Oceania:   
Nauru     Country Code: nr   
  Dynasty
  瑙鲁(英文:Nauru,瑙鲁语:Naoero)是大洋洲的一个岛国,也是世界上最小的共和国。最近的邻岛是东面相隔300千米、隶属于基里巴斯的巴纳巴岛。当地最早的居民是密克罗尼西亚人和玻利尼西亚人。
  
  由于瑙鲁的大部分岛屿均为磷酸盐石块所组成,所以从1907年起,该国主要的经济就是出口磷酸盐。随着磷酸盐储量的枯竭和采矿带来的环境恶化,另外再加上管理全岛财富基金的减值,瑙鲁政府求助于一些不寻常的方法来获得收入。在20世纪90年代,瑙鲁成为一个税收天堂和洗钱中心。从2001年起,瑙鲁接受澳大利亚政府的援助,做为回报瑙鲁建立一个拘留所处理那些非法进入澳大利亚的难民,但在2008年,双方停止了这种交易。
  
  历史
  瑙鲁人世居该岛。1798年,英国船只“猎手”号首抵本地,开启西方世界与瑙鲁交流的历史。1888年,瑙鲁成为德国属地。第一次世界大战期间,瑙鲁被澳大利亚占领,并自1919年起由英国、澳大利亚和新西兰共管,其中澳大利亚代表三国行使职权。第二次世界大战期间,瑙鲁被日本占领。二战之后,瑙鲁由联合国委托澳大利亚、英国及新西兰共同管理。
  
  1968年1月31日,瑙鲁共和国宣布正式独立,并于同年11月成为英联邦特别成员国。1999年,瑙鲁成为联合国会员国。
  
  地理
  瑙鲁位在西太平洋赤道以南,为一椭圆形的珊瑚岛,海岸陡峭。沿岸有宽150-300米、海拔30米的海岸带,是全国唯一的农业区。中部为台地,最高点为海拔71米(司令岭)。全岛3/5被磷酸盐所覆盖,无河流,仅西南部有一咸水湖(部亚达礁湖)。属热带雨林气候,年平均气温25-35摄氏度,年降水量在2000毫米以上。
  
  政治
  1968年1月29日,瑙鲁通过宪法,实行共和总统制。总统为国家元首,也是政府首脑,由议会选举产生。
  
  国会实行一院制,由18名议员组成,任期三年;议员通过全国直接选举产生。其政党政治为松散的多党制,主要有民主党(Democratic Party)和瑙鲁党(Nauru Party)。
  
  根据1968年宪法,瑙鲁设最高法院,下设地区法院和家庭法院。在大多数情况下,以澳大利亚高等法院为终审法院。现任大法官为巴里·康奈尔(Barry Connell)。
  
  经济
  瑙鲁在第三世界中属于较富裕的国家,国民每人每年平均所得约5000美元。国家经济以磷酸盐开采和国外房地产为主要支柱。磷酸盐矿分布占全岛面积的70%以上,是世界主要磷酸盐生产和出口国之一,主要销往澳大利亚、英国、日本、新西兰等地;以往磷酸盐外销所得曾占政府收入的半数,然而在长期密集开采之下,该项矿藏已面临耗竭。
  
  由于瑙鲁磷矿石出口下降,近年该国的经济活动水平持续下滑。以1992年到1996年期间为例,其GDP即下滑10%以上。目前该国最重要的天然资源为磷矿石,可说是已经开采殆尽,为扩展农业及改善自然景观,政府当局利用载运矿石出口的空船,载回泥土填补矿坑,扩大绿地面积,用以开拓农业与畜牧业,这项方案已获澳大利亚等国家的协助。
  
  为确保磷矿枯竭后的国家主权,政府已成立基金进行国际性的营利事业投资,包括运输业、房地产业、制造业及金融业。
  
  一般来说,当地的消费物资虽多赖输入供应,惟人口无多,消耗量有限。政府进行海外 投资事业之收入,目前尚可挹注国内经济建设所需,并维持人民生活。
  
  近年渔业、旅游业发展较快。
  
  人口
  居民多为瑙鲁人,另有少量基里巴斯人、华人和欧洲人。因国家面积小,瑙鲁依人口密度计算是世界上人口密度很高的国家之一。
  
  文化
  节假日 日期 中文名 当地名 备注
  1月1日 元旦节 New Year's Day
  1月31日 独立日 Independence Day
  5月17日 宪法日 Constitution Day
  10月26日 返乡日 Angam Day
  12月25日/12月26日 圣诞节 Christmas Day
  
  行政区划
  爱和区(Aiwo District)
  阿纳巴尔区(Anabar District)
  安鄂滩区(Anetan District)
  安尼巴惹区(Anibare District)
  白帝区(Baiti District)
  泊区(Boe District)
  部亚达区(Buada District)
  德尼高莫都区(Denigomodu District)
  埃瓦区(Ewa District)
  艾珠区(Ijuw District)
  湄泞区(Meneng District)
  尼柏区(Nibok District)
  优雅布区(Uaboe District)
  亚伦区(Yaren District)


  Nauru /nɑːˈuːruː/, officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island nation in Micronesia in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbor is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 km to the east. Nauru is the world's smallest island nation, covering just 21 square kilometres (8.1 square miles).
  
  Settled by Micronesian and Polynesian people, Nauru was annexed and claimed as a colony by the German Empire in the late 19th century. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. During World War II, Nauru was occupied by Japanese troops who were bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific, and after the war ended, it entered into trusteeship again. Nauru was declared independent in 1968.
  
  Throughout the first half of the 20th century, Nauru was a "rentier state". Nauru is a phosphate rock island, with deposits close to the surface, which allow for simple strip mining operations. This island was a major exporter of phosphate starting in 1907, when the Pacific Phosphate Company began mining there, through the formation of the British Phosphate Commission in 1919, and continuing after independence. This gave Nauru back full control of its minerals under the Nauru Phosphate Corporation, until the deposits ran out during the 1980s. For this reason, Nauru briefly boasted the highest per-capita income enjoyed by any sovereign state in the world during the late 1960s and early 1970s. When the phosphate reserves were exhausted, and the environment had been seriously harmed by mining, the trust established to manage the island's wealth became greatly reduced in value. To earn income, the government resorted to unusual measures. In the 1990s, Nauru briefly became a tax haven and illegal money laundering center. From 2001 to 2008, it accepted aid from the Australian government in exchange for housing an illegal migrant detention center that held and processed asylum seekers trying to enter Australia.
  
  From December 2005 to September 2006, Nauru became partially isolated from the outside world when Air Nauru, the only airline with service to the island, ceased to operate. (The only outside access to Nauru was then by ocean-going ships.) The airline was able to restart operations under the name Our Airline with monetary aid from Taiwan.
 

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