005-06 cái nián， ní guó fáng bù kāi zhī yuē 121 yì lú bǐ（ yuē hé 1.6 yì měi yuán）。 wén huà jiào yù quán guó yòu 5 suǒ dà xué： tè lǐ bù wén dà xué、 mǎ hēng dé lā fàn wén dà xué、 jiā dé mǎn dōudà xué、 bó kè lā dà xué、 pǔ 'ěr bǎn chá 'ěr dà xué。 qí zhōng tè lǐ bù wén dà xué xià shè 61 suǒ zhí shǔ fēn yuàn、 4 zuò yán jiū zhōng xīn hé 134 suǒ sī lì fēn yuàn。 2005/2006 cái nián， gòng yòu xué xiào 34543 suǒ， tóng bǐ jiǎn shǎo 6%。 zài xiào xué shēng zēng jiā 6.6%， dá 646 wàn。 xīn wén chū bǎn jié zhì 2006 nián 3 yuè， quán guó zhù cè fā xíng de gè lèi bào kān yòu 4286 fèn， qí zhōng rì bào 313 fèn， zhōu bào 1506 fèn， shuāng zhōu kān 300 fèn， yuè kān 1313 fèn。 quán guó zuì dà de liǎng fèn rì bào jūn wéi guān fāng bào zhǐ：《 kuò 'ěr kā bào》， ní bó 'ěr yǔ， 1902 nián chuàng kān；《 xīn xīng de ní bó 'ěr》， yīng yǔ， 1965 nián chuàng kān。 cǐ wài hái yòu《 jiā dé mǎn dū yóu bào》 hé《 kāng tí pǔ 'ěr》 děng duō zhǒng rì bào。 ní bó 'ěr guó jiā tōng xùn shè wéi quán guó wéi yī de tōng xùn shè， guān bàn， chéng lì yú 1962 nián 4 yuè。 ní bó 'ěr guǎng bō diàn tái shì quán guó wéi yī de diàn tái， guān bàn， chéng lì yú 1948 nián， yòng ní bó 'ěr yǔ hé yīng yǔ guǎng bō。 ní bó 'ěr diàn shì tái chuàng jiàn yú 1984 nián， 1985 nián 12 yuè 28 rì zhèng shì zài shǒu dū kāi bō， mù qián měi tiān bō fàng 18 gè xiǎo shí， tōng guò wèi xīng chuán sòng。 mù qián gòng yòu 7 jiā diàn shì tái， bāo kuò 5 jiā sī yíng diàn shì tái。 ní bó 'ěr shí chā běi jīng shí jiān bǐ ní bó 'ěr zǎo liǎng xiǎo shí líng 15 fēn zhōng。 lìng wài， zài ní bó 'ěr， xīng qī liù shì fǎ dìng xiū xī rì， hé xī fāng guó jiā yī yàng， zhè yī tiān jué dà duō shù de shāng diàn dū huì guān mén， jí shǐ shì rú jiā dé mǎn dū de tānɡ měi qū nà yàng de yóu kè yì cháng jí zhōng de dì fāng。 xīng qī rì chú liǎo zhèng fǔ bù mén， xué xiào zài wài， rén mín zhào cháng gōng zuò。 chú liǎo yī xiē zǎo qǐ qīng sǎo huò zhě sòng niú nǎi de dāng dì gōng rén wài， dà bù fēn rén shàng wǔ 10 diǎn zhōng yǐ hòu cái kāi shǐ shàng bān，（ zhè diǎn yě hé yìn dù hé bā jī sī tǎn děng nán yà guó jiā yī yàng。） nǐ huì jīng qí de fā xiàn nà xiē xué shēng yě shì zhí dào zhè gè shí hòu cái bēizhe shū bāo qù shàng xué， bù zhī dào tā men yī tiān de xué xí xiàolǜ yòu duō gāo。 zhù yào chéng shì jiā dé mǎn dū（ Kathamandu）、 pà tǎn（ lā lì tè pǔ 'ěr） [Patan(Lalitpur)]、 bā dé gǎng（ bā kè tǎ pǔ 'ěr） [Bhadgaun(Bhaktapur)]、 yī lā mǔ（ Ilam）、 bā dé lā pǔ 'ěr (Bhadrapur)、 qián pǔ 'ěr (Chainpur)、 chāng dé lā jiā 'ěr xī（ Chandragarhi）、 bó jié pǔ 'ěr（ Bhojpur）、 dān kù tǎ（ Dhankuta）、 dá lǎng（ Dharan）、 bǐ lā tè nà jiā 'ěr（ Biratnagar）、 nà mǔ qiē bā zhá 'ěr (Namchebajar)、 ào kǎ 'ěr dōng jiā (Okhaldhunga)、 lā jié bǐ lā jié（ Rajbiraj）、 lā méi chá pǔ (Ramechap)、 jiǎ nà kè pǔ 'ěr (Janakpur)、 hè tuō dá（ Hetauda）、 bǐ 'ěr gān jí (Birgunj)、 kuò 'ěr kā (Gorkha)、 bó kè lā（ Pokhara）、 tǎn sēn（ Tansen）、 bù tè wǎ 'ěr（ Butwal)、 bái lā wǎ (Bhariahawa)、 bǐ lán dé lā nà jiā 'ěr (Birendranagar)、 ní bó 'ěr gān jí (Nepalgunj)、 bā gé lóng (Baglung)、 tú 'ěr xī pǔ 'ěr (Tulsipur)、 sū 'ěr kǎi tè（ Surkhet）、 dān jiā 'ěr xī (Dhangarhi)、 mǎ hēng dé lā nà jiā 'ěr (Mahendranagar)。 pà tǎn（ Patan）： yòu míng lā lì tè pǔ 'ěr (Lalitpur)， wèi yú jiā dé mǎn dū yǐ nán yuē 3 gōng lǐ， yǔ jiā dé mǎn dū jǐn yī hé zhī gé。 jiàn yú gōng yuán 299 nián， ní fó jiào zhōng xīn hé gǔ dū zhī yī。 sì miào hé gǔ jì hěn duō。 bā dé gǎng（ Bhadgaun） : yòu míng bā kè tǎ pǔ 'ěr (Bhaktapur)， wèi yú jiā dé mǎn dū yǐ dōng yuē 13 gōng lǐ。 jiā dé mǎn dū hé gǔ zuì zǎo chū xiàn de cūn luò zhī yī， 12 shì jì yǐ qián yǐ fā zhǎn chéng wéi shāng yè zhōng xīn chéng zhèn， 13 shì jì chū chéng wéi mǎ lā wáng cháo shǒu dū。 shì nèi duō gǔ lǎo sì miào。 bó kè lā (Pokhara)： rén kǒu yuē 10 wàn rén。 wèi yú jiā dé mǎn dū yǐ xī yuē 200 gōng lǐ。 zhù yào lǚ yóu chéng shì zhī yī。 gāi shì běi miàn yòu zhōng nián jī xuě de yú wěi fēng， xī cè yòu tiān rán fèi wǎ hú， shì nèi yòu dì xià sài dì hé， shì jiāo yòu tiān shēng“ shuǐ lián dòng”。 jìn jǐ nián， dào cǐ lǚ yóu de yóu kè nián jūn yuē 7 wàn rén。 duì wài guān xì ní fèng xíng píng děng、 hù lì、 xiāng hù zūn zhòng hé bù jié méng de wài jiāo zhèng cè， zhù zhāng zài hé píng gòng chù wǔ xiàng yuán zé de jī chǔ shàng tóng shì jiè gè guó fā zhǎn yǒu hǎo guān xì。 gāo dù zhòng shì fā zhǎn tóng zhōng、 yìn liǎng dà lín guó de yǒu hǎo guān xì。 jī jí tuī dòng nán yà qū yù hé zuò lián méng de fā zhǎn。 zhòng shì jiā qiáng tóng měi、 yīng děng xī fāng guó jiā de guān xì， zhēng qǔ jīng yuán hé tóu zī。 yǐ tóng 125 gè guó jiā jiàn jiāo（ jié zhì 2007 nián 1 yuè）。 tóng zhōng guó de shuāng biān guān xì yī、 shuāng biān zhèng zhì guān xì huí gù zhōng ní zhī jiān yòu zhe shàng qiān nián yǒu hǎo jiāo wǎng de lì shǐ。 jìn dài gāo sēng fǎ xiǎn、 táng dài gāo sēng xuán zàng céng dào guò fó zǔ shì jiā móu ní dàn shēng dì lán pí ní（ wèi yú ní bó 'ěr nán bù）。 táng cháo shí， ní bó 'ěr gōng zhù chǐ zhēn yǔ tǔbō zàn pǔ sōng zàn gān bù lián yīn。 yuán cháo shí， ní zhù míng gōng yì jiā 'ā ní gē céng lái huá jiān zào běi jīng bái tǎ sì。 1955 nián 8 yuè 1 rì jiàn jiāo yǐ lái， liǎng guó rén mín zhī jiān de chuán tǒng yǒu yì hé yǒu hǎo hé zuò guān xì bù duàn fā zhǎn。 gāo céng wǎng lái bù duàn， ní guó wáng、 shǒuxiàng jūn duō cì fǎng huá。 zhōu 'ēn lái zǒng lǐ céng liǎng cì fǎng ní。 dèng xiǎo píng fù zǒng lǐ、 lǐ xiān niàn zhù xí、 lǐ péng zǒng lǐ、 lǐ ruì huán zhèng xié zhù xí、 qián qí chēn fù zǒng lǐ jiān wài cháng yě xiān hòu fǎng wèn guò ní bó 'ěr。 1996 nián dǐ， guó jiā zhù xí jiāng zé mín duì ní jìn xíng liǎo guó shì fǎng wèn， liǎng guó lǐng dǎo rén gòng tóng què lì jiàn lì miàn xiàng 21 shì jì de shì dài yǒu hǎo de mù lín huǒ bàn guān xì， jiāng zhōng ní yǒu hǎo guān xì tuī xiàng yī gè xīn gāo cháo。 2005 nián 8 yuè 1 rì， guó jiā zhù xí hú jǐn tāo、 wài jiāo bù cháng lǐ zhào xīng yǔ ní bó 'ěr guó wáng jiǎ nán dé lā、 wài jiāo dà chén pān dí jiù liǎng guó jiàn jiāo 50 zhōu nián hù zhì hè diàn。 liǎng guó zhù yào gāo céng hù fǎng qíng kuàng rú xià： 1956 nián 4 yuè 25 rì -5 yuè 7 rì zhōng guó tè shǐ wū lán fū fù zǒng lǐ fù ní cān jiā mǎ hēng dé lā guó wáng jiā miǎn diǎn lǐ 1957 nián 1 yuè 25-29 rì zhōu 'ēn lái zǒng lǐ fǎng ní 1960 nián 3 yuè 11-24 rì ní shǒuxiàng bì · pǔ · kē yī lā là fǎng huá 1960 nián 4 yuè 26-29 rì zhōu 'ēn lái zǒng lǐ、 chén yì fù zǒng lǐ fǎng ní 1961 nián 9 yuè 28 rì -10 yuè 5 rì ní guó wáng mǎ hēng dé lā fǎng huá 1966 nián 6 yuè 25 rì -7 yuè 13 rì ní wáng tài zǐ bǐ lán dé lā fǎng huá 1972 nián 11 yuè 14-25 rì ní shǒuxiàng bǐ sī tǎ fǎng huá 1973 nián 12 yuè 7-14 rì ní bǐ lán dé lā guó wáng fǎng huá 1975 nián 2 yuè 22-26 rì zhōng guó tè shǐ chén xī lián fù zǒng lǐ fù ní cān jiā bǐ lán dé lā guó wáng jiā miǎn diǎn lǐ 1976 nián 6 yuè 2-9 rì ní guó wáng bǐ lán dé lā fǎng wèn zhōng guó sì chuān hé xīzàng 1978 nián 2 yuè 3-6 rì dèng xiǎo píng fù zǒng lǐ fǎng ní 1978 nián 5 yuè 14-15 rì ní guó wáng bǐ lán dé lā fǎng huá 1978 nián 9 yuè 27 rì -10 yuè 4 rì ní shǒuxiàng bǐ sī tǎ fǎng huá 1979 nián 8 yuè 26-29 rì ní guó wáng bǐ lán dé lā fǎng huá 1981 nián 6 yuè 4-7 rì zhào zǐ yáng zǒng lǐ fǎng ní 1982 nián 7 yuè 27 rì -8 yuè 3 rì ní guó wáng bǐ lán dé lā fǎng wèn zhōng guó gān sù lán zhōu、 xīzàng gān zī hé rì kā zé 1984 nián 3 yuè 19-23 rì lǐ xiān niàn zhù xí fǎng ní 1987 nián 5 yuè 28 rì -6 yuè 1 rì qiáo shí fù zǒng lǐ fǎng ní 1987 nián 9 yuè 14-17 rì ní guó wáng bǐ lán dé lā fǎng huá 1989 nián 11 yuè 19-21 rì lǐ péng zǒng lǐ fǎng ní 1992 nián 3 yuè 16-22 rì ní shǒuxiàng kē yī lā là fǎng huá 1992 nián 11 yuè 27-30 rì quán guó rén dà fù wěi yuán cháng liào hàn shēng fǎng ní 1993 nián 9 yuè 20-27 rì ní guó wáng bǐ lán dé lā fǎng huá 1993 nián 10 yuè 30 rì -11 yuè 6 rì ní shǒuxiàng kē yī lā là fǎng wèn zhōng guó xīzàng 1993 nián 11 yuè 25-29 rì quán guó zhèng xié zhù xí lǐ ruì huán fǎng ní 1994 nián 4 yuè 9-21 rì ní shàng yì yuàn yì cháng kǎ 'ěr jī fǎng huá 1994 nián 7 yuè 19-20 rì qián qí chēn fù zǒng lǐ jiān wài cháng fǎng ní 1994 nián 10 yuè 25-11 yuè 2 rì ní wáng tài zǐ dí pān dé lā fǎng huá 1995 nián 4 yuè 17-21 rì ní shǒuxiàng 'ā dí kǎ lǐ fǎng huá 1996 nián 4 yuè 17-23 rì ní shǒuxiàng dé wū pà fǎng huá 1996 nián 8 yuè 23-30 rì ní guó wáng bǐ lán dé lā fǎng huá 1996 nián 12 yuè 4-5 rì guó jiā zhù xí jiāng zé mín fǎng ní 1997 nián 11 yuè 10-14 rì quán guó rén dà fù wěi yuán cháng chén mù huá fǎng ní 2000 nián 5 yuè guó wù wěi yuán sī mǎ yì · ài mǎi tí fù ní cān jiā zhōng guó yuán jiàn de zhōng huá sì kāi guāng qìng diǎn 2000 nián 8 yuè 20-26 rì ní wài jiāo dà chén bā sī tuō lā fǎng huá 2001 nián 2 yuè zhōng yāng jūn wěi fù zhù xí、 guó fáng bù cháng chí hào tián fǎng ní 2001 nián 2 yuè ní guó wáng bǐ lán dé lā fǎng huá 2001 nián 5 yuè zhū róng jī zǒng lǐ fǎng ní 2002 nián 7 yuè jiǎ nán dé lā guó wáng fǎng huá 2003 nián 12 yuè 2-3 rì quán guó zhèng xié zhù xí jiǎ qìng lín fǎng ní 2004 nián 8 yuè ní bó 'ěr wáng chǔ pà lā sī fǎng huá 2005 nián 3 yuè lǐ zhào xīng wài cháng fǎng ní 2005 nián 4 yuè ní bó 'ěr guó wáng fù hǎi nán chū xí bó 'áo yà zhōu lùn tán nián huì 2005 nián 8 yuè ní bó 'ěr wài jiāo dà chén pān dí fǎng huá 2006 nián 3 yuè táng jiā xuán guó wù wěi yuán fǎng ní 2006 nián 8 yuè 26-9 yuè 2 rì ní bó 'ěr fù shǒu xiāng jiān wài jiāo dà chén 'ào lì fǎng huá 2007 nián 1 yuè quán guó rén dà cháng wěi huì fù wěi yuán cháng lǐ tiě yìng fǎng ní èr、 shuāng biān jīng mào guān xì hé jīng jì jì shù hé zuò zhōng ní jiàn jiāo hòu， liǎng guó zhèng fǔ xiān hòu qiān dìng mào yì、 jīng jì jì shù hé zuò、 bì miǎn shuāngchóng zhēng shuì hé fáng zhǐ tōu lòu shuì yǐ jí zhōng guó xīzàng zì zhì qū hé ní bó 'ěr zhī jiān de tōng shāng、 jiāo tōng děng xié dìng。 1983 nián 10 yuè chéng lì liǎng guó zhèng fǔ jiān jīng jì mào yì wěi yuán huì， dì yī cì huì yì yú 1984 nián zài běi jīng jǔ xíng， zhì jīn yǐ zhào kāi 9 cì huì yì。 1996 nián zhōng ní chéng lì mín jiān hé zuò lùn tán， yóu liǎng guó gōng shāng lián zhù bàn， qì yǐ jǔ xíng 8 cì huì yì。 （ yī） shuāng biān mào yì wǒ duì ní chū kǒu shāng pǐn zhù yào yòu fǎng zhì pǐn、 qīng gōng yè pǐn、 jī xiè shè bèi、 huà gōng pǐn、 hēi sè jīn zhǔhè xùchǎn pǐn děng； wǒ cóng ní jìn kǒu de shāng pǐn yòu gǔ wù、 má dài、 huáng má、 nán yào、 dà mǐ、 yān yè、 pí gé、 yòu jī rǎn liào děng。 jù zhōng guó hǎi guān zǒng shǔ tǒng jì， 2005 nián zhōng ní mào yì zǒng 'é wéi 1.96 yì měi yuán， qí zhōng zhōng fāng chū kǒu 1.88 yì měi yuán， jìn kǒu 800 wàn měi yuán， tóng bǐ fēn bié zēngzhǎng 14.6%、 15.1% hé 3.2%。 2006 nián， zhōng ní shuāng biān mào yì 'é wéi 2.68 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 36.5%。 qí zhōng wǒ chū kǒu 2.60 yì měi yuán， zēngzhǎng 38.2%， jìn kǒu 829 wàn měi yuán， jiǎn shǎo 2.5%。 wǒ xīzàng zì zhì qū tóng ní bó 'ěr zì 1962 nián qǐ kāi shǐ jìn xíng lù lù biān jìng mào yì， zhù yào tōng guò zhāng mù kǒu 'àn jìn xíng。 2006 nián biān mào zǒng 'é wéi 1.7616 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 51％， zhàn cáng ní mào yì zǒng 'é de 98.3%。 qí zhōng wǒ chū kǒu 1.7156 yì měi yuán， jìn kǒu 0.046 yì měi yuán。 2005 nián dì 10 jiè cáng ní mào yì qià tán huì zài ní jǔ xíng。 （ èr） duì ní yuán zhù zì 1956 nián yǐ lái， wǒ xiàng ní zhèng fǔ tí gōng jīng jì jì shù yuán zhù zǒng 'é 17.5 yì yuán rén mín bì， jūn wéi wú cháng yuán zhù， yǐ quán bù 'ān pái wán bì， zhù yào yòu gōng lù、 zhuān wǎ chǎng、 zào zhǐ chǎng、 shuǐ diàn zhàn、 fǎng zhì chǎng、 zhì gé chǎng、 shuǐ lì guàn gài gōng chéng、 táng chǎng hé guó jì huì yì dà shà děng。 mù qián gōng wù yuán yī yuàn、 bā ní pà zōng hé jì shù xué xiào 2 gè xiàng mù zài jiàn。 shā lā gōng lù、 mǎ hēng dé lā guó wáng zì rán bǎo hù jī jīn huì yán jiū suǒ、 jiā dé mǎn dū huán chéng gōng lù、 zhāng mù zhì jiā dé mǎn dū guāng lǎn、 chuán tǒng yī yào yán jiū suǒ děng 7 gè xiàng mù dài jiàn。 （ sān） chéng bāo láo wù hé zuò zhōng guó zài ní de gōng chéng chéng bāo hé láo wù hé zuò shǐ yú 1981 nián。 jié zhì 2006 nián dǐ， wǒ zài ní kāi zhǎn chéng bāo láo wù hé zuò yè wù hé tóng 'é 8.7726 yì měi yuán， wán chéng yíng yè 'é 8.3096 yì měi yuán。 gōng chéng chéng bāo hé tóng 'é wéi 8.6541 yì měi yuán， wán chéng yíng yè 'é 8.1993 yì měi yuán。 2006 nián， wǒ zài ní xīn qiān gōng chéng chéng bāo hé tóng 'é 8696 wàn měi yuán， wán chéng yíng yè 'é 5192 wàn měi yuán。 （ sì） duì ní tóu zī wǒ zài ní kāi bàn hé zī qǐ yè réng chǔyú qǐ bù jiē duàn。 jié zhì 2006 nián dǐ， wǒ zài ní fēi jīn róng lèi zhí jiē tóu zī gòng jì 3405 wàn měi yuán， qí zhōng 2006 nián wéi 32 wàn měi yuán。 tóng qī， ní zài huá tóu zī xiàng mù lěi jì 63 gè， hé tóng wài zī jīn 'é 1599 wàn měi yuán， shí jì tóu rù 138 wàn měi yuán。 zhù yào jīng yíng fàn wéi yòu cān yǐn、 shí pǐn jiā gōng、 fú zhuāng děng。 sān、 zài wén huà、 kē jì yǔ jiào yù děng fāng miàn de shuāng biān jiāo wǎng yǔ hé zuò zhōng ní shuāng fāng zài tǐ yù、 wén xué、 yì shù、 guǎng bō、 kē xué、 zōng jiào、 shè yǐng、 chū bǎn、 jiào yù děng fāng miàn jūn yòu jiāo liú。 zhōng fāng měi nián xiàng ní tí gōng yī dìng shù liàng de jiǎng xué jīn， wǒ xiàng ní tí gōng zhèng fǔ jiǎng xué jīn míng 'é wéi měi nián 100 rén。 mù qián yòu 109 míng ní liú xué shēng zài huá xué xí。 2001 nián， zhōng ní qiān shǔ“ guān yú zhōng guó gōng mín fù ní bó 'ěr lǚ yóu shí shī fāng 'àn de liàng jiě bèi wàng lù”。 2002 nián 6 yuè， zhōng guó gōng mín fù ní lǚ yóu zhèng shì qǐ dòng， ní chéng wéi dì 16 gè zhōng guó gōng mín zì fèi chū guó lǚ yóu mùdì dì guó jiā。 2005 nián， ní lǚ huá rén shù wéi 2.9 wàn rén， wǒ gōng mín shǒu zhàn fù ní yóu kè wéi 1.98 wàn rén。 2006 nián shuāng fāng rén yuán wǎng lái wéi 4.448 wàn rén。 sì、 shuāng biān guān xì zhōng de qí tā wèn tí （ yī） ní bó 'ěr yǔ wǒ xīzàng de guān xì zhōng guó xīzàng dì qū hé ní bó 'ěr yòu zhe chuán tǒng de yǒu hǎo wǎng lái， jìn nián lái cáng ní zài jīng mào、 lǚ yóu、 wén huà děng fāng miàn de hé zuò fā zhǎn jiào kuài。 1978 nián zhōng ní qiān dìng mín háng xié dìng， 1987 nián kāi tōng lā sà zhì jiā dé mǎn dū de háng xiàn， mù qián zhōng guó guó jì háng kōng gōng sī yòu měi zhōu liǎng cì de háng bān。 1994 nián 5 yuè， zhōng ní qiān shǔ jiā dé mǎn dū zhì lā sà qì chē yùn shū xié yì。 1999 nián， zhōng ní qiān shǔ biān jiè guò mù xié yì huàn wén。 2002 nián 7 yuè， zhōng ní qiān shǔ cáng ní tōng shāng xié dìng。 2003 nián 12 yuè， zhōng ní jiù zēng shè liǎng duì biān jìng mào yì diǎn jìn xíng huàn wén。 2005 nián 5 yuè， lā sà zhì jiā dé mǎn dū kāi tōng kè yùn zhí tōng chē。 8 yuè， zhōng ní jiù yán cháng biān mín guò jiè fàng mù qiān shǔ huàn wén， bìng qiān shǔ guān yú ní bó 'ěr jiè dào zhōng guó xīzàng gōng lù jìn xíng huò wù yùn shū de yì dìng shū。 12 yuè， xīzàng zì zhì qū zhù xí xiàng bā píng cuò fǎng ní。 2006 nián 8 yuè， ní fù shǒu xiāng jiān wài jiāo dà chén 'ào lì lái huá shí fǎng cáng。 （ èr） zhōng ní mín jiān hé zuò lùn tán qíng kuàng 1996 nián 4 yuè 18 rì， zhōng guó hé ní bó 'ěr liǎng guó zhèng fǔ zài běi jīng qiān shǔ liǎo《 zhōng ní mín jiān hé zuò lùn tán xié yì de huàn wén》， què dìng shuāng fāng jiàn lì yóu liǎng guó gōng shāng jiè rén shì、 xué zhě、 zhuān jiā hé zhèng fǔ dài biǎo zǔ chéng de zhōng ní mín jiān hé zuò lùn tán， zhǐ zài cù jìn liǎng guó jiān de mín jiān jīng mào jiāo liú yǔ hé zuò， tuī dòng liǎng guó yǒu hǎo hé zuò guān xì de fā zhǎn。 lùn tán zhōng fāng wěi yuán huì zhù rèn yóu quán guó gōng shāng lián cháng wù fù zhù xí zhāng xù wǔ dān rèn， wěi yuán yóu quán guó gōng shāng lián、 wài jiāo bù、 shāng wù bù、 guó wù yuàn fā zhǎn yán jiū zhōng xīn hé bù fēn mín yíng qǐ yè jiā dài biǎo zǔ chéng。 ní fāng wěi yuán huì zhù rèn yóu ní gōng shāng lián zhù xí shī léi sī tǎ dān rèn。 2003 nián lùn tán zài ní jǔ xíng dì 7 cì huì yì。 2005 nián 1 yuè， zhōng ní zài hǎi nán sān yà zhào kāi lùn tán dì 8 cì huì yì。 wǔ、 zhòng yào shuāng biān xié yì 1956 nián 9 yuè 20 rì yǒu hǎo yǐ jí cáng ní tōng shāng jiāo tōng xié dìng 1960 nián 3 yuè biān jiè xié dìng 1960 nián 4 yuè 28 rì hé píng yǒu hǎo tiáo yuē 1961 nián 10 yuè 5 rì biān jiè tiáo yuē 1963 nián 1 yuè 20 rì biān jiè yì dìng shū 1964 nián 5 yuè 19 rì mào yì xié dìng 1964 nián 10 yuè 11 rì wén huà hé zuò xié dìng 1966 nián 5 yuè 2 rì cáng ní tōng shāng jiāo tōng xié dìng 1978 nián 8 yuè 21 rì mín háng xié dìng 1981 nián 11 yuè 22 rì mào yì hé zhī fù xié dìng shū 1983 nián 10 yuè 10 rì biān mín guò mù huàn wén 1986 nián 8 yuè 1 rì zhòng qiān cáng ní tōng shāng jiāo tōng xié dìng 1986 nián 11 yuè 11 rì biān mín guò mù huàn wén 1987 nián 8 yuè lā sà - jiā dé mǎn dōubù dìng qī fēi xíng bèi wàng lù 1996 nián 4 yuè 18 rì mín jiān hé zuò lùn tán huàn wén 1999 nián 8 yuè biān mín guò mù huàn wén 2001 nián 5 yuè bì miǎn shuāngchóng zhēng shuì hé fáng zhǐ tōu lòu shuì xié dìng 2002 nián 7 yuè zhòng qiān cáng ní tōng shāng xié dìng 2003 nián 12 yuè zēng shè biān jìng mào yì diǎn huàn wén 2005 nián 8 yuè yán cháng biān mín guò mù xié yì de huàn wén hù miǎn chí wài jiāo、 gōng wù hù zhào rén yuán qiān zhèng de xié dìng hù fā shāng wù rén yuán duō cì qiān zhèng xié yì de huàn wén ní bó 'ěr jiè dào zhōng guó xīzàng gōng lù jìn xíng huò wù yùn shū de yì dìng shū zhōng guó zhù ní dà shǐ： zhèng xiáng lín。 guǎn zhǐ： BALUWATARKATHMANDUNEPAL。 diàn huà :977 － 1－ 4411740（ bàn gōng shì）， 4416485（ zhèng zhì chù）， 4415383（ wén huà chù）， 4419053（ qiān zhèng chù）。 diàn chuán： 2545COCENP。 chuán zhēn :4414045。 wǎng zhǐ： www.chinaembassy.org.np( yīng wén ) jīng shāng chù dì zhǐ： TRIPUESWOR,KATHMANDU,NEPAL。 xìn xiāng :P.O.BOXNO.4234。 diàn huà :977－ 1－ 4418622/4418972。 diàn chuán :2545COCENP。 wǎng zhǐ： np.mofcom.gov.cn（ zhōng wén） ní zhù huá shǐ guǎn lín shí dài bàn： kù shī · nà lā yáng · shī ruì sī tǎ gōng shǐ xián cān zàn（ Mr.KhushNarayanShrestha,Minister-Counsellor）。 guǎn zhǐ： běi jīng cháo yáng qū sān lǐ tún lù xī 6 jiē 1 hào。 diàn huà： 65321795。 chuán zhēn： 65323251。 diàn chuán： 210408NEPBJCN。 wǎng zhǐ： www.nepalembassy.org.cn tóng yìn dù de guān xì： 1947 nián 6 yuè liǎng guó zhèng shì jiàn jiāo。 2006 nián ní yìn liǎng guó gāo céng wǎng lái pín fán。 4 yuè， yìn zǒng lǐ màn · xīn gé（ ManmohanSingh） pài tè shǐ kǎ lán · xīn gé (KaranSingh) hé wài mì xī fū xiāng kǎ 'ěr · méi nóng（ ShivshankarMenon） fǎng ní， yǔ ní lǐng dǎo rén jiù ní jú shì jiāo huàn yì jiàn。 6 yuè， ní shǒuxiàng kē yī lā là fǎng yìn， yǔ xīn gé zǒng lǐ huì wù。 yìn duì ní hé píng jìn chéng biǎo shì huān yíng hé zhī chí， tóng yì zài 2006-07 cái nián xiàng ní tí gōng 80 yì lú bǐ（ yuē hé 1.07 yì měi yuán） yù suàn zhī chí。 7 yuè， ní nèi zhèng dà chén xī táo lā fǎng yìn。 yìn guó dà dǎng zǒng shū jì tè lǐ pà dì（ DeviPrasadTripathi） fǎng ní。 11 yuè， ní fù shǒu xiāng jiān wài jiāo dà chén xià 'ěr mǎ · ào lì（ K.P.SharmaOli） fǎng yìn。 12 yuè， yìn wài cháng pǔ lā nà bù · mù kè jí（ PranabMukerjee） fǎng ní， huì jiàn ní zhèng fǔ hé zhèng dǎng zhù yào lǐng dǎo rén， bìng xiàng kē yī lā là shǒuxiàng zhuǎn jiāo liǎo yìn zǒng lǐ xīn gé yāo qǐng qí chū xí dì 14 jiè nán méng fēng huì de hán。 guān yú ní jú shì， mù biǎo shì yìn zūn zhòng ní rén mín hé zhèng dǎng de jué dìng， huān yíng ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） huí guī zhèng zhì zhù liú， yuàn jì xù xiàng ní hé píng jìn chéng tí gōng yuán zhù。 yìn shì ní zuì dà mào yì huǒ bàn hé zhòng yào yuán zhù guó。 2005-06 cái nián qián 8 gè yuè， ní duì yìn chū kǒu yuē 4 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 21.5%， zhàn ní chū kǒu zǒng 'é de 69.1%。 ní cóng yìn jìn kǒu yuē 9.75 yì měi yuán， tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng 34.8%， zhàn ní jìn kǒu zǒng 'é de 63.3%。 2006-07 cái nián， yìn duì ní fā zhǎn yuán zhù dá 35 yì lú bǐ（ yuē hé 4700 wàn měi yuán）， wéi shàng yī cái nián de 3 bèi。 tóng měi guó de guān xì： 1947 nián 4 yuè， ní měi jiàn jiāo bìng qiān dìng yǒu hǎo hé shāng wù tiáo yuē。 2005 nián 2 yuè， jiǎ nán dé lā guó wáng qīn zhèng， měi xuān bù tíng zhǐ duì ní jūn yuán、 jūn shòu。 5 yuè 9-11 rì， měi guó fù zé nán yà shì wù zhù lǐ guó wù qīng luó kǎ duì ní jìn xíng gōng zuò fǎng wèn。 luó kǎ huì jiàn liǎo jiǎ nán dé lā guó wáng、 dà chén wěi yuán huì liǎng wèi fù zhù xí、 wài jiāo dà chén、 ní jūn zǒng cān móu cháng， yǐ jí ní zhù yào zhèng dǎng lǐng dǎo rén。 tài píng yáng sī lìng bù sī lìng fǎ lún。 2006 nián 4 yuè， ní zhèng dǎng tuī fān guó wáng qīn zhèng， bìng zǔ jiàn xīn zhèng fǔ。 měi zǒng tǒng bù shí zhì diàn zhù hè kē yī lā là chū rèn shǒuxiàng。 5 yuè chū， měi zhù guǎn nán yà hé zhōng yà shì wù zhù lǐ guó wù qīng bāo rùn shí（ RichardA.Boucher） fǎng ní， huì jiàn ní zhèng fǔ hé zhèng dǎng lǐng dǎo rén。 bāo biǎo shì， měi jiāng quán miàn zhī chí ní xīn zhèng fǔ， bāo kuò mín zhù jìn chéng hé tí gōng shè huì jīng jì yuán zhù， bìng kǎo lǜ huī fù duì ní jūn yuán。 ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） bì xū fàng qì bào lì huí guī zhèng zhì zhù liú。 měi zhī chí ní guó wáng wéi lǐ yí xìng jūn zhù， guó wáng jīn hòu de mìng yùn qǔ jué yú ní rén mín。 2007 nián 4 yuè 1 rì， ní lín shí zhèng fǔ chéng lì， měi zhù ní shǐ guǎn shēng míng biǎo shì zhī chí。 wén huà yí chǎn dù bā guǎng chǎng（ DurbarSquare）： shì jiā dé mǎn dū zuì yòu míng de guǎng chǎng， yě shì guān shǎng ní bó 'ěr sì miào jiàn zhù de hǎo dì fāng。 zhè lǐ náng kuò liǎo ní bó 'ěr shí liù shì jì zhì shí jiǔ shì jì zhī jiān de gǔ jì jiàn zhù， guǎng chǎng shàng zǒng gòng yòu wǔ shí zuò yǐ shàng de sì miào hé gōng diàn。 sī wǎ yáng bù nà tè sì（ Swayambhunath）： yě shì yī zuò yuán fó tǎ , yòu míng hóu zǐ miào（ MonkeyTemple）。 yóu yú tā zuò luò zài gǔ dì lǐ de hóu shān（ shān shàng yòu bù shǎo yě shēng de hóu zǐ） dǐng， gāo gāo zài shàng mò shì sì fāng， ér chéng wéi ní bó 'ěr de xiàng zhēng zhī yī。 bó dá hā dà fó tǎ（ Bodhnath）： shì quán shì jiè zuì dà de yuán fó tǎ， bái sè jù dà de qióng xíng， qì shì bù fán， gěi rén yǐ kuān dà wéi huái de gǎn jué。 bā dé gǎng dōng bù de Tachupal jiē yī dài shì jiù chéng qū。 zài 14-16 shì jì， bā dé gǎng shì jiā dé mǎn dū gǔ dì de shǒu dū。 dāng shí， chéng shì de zhōng xīn wèi yú xī bù de gōng diàn guǎng chǎng yī dài。 chéng zhōng de xǔ duō jiàn zhù shǐ yú 17 shì jì mò。 chāng gǔ nà lā yáng sì： wèi yú bā dé gǎng de chāng gǔ cūn， shì bǎo hù shén pí shī nú de miào yǔ。 gāi sì de lì shǐ kě yǐ zhuī sù dào gōng yuán 4 shì jì。 pà tǎn huáng gōng： gōng diàn guǎng chǎng de zhěng gè dōng bù dōushì pà tǎn de huáng gōng。 huáng gōng de yī bù fēn shì zài 14 shì jì jiàn chéng de， dàn zhù tǐ jiàn zhù shì zài 17-18 shì jì wán chéng de。 pà tǎn de huáng gōng shì zuì gǔ lǎo de， nián dài bǐ jiā dé mǎn dū hé bā dé gǎng de huáng gōng gèng jiǔ yuǎn。 pà sī pà tí nà sì： shì yìn dù jiào zuì zhòng yào de miào yǔ zhī yī。 zhè zuò miào yǔ yōng yòu sān céng shì wū dǐng， zhōu wéi hái yòu yī xiē qī chéng huáng sè hé bái sè de jiàn zhù wù， zhè lǐ zhǐ yǔn xǔ yìn dù jiào tú jìn rù， rú guǒ shì yóu kè jiù zhǐ néng zhàn zài mén kǒu hàoqí dì guān wàng。 lán pí ní： shì fó jiào chuàng shǐ rén shì jiā móu ní de dàn shēng dì， wèi yú ní bó 'ěr nán bù tè lāi píng yuán， jù yìn dù zhǐ yòu 20 duō gōng lǐ。 shì shì jiè gè dì fó jiào tú kě wàng cháo bài zhī dì， yě shì dāng dài fó jiào fù xīng de jī dì。 [fontstyle="FONT-SIZE:22pt;FONT-FAMILY: sòng tǐ ;mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"] zhèng zhì [/font]： xiàn xíng xiàn fǎ shì ní lì shǐ shàng de dì sān bù xiàn fǎ， yú １ ９９ ０ nián１１ yuè９ rì bān bù。 xiàn fǎ guī dìng， ní shì yī gè shí xíng duō dǎng mín zhù zhì hé jūn zhù lì xiàn zhì de yìn dù jiào wáng guó。 guó wáng wèiguó jiā yuán shǒu hé wǔ zhuāng bù duì tǒng shuài， shì guó jiā tǒng yī hé rén mín tuán jié de xiàng zhēng。 ２００ ６ nián ４ yuè， xīn zhèng fǔ zǔ chéng hòu xuān bù jiāng jìn xíng zhì xiàn huì yì xuǎn jǔ， zhì dìng lín shí xiàn fǎ。２００６ nián ５ yuè１ ８ rì， ní bó 'ěr yì huì tōng guò xīn nèi gé tí jiāo de jué yì cǎo 'àn， jiě chú guó wáng yōng yòu de yī qiē tè quán， guī dìng ní bó 'ěr wéi“ shì sú guó jiā”， yì huì chéng wéi quán guó zuì gāo quán lì jué cè jī gòu。 jué yì guī dìng， yuán“ ní bó 'ěr guó wáng bì xià zhèng fǔ” jiāng gēngmíng wéi“ ní bó 'ěr zhèng fǔ”； yuán“ huáng jiā ní bó 'ěr jūn” jiāng gēngmíng wéi“ ní bó 'ěr guó mín jūn”； guó wáng yě bù zài yōng yòu jūn duì zǒng sī lìng tóu xián， jūn duì de diào qiǎn jí zuì gāo tǒng shuài de rèn mìng yóu dà chén huì yì（ nèi gé） jué dìng， bìng jīng yì huì xiāng guān wěi yuán huì pī zhǔn。 jué yì hái guī dìng， yuán huáng jiā shì wù gù wèn jī gòu“ huáng jiā wěi yuán huì” jiāng bèi jiě sàn， yòu guān shì wù yóu yì huì jiē guǎn； guó wáng jiāng wéi qí cái chǎn jí shōu rù jiǎo nà shuì kuǎn， wáng gōng yù suàn kāi zhī yóu yì huì jué dìng； guó wáng yě bù zài yōng yòu zhǐ dìng wáng wèi jì chéng rén de quán lì， zhè xiàng quán lì yóu yì huì yōng yòu； guó wáng jiāng bù zài yōng yòu zhào kāi yì huì quán tǐ huì yì de quán lì， shǒuxiàng kě tí chū zhào kāi yì huì quán huì de yào qiú， dàn zuì zhōng jué dìng yóu yì cháng zuò chū。 jué yì hái qiáng diào， rèn hé yǔ gāi jué yì nèi róng bù yī zhì de xiàn fǎ hé fǎ lǜ tiáo kuǎn dū jiāng bèi shì wéi wú xiào。６ yuè１０ rì， ní yì huì quán tǐ huì yì tōng guò yī xiàng xīn guī zhāng， guī dìng guó wáng wán quán tuō lí yì huì shì wù。 gēn jù xīn guī zhāng， guó jiā jī qì de yī qiē zhí néng gōng zuò jiāng yóu yì huì zhǐ huī， guó jiā yī qiē zhòng dà jué dìng jiāng yóu yì huì zuò chū huò shòu quán zuò chū， xiàn fǎ nèi róng de xiū gǎi jiāng yóu yì huì tǎo lùn jìn xíng， zhèng fǔ bù mén de zhòng yào jué dìng jiāng zhí jiē tí jiāo yì huì pī zhǔn zhí xíng， ér bù xū shì xiān jīng guó wáng rèn kě。 cǐ wài， zhèng fǔ nèi gé dà chén、 jūn duì zhì 'ān bù duì lǐng dǎo rén、 zhù wài shǐ jié děng de xuān shì jiù zhí yí shì yě yóu guó wáng zài wáng gōng zhù chí gǎi yóu yì huì xiāng guān wěi yuán huì zài yì huì zhù chí jǔ xíng。 ní bó 'ěr fù nǚ qìng zhù chuán tǒng jié rì héng héng nǚ rén jié ７ yuè ３１ rì， ní nèi gé huì yì jué dìng， dà fú xuē jiǎn xiǎng shòu wáng shì jīn tiē de wáng shì jiā zú chéng yuán。 gēn jù xīn guī dìng， jīn hòu， zhǐ yòu guó wáng、 wáng hòu、 wáng chǔ、 wáng chǔ fēi hé wáng hòu de mǔ qīn kě yǐ xiǎng shòu wáng shì jīn tiē。９ yuè２２ rì， ní yì huì tōng guò xiū gǎi hòu de xīn jūn duì fǎ guī dìng， ní bó 'ěr wǔ zhuāng lì liàng de zuì gāo tǒng shuài bù zài yóu guó wáng dān rèn， jūn duì zhǐ huī quán jiāng yóu zhèng fǔ hé yì huì zhǎng kòng。 zhèng fǔ jūn de kòng zhì hé diào qiǎn jiāng gēn jù shǒuxiàng lǐng dǎo de guó jiā 'ān quán lǐ shì huì de jiàn yì， yóu zhèng fǔ zuì zhōng jué dìng。 xīn jūn duì fǎ hái guī dìng， shè lì tè bié jūn shì fǎ tíng， fù zé chǔlǐ jūn nèi xíng shì fàn zuì 'àn jiàn。２００７ nián１ yuè１５ rì， ní yì huì bān bù lín shí xiàn fǎ， zǔ jiàn bāo kuò ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） cān jiā de lín shí yì huì。 hé píng xié yì jí ní bó 'ěr lín shí xiàn fǎ guī dìng， jiāng tōng guò xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng zhì xiàn huì yì， fù zé zhì dìng xīn xiàn fǎ yǐ jí jué dìng ní bó 'ěr wèi lái zhèng tǐ。 tóng nián３ yuè， lín shí yì huì tōng guò lín shí xiàn fǎ dì yī xiū zhèng 'àn， jué dìng tōng guò zhì xiàn huì yì xuǎn jǔ zài ní shí xíng mín zhù lián bāng zhì。４ yuè， ní lín shí zhèng fǔ zǔ jiàn。６ yuè， ní bó 'ěr lín shí yì huì tōng guò lín shí xiàn fǎ dì 'èr xiū zhèng 'àn。 gēn jù lín shí xiàn fǎ dì 'èr xiū zhèng 'àn， rú guǒ lín shí yì huì huò dé néng gòu zhèng míng guó wáng zǔ náo huò shì tú zǔ náo zhì xiàn huì yì xuǎn jǔ de zhèng jù， lín shí yì huì kě tōng guò biǎo jué， bìng zài dé dào sān fēn zhī 'èr duō shù yì yuán zhī chí de qíng kuàng xià fèi chú jūn zhù zhì。 xiū zhèng 'àn guī dìng， xiāng guān zhèng jù bì xū yóu ní bó 'ěr nèi gé tí jiāo。 tóng nián１２ yuè２３ rì， ní bó 'ěr zhí zhèng de qī dǎng lián méng lǐng dǎo rén qiān shǔ xié yì， jué dìng fèi chú jūn zhù zhì， zài lín shí xiàn fǎ zhōng guī dìng“ mín zhù gòng hé” de nèi róng， dàn shàng shù jué dìng zuì zhōng xū jīng zhì xiàn huì yì xuǎn jǔ hòu de dì yī cì quán tǐ huì yì pī zhǔn hòu fāng néng shēng xiào。 zài cǐ zhī qián， yóu shǒuxiàng dài lǐ guó jiā yuán shǒu， chǔlǐ guó jiā shì wù。１２ yuè２８ rì， ní bó 'ěr lín shí yì huì tōng guò lín shí xiàn fǎ xiū zhèng 'àn， xuān bù ní bó 'ěr jiāng chéng wéi“ lián bāng mín zhù gòng hé guó”。２００８ nián４ yuè， ní bó 'ěr jǔ xíng zhì xiàn huì yì xuǎn jǔ， ní gòng（ máo zhù yì） qǔ dé２２０ gè zhì xiàn huì yì xí wèi， chéng wéi zuì dà zhèng dǎng。 tóng nián５ yuè２７ rì， ní bó 'ěr zhì xiàn huì yì chéng yuán xuān shì jiù zhí， ní bó 'ěr zhì xiàn huì yì yóu cǐ chéng lì。５ yuè２８ rì， ní bó 'ěr zhì xiàn huì yì dì yī cì huì yì zài jiā dé mǎn dū guó jì huì yì zhōng xīn tōng guò yóu ní bó 'ěr lín shí zhèng fǔ tí chū de yì 'àn， yǐ 560 míng tóng yì， 4 míng fǎn duì de jù dà yōu shì xuān bù fèi chú jūn zhù zhì， jiāng guó tǐ gǎi wéi lián bāng mín zhù gòng hé guó。 zì cǐ， yōng yòu２３９ nián lì shǐ de ní bó 'ěr shā 'ā wáng cháo xuān gào zhōng jié， guó wáng jiǎ nán dé lā chéng wéi píng mín .５ yuè２９ rì zài bǎi tuō liǎo cháng dá 239 nián de jūn zhù tǒng zhì zhī hòu， ní bó 'ěr rén jīn rì kāi shǐ qìng zhù zì jǐ zǒu xiàng gòng hé de dì yī tiān， ní bó 'ěr huáng shì xuán guà de huáng jiā qí zhì yě huǎn huǎn jiàng xià。 qí yuán shǒuxiàng kē yī lā là chéng wéi ní bó 'ěr dì yī rèn zǒng tǒng。 ní bó 'ěr qián guó wáng jiǎ nán dé lā dāng dì shí jiān１１ rì２０ shí３０ fēn zuǒ yòu cóng wèi yú jiā dé mǎn dū shì zhōng xīn de nà lā yáng xī dì wáng gōng lí kāi， qián wǎng wèi yú jiā dé mǎn dū jiāo qū de nè gé 'ěr zhū nà gōng。 The modern state was formed with the Unification of Nepal by Prithvi Narayan Shah on December 21, 1768. Prior to 2006, Nepal was a kingdom and the only nation with Hinduism as its official religion. At present, Nepal is officially and constitutionally a secular country. Its recent history has involved struggles for democratic government with periods of direct monarchic rule. From 1995 until 2006, Nepal suffered from a Civil War between government forces and Maoist guerrillas of the Communist Party of Nepal. On December 28, 2007, the Interim Parliament passed a bill and declared Nepal to be a Federal Democratic Republic. The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly officially implemented that declaration on May 28, 2008. Nepal is a multi-cultural, multi-linguistic and multi religious country. For a relatively small country, Nepal has a diverse landscape, ranging from the humid Terai plains in the south to the mountainous Himalayas in the north, which makes it a major tourist destination. Hinduism is practised by a huge majority of the people, but the country also has a strong Buddhist tradition; Lumbini, the birthplace of Buddha Siddhartha Gautama is located in the Terai, one of the three regions of Nepal. The capital Kathmandu is the largest city in the country. The official language is Nepali and the state currency is the Nepalese Rupee (NPR). Nepal's Flag is the only national flag in the world that is non-quadrilateral in shape. It is believed that lord Vishnu had organized the Nepali people and given them this flag, with the sun and moon as emblems on it. The word Nepal is derived from Nepal (नेपा:); the old name of Kathmandu valley was Nepal in Nepal Bhasa, the language of Newars, who were the early inhabitants of the valley, long before the unification of Nepal. The fact that Nepal Sambat, one of the three main calendars of Nepal, existed long before the unification of Nepal proves this historical fact.The Nepal Sambat calendar, named after this Newar kingdom was devised 1200 years ago, is still one of the major calendars used in Nepal. Historians and local traditions say that a Hindu sage named "Ne" established himself in the valley of Kathmandu during prehistoric times, and that the word "Nepal" means the place protected ("pala" in Sanskrit) by the sage "Ne". He performed religious ceremonies at Teku, the confluence of the Bagmati and Bishnumati rivers. According to legend he selected a pious cowherd to be the first of the many kings of the Gopala Dynasty. These rulers are said to have ruled Nepal for over 500 years. He selected Bhuktaman to be the first king in the line of the Gopal (Cowherd) Dynasty. The Gopal dynasty ruled for 621 years. Yakshya Gupta was the last king of this dynasty.However,this mythology can be challenged as no such name as Ne exists in Nepali or other sanskrit derived languages. According to Skanda Purana, a rishi called "Ne" or "Nemuni" used to live in Himalaya. In the Pashupati Purana, he is mentioned as a saint and a protector. He is said to have practiced penance at the Bagmati and Kesavati rivers and to have taught his doctrines there too. Another legend ties the name to agriculture; "Ne" means wool in the Tibetan language and "pal" means house or godown. Language All the languages spoken in Nepal are the national languages. Nepali is the official language of Nepal. It was originally called Khaskura, but became known as Nepali during the 20th century. However, all languages spoken in Nepal can be used for official purposes and documentation irrespective of what the official language is . In the capital Kathmandu, Nepali and Nepal Bhasa/Newari are the most widely used languages. History Prehistory Neolithic tools found in the Kathmandu Valley indicate that people have been living in the Himalayan region for at least 9,000 years. It appears that people who were probably of Kirant ethnicity lived in Nepal 2,500 years ago. Ancient Nepal is mentioned in Hindu scriptures such as the Narayana Puja and the Atharva Siras (800-600 BC).Around 1000 BC, small kingdoms and confederations of clans arose in the region. From one of these, the Shakya confederation, arose a prince named Siddharta Gautama (563–483 BC), who later renounced his royalty to lead an ascetic life and came to be known as the Buddha ("the enlightened one").7th Kirata king Jitedasti was on throne in Nepal valley at the time. By 250 BC, the region came under the influence of the Mauryan empire of northern India, and later became a vassal state under the Gupta Dynasty in the fourth century AD. From the late fifth century, rulers called the Licchavis governed the area. There is a good and quite detailed description of the kingdom of Nepal in the account of the renowned Chinese Buddhist pilgrim monk, Xuanzang, dating from c. 645 AD. The Licchavi dynasty went into decline in the late eighth century and was followed by a Newari era, from 879, although the extent of their control over the entire country is uncertain. By the late 11th century, southern Nepal came under the influence of the Chalukaya Empire of southern India. Under the Chalukayas, Nepal's religious establishment changed as the kings patronised Hinduism instead of the prevailing Buddhism. Medieval By the early 12th century, leaders were emerging whose names ended with the Sanskrit suffix malla ("wrestler"). Initially their reign was marked by upheaval, but the kings consolidated their power and ruled over the next 200 years; by the late 14th century, much of the country began to come under a unified rule. This unity was short-lived; in 1482 the region was carved into three kingdoms: Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur. Hindu temples in Patan, capital of one of the three medieval Newar kingdomsAfter centuries of petty rivalry between the three kingdoms, in the mid-18th century Prithvi Narayan Shah, a Gorkha King set out to unify the kingdoms. Seeking arms and aid from India, and buying the neutrality of bordering Indian kingdoms, he embarked on his mission in 1765. After several bloody battles and sieges, he managed to unify Kathmandu Valley three years later in 1768. However, an actual battle never took place to conquer the Kathmandu valley; it was taken over by Prithvi Narayan and his troops without any effort, during Indra Jatra, a festival of Newars, when all the valley's citizens were celebrating the festival. This event marked the birth of the modern nation of Nepal. Modern There is historical evidence that, at one time, the boundary of Greater Nepal extended from Tista River on the East to Kangara, across Sutlej River, in the west. A dispute and subsequently war with Tibet over the control of mountain passes forced the Nepalese to retreat and pay heavy reparations. Rivalry between Nepal and the British East India Company over the annexation of minor states bordering Nepal eventually led to the Anglo-Nepalese War (1815–16). The valor displayed by the Nepalese during the war astounded their enemies and earned them their image of fierce and ruthless "Gurkhas". The war ended the Treaty of Sugauli. This treaty ceded Sikkim and lands in Terai to the Company. Factionalism inside the royal family had led to a period of instability. In 1846 a plot was discovered, revealing that the reigning queen had planned to overthrow Jung Bahadur Rana, a fast-rising military leader. This led to the Kot Massacre; armed clashes between military personnel and administrators loyal to the queen led to the execution of several hundred princes and chieftains around the country. Jung Bahadur Rana emerged victorious and founded the Rana lineage. The king was made a titular figure, and the post of Prime Minister was made powerful and hereditary. The Ranas were staunchly pro-British, and assisted them during the Indian Sepoy Rebellion in 1857 (and later in both World Wars). The decision to help British East India Company was taken by the Rana Regime, then led by Jang Bahadur Rana. Some parts of Terai Region were given back to Nepal by the British as a friendly gesture, because of her military help to sustain British control in India during the Sepoy Rebellion. In 1923, the United Kingdom and Nepal formally signed an agreement of friendship, in which Nepal's independence was recognized by the UK. Nepalese royalty in the 1920sSlavery was abolished in Nepal in 1924. In the late 1940s, newly emerging pro-democracy movements and political parties in Nepal were critical of the Rana autocracy. Meanwhile, with the assertion of Chinese control in Tibet in the 1950s, India sought to counterbalance the perceived military threat from its northern neighbour by taking pre-emptive steps to assert more influence in Nepal. India sponsored both King Tribhuvan as Nepal's new ruler in 1951, and a new government, mostly comprising the Nepali Congress Party, thus terminating Rana hegemony in the kingdom. After years of power wrangling between the king and the government, the monarch scrapped the democratic experiment in 1959, and a "partyless" panchayat system was made to govern Nepal until 1989, when the "Jan Andolan" (People's Movement) forced the monarchy to accept constitutional reforms and to establish a multiparty parliament that took seat in May 1991. In 1996, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) started a bid to replace the royal parliamentary system with a people's socialist republic. This led to the long Nepal Civil War and more than 12,000 deaths. On June 1, 2001, there was a massacre in the royal palace; it left the King, the Queen and the Heir Apparent Crown Prince Dipendra among the dead. Prince Dipendra was accused of patricide and of committing suicide thereafter, alleged to be a violent response to his parents' refusal to accept his choice of wife. However, there are lots of speculations and doubts among Nepalese citizens about the person(s) responsible for the Royal Massacre. Following the carnage, the throne was inherited by King Birendra's brother Gyanendra. On February 1, 2005, Gyanendra dismissed the entire government and assumed full executive powers to quash the violent Maoist movement. In September 2005, the Maoists declared a three-month unilateral ceasefire to negotiate their demands. In response to the 2006 democracy movement, the king agreed to relinquish the sovereign power back to the people and reinstated the dissolved House of Representatives on April 24, 2006. Using its newly acquired sovereign authority, on May 18, 2006, the newly resumed House of Representatives unanimously passed a motion to curtail the power of the king and declared Nepal a secular state, abolishing its time honoured official status as a Hindu Kingdom. On December 28, 2007, a bill was passed in parliament, to amend Article 159 of the constitution - replacing "Provisions regarding the King" by "Provisions of the Head of the State" - declaring Nepal a federal republic, and thereby abolishing the monarchy. The bill came into force on May 28, 2008 as a constituent assembly meeting in the capital, Kathmandu, overwhelmingly voted to abolish royal rule. End of monarchy The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) won the largest number of seats in the Constituent Assembly election held on 10 April 2008, and are trying to form a coalition government with some smaller parties. The Maoists had insisted on the abolition of the monarchy and the removal of Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev as King with Nepal becoming a federal democratic state with an elected head of state. The newly-elected Assembly met in Kathmandu on May 28, 2008 and abolished the monarchy that had reigned for 240 years. There was a polling of constituent Assembly members and out of a total of 564 Assembly members, 560 voted to end Nepal's monarchical rule. The proposal declared that Nepal had become an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular and an inclusive democratic republic. Nepal's government has announced a public holiday for three days, from May 28 to May 30, to celebrate the country becoming a republic. The Narayanhity palace removed the royal flag that was flying on its premises and replaced it with Nepal's national flag on 29 May 2008. Geography Geography of Nepal is uncommonly diverse. Nepal is of roughly trapezoidal shape, 800 kilometres (500 mi) long and 200 kilometres (125 mi) wide, with an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi). See List of territories by size for the comparative size of Nepal. Nepal is commonly divided into three physiographic areas: the Mountain, Hill, Siwalik region and Terai Regions. These ecological belts run east-west and are vertically intersected by Nepal's major, north to south flowing river systems. The southern lowland Plains bordering India are part of the northern rim of the Indo-Gangetic plains. They were formed and are fed by three major rivers: the Kosi, the Narayani, and the Karnali. This region has a hot, humid climate. The Hill Region (Pahad) abuts the mountains and varies from 1,000 to 4,000 metres (3,300–13,125 ft) in altitude. Two low mountain ranges, the Mahabharat Lekh and Shiwalik Range (also called the Churia Range) dominate the region. The hilly belt includes the Kathmandu Valley, the country's most fertile and urbanised area. Unlike the valleys called Inner Tarai (Bhitri Tarai Uptyaka), elevations above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) are sparsely populated. The Mountain Region, situated in the Great Himalayan Range, makes the northern part of Nepal. It contains the regions of highest altitude in the world; the world's highest mountain, 8,850 metres (29,035 ft) height Mount Everest (Sagarmatha in Nepali) is located here on the border with Tibet. Seven other of the world's ten highest mountains are located in Nepal: Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Kanchenjunga, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna and Manaslu. The arid and barren Himalayan landscape.Nepal has five climatic zones, broadly corresponding to the altitudes. The tropical and subtropical zones lie below 1,200 metres (3,940 ft), the temperate zone 1,200 to 2,400 metres (3,900–7,875 ft), the cold zone 2,400 to 3,600 metres (7,875–11,800 ft), the subarctic zone 3,600 to 4,400 metres (11,800–14,400 ft), and the Arctic zone above 4,400 metres (14,400 ft). Nepal experiences five seasons: summer, monsoon, autumn, winter and spring. The Himalaya blocks cold winds from Central Asia in winter, and forms the northern limit of the monsoon wind patterns. Once thickly forested, deforestation is a major problem in all regions, with resulting erosion and degradation of ecosystems. Nepal is a hotspot of mountaineering, containing some of the highest and most challenging mountains in the world, including Mount Everest. Technically, the south-east ridge on the Nepali side of the mountain is easier to climb; so, most climbers prefer to trek to Everest through Nepal. Until the Sugauli Sandhi (treaty) was signed, the territory of Nepal also included Darjeeling, and Tista to the east, Nainital to the south-west and Kalapani, Susta, Garhwal to the west. However, today these areas are a part of India. As a result, Nepal shares no boundary with Bangladesh now and the two countries are separated by a narrow strip of land about 21 kilometre (13 mi) wide, called the Siliguri Corridor or Chicken's Neck. Efforts are underway to make this area a free-trade zone.The border dispute between India and Nepal has often been a cause of tension between the two countries. Subdivisions Subdivisions of Nepal Nepal is divided into 14 zones and 75 districts, grouped into 5 development regions. Each district is headed by a permanent chief district officer responsible for maintaining law and order and coordinating the work of field agencies of the various government ministries. The 14 zones are: Bagmati Bheri Dhawalagiri Gandaki Janakpur Karnali Kosi Lumbini Mahakali Mechi Narayani Rapti Sagarmatha Seti Neotectonics of Nepal The collision between the Indian subcontinent and the Eurasian continent, which started in Paleogene time and continues today, produced the Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau, a spectacular modern example of the effects of plate tectonics. Nepal lies completely within this collision zone, occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one third of the 2400km-long Himalayas. The Indian plate continues to move northward relative to Asia at the rate of ~50mm/yr. Given the great magnitudes of the blocks of the Earth’s crust involved, this is remarkably fast, about twice the speed at which human fingernails grow. As the strong Indian continental crust subducts beneath the relatively weak Tibetan crust, it pushes up the Himalaya mountains. This collision zone has accommodated huge amounts of crustal shortening as the rock sequences slide one over another. Erosion of the Himalayas is a very important source of sediment, which flows via great rivers (Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra) to the Indian Ocean. Structural and Neotectonic pattern of Nepal The main structures of Nepal consist of several north-dipping thrust faults; the more important ones are the main frontal thrust (MFT), the main boundary thrust (MBT) and the main central thrust (MCT) (F. Jouanne et al.,2004). These thrust faults lie to the south of the South Tibetan Detachment System( STDS) which is a system of low angle normal faults and is also an important aspect of Nepal Himalayan tectonics. Geological Map of Nepal Showing Major Tectonic Thrusts.The thrust faults trend generally 120°N in western Nepal, curving to 90°N in the eastern part of the country (Upreti & Le Fort 1999). These thrust faults, with generally southerly transport directions (Brunel 1986; Pecher 1991; Mugnier et al.,1999), are inferred to branch off the major basal detachment of the Himalayan thrust belt called the main Himalayan thrust (MHT) that localizes the underthrusting of the Indian lithospere beneath the Himalayas and Tibet (Zhao et al., 1993). All the cross-sections made through the Himalayan belt advocate a mid-crustal ramp, below a large-scale antiformal structure of the Lesser Himalayas and to be north of a synformal structure(Schelling & Arita 1991; Srivastava & Mitra 1994; Pandey et al. 1990; DeCelles et al. 1998; Mugnier et al. 2003). Geological, geophysical and structural data indicate that there are lateral variations in the geometry of the MHT (Zhao et al.,1993; Pandey et al.1995,1999), but direct knowledge of the geometry of the MHT is sparse and therefore the validity of the profiles is still in debate. The thrusts are generally younger from north to south (24-21 Ma for the MCT, less than 2 Ma for the MFT) (Hodges et al. 1996; Harrison et al. 1997). On the basis of these faults, the structure of Nepal is generally subdivided into five tectonic zones: Gangetic Plain (Terai) (area on the south of MFT) Sub-Himalayas (Siwaliks)( area between MFT and MBT) Lesser Himalayas (area between MBT and MCT) Higher Himalayas (area between MCT and STDS) Tibetan-Tethys ( area north of STDS) Present-day deformation of Nepal The modern deformation of the Himalayas is characterized by big earthquakes. Almost half of the continuing convergence between India and Eurasia is absorbed by underthrusting of the Indian lithosphere, beneath the Himalayas and Tibet along the MHT, as proposed by seismic investigations (Zhao et al.1993). Three of the big Nepalese earthquakes (1905,1934 and 1950, with magnitudes around 8) were caused by the mid-crustal ramp along MHT (Pandey & Molnar 1989). The territory of Nepal is characterized by very intense microseismic activity, most of which follows approximately the topographic front of the Higher Himalaya (Pandey et al.,1999). Most of the earthquakes cluster between the MCT and MBT (Fig: Seismicity in the Himalayas of Nepal). Seismicity in the Himalayas of Nepal.Earthquake focal mechanisms indicate that the intermediate magnitude earthquakes are shallow depth (10-20km) beneath the Lesser Himalayas, demonstrating the activation of thrust planes gently dipping to the north (Ni and Barazangi, 1984). Detailed analysis of the Uttarkashi earthquake (Cotton et al. 1996) in the west of Nepal indicates that this event was initiated to the south of the Higher Himalayas front at 12±3 km depth corresponding to the southward propagation of a rupture along this segment of the MHT. A detailed study of the microseismic clusters suggests segmentation of the Himalayan arc (Pandey et al. 1999) and two major discontinuities segment the microseismicity belt at 82.5°E and 86.5°E. The projection along cross sections of the microseismic event (Fig:Cross-section and Projection of Microseimic Activity) reveals a noticeable change in shape of the clusters between central Nepal (rounded clusters are located in the vicinity of the flat-ramp transition of the MHT) and western Nepal (clusters are elongated and nearly horizontal) (F. Jouanne et al.,2004). Similarly, vertical displacement rates, expressed with reference to the Gangetic plain, indicate current uplift of the high Himalayas at 6mm/yr, but also suggest active displacement along frontal thrusts inducing localized uplift (B. Antoine et al., 2004). There is change in maximum elevation between central (8500m) and western (7500m) Nepal and also a big difference in incision between eastern-central Nepal (6000m) and western Nepal (4500m)(B. Antoine et al., 2004). This is reflected in gentler relief in western Nepal and confirms the segmentation of geology and deformation observed with microseismicity and GPS measurements (Fig:Cross-section and Projection of Microseimic Activity). Cross-section and Projection of Microseimic Activity.Conclusion: To summarise, the neotectonic deformation of Nepal is characterised by three major thrust faults (MCT, MBT and MFT) which are inferred to be the splay thrust of MHT that marks the underthrusting of Indian lithosphere beneath the Himalayas. Likewise, there is a sudden change in geometry of the MHT between central and western Nepal, which is also marked in the Himalayan relief. The MHT is the main structure responsible for recent uplift and continuing deformation in Nepal. This hypothesis is reinforced by the observation that Quaternary displacement along the Main Frontal Thrust, southern emergence of the MHT and the convergence rate estimated across the Himalayas by GPS are both estimated at 18-20 mm/yr, which suggests that nearly all the displacement between India and Tibet is today transferred along the MHT (B. Antoine et al., 2004). Government and politics Nepal has seen rapid political changes during the last two decades. Until 1990, Nepal was an absolute monarchy running under the executive control of the king. Faced with a people's movement against the absolute monarchy, King Birendra, in 1990, agreed to large-scale political reforms by creating a parliamentary monarchy with the king as the head of state and a prime minister as the head of the government. Nepal's legislature was bicameral, consisting of a House of Representatives called the Pratinidhi Sabha and a National Council called the Rastriya Sabha. The House of Representatives consisted of 205 members directly elected by the people. The National Council had sixty members: ten nominated by the king, thirty-five elected by the House of Representatives and the remaining fifteen elected by an electoral college made up of chairs of villages and towns. The legislature had a five-year term, but was dissolvable by the king before its term could end. All Nepali citizens 18 years and older became eligible to vote. The executive comprised the King and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet). The leader of the coalition or party securing the maximum seats in an election was appointed as the Prime Minister. The Cabinet was appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Governments in Nepal tended to be highly unstable, falling either through internal collapse or parliamentary dissolution by the monarch, on the recommendation of prime minister, according to the constitution; no government has survived for more than two years since 1991. The movement in April, 2006, brought about a change in the nation's governance: an interim constitution was promulgated, with the King giving up power, and an interim House of Representatives was formed with Maoist members after the new government held peace talks with the Maoist rebels. The number of parliamentary seats was also increased to 330. In April, 2007, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) joined the interim government of Nepal. On December 28, 2007, the interim parliament passed a bill that would make Nepal a federal republic, with the Prime Minister becoming head of state. The bill was passed by the Constituent Assembly on May 28, 2008. On April 10, 2008, there was the first election in Nepal for the constitution assembly. The Maoist party led the poll results, but failed to gain a simple majority in the parliament. On May 28, 2008, lawmakers in Nepal legally abolished the monarchy and declared the country a republic, ending 239 years of royal rule in the Himalayan nation. The newly elected assembly, led by the former communist rebels, adopted the resolution at its first meeting by an overwhelming majority. King Gyanendra was given 15 days to leave former Royal Palace in central Kathmandu by the Nepalese Constituent Assembly. He left former Royal Palace on June 11. On June 26, 2008, Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala tendered his resignation to the Nepalese Constituent Assembly, which is also functioning as Nepalese Parliament, however a new Prime Minister is yet to be elected by the Nepalese Constituent Assembly. Military and foreign affairs The famous outpost of Naamche Bazaar in the Khumbu region close to Mount Everest. The town is built on terraces in what resembles a giant Greek theatre.Nepal's military consists of the Nepalese Army which includes the Nepalese Army Air Service, (the air force unit under it). Nepalese Police Force is the civilian police and the Armed Police Force Nepal is the paramilitary force. Service is voluntary and the minimum age for enlistment is 18 years. Nepal spends $99.2 million (2004) on its military—1.5% of its GDP. Many of the equipment and arms are imported from India. Nepal has close ties with both of its neighbours, India and China. In accordance with a long standing treaty, Indian and Nepalese citizens may travel to each others' countries without a passport or visa. Nepalese citizens may work in India without legal restriction. Although Nepal and India typically have close ties, from time to time Nepal becomes caught up in the problematic Sino-Indian relationship. Recently China has been asking Nepal to curb protests in Nepal against China'sPolicy on Tibet, and on April 17th, 2008, police arrested over 500 Tibetan protestors citing a need to maintain positive relations with China. Economy Terraced farming on the foothills of the Himalayas.Nepal's gross domestic product (GDP) for the year 2005 was estimated at just over US$39 billion (adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity), making it the 83rd-largest economy in the world. Agriculture accounts for about 40% of Nepal's GDP, services comprise 41% and industry 22%. Agriculture employs 76% of the workforce, services 18% and manufacturing/craft-based industry 6%. Agricultural produce——mostly grown in the Terai region bordering India——includes tea, rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, root crops, milk, and water buffalo meat. Industry mainly involves the processing of agricultural produce, including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. Its workforce of about 10 million suffers from a severe shortage of skilled labour. The spectacular landscape and diverse, exotic cultures of Nepal represent considerable potential for tourism, but growth in this hospitality industry has been stifled by recent political events. The rate of unemployment and underemployment approaches half of the working-age population. Thus many Nepali citizens move to India in search of work; the Gulf countries and Malaysia being new sources of work. Nepal receives US$50 million a year through the Gurkha soldiers who serve in the Indian and British armies and are highly esteemed for their skill and bravery. The total remittance value is worth around 1 billion USD, including money sent from Persian Gulf and Malaysia, who combined employ around 700,000 Nepali citizens. A long-standing economic agreement underpins a close relationship with India. The country receives foreign aid from India, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union, China, Switzerland, and Scandinavian countries. Poverty is acute; per-capita income is less than US$ 470. The distribution of wealth among the Nepalis is consistent with that in many developed and developing countries: the highest 10% of households control 39.1% of the national wealth and the lowest 10% control only 2.6%. The government's budget is about US$1.153 billion, with expenditures of $1.789bn (FY05/06). The Nepalese rupee has been tied to the Indian Rupee at an exchange rate of 1.6 for many years. Since the loosening of exchange rate controls in the early 1990s, the black market for foreign exchange has all but disappeared. The inflation rate has dropped to 2.9% after a period of higher inflation during the 1990s. Nepal's exports of mainly carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods and grain total $822 million. Import commodities of mainly gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products and fertilizer total US$2 bn. India (53.7%), the US (17.4%), and Germany (7.1%) are its main export partners. Nepal's import partners include India (47.5%), the United Arab Emirates (11.2%), China (10.7%), Saudi Arabia (4.9%), and Singapore (4%). A Rs.500 banknote of The Republic of Nepal. (Yet the watermark on the right contains picture of King Gyanendra, later admitted clerical error by state owned Nepal Rashtra Bank.)Nepal remains isolated from the world’s major land, air and sea transport routes although, within the country, aviation is in a better state, with 48 airports, ten of them with paved runways; flights are frequent and support a sizeable traffic. Hilly and mountainous terrain in the northern two-thirds of the country has made the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. There were just over 8,500 km of paved roads, and one 59 km railway line in the south in 2003. There is only one reliable road route from India to the Kathmandu Valley. The only practical seaport of entry for goods bound for Kathmandu is Calcutta in India. Internally, the poor state of development of the road system (22 of 75 administrative districts lack road links) makes volume distribution unrealistic. Besides having landlocked, rugged geography, few tangible natural resources and poor infrastructure, the long-running civil war is also a factor in stunting the economic growth. There is less than one telephone per 19 people. Landline telephone services are not adequate nationwide but are concentrated in cities and district headquarters. Mobile telephony is in a reasonable state in most parts of the country with increased accessibility and affordability; there were around 175,000 Internet connections in 2005. After the imposition of the "state of emergency", intermittent losses of service-signals were reported, but uninterrupted Internet connections have resumed after Nepal's second major people's revolution to overthrow the King's absolute power. Demographics The Population Density map of Nepal.Perched on the southern slopes of the Himalayan Mountains, Nepal is as ethnically diverse as its terrain of fertile plains, broad valleys, and the highest mountain peaks in the world. The Nepalese are descendants of three major migrations from India, Tibet, and North Burma and Yunnan via Assam. Among the earliest inhabitants were the Kirat of east mid-region, Newar of the Kathmandu Valley and aboriginal Tharu in the southern Terai region. The ancestors of the Brahman and Chetri caste groups came from India's present Kumaon, Garhwal and Kashmir regions, while other ethnic groups trace their origins to North Burma and Yunnan and Tibet, e.g. the Gurung and Magar in the west, Rai and Limbu in the east(from Yunnan and north Burma via Assam), and Sherpa and Bhotia in the north(from Tibet). In the Terai, a part of the Ganges Basin with 20% of the land, much of the population is physically and culturally similar to the Indo-Aryans of northern India. Indo-Aryan and East Asian looking mixed people live in the hill region. The mountainous highlands are sparsely populated. Kathmandu Valley, in the middle hill region, constitutes a small fraction of the nation's area but is the most densely populated, with almost 5% of the population. Nepal is a multilingual, multireligious and multiethnic society. These data are largely derived from Nepal's 2001 census results published in the Nepal Population Report 2002. According to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Nepal hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers in 2007 numbering approximately 130,000. Of this population, approximately 109,200 persons were from Bhutan and 20,500 from China. The government of Nepal resticted Bhutanese refugees to seven camps in the Jhapa and Morang districts, and refugees were not permitted to work in most professions. Languages Spoken in Nepal.Population Structure Data Size Population 28,676,547 (2005) Growth Rate 2.2% Population below 14 Years old 39% Population of age 15 to 64 57.3% Population above 65 3.7% The median age (Average) 20.07 The median age (Male) 19.91 The median age (Females) 20.24 Ratio (Male:Female) 1, 000:1,060 Life expectancy (Average) 59.8 Years Life expectancy (Male) 60.9 Life expectancy (Female) 59.5 Literacy Rate (Average) 53.74% Literacy Rate (Male) 68.51% Literacy Rate (Female) 42.49% Despite the migration of a significant section of the population to the southern plains or terai in recent years, the majority of the population still lives in the central highlands. The northern mountains are sparsely populated. Kathmandu, with a population of around 800,000 (metropolitan area: 1.5 million), is the largest city in the country. Religion Shaiva-devotees gather at the Hindu Pashupatinath TempleNepal religiosity religion percent Hinduism 80.6% Buddhism 10.7% Islam 4.2% Mundhum 3.6% Christianity 0.5% Other 0.4% The main religion of Nepal is Hinduism. Lord Shiva is regarded as the guardian deity of the country. Nepal is home to the largest Shiva temple in the world, the famous Pashupatinath Temple, where Hindus from all over the world come for pilgrimage. According to mythology, Sita Devi of the epic Ramayana was born in the Mithila Kingdom of King Janaka Raja. Buddhism was relatively more common among the Newar. But, differences between Hindus and Buddhists have been in general very subtle and academic in nature due to the intermingling of Hindu and Buddhist beliefs. Both share common temples and worship common deities and many of Nepal's Buddhists could also be regarded as Hindus and vice versa. Gurkhas from Nepal are Hindu. Among other natives of Nepal, those most influenced by Hinduism were the Magar, Sunwar, Limbu and Rai. Hindu influence is less prominent among the Gurung, Bhutia, and Thakali groups, who employ Buddhist monks for their religious ceremonies. Most of the festivals in Nepal are Hindu. The Machendrajatra festival, dedicated to Hindu Shaiva Siddha, is celebrated even by Buddhists and it is the Buddhists' main festival. As it is believed that Ne Muni established Nepal, important priests in Nepal are called "Tirthaguru Nemuni". Discussing the importance of Nepal's Hinduism, Veer Savarkar wrote, "To the Independent Hindu kingdom of Nepal all Hindudom feels itself most loyally attached and would ever strive to strain every nerve in defending its honour and integrity. It is the only part of our Mother Land which continues down to this day as a Dharma Kshettra unsullied by the humiliating shadow of an alien non-Hindu Flag." Culture Nepalese culture is diverse, reflecting different ethnic origins of the people. The Newar community is particularly rich in cultural diversity; they celebrate many festivals, well known for their music and dance. A typical Nepalese meal is dal-bhat-tarkari. Dal is a spicy lentil soup, served over bhat (boiled rice), served with tarkari (curried vegetables) together with achar (pickles) or chutni (spicy condiment made from fresh ingredients).. The Newar community, however, has its own unique cuisine. It consists of non-vegetarian as well as vegetarian items served with alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Mustard oil is the cooking medium and a host of spices, such as cumin, coriander, black peppers, sesame seeds, turmeric, garlic, ginger, methi (fenugreek), bay leaves, cloves, cinnamon, pepper, chillies, mustard seeds etc., are used in the cooking. The cuisine served on festivals is generally the best. Nepalese children practicing danceThe Newari Music orchestra consists mainly of percussion instruments, though wind instruments, such as flutes and other similar instruments, are also used. String instruments are very rare. There are songs pertaining to particular seasons and festivals. Paahan chare music is probably the fastest played music whereas the Dapa the slowest. There are certain musical instruments such as Dhimay and Bhusya which are played as instrumental only and are not accompanied with songs. The dhimay music is the loudest one. In the hills, people enjoy their own kind of music, playing saarangi (a string instrument), madal and flute. They also have many popular folk songs known as lok geet and lok dohari. The Newar dances can be broadly classified into masked dances and non-masked dances. The most representative of Newari dances is Lakhey dance. Almost all the settlements of Newaris organise Lakhey dance at least once a year, mostly in the Goonlaa month. So, they are called Goonlaa Lakhey. However, the most famous Lakhey dance is the Majipa Lakhey dance; it is performed by the Ranjitkars of Kathmandu and the celeberation continues for one whole week that contains the full moon of Yenlaa month. The Lakhey are considered as the saviors of children. Folklore is an integral part of Nepalese society. Traditional stories are rooted in the reality of day-to-day life, tales of love, affection and battles as well as demons and ghosts and thus reflect local lifestyles, cultures and beliefs. Many Nepalese folktales are enacted through the medium of dance and music. The Nepali year begins in mid-April and is divided into 12 months. Saturday is the official weekly holiday. Main annual holidays include the National Day, celebrated on the birthday of the king (December 28), Prithvi Jayanti, (January 11), Martyr's Day (February 18) and a mix of Hindu and Buddhist festivals such as dashain in autumn, and tihar in late autumn. During tihar, the Newar community also celebrates its New Year as per their local calendar Nepal Sambat. Most houses in rural lowland of Nepal are made up of a tight bamboo framework and walls of a mud and cow-dung mix. These dwellings remain cool in summer and retain warmth in winter. Houses in the hills are usually made of unbaked bricks with thatch or tile roofing. At high elevations construction changes to stone masonry and slate may be used on roofs. |
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