埃塞俄比亚 Ethiopia 埃及 Egypt 突尼斯 Tunisia 阿尔及利亚 Algeria 尼日利亚 Nigeria 塞内加尔 Senegal 南非 South Africa 安哥拉 Angola 贝宁 Benin 布基纳法索 Burkina Faso 布隆迪 Republic of Burundi 博茨瓦纳 Republic of Botswana 赤道几内亚 Equatorial Guinea 多哥 Togo 厄立特里亚 Eritrea 佛得角 Republic of Cape Verde 冈比亚 Gambia 刚果 Republic of the Congo 刚果民主共和国 Democratic Republic of Congo 吉布提 Djibouti 几内亚 Guinea 几内亚比绍 Guinea-Bissau 加纳 Republic of Ghana 加蓬 Gabon 津巴布韦 Zimbabwe 喀麦隆 Republic of Cameroon 科摩罗 Comoros 科特迪瓦 Ivory Coast 肯尼亚 Republic of Kenya 莱索托 Kingdom of Lesotho 利比亚 Libya 利比里亚 Republic of Liberia 卢旺达 Republic of Rwanda 马达加斯加 Madagascar 马拉维 Malawi 马里 Republic of Mali 毛里塔尼亚 Mauritania 毛里求斯 Republic of Mauritius 摩洛哥 Kingdom of Morocco 莫桑比克 the Republic of Mozambique 纳米比亚 The Republic of Namibia 尼日尔 Niger 塞拉利昂 the Republic of Sierra Leone 塞舌尔 Seychelles 斯威士兰 Swaziland 苏丹 Sudan 索马里 Somalia 圣多美和普林西比 Sao Tome and Principe 坦桑尼亚 Tanzania 乌干达 The Republic of Uganda 赞比亚 The Republic of Zambia 乍得 the Republic of Chad 中非共和国 The Central African Republic |
nà mǐ bǐ yà The Republic of Namibia shǒudōu:wēn dé hé kè guógūdàimǎ: na |
nà mǐ bǐ yà gòng hé guó( yīng yǔ: TheRepublicofNamibia) wèi yú fēi zhōu xī nán bù, běi kào 'ān gē lā hé zàn bǐ yà, dōng lián bó cí wǎ nà, nán jiē nán fēi。 hǎi bá 1000-2000 mǐ, gān hàn shǎo yǔ, shǔ yà rè dài、 bàn shā mò xìng qì hòu。 gāi guó fēn wéi 13 gè xíng zhèng qū hé 50 gè dì fāng zhèng fǔ, shǒu dū wēn dé hé kè( Windhoek)。
nà mǐ bǐ yà 1990 nián 3 yuè 21 rì cóng nán fēi tǒng zhì xià dú lì。 xiàn rén kǒu yuē 200 wàn。 lì shǐ zuì zǎo jū zhù zài nà mǐ bǐ yà gān zào de tǔ dì shàng de shì bù xū màn rén、 dá mǎ lā zú rén( Damara) hé nà mǎ zú rén( Namaqua)。 gōng yuán 14 shì jì, bān tú rén zì fēi zhōu zhōng nán bù qiān xǐ, qí zhōng shǎo liàng rén zài jīn nà mǐ bǐ yà yī dài dìng jū。 1884 nián, dé guó zhàn lǐng xī nán fēi zhōu yán hǎi dì qū, xuān bù gāi dì qū wéi dé guó zhí mín dì, míng wéi dé shǔ xī nán fēi zhōu。 1890 nián dé guó zhàn lǐng xī nán fēi zhōu quán jìng。 1915 nián bèi nán fēi zhàn lǐng。 1919 nián guó jì lián méng jiāng xī nán fēi zhōu jiāo gěi nán fēi jìn xíng wěi rèn tǒng zhì, 1946 nián lián hé guó tuō guǎn lǐ shì huì yào qiú nán fēi jiāng xī nán fēi zhōu zuò wéi lián hé guó tuō guǎn lǐng dì, zāo dào nán fēi zhèng fǔ jù jué。 1949 nián 4 yuè nán fēi yì huì tōng guò《 xī nán fēi zhōu shì wù xiū zhèng fǎ》, jiāng xī nán fēi zhōu zuò wéi běn guó lǐng tǔ duì dài, bìng tuī xíng zhǒng zú gé lí zhèng cè。 1958 nián zhì 1964 nián, nà mǐ bǐ yà hēi rén xiān hòu chéng lì xī nán fēi zhōu mín zú lián méng、 xī nán fēi zhōu rén mín zǔ zhì hé xī nán fēi zhōu mín zú tǒng yī mín zhù zǔ zhì, 1966 nián qǐ kāi shǐ zhǎn kāi fǎn duì nán fēi de yóu jī zhàn。 1968 nián 6 yuè, lián hé guó dà huì jué yì jiāng xī nán fēi zhōu gēngmíng nà mǐ bǐ yà。 20 shì jì 80 nián dài, suí zhe guó jì shè huì yā lì zēng dà hé nán fēi zhú jiàn shí xiàn mín zhù huà hé zhǒng zú píng děng, nán fēi zhōng yú tóng yì nà mǐ bǐ yà dú lì。 1990 nián 2 yuè 9 rì zhì dìng liǎo nà mǐ bǐ yà xiàn fǎ, 3 yuè 21 rì, nà mǐ bǐ yà xuān bù dú lì, nǔ qiáo mǎ chéng wéi shǒu rèn zǒng tǒng。 1994 nián nán fēi jiāng jīng wān gǎng guī hái nà mǐ bǐ yà。 zhèng zhì nà mǐ bǐ yà guó jiā yuán shǒu shì zǒng tǒng, yóu rén mín zhí jiē xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng, měi wǔ nián jǔ xíng yī cì。 zhèng fǔ yóu zǒng lǐ jí qí nèi gé zǔ chéng, zǒng lǐ yóu zǒng tǒng rèn mìng chǎn shēng。 dāng nián dú lì yùn dòng de zhù yào lì liàng xī nán fēi zhōu rén mín zǔ zhì( SWAPO, quán xiě wéi South-WestAfricaPeople'sOrganisation), yǐ jīng tuō lí liǎo qí zuì chū de mǎ kè sī zhù yì zhǐ dǎo sī xiǎng, dàn réng rán shì nà mǐ bǐ yà zuì dà de zhèng dǎng。 nà mǐ bǐ yà liǎng yuàn yóu quán guó wěi yuán huì( NationalCouncil) hé guó mín huì yì( NationalAssembly) zǔ chéng。 quán guó wěi yuán huì yòu 26 gè xí wèi, měi gè dì qū wěi yuán huì gè yòu liǎng gè míng 'é, měi jiè rèn qī 6 nián。 guó mín yì huì yòu 78 gè xí wèi, qí zhōng 72 míng chéng yuán yóu xuǎn jǔ chǎn shēng, lìng wài 6 míng chéng yuán yóu zǒng tǒng rèn mìng, měi jiè rèn qī 5 nián。 guó mín yì huì shì guó jiā de lì fǎ jī guān, ér quán guó wěi yuán huì zé gèng duō dì dān rèn gù wèn de juésè。 guó jiā zuì gāo sī fǎ jī guān shì zuì gāo fǎ yuàn, fǎ guān yóu zǒng tǒng zài sī fǎ zī xún wěi yuán huì( theJudicialServiceCommission) tuī jiàn de jī chǔ shàng rèn mìng。 dì lǐ nà mǐ bǐ yà dì xíng zhù yào yóu zhōng yāng gāo dì zǔ chéng, zuì gāo diǎn wéi hǎi bá 2606 mǐ de bù lán dé shān( Brandberg)。 zhōng yāng gāo yuán cóng běi xiàng nán mián yán, yǔ nà mǐ bǐ shā mò( NamibDesert) jiē rǎng, xī bù shì cǎo yuán、 nán bù shì 'ào lán zhì hé( OrangeRiver)、 dōng bù shì kā lā hā lǐ shā mò( KalahariDesert)。 nà mǐ bǐ yà shǔ yà rè dài shā mò qì hòu, tōng cháng zào rè 'ér shǎo yǔ。 chú liǎo shǒu dū wēn dé hé kè zài guó jiā de zhōng xīn, qí tā zhòng yào de chéng zhèn bāo kuò gǎng kǒu chéng shì jīng wān( WalvisBay) hé sī wǎ kē pǔ méng dé( Swakopmund), hái yòu Oshakati、 hè lǔ tè fāng dān( Grootfontein)、 chǔ méi bù( Tsumeb) hé jī tè màn sī hú pǔ( Keetmanshoop)。 jīng jì nà mǐ bǐ yà de jīng jì yǐ kuàng chǎn chū kǒu wéi zhù。 cǎi kuàng yè zhàn liǎo zhěng gè GDP de 20 %。 zhù yào kuàng chǎn yòu zuàn shí、 qiān、 tóng、 xīn、 yín、 gé、 fán、 zhě、 yóu、 tiān rán qì。 nà mǐ bǐ yà shì fēi zhōu dì sì dà fēi rán liào kuàng wù chū kǒu guó、 shì jiè dì wǔ dà yóu shēng chǎn guó hé nán bàn qiú dì 'èr dà qiān shēng chǎn guó。 1997 nián zuàn shí chǎn liàng wéi 141 wàn kè lā。 nà mǐ bǐ yà yuē yī bàn de rén kǒu yǐ nóng yè wéi shēng, qiě bì xū jìn kǒu shí pǐn。 suī rán rén jūn GDP shì fēi zhōu pín qióng guó jiā rén jūn GDP de wǔ bèi, dàn dà duō shù de nà mǐ bǐ yà rén mín hái shì shēng huó zài pín qióng zhī zhōng, yuán yīn shì dà fàn wéi de shī yè、 jù dà de fēn pèi bù jūn hé wài guó rén dà liàng de cái fù。 nà mǐ bǐ yà jīng jì yǔ nán fēi guān xì mìqiè。 dé shǔ xī nán fēi zhōu shí qī, dé guó zǒng dū lín dé kuí sī tè( vonLindequist) yǐn jìn 10 tóu kǎ lā kù 'ěr yáng, zǐ gāo pí suí hòu chéng wéi nà mǐ bǐ yà dì qū nóng mù yè de zhù yào chū kǒu xiàng mù, gāi dì tú sì yǎng díkǎ lā kù 'ěr yáng shù mù wéi shì jiè dì yī wèi。 gōng yè yòu ròu lèi jiā gōng、 róu pí、 yú lèi jiā gōng hé rǔ yè。 zhù yào mào yì duì xiàng wéi 'ōu méng hé měi guó。 2004 nián nà mǐ bǐ yà guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí wéi 147.6 yì měi yuán, àn gòu mǎi lì zhé suàn de rén jūn guó mín shēng chǎn zǒng zhí wéi 7300 měi yuán。 1998 nián shī yè shuài wéi 35%。 rén kǒu hé yǔ yán nà mǐ bǐ yà de dà bù fēn rén shì fēi bái zhǒng rén( 84%), qí zhōng dà bù fēn wéi 'ào wàn bó zú( Ovambo), yuē zhàn zǒng rén kǒu de yī bàn, zhù yào jí zhōng zài běi bù dì qū。 chú liǎo zhàn dà duō shù de hēi rén bān tú zú( Bantu) wài, hái yòu dà qún de kē yī sāng zú( Khoisan, lì rú nà mǎ zú( Nama) hé bù shí màn zú), zhè xiē réndōu shì nán fēi yuán zhù mín de hòu yì。 kē yī sāng zú rén zài wài biǎo shàng yǔ bān tú zú rén hé bái rén fēn bié pō dà。 lìng wài hái yòu gòng zhàn zǒng rén kǒu yuē 8% de “ yòu sè rén ”( Coloureds) hé“ bā sī tè rén”( Basters)。 yǐ yōng yòu hé lán rén、 dé guó rén、 yīng guó rén、 fǎ guó rén huò pú táo yá rén xuè tǒng wéi zhù de bái rén zhàn nà mǐ bǐ yà zǒng rén kǒu de 8%, zhè gè bǐ lì shì sǎ hā lā shā mò yǐ nán de fēi zhōu jì nán fēi yǐ hòu dì 'èr dà de。 zōng jiào fāng miàn yòu yuē 80-90% de rén xìn yǎng jī dū jiào, lìng wài yòu 10-20% de rén xìn yǎng běn dì de tǔ zhù xìn yǎng。 yī bàn de nà mǐ bǐ yà rén jiāng 'ēn dùn jiā yǔ( Oshiwambo) zuò wéi dì yī yǔ yán, rán 'ér zuì tōng sú de yǔ yán shì nán fēi yǔ。 zài xīn yī dài rén zhōng, zuì guǎng fàn de yǔ yán shì yīng yǔ。 nán fēi yǔ hé yīng yǔ dōuzài gōng kāi chǎng hé jiāo liú shǐ yòng。 suī rán guān fāng yǔ yán shì yīng yǔ, dàn dà duō shǔbái rén shǐ yòng nán fēi yǔ huò dé yǔ。 jī dū jiào shì zhù yào de zōng jiào, xìn fèng lù dé jiào( theLutheranChurch) de rén shì zuì duō。 Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), the Commonwealth of Nations and many other international organisations. It has been given many names: the land of contrasts, the land God made in anger, the ageless land. For many years it was known only as South West Africa, but it adopted the name Namibia, after the Namib Desert. It is the second least densely populated country in the world, after Mongolia. The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by Bushmen, Damara, Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD, by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. It was visited by the British and Dutch missionaries during the late 18th century. It was also visited by Dorsland trekkers in 1879, but became a German protectorate in 1884. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed their laws and apartheid policy. In 1966, uprisings and demands by African leaders led the United Nations to assume direct responsibility over the territory, changing the name to Namibia in 1968 and recognizing South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO) as official representative of the Namibian people in 1973. Namibia, however, remained under South African administration during this time. Following internal violence, South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990 (with the exception of Walvis Bay - a city that remained under South African control until 1994) Namibia has a population of 1.8 million people and a stable multiparty parliamentary democracy. Agriculture, herding, tourism and mining of precious stones and metals form the backbone of Namibia's economy. Approximately half the population live below the international poverty line of U.S.$1.25 a day, and the nation has suffered heavily from the effects of HIV/AIDS, with 15% of the adult population infected with HIV in 2007. |
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