【Origin】 seal
Seal, from the origin since the 2000 years of long history, after a dozen dynasties. In this long process of development, there were two high carving art history of the development stage. One is the Warring States Period, Qin and Han, Wei and Six Dynasties period, the period of carving materials mainly jade, gold, teeth, angle. It is called the "period of ancient carving art," Main features of its carving art is divided by age. Seals made in the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, the decline in the period. During this period, due to the application of regular script to replace the seal script, official seal and also a fundamental separation of the private printing, carving art onto the downhill. This situation has reached a turning point occurred late Yuan Dynasty, painter Wang Mian stone can be found in milk into the printed flowers, so that stone has become an ideal material for Indian governance. The Ming Dynasty, stone carving art of the period into the Renaissance. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, stone carving has celebrated its second peak period of development, its main feature is the carving art genres. During this period, Pang Wen, HE Zhen seal cutting art created on the school played a major role. Wen Peng Wen Zhengming Department of the son, is he by chance discovered the "Light Stone" cold stone materials can be printed as a rule. Through his advocacy, stone has been widely used. After that period of time carving art genre scene now, there has been way distant, Ding Jing, Deng Shiru, Huang Mu Fu, Zhao Zhijian, Wu seal to the other artists, an artistic rendering of time carving out a pack of prosperity. Seal until the master of modern Changshuo, Qi, thus forming a complete history of Chinese seal carving. Carving art is calligraphy, the rules, knife the perfect combination of the three, one India, that is heroic elegant calligraphy writing conception, but also beautiful as a beautiful painting composition, and more have both vivid carving knife charm. Can be described as "square inch between the Meteorology."
Chinese characters as time stretching, spatial differences develop, contains a variety of moving style, within the Indian side ups and colorful, an affectionate, presented in a way that cause them,'s small full time within the plain and space of vigorous, though the change several times, still with gentle luster, quaint rhyme interest in introducing interesting, this is the art of seal cutting.
Entertaining in our hearts before the tour, be clear what the definition of seal. Seal what is it? Its interpretation, there are two broad and narrow sense. Seal's "seal" Yu, the ancient writing "engraved lines" from the Jade (that the text of the note, stating: "Gui Bi from the MB, engraved lines are."), All in jade, stone carving concave and convex patterns are called "engraved lines," Later, Zhu Bo a common writing tool, then seal character's shape symbol from the "Jade" changed from "Bamboo."
Carving a very early origin, according to "sacrifice Han Zhi" contains: "Since the beginning of a book contract Five Emperors, The three kings, secularism, Glyph, fraud false gradually Hing, beginning with this seal to review rape Meng."
Far in 3700 years ago, the Shang period, Lettering will prevail. However, the Indian side would have meant no text, only the symbol of blood group sign, attached to the contemporary bronze or the flag. Although a sign, do have a certain reading. In the Zhou dynasty, with bronze quality-oriented "Zhou Xi," rise significantly. Various size and shape are generally divided into Bai, Zhu two. Qin is the text from "Zhou book" evolved into Seal of the period, the printed form and more extensive, vigorous round seal, gesture upright.
Han seal reach prosperity, known to history as the Han and India, the font from the Xiaozhuan become "Mou." Chinese India India-shape, and chops are also very beautiful. Xiling eight of Xi Kang said: "India and the Zonghan also, poetic master of literature Tang, Jin Wen-tsung word." Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the preferences of men of letters, although the change in the seal system, but still seal script for India. Until the Ming and Qing dynasties Indian and giving birth to seal it into a seal script as the basis for the use of carving methods, will soon face in the performance of density, clutch art forms, then by the generalized Carve seal inscription, to narrow the rule to India move.
The traditional view that after the seal must first seal engraving, and even "one-third of seventh seal engraved," said. Seal itself is a closely integrated with the art of calligraphy. Seal cutting works and lettering shop carve a salaried teacher with a fundamental difference between the seal, is that the former is the "write", and pay attention to organization of writing the seal, which is relying on "depiction of" does not care about organization of writing the seal. Without studying the seal carved in India do not necessarily pay attention to organization of writing is very stiff board. Therefore, we must learn, while seal very carefully _select_ the Seal affixed temporary monument to write, after a period of training, when India will be obvious that seal the convenience, many beginners light was re-engraved, wasted efforts.
Art of Composition is a word or a group of words arranged in the surface of the art printing, more complex and varied, it is carving art of the most important part. If one side and India have a skilled knife of light without the clever tricks of the trade, will no masterpiece at all. Particular _set_s of groups of creation, must be square has changed, but also to show that the foundation of the organization of writing. It should be repeated in the design concept of India is issued. This point and seal-carver Changshuo creative attitude seriously is worth learning. Strokes according to the specific words, gestures, words and word form and the relationship between design appropriate forms.
【Type】 seal
Zhou Seals
Qin ago, regardless of official seal, or private seals are not known as India, collectively known as "Xi."
This is the first name of the seal. Yuxi some small, some big few inches square, only a small fraction. India and the quality of the copper with jade. Seals with Seal Script, Zhou Wen, layout loose and dispersed, easily stretch, the momentum of vigorous upright. Xi is relatively small Elegant.
秦汉官 India
Qin Shi Huang unified China, on the chaos of the six nations made some reforms, the development of a unified font ─ Xiaozhuan. In society at that time, with a small seal is standard, so it is also a seal on the standard characters.
Qin printed form and different from the past: more than around a "field"-shaped box. The average allocation in the frame seal.
Private Indian official since the Tang and Song
Tang stamp is still used Zhuanti, but very different before and Six.
Indian multi-purpose Han absurd seal seal, engraved Bai.
Tang directly covered by seal color in the tissue, the seal shall be by Zhu Wen, then, some people use the official script into the seals.
Seal close to the Tang Dynasty. But Jin is with the "nine overlapping seal" into India. Changes in many private and India Song, versatile texture than copper, jade, the further increased use of ivory, rhino horn and the like. At that time, and to be able to see red ink on the printed works of art, producing artistic effect.
Ming seal it follows the "nine overlapping seal", size than the Song, Yuan more. Most wide-brimmed rough Zhu.
Chinese seal with the seal side of the Qing Dynasty, with over half of the text. Standing regular officer, official seal is square; temporary dispatch of official, the seal is a rectangle, called the "off defense."
Schools】 【Seal
Anhui
Anhui where earthquakes start, after several of the following:
Pakistan Weizu (1774 ~ 1793) the word Mu Qing, another number scale Taoist.
Wu Tang (b. 1759), also known as Venus, the word son West.
Dong Xun (born 1740) the word enterprise Spring, No. Koike.
Soviet propaganda, the word Seoul Declaration, No. Surabaya.
Wang Guan, word Creation of Old.
Cheng Piao, word elements.
Jane Zhu, the word correction can, number abnormal minister.
These are far from chasing Han, from the innovative master.
Huizhou features and enhance the seal strengths of the Qin and Han and India draw, the seal simple, the rules pingzheng. Multi-blade knife with red lines concise.
Zhejiang School
Zhe School master best known for:
Wu Zhen (1814 ~ 1860) the word is not fear, No. nose Hill, teacher was Ding Jing
Xi Kang (1746 ~ 1803): word iron health, work landscape
Che School features more than a knife cut knife mining, rough lines, transportation knife any uninhibited. Gives sophistication happy feeling.
Xiling 8
Xiling 8 has the following eight:
Ding Jing (1695 ~ 1765): Word King body, fine official script
Huang Yi (1744 ~ 1802): word Komatsu, good painting and Clerical Workers
Xi Kang (1746 ~ 1803): word iron health, work landscape
Chen Yu-Chung (1762 ~ 1822): word Chun-yee, industry and art route of good manufacturing small print
CHEN Hongshou (1768 ~ 1822): the word child Christine, good ancient scribe
Money Song (1818 ~ 1860): Zi Shu cover has the inscription of ancient India more than two thousand square
Zhao Chen (1781 ~ 1852): just offer words, good painting flowers
Late Famous
There are a number of famous late Qing Dynasty:
Zhao Zhijian (1829 ~ 1884): No. Yi-fu. Chinese and Indian have been hard labor, Vatan
Changshuo (1849 ~ 1908): word Kuraishi, rare paintings of modern India for the entire fine master. Xiling Seal Society founder of Shanghai.
HUANG Shiling (1849 ~ 1908): word Mu Fu, Indian governance beginner Wan School, after the forces were the Qin seal. See flow in the wind Pingzheng India.
【Carving tools, materials】
Learning seal, you must make the preparations. Like the construction of housing, stock preparation beforehand. Otherwise, the "hasty", will affect the learning progress and achievements. Seal the preparation of learning, mainly tools and materials, and equipment and tools for home-related Yinpu books. "Bad times, we must first sharpen his tools." Marking learning tool _set_ to choose appropriate material, although excessive use and convenient but are hard to complete, over as little inconvenience with time; have a good general price more expensive, too cheap is difficult to apply.
For the convenience of beginners, now the most important learning tools and materials are described below:
(A) tool
1, Indian knife
Carving knife and India are the main tool. Its thickness, length, weight and size of knife angle, sharp blunt, tapered, will directly affect the engraved effect. India used to write characters used as a brush cutter, as will influence the writing of the expression. Of course, there is a master of the process, so far with the time to consider their favorite and habits.
(1) blade, the general chapter Stele mouth with flat knife. Both sides of the opening, cut corners at right angles to take. If the blade is greater than ninety degrees, slippery when carving knife, easy to quasi-moment, carved straight.
(2) the edge of the Li Dun, with the sides level proportional to the opening of the slope, high slope is sharp, low slope were more blunt. Lateral view from the knife angle, blade angle of the front should not be too sharp or a blunt, generally 45 degrees to 15 degrees is appropriate. Angle is too sharp a small, easy to carve smooth lines, the lack of implication of tenacity; large are more obtuse angle, carve lines Fragile astringent, often lack the refreshing feeling.
(3) arbor thickness and weight, thickness, generally according to their own habits and preferences _set_. Arbor who generally coarse heavy arbor thinner by light. Heavy who fall force, with help; but overweight is not flexible; thin person, easy to make enforcement, more flexible, but if too thin, then the execution is not easy transport, easy to send forces. Generally prepared by the severity of two, heavy, could one centimeter wide and about two to three mm thick, the smaller can be 6-7 mm wide, 1-2 mm thick can be.
(4) Arbor generally about 15 cm long, slightly out of the jaws of death can be. If too long, the moment when the swing operation and impact the stability of operation and accuracy when the knife. If too short, executive transportation is not convenient, not easy to focus. Beginners, and can be _select_ed on the finished painting and calligraphy society. Made if the conditions can be done according to their preferences. Arbor available thin rope (plastic rope, rattan peel or city strips can be) wrapped around wrapped in order to facilitate efforts engraved grip when, at the same time when the knife handle carved free sliding, hurt or injury that India stone.
2, pen, ink, ink stone
For copying, drafting, models, etc. with the extension.
(1) The document should normally be prepared or part wolf hair cents lower case 2, a new, an older, used copy printing, drafting, and so on with the anti-book mounted the stair. Yang Hao size of each one, the big Indian was issued for temporary, small by the side to expand when moistened with water to use.
(2) ink an ink fumes, or a good bottle of ink painting (such as Chinese ink, Reactive Brilliant Power ink, etc.). With the time required to wear thick, will not open suitable infiltration. After milled for smearing vermilion ink printed in dark stone, and then the book draft ink, engraved easily visible. Although sometimes mistakenly written draft, since the document also revises. General method has been applied for less.
(3) can be prepared two small ink stone, such as not grinding cinnabar, an ink stone can be. Yan can use the general Green inkstone. But to light level, moisture, ink-prone. For a good tip if Yan, Yan in a better course. Yan usual to keep clean, especially when the extension section with ink, ink stone must first be washed and then ground, or asked the Indian section, the black color gray. The ink extension with accommodation section, mounted easily after care penetration of ink halo.
3, sandpaper (emery cloth better)
India for the grinding stone, generally the one prepared by weight, more details can have a water sandpaper. Without sand paper, the relatively flat fine quality of cement board or stone can also be used.
4, printed bed
India seal fixed bed is used for engraving time and effort, especially compared with the hard texture of carved, or a smaller more effective when the printed material. Generally soft texture engraved printed materials, such as Qingtian, Shoushan stone, or a large seal, to the left support, you can not print bed. Indian wooden and metal bed has two kinds of wood are generally as good, both to apply and easy to buy, even if Shangwang not buy, but also his company to do.
5, printing
Printing to brush polyester printed. First, the moment when the powder brush to stone chips, and second, in the bell to India, first brushing printed, in order to avoid rock chips and other dirt with one ink. Generally a small brush or toothbrush can substitute.
6, brown broom
Generally called "palm tiger" when the side to expand the system to use. Metropolitan community has sold paintings. But generally sell the meat market, without the critical thickness of brown silk, with a break when the paper easy to damage. Bought the _select_ion should be absorbed by its smaller. When first used the mark, can be hot iron, or sand, cement floor friction, so soft, brown wire becomes smaller tip, then rub on a little vegetable oil to make it smooth. If Shangwang hard sell, and seeking also brown silk, round direct election of its strength are tied into small diameter of about 2 to 4 cm thick, about 5 to 8 cm of brown broom, 2 cm does not bar a slightly left, with the formula Qi knife can also be used.
7 Extension Pack
Used for the extension when the side. Extension package system method: take a hard version of paper, cut into half the size of such round coin block, outsourcing to the new cotton, the bottom slightly thick, then wrapped with plastic paper and processing serge fabric layer, then finally a soft thin satin dress layer (or can be replaced with a Dacron), to become oblate spherical, its neck with wire fastened Serve. Extension package required bandaging a tight grip, smooth surface.
8, Indian regulations
Indian regulations are printed in the bell when the box is used to seal the position to make unbiased. Or a copy used, that is, when the first bell and India is not clear thick, you can repeat the seal two times, three times, so that more heavy printing paper, bright won the state. Such as wood or entirely made of printed rules are available. As long as the rules at right angle, each side about 3-4 cm, 5-10 mm thick can be. Bell to India, first to India and positioning to seal close to the Indian regulatory bell inside cover. Copy of Indian regulations do not move to suppress lift, dipped in ink and then printed by the original rules bell inside the complex under the Serve. After the bell cover skilled general can also be printed without regulation.
9, India tendon
For the mixing of ink used. Long time no ink, oil will sink stains seeping, so separation of sludge and therefore a certain period of time, with or without cold easily when cold, should be stirred frequently so evenly moist, used as new. Before the winter mixing, drying in the sun about half an hour to make changes Hom, then stir. India bars in the general community and ink paintings are sold in stores. If not buy made when the material of bone or bamboo can choose to not easy to stain as well.
10, glass mirror
Stone India to check the pros and cons of printed text and accurate when used. General Shangwang sale of small glass mirror can be used.
11 Other
Such as protecting the seal of the seal box (or the printed _set_), a hard rubber ring seal plate; stone cutting saw India section hacksaw, chop the soft clean cloth (or a small towel), etc., can be prepared according to circumstances, not must immediately get ready. Some things may or may not, or material substitution can take it.
(B) material
Seal timber with Indian stone, inks and paper.
1, India Stone
Seal materials, copper, stone, full, jade, wood, ivory, bone, brick, glass products. But now, as Seal Cutting timber, or in the main stone materials. Printed material as stone, soft, crispy, greasy, strong medium, vulnerable to knives, and stone to show the unique flavor, it has been mostly for running the Ming and Qing dynasties like to use. Also contributed to the development of seal cutting art. Indian origin because a lot of stone, texture also varies, in which Qingtian, Shoushan stone as well, production is also more affordable, available everywhere, now the Indian Stone briefly described as follows:
(1) Qingtian stone produced in Qingtian County, Zhejiang Province, stone fine, moist, not hard but not dry. Easily engraved. Colored yellow, white, blue, green, black, gray, etc., of which there is much more precious frozen. The translucent stone, such as light and cold, the fish brain freeze, closed the door so that Green is. General Tsing Shi although not as cold stone lying wonderful, but can also be known as the printing on the polished. The ideal seal material for the study.
(2) Shoushan stone produced in the suburb of Fuzhou in Fujian Shou. Qingtian stone hinge stone micro-tired, by the sword as cool Qingtian Stone decision, but nourish smooth, also printed materials in polished. Rich colors, yellow, white, red, blue) Green and so on. The more valuable as Tianhuang. Tin white, horn cold, flesh red, as the world-Po.
(3) Chang fossils produced in Changhua County, Zhejiang Province. Color often isolated storage, black, yellow, since the other variegated texture of moist Keke. But slightly tired of Shibuya and take the knife than Qingtian stone cool tactic. There were bright red like the cock, commonly known as bloodstone, the most valuable. General background more dry, more sand and stone nail bar, stone knife is not hard people.
(4) produced in Inner Mongolia Chifeng Chifeng Stone, discovered in recent years, stone and Longevity, Chang fossils similar. Can still be engraved. Some of them like chicken blood red, with merchants posing Bloodstone's.
(5) there are other products in Zhejiang: Ningbo, a big turquoise. Color gray, with black spot between the stone of a more tired, approximate Shoushan stone. Treasure flower stone roof. Shape and color as Shoushan stone, fairly thick loose, brittle, Pingyang, Wenzhou of stone. Shape and color similar to Qingtian stone, texture, brittle as Qingtian Stone, Xiaoshan of Redstone. Quality coarse, general practice can still be used in addition as copies of the mountain ye xian Lai Shi, Fujian, Kamata Kamata of the stone, and Hubei the Chu Shi, Shaanxi, the Meijing stone, the house rocks Hebei, luxurious stone and printed around the middle of stone, as long as the texture of soft, crisp, firm, tired of both those who may apply as for practice.
2, inkpad
Stamp ink is the art of communication vectors, quality merits a direct impact on the effect of seal of artistic expression. Good texture, ink, print out the color of fresh bell and calm, with three-dimensional feeling, look you up. Poor texture bell printed ink, the color appears dark or shallow, and some traces of oil extraction, to seal fuzzy, even more ugly. Many kinds of ink, it normally red cinnabar, Zhu fat, prostitute and so wide.
(1) The color purple cinnabar red ink, it was known as the purple sand, is when the sediment drift system cinnabar most lower bowl in the milk of a cinnabar, made inks, bright red with purple, heavy calm, the most beautiful.
(3) there are antique ink (dark brown) and black, blue, green and other inks, as a special field of Taiwan foreign), as less use. If interested, can spare. Inkpad's custody, should be placed in porcelain box as well. Do not put all in boxes, because inks with metal contacts, A. Black long will affect the quality. Inks used for some time; use bars mixing of Indian, so the oil, sand, moxa mixing together, otherwise we end plate. Inks will be used for long time, can also be an appropriate mediator, a number of ink (ink shop with processing or sale), then stir with. Winter cold, cold ink easily become the hard-up should be used prior to drying in the sun for some time, so soft after use.
3, printed paper
India used to write draft of expanding the side printing, etc., and slough.
(1) general newsprint printed writing paper, Mao Bianzhi can all be.
(2) paper copies of paper thin, translucent, for things Indian and expand the side.
(3) Health paper can be used to expand the side when the absorbent used, or for bell printed stamps issued from India etc..
(4) with the history of paper used to expand the side, bell printing. Paper thin and uniform thin, the best is six Jiangxi Jilin cotton company,
(5) Yinpu paper the general community have sold paintings are available for transfer with. Such as self-made, can be moved to the history of paper with the edge, followed by the rib of paper, or thin rice paper. Seal and cover for ring main extension shall be retained.
(6) Recently cardboard into a paste like to use white cardboard "stamp" with, I used the card with the same sheet of paper. View of the trial at any time sampling or modify, or classification preservation purposes. This according to custom, can not.
】 【Wield the law
Wield as the pen, generally not fixed in the. Have advantages and disadvantages of various wield. Is nothing more than the habit of those who meet the moment. Seal works look good or bad, is not to observe operating performance. The use of law for their operation, thinking habits can contribute to good print engraved. Editors prefer to wield the law as executive pen. Young people are receptive. Is the thumb, index finger, middle finger executive _set_, ring finger, little finger secondary to the middle finger, the angle of about 45 °. By means of the joints of the three to send and receive, from the left and lower right moment to go ahead, change the direction of transport knives, like boxing out as easy to launch. After the blade angle can transform skilled, directions, details of free transport knife inadequate processing.
Knowledge to print】 【Stone
Here the youth is appropriate to use ordinary stone engraved chapter
Qingtian Stone
Production Qingtian. The most expensive is a "closed door blue" cold stone, stone in general and India to the most vulnerable Qingtian stone knife.
Shoushan Stone
Fujian Shoushan production. The most expensive is "Tian Huang," price of gold, yellow translucent.
Chang fossil
Production Zhejiang Changhua. The most expensive is the "bloodstone." Bright erythema as a result of chicken blood stone named. But most often contain fossils Chang sand iron nails, easy to hurt the blade.
Balin Dan
There are other large turquoise Ningbo, Zhejiang, Shandong ye xian dishes along stone, whetstone (also known as goat liver stone) and the current exploitation of stone resources, a lot of dynamite, so the sale of the common rock often cracks chapter, as well as to wax embedded gap filling, and need to be carefully chosen.
Chapter polishing】 【Stone
Chapter polished stone is the surface roughness of Indian stone has been treated to make it a simple process smooth and delicate.
As follows:
(A) of the first through the water 600 stone to polish off the chapter, with about 0.02 metallographic sandpaper to clean without fine lines, and then a pig, sheep painted in a very thin layer of polishing paste (the common name polished green oil), and finally wash the fine stone powder, slightly dry quickly in the face cream you can rub it to light.
(B) to read the 600 water sandpaper polished stone chapter, plus a drop in the metallographic sandpaper on the oil industry, the fine stone to the light friction can be repeated.
Chapter polished stone sand addition to the primary condition is the surface texture, its delicate stone determines the brightness of India. No stone should grind flat top print button "six surface light" form, in addition to seal India's side, the edge should Wipe the unit gently with sandpaper to hand for the degree of non-edge.
India issued】 【How to Write
Was printed before the draft to be grinded surface, such as grinding stones even when the intensity is not impossible, there will be printed, tilting askew, to pay attention to transform India and stone location, beginners to write and India issued as follows:
1, anti-written: first printed draft design better transparency paper, turn the paper side in accordance with "anti-draft" in pencil depict mounted the stair, and then brush replication again. If staying in India can be placed Yin Pu and fell down in the _select_ion of the India Pro Extension home side a small mirror, that is, according to the mirror-like seal depict Agariishi. After the Indian draft Agariishi, it is appropriate to carefully examine the original mirror control for further amendments.
【Print】 how to copy
In the clinical moment, we should do a major basic training ─ ─ printed copy. Is almost transparent but impermeable tracing paper on the extension workers in India and Mongolia, and lightly press and hold the paper not to move, then use the small dip in Guyana document ink (or carbon ink, drawing ink), in accordance with the original printed lines depict . As far as possible each word in the strokes started to write, to close pen, turning the most subtle and most able to reflect the spirit of the original print details, depict, and close to the original, while carefully understand and remember some regularities, which for the subsequent creation is a great advantage. (Copy, shall wash their hands with soap and hand paper pad, so as to avoid pollution of paper is difficult on a greasy ink).
Printed copy of all printed right column, Bai copy word lines to thin Crochet. If using wax paper or blank paper transparent and permeable micro-printed copy, as long as the printing of paper and printed the same size stone in the palm pressure traces (printed copy can be _set_ off between paper and Yin Pu impermeable layer of transparent cellophane to protect the Yin Pu ) after the use of watermarking method under copy reprint Agariishi, and a little retouching with ink, can be temporary moment. Beginners should choose a little over Bai neat start.
Games knife】 【
Calligraphy and seal carving is a combination of art, so called graver for the stylus before. On the knife predecessors, the numerous, almost trick, in fact nothing more than red transport knife cutter knife and two.
[Chong knife] to have engraved on the knife angle knife pushed forward lines, and arrived with the ring finger tight Chapter stone edge to control the transport rate, but this "red" is not a red trouble, but to a one in red, can be straight enough to avoid the disadvantages of imposing, red small angle, about 30 or so.
[Cutter] to wield the knife straight angle than red, to 60 or so, the cutter is cutting short lines, with a V angle dependent, the long line section, to complete a number of repetitive movements. Due to pure lack of momentum with a knife, punching general should use either, relying on the virtual body strength, transported to the fingers through the elbow, wrist, hip and not on the big move to complete the hand.
How to print】 【moment Bai
Win another knife broadswords, knives divided. Single-pole or knife straight down (if the finished carved turn? Along the middle with knife knife marks, carved out a little with stroke part of the zigzag cracks, can not be too thin)? Not beginners, here the highlight.
Bai carved with knives engraved law to stroke, with a flow process that will print in four carved side: ① turn the lower part of the cross carved completed plan will turn stone chapter 180 °. ② plan will cross all the carved upper End, light strokes the blade angle fix two terminals. ③ ④ two vertical lines are carved by the way, the final clean up and some Indian side is not enough of the Department. Moment when "rather less than the sword, not allow more than sword" because insufficient to make up more than is irreparable.
【Print】 How engraved Zhu
【Print】 ancient carved How Pro
Learning Chinese traditional art, whether books, paintings, engraving, copying is the only route. India is the history of the Qin and Han seal a peak, its achievements can be compared with the in Tang, Song, no song. Provisional start carving the main choice of ancient India India more Pingzheng Han, simple way of India to full Bai better. To have a considerable basis, they could choose any special ingenuity or unadorned odd dawdle along the way to India as Chinese calligraphy to write the first temporary, then the same as leaving grass. Approach is to use watermarking method Agariishi, the first by a mirror proof-reading, to seek written close to the original printing, good moment, the available ink stained fingers tapping printed, then check with the mirror changes in the manuscript.
【Print】 famous moment how Pro
India has been famous Ming factions are carving our brilliant artistic heritage of another peak. Different characteristics of the factions in the inch of land in the seal shows look different styles. Pro carved famous Indian, according to "Tai wan" principle, in Anhui, Zhejiang School, Late Four (Ng of, Zhao Zhijian, Huang Mu-fu, Wu Changshuo) and others such as Zhao Shu Ru, Zhao old clay printing, _select_ close to the famous a class of his own character. Beginners should choose a general clinical neat point. Zhu Baiwen to be temporary, have to memorize the same features, carefully compare, apply their knowledge.
【How to check the provisional results】 moment
Beginner Pro carved seal, generally can not time work, despite the moment when the carefully, perhaps there will be less than the Department. Then dipped in ink can be used to refer to the tap thin printed, then the control of the original print with a small mirror to look not like the Department to revise and strive to Kuxiao the original print. And can be used percussion, grinding and other means to imitate the original printing of the broken effect. Printing process control is to improve the original process, take all the time to study one-third of the control.
Predecessors, said: "Be careful compromise, a bold play knife," change is of secondary importance. If you are creative, even more energy should be based on the concept of organization of writing, the rules well, the All India fail, no matter how bad has changed.
After writing the printed script to do: write and India are not satisfied, rather rubbed off rewritten, or casual knife, if the Indian is to write well, might be retained as the next choice, the election could be another Indian party practice.
The relationship between calligraphy and engraving 【】
The traditional view that after the seal must first seal engraving, and even "one-third of seventh seal engraved," said. Seal itself is a closely integrated with the art of calligraphy. Seal cutting works and lettering shop carve a salaried teacher with a fundamental difference between the seal, is that the former is the "write", and pay attention to organization of writing the seal, which is relying on "depiction of" does not care about organization of writing the seal. Without studying the seal carved in India do not necessarily pay attention to organization of writing is very stiff board. Therefore, we must learn, while seal very carefully _select_ the Seal affixed temporary monument to write, after a period of training, when India will be obvious that seal the convenience, many beginners light was re-engraved, wasted efforts.
【Organization of Writing and Marking of relationship exists between
Art of Composition is a word or a group of words arranged in the surface of the art printing, more complex and varied, it is carving art of the most important part. If one side and India have a skilled knife of light without the clever tricks of the trade, will no masterpiece at all. Particular _set_s of groups of creation, must be square has changed, but also to show that the foundation of the organization of writing. It should be repeated in the design concept of India is issued. This point and seal-carver Changshuo creative attitude seriously is worth learning. Strokes according to the specific words, gestures, words and word form and the relationship between design appropriate forms.
Common organization of writing essentials】 【Seal
1, Pingzheng, leveling off
This is the most basic essentials, is to enable timely and seal arranged symmetrical. It is noteworthy that the stroke can not be deliberately trying to fill space twisting gesture, the same can not be as rigid type. Traditional strokes were generally not feel the fan, who knew it strokes less handling of the small main. There were many famous Indian and Chinese masterpieces, can feel for.
Second, uniform density
Surface of the printed text larger difference between the amount of printing stroke, the ancients sometimes "wide can be cursory, not dense needle" approach, keep their word on the multi-zoned area of more than words on a small program to give more anti-status, and thus density compared to more intense, people with a deep impression. Sometimes the text of the variant can be adjusted and traditional, man-made arrangement density (such as, without, first class) to another uniform.
3, Qiao Zhuo, thickness
Seal style should promote diversity, "clever" "humble" are two different styles. But the pursuit of "clever" can not lose the fiber-mei: the pursuit of "humble" can not blame the loss of the wild. Seal those who text a coincidence, then, for the reference of the to humble, more humble person text, the reference should be to clever. In the traditional arts, the "beautiful" is not a good word, often as a derogatory term, the authors hope their work will not be as "too pretty". The thickness of the seal is to seal India must pay attention to when the pen, which is the author's calligraphy and the cultivation of the stone. Should be more attention to and imitation of ancient India and the Masters of India and line thickness of the natural treatment.
Fourth, change, repeat
To demand perfection India neat and smooth, sometimes have to make some changes in word processing, but note that a verbatim India must not change, increase or decrease the stroke can not be too; change Otherwise obstruction meaning, losing Zhuanti. If after the change into his character, or organization of writing is not required for the strong self-change, all self-defeating.
India has to repeat words appearing one after another, generally for two points instead of, if not back one after another will have to change seal, to avoid duplication, monotonous.
5, Norway to echo
Norwegian word for that is free from being able to fill in real, or the word stroke can not make it straight when flat square, stretching the text share the status of the location of mobile text strokes, so that the momentum of the whole Indian way of spread. Echoed in the organization of writing on here mainly refers to two of the same local, (including space) through the artificial stress, so he should play the role of this call as a means of generally "on the corner echo" "and the first echo," "winding echo" "echo left red" and so on.
6, twisting, change
Some fonts with a square potential, and some with round potential, there is buckling, some straight, for the sake of organization of writing on the coordination of individual characters can be used for flexion radius of treatment, but everything should be determined as the printed text. The same content, such as the number of requests with India would change font carved, or change, adjust the font structure, location, or the installation of printed box, or changes in school style, change Zhu white, so as to make it not identical with that of the crossing a parallel line, should also be made thick, thin, length, twists and turns, frustrated, broke the flat slope and other changes made, dull situation.
7, interlude, pen
Sometimes it tricks to break the plate, so that words and characters stare each other, often one stroke with the potential expansion, the gas penetration through the second line to achieve the potential connection. However, this method should use caution to avoid self-defeating. Sometimes many strokes Bai India too trivial or parallel lines, can be on the word for "pen", to further muddy the whole India as a whole. And document the equivalent of painting the "ink penetration," but often to a certain degree of shelling ceased, at the periphery to prevent bloated, in his heart will stay small eyes, rather than at random is freely attainable. India should be careful in the clinical study were printed in calligraphy.
8, leaving red, blank
Seal blank office, stay in the Bai called red, Zhu said blank. In particular, Bai, leaving large red, can give the reader a strong impression. Seal stress inch of land "sub-Jubb white", this "white cloth" that is _set_ aside more space, it is the most important thing. Like to construct the building, the design front, come fix the position of doors and windows, as printed in the design of draft plans for where they were when they left blank, this example, famous in ancient India and is a lot to see.
9, clutch, deformation
Is shaped from those who are too cramped to separate messengers spread; cooperation is in the shape too loose even one who does not cause the feeling of the words. But there are ethical patchwork clutch, will not be scattered away from, not cramped we go together. Some words stroke may vary from line array radius of smells, it must change its status as part of the font, so long as the party of, or the length of side in order to obtain uniform blended, giving a sense of freshness.
10, Man, co-culture
Seal text is generally from top to bottom, from right to left in order, but sometimes the layout needs to be simplified arranged oblique text gap symmetry, the order for the text counter-clockwise, it seems that the "culture" . Sometimes arranged in pairs for the number of single figures as balanced, or a complicated one simple word or two relatively simple word processing position from only a word, this is the "co-culture."
11, grass, scribe, Kai foreign language
In addition to the text other than Seal The seal has existed since ancient must refer to "per charge", "Dragon 20 items", "Han Dynasty", etc., so that interest of epigraphs. Even outside of the mother into the printed text, but also structural changes in order to be able to handle Chinese characters, so that other seamless. It is important to try to figure out the need for lots of famous works of traditional information and.
12, add border, boundary demarcation
In writing, for the sake of changing the form of a full _set_ of Yin Pu, can follow the ancient Indian form, the seal in the various sectors to plan, the border. To be noted that the plan is taken by the sector are equipped with the text must be appropriate to seal the traditional system, such as in the Qin format, complete with Chinese text printed text or Song, they seem neither fish nor fowl had.
13, 10 10 should avoid
10 should: 1. Stroke, more than words printed on arrangements should be quiet: 2. Stroke, few words were calm and India should arrange; 3. Parties should document the word square full; 4. A round pen or quite circular document should Jin; 5.? single unwanted persons How pretty, somewhat astringent; 6. have the same stroke of the word should be arranged in a compact and mixed; 7. and more flexible transition of the word should; 8.? plan or direct cross word plan should be simple and honest moment; 9. Zhu Yi moment may show the general strength; 10. Bai carved general should be simple.
10 Ji: 1. Stroke Founder bogey board; 2. Stroke round to avoid slipping; 3. Shorter than avoid undisciplined; 4. More than words avoid clutter; 5. Skillfully avoid fiber-mei; 6. Zhuo Ji Unusual; 7. Strokes thin avoid thin; 8. strokes avoid bloated fat; 9.? stroke turning avoid dew angle; 10. word of started to write, the final document but avoid sharp tip.
A plastic arts. Also known sculpture is carved, engraved, plastic three kinds of methods created general. Refers to a variety of plastic materials (such as plaster, resin, clay, etc.) or can be carved, Keke rigid material (such as wood, stone, metal, jade pieces, agate, aluminum, glass, steel, sandstone, copper, etc.) to create a certain space of visual, tactile art image, to reflect the social life, expressing the artist's aesthetic experience, aesthetic emotion, aesthetic ideals of art. Carving, carved birds by reducing substances may be material, plastic material through the reactor by plastic materials to achieve the purpose of artistic creation. Full relief, relief, and openwork (hollow sculpture) is the basic form. In the same environment or relief sculpture in the round with a group of co-expression of a group of birds called the thematic content. Emergence and development of sculpture and is closely related to human activities, while various times by the religious, philosophical and so the direct impact of social ideology. When the human is still in the Paleolithic Age, the emergence of the original stone, bone sculpture, etc.. Sculpture is a relatively permanent art, ancient times, many things have been gone long history of erosion, ancient sculpture, in a sense, a legacy of the image of the history of mankind. The traditional notion that sculpture is static, visible, palpable three-dimensional objects, sculpture recourse through the visual image to reflect the reality of space, which is considered the most typical of the plastic arts, static art and space art. With the development of science and technology and changes in people's attitudes, in the emergence of modern art in the traditional four-dimensional anti-sculpture, five-dimensional sculpture, sound and light sculpture, dynamic sculpture and soft sculpture. This is due to the emergence of Einstein's theory of relativity, broke through the establishment by the Newtonian view of the world, change people's time and space, making sculpture from the higher level of understanding and performance in the world, breaking the three-dimensional, visual, static forms, to explore multi-dimensional space-time mentality.
Sculpture History
Sculpture and development are closely linked with human activities, while all of the times by religion, philosophy and the direct impact of such social ideology. Nude Old Stone Age carvings such as France and female horses, wild boar and other relief, Shaanxi and Liaoning Jia Wan Ho Lingyuan, building equal to discover the 5000 ~ 6000 years ago, Neolithic stone carving, bone carving, colorful portraits and goddess head, etc., reflect the human forces of nature worship and animal worship, and know themselves, the process of understanding the world. Reproduction Terracotta Warriors and Horses in 2000 the Imperial army's power years ago. Sculpture is the era of thoughts, feelings, aesthetic crystallization of the record of social development and visualization.
The type of sculpture
Sculpture by use of materials can be divided into wood carving, stone carving, ivory carving, bone carving, lacquer carving, shell carving, root carving, ice sculpture, clay sculpture, figurines, ceramic sculpture, plaster, etc.;
Sculpture of three basic forms: full relief, relief, and openwork
① round carving. The so-called sculpture in the round means of non-compressed, can be multi-faceted, multi-angle three-dimensional appreciation of sculpture. Styles and forms as diverse as realism with decorative, but also specific and abstract, indoor and outdoor, shelves and large-scale sculptures placed, colored with non-coloring, etc.; sculptures content and subject matter is also a colorful character can also be an animal, or even still life; material on the more colorful, with stone, wood, metal, clay, textiles, paper, plants, rubber and so on.
Round carving techniques as sculptures, one of a very wide range of applications, but also the people of the most common form of sculpture.
② relief. The so-called relief sculpture with painting is the product of compression methods to deal with objects, such factors rely on the performance of three-dimensional perspective of space, and only watch one or both sides. General relief is subsidiary of another plane, so the use of building more equipment objects also can often be seen. Because of its compression characteristics, accounting for less space, so for the decoration in a variety of environments. In recent years, it accounted for landscaping in the city more and more important position. Relief in the content, form and materials as varied with the sculpture in the round.
It is mainly a shrine-style, high relief, low relief, line carving, hollow blocks, several forms.
China's ancient grottoes sculpture can be attributed to shrine sculpture, according to the different modeling techniques can be divided into realism, decorative and abstract;
High relief is compressed a small, fluctuating, close to the carvings, or even a form of semi-round sculpture, relief contrasts this strong visual prominence;
Bas-relief compress large, undulating small, both maintain the architectural style of a graphic nature, but also has a certain amount of sense and downs a sense of body;
Line moment is a combination of painting and sculpture, which rely on light and shadow created by light ghostwriting, and even some subtle fluctuations, gives people a feeling of elegant implicit;
③ openwork. Remove the bottom of the relief claimed openwork (openwork carving). The so-called relief of the floor removed, thereby creating a great variety of negative space, negative space and positive space and make the outline there is a change of pace with each other. This approach often used in the past, furniture, doors and windows railings, some available for viewing on both sides.
In addition to these two forms, the sculptures according to their function, can be roughly divided into monumental sculpture, the theme of sculpture, decorative sculpture, functional sculpture, and sculpture exhibition of five.
① commemorative sculpture by the so-called historical or real-life person or event theme and can also be a common vision of a permanent memorial. For the commemoration of important people and major historical events. More general type of outdoor sculpture, but also indoors, such as Chairman Mao Memorial Hall of Chairman. General outdoor sculpture and monuments such bulk configuration, or the sculpture itself has a monument body awareness. Built in 1990 as the "Red Army monument", called China's largest sculpture present synthesis.
③ decorative sculpture is the relatively large number of urban sculpture in a type of sculpture in this category relatively easy, cheerful, bringing beauty to enjoy, also known as sculpture pieces. Here specifically to make it as a class, because it is in people's lives more and more important. Its main purpose is to beautify your living space, it can be to a life of small appliances, large street sculptures. The content of the performance of wide, colorful forms of expression. It creates a comfortable and beautiful environment, can purify the hearts of the people, cultivate people's sentiments, fosters the pursuit of the good things. We usually say most are such pieces of garden sculpture.
④ functional sculpture is a practical and sculpture, is the function of art and use a combination of art, this type of sculpture is from your private space, such as "lamp seat" to the public space, such as "Pleasure" and so ubiquitous. It is in the landscaping, but also enrich our environment, enlighten our minds, let us details of life in the United States felt so true. The primary purpose of functional sculpture is practical, such as park trash, a large children's play equipment, etc..
⑤ display of sculpture, also known as shelf sculptures, we can see that size usually do not. It also has indoor and outside of the points, but it is the full performance of sculpture as the main author's own thoughts and feelings, style and personality, and even some new theory, new ideas and experimenting. It means even more dazzling form, content, subject matter is more extensive and more modern materials applications. In any case it gave talented artists a creative space, and ensure the human one of the most important art forms - sculpture, will have a better future.
The five above-mentioned categories are not clearly marked. Mutual penetration of modern sculpture, its connotation and extension are expanding, such as the commemorative sculpture may also be the theme of sculpture and decorative sculpture; decorative sculpture may also be on display of sculpture
Materials and production methods
Type of material sculpture
Granite: Granite is magma below the surface, pour it in the form of igneous rock, the main components of feldspar and quartz. Granite, hard texture, pH, or weathering difficult to erosion, often as a sculpture and building materials. Exterior color can be maintained for more than a century, many outdoor sculptures using granite as the first choice. The color of granite is divided into red, black, green, flower, which flower most widely used.
Marble: Marble is limestone, is a long-term geological changes in the formation. Marble is produced in Yunnan Province, Dali, as its name. It includes marble, dolomitic marble, serpentine marble, crystalline limestone and white clouds and so on. Beautiful soft texture of marble grave, elegant style, luxurious building is an ideal material for decoration is the traditional art of carving material. However, too much marble flaws, so small an area as the sculptures for decoration. Granite marble is not so hard, so easy to friction damage, not suitable for outdoor exhibition place.
Sandstone: Sandstone formed by the debris and interstitial material, debris, quartz components, followed by feldspar, lithic, muscovite, chlorite, heavy minerals. Sandstone sculpture materials as the medium of chemical substances must, therefore, the extent of its solid granite and marble is not good, and the color uniformity of less favorable than the former two.
Wrought: wrought copper relief art is a traditional art, ancient and medieval China as early as the Roman Empire, wrought work is already very popular technique. The 21st century, new technologies, the development of new technology update for the modern wrought a wider arts development stage and development space. Trends in modern design, under the influence wrought art has the characteristics of modern visual arts. Since copper is easily oxidized, therefore, show up to more than the outdoor room. Wrought copper light of more suitable as raw materials for relief.
Bronze: bronze in the long history and mature technology. Complex process than the wrought bronze, art, good recovery, it works fine for the material to become very popular with artists like, in particular, the most common figure sculpture. But its easy oxidation, so pay more attention to maintenance.
Stainless steel: Stainless steel acid-resistant stainless steel for short, which is made of stainless steel and acid-resistant steel of two parts, the short, atmospheric corrosion resistant stainless steel is called, and resistant to chemical corrosion of steel called the acid medium of steel. Because stainless steel has many advantages, so many cities are using it as sculpture material. Sculpture itself is simple and elegant stainless steel requirements, physical sense of clear and strong lighting effects, color maximum _select_ivity.
FRP: glass fiber reinforced materials or products for reinforced plastics, glass fiber reinforced plastics title, or description fiberglass. As the resin used in different varieties, so there is FRP, epoxy glass fiber reinforced plastic, known as phenolic FRP.
Glass with hard and brittle, has good transparency and high temperature, corrosion and other properties; therefore, widely used, glass fiber reinforced plastic material as the sculpture has a certain practical, generally as a comp in the room to do more for the imitation of copper effect.
Clay
Method of making clay broadly divided into two kinds: one is the introduction of modern sculpture from Western Europe, the production method; the other using our traditional clay making.
Imported from Western Europe is making sculpture: first there is a sculpture of iron shelf, shelf under the statue's posture and the ratio of body size, and shape determine the internal skeleton; the frame around the bar on the number of small cross, its role is to associated mud as a whole, and will not collapse, easy to shape. After doing a shelf, do the mud composition based on pre-zoom mold. Is a three-dimensional sculpture in the round, have a whole concept. First pile of mud in all directions is good, from the simple to the complex, gradually deepened. First step is to pay attention to the overall effect of each point. The second step to analyze the accuracy of shape and structure, whether the relationship between the overall and local unity and concord. The third step focused on the image is described in detail until the completion. Fissile clay shape due to climate impacts, it is difficult for permanent preservation, it is generally translated after clay plaster. Becomes a work of art. Now we come into contact with sculptures, mostly made of plaster, often sprayed with various colors, it produces bronze, wood, stone, etc. texture. Plaster on the turn, a _set_ of complex technology, not presented here.
Making our traditional clay is different. Temples in China, many golden Buddha statue, a look, if broken, the original is a pile of wood, mud pie, cotton, hemp break, sand, straw, wheat straw, reed straw, chaff, Yuan nail or whatever . Its production process goes like this: First, according to Buddha's theme, size, dynamic, first and _set_ting up the wooden skeleton, the skeleton tied to increase the volume of rice straw or wheat straw, and then mixed with chaff and straw, mud good thick mud on the hard pressed in the frame, paste in prison; the second step, and so thick mud to Qi Cheng looks dry clay plus fine (fine mud with clay, sand and cotton mixture), the character and demeanor to fully characterize them; the third step, and so on all dry clay resulting from the size of many cracks to patch together; the fourth step, such as mud dry, the surface smooth and polished, then mounted on a layer of tissue paper with glue, and make pressure grinding, the surface layer of more Ping Zheng, meticulous, strong, and then coated with a layer of white powder (white powder and glue); fifth step is to form in white, according to the needs of people of various colors, to be full color Shang Hao , then coated with a layer of oil to protect the bright color, this would all complete.
Wood
China has a long history of wood carving arts, in Yin, Zhou been popular. To the Warring States Period, the production of wood is quite popular. As easy to decay and burning of wood materials, wood handed down so much. Wood materials used according to local conditions, generally boxwood, rosewood, gold wood, ginkgo trees, longan wood, camphor and so on.
Stone carving
Stone carving stone is carved using a variety of different works, which occupy an important position in history, whether Chinese or foreign development of the stone carving art of long ago.
Jade carving
General jade carving jade, has a long history. Chinese jade in the Neolithic period has been the emergence of the Shang Dynasty Jade carving skills on the more mature. Jade material, there are white jade, jasper, jade, black jade, jade, crystal, agate, topaz, jade alone, and dozens of species of cave jade. Because of the nature of jade itself, meticulous, hard and moist, such as creamy or white, or green and green, the color bright and clean and lovely, suitable for production of valuable ornaments. Jade carving artist good use of the material itself patterns, colors and patterns for material design, through carefully crafted to create a number of exquisite jade treasures. Such as Beijing Jade Factory bile agate products produced water "rising sun" is a treasure. What is agate water tank? Where the water is in the hundreds of millions of years ago when volcanic eruption, magma water vapor was sealed, cooled, condensed, as it showed gall-like, so called the water tank. The water tank outside the magma as the years go by, the density increasing, they formed the agate, it is extremely rare in nature. Beijing Jade Factory artists is the use of the natural characteristics of water, bile agate, carved out of a red yearn to break free from the sea, fly spray volume, crane gongs scene, like heaven, it is said never!
As for the production of jade, most people thought it was a carving Knife Carving into, and it is not. Jade's texture is very hard, carving Knife Carving do not go in, but the approach taken to wondering, that in the production, use drill bits of various shapes, gold grit and water, according to the shape of the excess part of the refined works out. Therefore, the completion of a jade works take a long time.
Other ceramics, ivory carving, Zhuanke other method of making a similar talk with the above, not 11 presented here.
Sandstone sculpture
Sculpture Tools
Tool is created by sculptor engaged in the most direct assistant and companion. Sculpture of the basic tools are:
① sculpture knife. For the clay tools for scraping, cutting, paste, _select_, pressure, wipe the clay and shape. Divided into three kinds: the first metal tools, from steel (rust hair blue), stainless steel, brass, etc. are made, head sub-oblique triangle, willow-shaped, d and arrowhead-shaped leaf, and some edge toothed. The second type is non-metallic tool, from bamboo, wood, bone, ivory, horn, plastic and other materials. Tool shape of a large shoe-shaped, cuttlefish bone shape, thumb-shaped, oblique triangle, etc.; small tool shape of water chestnut shaped, feet-shaped, spherical, bar and so on. Third for the scraper can cut shapes and make drapery, a variety of circular and square-shaped double-sided blade and so on.
② hewn stone. For the steel rod-shaped stone tools at the bottom for the wedge or cone, Duanmo a cutting edge, top to bottom with a hammer percussion blade force, according to the Department of shape, sharp chisel edge, flat chisel, chisel and tooth chisel semicircle is Basic stone carving tools.
③ stone hammer. The percussion instruments to tap hewn stone or wood carving knife carving stone, wood, classified into large, medium and small on the 3rd. Hammer is also a stone hammer flowers directly to hammer percussion rock surface, resulting in thick rough, seamless sculptural. Ax chop chop chop stone surface for direct, cutting out the neat parallel thread, can strengthen the sculpture decent sense of direction, sense of rhythm.
④ wood carving knife. Generally from the head, knife and hoop form, in accordance with sub-edge shape in flat, bevelled, triangle and circle the sword 4, divided by curved neck like neck, straight neck two, each have their own large, medium and small 3.
⑤ bow to. For the sculpture with calipers. Measurable distance, two retractable feet of ivory-shaped cards can also be changed at any time card pin bend.
⑥ proportion of the bow. Is the measurement tool used sculpture to enlarge.
⑦ point type instrument. To coordinate positioning device, used to copy the stone and wood carving. In the plaster on to find three basis points, with point-type instrument on the needle aligned position and fixed point-type instrument on the use of sliding parts and universal joints and hands, the statue can be aligned to any one spatial location, to lock the movable parts. Miriam moved to point-type stone or wood, the needle aligned the corresponding reference point, the pointer can point marked on the plaster on the stone or wood, the stone can be accurately reproduced into and wood carving.
With the industry's level of development, into the modern carving tools, cutting machine, angle grinder, electric switch to other tools or small power tools, are sculptors good helper.
Contemporary Sculpture
Who is the most expensive contemporary sculpture
In contemporary art, sculpture, installation art in particular, has been in the market has a broader collection base. Expensive works in Queens, Hirst, Takashi Murakami and other artists of the device, mostly young artists born after 1945, works prices reached 10 million U.S. dollars. The past year, the auction market share in the growing device works, 14 works in 2007 and prices beyond the millions of dollars in the first half of 2008, this figure reached 18.
When Jeff • Queens and other artists sold millions of euros a time, there will still be a large number of copies of the market. However, even these mass-produced works more and more difficult to obtain. For example, Jeff • Queens of the "Ballon Dog" copy of the 2300, 2002, the price of euro each between 1200-1800, and now the price has reached a 3000-5000 euro. He's 45 cm high white porcelain vase "Puppies", copy of the 3000, its price is also in this price range.
Price's third-ranked Japanese contemporary artist Takashi Murakami, his sculptures in New York with 13.5 million U.S. dollars were sold for the price, this "My lonesome cowboy" in the valuation of only 300-400 million. At the same time, a small plastic or plush sculpture price less than £ 100 to several hundred euros price range, based on the prototype and the number of entries varies. For example, a "Superfalt museum" 10 piece and small statues in Florence Price € 350.
In three high-priced artists under, there are several good market to reflect contemporary sculpture artists, their works also high turnover of more than one million U.S. dollars. If Moruijiou • Caitlan (Maurizio Cattelan) of works of "La Nona Ora" in 2004 hit a record 2.7 million U.S. dollars, the price of records Robert • Goebel 320 million, India last year, the artist Anne Shih • Kapoor November in the auction for 2.5 million U.S. dollars deal. However, each of these artists work only 10 or so in circulation in the market, there is yet no choice of the mass market
Western sculpture during the brief history of the ancient
1. Ancient Sculpture
Ancient Sculpture in the West during the long period of time mainly for the totems, magic and religious services.
In the Americas, especially Mexico Pubo Luo Hua Hom Valley State is the birthplace of the great Central American culture. Then in the Gulf of Mexico region has the most advanced pre-classical culture, that Olmec culture.
It has been hailed as the precursor of civilization in Mexico. Around 300 BC the Mayan culture began to emerge and develop, it inherited the cultural traditions of Central America, the development of large-scale sculpture, such as the temple and so on. Half of the 14th century, the Mexican indigenous Aztecs ruled Mexico Valley, to establish a monarchy of the Kingdom, formed Aztec culture. The 16th century, the Spaniards conquered the Aztec Empire, then to the south and the rule of plundering the birthplace of the Inca culture - Peru. In African culture, the sculpture is one of the most important art form. Black Africa's relief and sculpture in the round are mostly wooden, but there are stone, metal and ceramic. It is divided into two categories: folk art, to religion, magic services, but also the performance of their work life; the other is the court for the ruling class art. These two types of sculpture are rich, diverse, full of decorative, expressive, strong visual impact. Black African sculpture still has a unique charm. Ancient Egyptian culture is African culture in a river of bright stars. Ancient Egyptian sculpture sculpture is the perfect combination of art and architecture model, historic monuments like the grand, broad and very high artistic achievements. Maintain the building as some relief to the plane of compression volume and painting lines in the form of combination, to a new artistic effect.
Oceania and Africa, some cultures are similar. Such as Oceania's art, sculpture but also for religious and social need of services. Oceania is the most famous sculptures in the huge stone statues of Easter Island.
Americas, Africa and Oceania, the art was unique to Western culture, most have been assimilated, only a small part of the residual local culture, which led to aesthetic degradation.
European classical art is a kind of extreme poverty after the emergence of new art forms, this art form to the later development of the western art has brought far-reaching impact. Greek sculptor who works hard to show vitality, his period of European classical art is a kind of extreme poverty after the emergence of new art forms, this art form to the later development of the western art has brought far-reaching impact. Greek sculptor Nuli to make their works show signs of vigor, their efforts to study and master quickly Di 了 anatomical structure, and gradually replaced the earlier of the "geometric" style, formation of the most important human laws to keep people in the Zhong Xin Fang In one leg, the other leg remains relaxed. To take advantage of this dynamic visual illusion, in the absence of perception of the stone to show the tightness of the external and internal body movement. It marked the true advent of classical sculpture. Meanwhile, in the classical period of relief has also made a high artistic achievements. In addition, the Roman well in the art of Greece, but still maintain its own characteristics. Especially in portrait sculpture, they pay more attention to the object and objective, the pursuit of individuality, rather than the Greek ideal.
2. The impact of religion on the development of sculpture
This period is called the West to the Middle Ages (also called intermediate period), its coverage is starting from the end of the classical period until the Renaissance before. The long day is Christian dominated, so the formation of Christian art. Sculpture of this period, abandoned on the proportion of various classical natural law, would seek a more appropriate Christian themes, diversity, the proportion had an elongated image. This abstract sculpture of the French to deal with, so that every part works full of life. This form of sculpture, the sculptor sought to reflect the combination of body and soul, desire, and this art style of innovation have become the great 13th century the pioneer of Gothic sculpture.
4. Baroque and Rococo periods
The 19th century, many cities in Europe on the square and placed a large number of public buildings show great skill in the monuments and commemorative sculpture. French sculptor to 巴普希斯特 Karp strong romantic spirit of the creation of the "Dance." The work is full of life, rhythm and graceful. Francois Rude's "Triumph" relief passion and national pride. Medardo Rosso to impressionist painting village theory for the sculpture, thus bringing together paintings and sculpture. His work shows the illuminated sculpture in the shade of the most flashing the best part, and let the rest of the weakened performance of the Characters in the rich light and change
Turning to the 19th century sculpture, can not fail to mention Rodin. Rodin's artistic genius and unique personality, so rigid in his works came out from. As a talented sculptor, Rodin's secret lies in good position with a statue of the dynamics and expression of inner emotion and meaning, and an injection of realism that can not be forgotten and humanism.
6.20-century sculpture
20th century was a colorful era, various schools of thought and the continuous generation and popular, and spread to the whole world, such as cubism, expressionism, futurism, surrealism, pop doctrine, abstract composition and photography, realism, etc. regardless of the form and ideas of these schools differ, they are breaking in a new form of traditional art.
20th century sculpture is one of the two main 康丁斯坦布 Langku Xi (1876 ~ 1957).
In cubist sculptor created by the Italian sculptor who also created a different style - "futuristic", en Wall topo Ju Nigeria declared: "absolutely and completely abandon the limited lines and closed Sculpture. "" Let us open the human body, the environment inside the body close to going. "
In these two schools of the better known outside the mainstream faction also constituted. Form sent sculptor Naum, Gabor, 安培布索奈 (1886 ~ 1962) in writing, with a new way to share some space objects a new shape, they proposed using space, time replace the amount of flu, but also constitutes a sculpture by looking for a new form of construction on the building and made important contributions to and use and explore new materials, so the elements of sculpture and architectural elements seamlessly together.
|