yǔ yán shì fú hào xì tǒng，
shì yǐ yǔ yīn wéi wù zhì wàiqiào，
yǐ yǔ yì wéi yì yì nèi róng de，
yīn yì jié hé de cí huì jiàn zhù cái liào hé yǔ fǎ zǔ zhì guī lǜ de tǐ xì。
yǔ yán shì yī zhǒng shè huì xiàn xiàng，
shì rén lèi zuì zhòng yào de jiāo jì gōng jù，
shì jìn xíng sī wéi hé chuán dì xìn xī de gōng jù，
shì rén lèi bǎo cún rèn shí chéng guǒ de zài tǐ。
yǔ yán jù yòu wěn gù xìng hé mín zú xìng。
yǔ yán shì rén lèi de chuàng zào ,
zhǐ yòu rén lèi yòu zhēn zhèng de yǔ yán。
xǔ duō dòng wù yě néng gòu fā chū shēng yīn lái biǎo shì zì jǐ de gǎn qíng huò zhě zài qún tǐ zhōng chuán dì xìn xī dàn shì zhè dū zhǐ shì yī xiē gù dìng de chéng shì ,
bù néng suí jī biàn huà。
zhǐ yòu rén lèi cái huì bǎ wú yì yì de yǔ yīn '
àn zhào gè zhǒng fāng shì zǔ hé qǐ lái，
chéng wéi yòu yì yì de yǔ sù，
zài bǎ wéi shù zhòng duō de yǔ sù '
àn zhào gè zhǒng fāng shì zǔ hé chéng huà yǔ，
yòng wú qióng biàn huà de xíng shì lái biǎo shì biàn huà wú qióng de yì yì。
rén lèi chuàng zào liǎo yǔ yán zhī hòu yòu chuàng zào liǎo wén zì。
wén zì shì yǔ yán de shì jué xíng shì。
wén zì tū pò liǎo kǒu yǔ suǒ shòu kōng jiān hé shí jiān de xiàn zhì，
néng gòu fā huī gèng dà de zuò yòng。
yǔ yán hé wén zì shì rén lèi zì jǐ chuàng zào de，
kě shì zài yǔ yán wén zì de shén qí zuò yòng miàn qián，
rén men yòu bǎ tā dàngzuò shén wù chóng bài qǐ lái。
tā men yòng yǔ yán lái zhù fú，
yòng yǔ yán lái zǔ zhòu。
tā men xuǎn yòng jí lì de zì yǎn zuò zì jǐ de míng zì，
zuò chéng shì de míng zì，
zuò qì wù hé diàn pū de míng zì。
tā men shèn zhì xiāng xìn yī gè rén de míng zì gēn rén shēn huò fú xiāng lián，
yīn '
ér míng zì yào bì huì。
huáng dì de míng zì、
zhǎngguān de míng zì、
zǔ zōng hé zhǎngbèi de míng zì bù néng jiào ,
yī bān rén yědōu zài “ míng ” zhī wài qǔ yī gè“
hào” ,
bǐ cǐ bù chēng míng '
ér chēng hào。
zài hòu shì，
rèn wéi zhè shì lǐ mào；
zài yuǎn gǔ，
zhè shì rén shēn bǎo hù。
xiàn dài gè dì kǒu yǔ lǐ yě cháng cháng yòu xiē cí yǔ qǐ yuán yú bì huì；
bù jiǔ yǐ qián ,
hěn duō hángyè yòu gè zì de bì huì zì yǎn。
cóng qián yòu xiē rén jiā ,
yīn wéi xiǎo hái '
ér bù dǒng dé bì huì，
zài táng wū lǐ tiē yī zhāng zhǐ tiáo“
tóng yán wú jì”，
yì sī shì xiǎo hái '
ér shuō de huà bù suàn shù。
fán yòu rén lèi de dì fāng jiù huì yòu yǔ yán。
shì jiè shàng dào dǐ yòu duō shǎo zhǒng yǔ yán ní？
jù dé guó chū bǎn de《
yǔ yán xué jí yǔ yán jiāo jì gōng jù wèn tí shǒu cè》
shuō，
xiàn zài shì jiè shàng chá míng de yòu 5651
zhǒng yǔ yán（
dāng rán，
zhè gè shù zì hái zài zēng jiā zhōng）。
qí zhōng 4200
zhǒng zuǒ yòu dé dào rén men de chéng rèn，
chéng wéi jù yòu dú lì yì yì de yǔ yán。
qí yú yòu 500
zhǒng yǔ yán wéi rén men suǒ yán jiū。
lìng wài，
yuē yòu 1400
duō zhǒng hái méi yòu bèi rén men chéng rèn shì dú lì de yǔ yán，
huò zhě shì zhèng zài shuāi wáng de yǔ yán。
rú '
ào dà lì yà yòu '
èr bǎi wǔ shí zhǒng yǔ yán jǐn bèi 4
wàn duō rén shǐ yòng，
ér zhè xiē '
ào dà lì yà tǔ zhù mín zú hái bù dé bù shǐ yòng yīng yǔ，
cháng qī yǐ lái，
zhè xiē yǔ zhǒng biàn jiàn qū shuāi wáng。
zài měi guó tóng yàng yě yòu hěn duō zhèng zài shuāi wáng de yǔ yán。
rú běi měi yìn dì '
ān rén yòu 170
zhǒng yǔ yán，
qí zhōng xǔ duō zhǒng yǔ yán rú jīn zhǐ yòu yī xiǎo bù fēn rén yòng tā men lái jiāo tán。
tā men de zǐ sūn yǐ bù liǎo jiě zì jǐ zǔ zōng de yǔ yán，
ér xí guàn yú yòng yīng yǔ liǎo。
wén zì de fā míng
duì yú wén zì de fā míng，
gǔ rén gèng jiā rèn wéi shì yī jiàn liǎo bù qǐ de dà shì。《
huái nán zǐ》
lǐ shuō：“
xī zhě cāng jié zuò shū '
ér tiān yǔ sù ,
guǐ yè kū。”
zuì néng biǎo shì wén zì de shén lì de shì fú □，
zhè shì gēn kǒu yǔ lǐ de zhòu yǔ xiāng dāng de dōng xī。
yī bān de wén zì yědōu zhān shàng mí xìn de sè cǎi，
yòu zì de zhǐ bù néng luàn rēng，
yào fàng zài yòu“
jìng xī zì zhǐ”
biāo qiān de róng qì lǐ，
jī jù qǐ lái shāo diào。
wén zì lǐ biān dāng rán yě yòu bì huì，
zuǐ lǐ bù néng shuō de míng zì，
zhǐ shàng yě bù néng xiě；
bì dé yào xiě jiù dé jiè yòng tóng yīn zì，
huò zhě quē yī bǐ。
jù gū jì，
shì jiè shàng dà yuē yòu 5600
duō zhǒng yǔ yán，
qí zhōng shǐ yòng rén shù chāo guò 100
wàn de yǔ yán yòu 100
zhǒng zuǒ yòu，
chāo guò 5000
wàn de yòu 20
zhǒng zuǒ yòu。
yǔ yán suī rán kě yǐ zuò wén zì de jī chǔ，
dàn yǔ yán bì jìng bù děng yú wén zì，
jìn guǎn gè guó kē xué jiè hé zōng jiào jiè zuò chū hěn dà nǔ lì，
rán '
ér shì jiè shàng hái yòu sì fēn zhī '
èr de yǔ yán méi yòu xiāng yìng de wén zì。
hàn yǔ，
yīng yǔ，
fǎ yǔ，
é yǔ，
xī bān yá yǔ，
ā lā bó yǔ děng，
shì shì jiè zhù yào yǔ yán，
yě shì lián hé guó de gōng zuò yǔ yán。
jī qì yǔ yán
chéng xù shì jī qì zhǐ lìng de xù liè，
rù xiāng suí sú，
shǐ yòng jī qì zhǐ lìng biān xiě chéng xù，
shì rén men zuì chū hé zuì zì rán de xuǎn zé。
jī qì zhǐ lìng de jí hé jiù shì jī qì yǔ yán。
jī qì yǔ yán shì '
èr jìn zhì de，
bù yì bèi rén lǐ jiě，
tài nán zhǎng wò；
ér qiě yīn jī qì '
ér yì，
chéng xù bù yì yí zhí。
huì biān yǔ yán jiāng měi tiáo jī qì zhǐ lìng pèi shàng yī gè zhù jì fú，
rú Add,Jump
děng jiù xíng chéng jiǎn dān huì biān yǔ yán。
jiǎn dān huì biān yǔ yán zhōng de yǔ jù yǔ jī qì zhǐ lìng yī yī duì yìng。
jiāng jiǎn dān huì biān zhōng de yǔ jī qì xiāng guān bù fēn fēn lí chū qù，
yóu xì tǒng wán chéng，
jiù xíng chéng hóng huì biān。
xiàn zài suǒ shuō huì biān yǔ yán，
yī bān dōuzhǐ hóng huì biān。
huì biān yǔ yán bǐ jī qì yǔ yán róng yì yī xiē，
dàn réng rán hěn nán zhǎng wò；
ér qiě yīn jī qì '
ér yì，
chéng xù bù yì yí zhí。
Fortran
dì yī gè gāo jí chéng xù shè jì yǔ yán， 50
nián dài yóu IBM
fā míng，
zhù yào yòng yú kē xué jì suàn，
xiàn zài réng yòu rén shǐ yòng。
COBOL
zhù yào shù jù chǔlǐ，
xiàn zài réng zài dà xíng shù jù kù děng yìng yòng zhōng guǎng fàn shǐ yòng。
BASIC
zhù yào yòng yú chū jí jì suàn jī jiào yù，
zài wēi jī fā míng hòu，
dé dào dà fā zhǎn。
wēi ruǎn gōng sī kào tā qǐ bù。
ALGOL
jiàn lì zài jiān shí lǐ lùn jī chǔ shàng de chéng xù shè jì yǔ yán， 60
nián dài bèi rèn wéi zuì yòu qián tú de，
xiàn zài yǐ jīng hěn shǎo yòu rén shǐ yòng liǎo。
PASCAL
zhuān wéi jì suàn jī jiào yù '
ér fā míng de chéng xù shè jì yǔ yán，
duì yú cù jìn jié gòu huà chéng xù shè jì fāng fǎ de pǔ jí yòu hěn dà zuò yòng，
xiàn zài réng yòu duō rén zài xué。
C/C++C
yǔ Unix
cāo zuò xì tǒng jié bàn '
ér shēng， BELL
shí yàn shì fā míng，
mù biāo dài mǎ xiàolǜ gāo，
kě yǐ yòng lái biān xì tǒng ruǎn jiàn。 C
yě shì BELL
shí yàn shì fā míng，
shì zài C
shàng zēng jiā liǎo miàn xiàng duì xiàng tè xìng，
shì xiàn zài shǐ yòng zuì guǎng fàn de chéng xù shè jì yǔ yán。
Java
zuì xīn de miàn xiàng duì xiàng chéng xù shè jì yǔ yán，
miàn xiàng internet， Sun
gōng sī fā míng，
kě yǐ yī cì biān chéng，
dào chù yùn xíng。
yǔ yán fēn wéi dì yī yǔ yán hé dì '
èr yǔ yán。
yī gè rén cóng xiǎo tōng guò hé tóng yī yǔ yán jí tuán qí tā chéng yuán（
rú fù mǔ、
qīn shǔ、
zhōu wéi de rén men）
de jiē chù，
zì rán xué dào bìng shú liàn yùn yòng yú jiāo jì hé sī wéi guò chéng zhōng de yǔ yán。
běn zú yǔ yán huò mǔ yǔ yī bān shuō dōushì gè rén de dì yī yǔ yán，
yě shì zhù yào yǔ yán。
rén chū shēng hòu，
shǒu xiān zhǎng wò hé shǐ yòng de yǔ yán，
jiào dì yī yǔ yán。
dì '
èr yǔ yán zhuān zhǐ běn guó nèi fēi běn zú yǔ。
zài duō mín zú guó jiā lǐ，
dì '
èr yǔ yán wǎng wǎng shì hé dì yī yǔ yán tóng shí bèi shǐ yòng de。
yǔ yán tè diǎn
yǔ yán de tè xìng yòu：
chuàng zào xìng、
jié gòu xìng、
yì yì xìng、
zhǐ dài xìng hé shè huì xìng yǔ gè tǐ xìng。
yǔ yán de jié gòu：
yīn wèi、
yǔ sù、
cí、
jù zǐ。
yǔ yán de zhǒng lèi：
duì huà yǔ yán、
dú bái yǔ yán、
shū miàn yǔ yán、
nèi bù yǔ yán。
yǔ yán de biǎo zhēng hé jiā gōng guò chéng
【
yǔ yán biǎo zhēng】
jiù shì yǔ yán cái liào suǒ fù zài de xìn xī zài tóu nǎo zhōng cún zài de fāng shì。
yǔ yán de biǎo zhēng jù yòu céng cì xìng。
【
yǔ yán jiā gōng】
jiù shì duì shū rù de yǔ yán xìn xī jìn xíng biān mǎ、
zhuǎn huàn、
cún chǔ、
tí qǔ de guò chéng。
yǔ yán de jiā gōng kě fēn wéi zì dòng jiā gōng hé shòu kòng zhì jiā gōng、
xì liè jiā gōng hé píng xíng jiā gōng、
mó kuài huà jiā gōng hé jiāo hù zuò yòng shì jiā gōng。
yǔ yán de shēng lǐ jī zhì
1、
yǔ yán de fā yīn jī zhì：
hū xī qì guān，
hóu tóu hé shēng dài，
kǒu qiāng、
bí qiāng hé yān qiāng。
2、
yǔ yán huó dòng de zhōng shū jī zhì：
bù luò kǎ qū、
wēi '
ěr ní kè qū、
jiǎo huí。
（ 1）
bù luò kǎ qū bìng biàn yǐn qǐ de shī yǔ zhèng tōng cháng chēng wéi yùn dòng xìng shī yǔ zhèng huò biǎo dá xìng shī yǔ zhèng。
（ 2）
wēi '
ěr ní kè qū bìng biàn huì yǐn qǐ jiē shòu xìng shī yǔ zhèng，
zhè shì yī zhǒng yǔ yán shī rèn zhèng。
qiē duàn huò sǔn shāng wēi '
ěr ní kè qū yǔ bù luò kǎ qū lián xì qǐ lái de shén jīng xiān wéi shù － gōng xíng shù，
yě jiāng chǎn shēng tóng yàng de xiào guǒ。
（ 3）
jiǎo huí shí xiàn kǒu yǔ hé shū miàn yǔ yán de zhuǎn huàn。
jiǎo huí sǔn shāng jiāng huì yǐn qǐ yǔ yì xìng shī yǔ zhèng。
3、
yǔ yán zài dà nǎo liǎng bàn qiú de yī cè yōu shì yǔ yǔ yán huó dòng。（
gē liè nǎo de yán jiū），
yán jiū zhèng shí yǔ yán huó dòng zhù yào shì dà nǎo zuǒ bàn qiú de gōng néng，
dàn dà nǎo yòu bàn qiú zài yǔ yán lǐ jiě zhōng yě yòu zhòng yào zuò yòng。
yǔ yīn zhī jué
1、
yǔ yīn de wù lǐ xìng zhì：
yīn diào、
yīn qiáng、
yīn cháng yǔ yīn sè。
2、
yīn wèi shì zài yī zhǒng yǔ yán zhōng néng gòu qū bié yì yì de zuì xiǎo de yǔ yīn dān wèi。
yīn wèi fēn yuán yīn hé fǔ yīn。
yán jiū yīn wèi de qū bié tè zhēng yòu zhù yú jiě shì rén duì yǔ yīn de gǎn zhī。
yǐng xiǎng yǔ yīn zhī jué de gè zhǒng yīn sù yòu：
yǔ yīn lèi sì xìng，
yǔ yīn qiáng dù，
zào yīn yǎn bì，
yǔ jìng，
jù fǎ、
yǔ yì de zuò yòng。
3、
yǐng xiǎng cí huì lǐ jiě de yīn sù：
dān cí de bù wèi xìn xī、
zhèng zì fǎ guī zé、
zì mǔ cháng dù huò bǐ huà shù liàng、
zì xíng jié gòu、
zì cí de shǐ yòng pín shuài、
yǔ yīn de zuò yòng、
yǔ jìng de zuò yòng、
yǔ yì de zuò yòng。
4、
yǐng xiǎng jù zǐ lǐ jiě de yīn sù：
jù zǐ de lèi xíng、
cí xù、
yǔ jìng、
jù fǎ fēn xī hé yǔ yì fēn xī。
5、
yǐng xiǎng huà yǔ lǐ jiě de yīn sù：
tuī lǐ、
yǔ jìng、
tú shì zuò yòng。
yǔ yán de chǎn shēng
1、
yǔ yán de chǎn shēng shì zhǐ rén men tōng guò yǔ yán qì guān huò shǒu de huó dòng bǎ suǒ yào biǎo dá de sī xiǎng shuō chū huò xiě chū lái，
tā bāo kuò shuō huà hé shū xiě liǎng zhǒng xíng shì。
yǔ yán chǎn shēng de dān wèi zhù yào yòu：
yīn sù、
yīn jié、
yǔ sù、
cí、
duǎn yǔ、
jù zǐ。
2、
yǔ yán chǎn shēng kě yǐ fēn wéi bù tóng de jiē duàn。
rú：
gòu zào jiē duàn：
gēn jù mùdì què dìng yào biǎo dá de sī xiǎng；
zhuǎn huà jiē duàn：
yùn yòng jù fǎ guī zé jiāng sī xiǎng zhuǎn huàn chéng yǔ yán de xíng shì；
zhí xíng jiē duàn：
jiāng yǔ yán xíng shì de xìn xī shuō chū huò xiě chū。
3
yǔ yán wèishénme cǎi yòng shēng yīn zuò wéi shǒu duàn？
shēng yīn bù shòu bái tiān hēi yè de xiàn zhì，
yōu yú shì jué；
yǔ yán chuán bō de yòu xiào jù lí dà yú shǒu shì；
yǔ yán cǎi yòng shēng yīn zuò wéi shǒu duàn，
kě yǐ yī biān shuō huà，
yī biān láo dòng；
shǒu yǔ，
shǒu shì de sù dù gǎn bù shàng shēng yīn；
suǒ yǐ，
shēng yīn zuò wéi yǔ yán de chuán bō shǒu duàn shì rén lèi jìn huà de bì rán。
yǔ yán de yóu jiǎn dào fán
shè huì shēng huó de jìn huà yī bān dōushì yóu jiǎn dào fán de，
yǔ yán yě jiù suí zhe yuè lái yuè fán，
zhè zì rán shì wén huà fā zhǎn dài lái de biàn huà。
nǚ hái zǐ cháng dào shí liù suì，
jiù shì nián fāng“
èr bā”。
nán rén cháng dào sān shí suì，
shuō shì dào“
ér lì”
zhī nián，
dào liù shí suì jiù chēng“
huā jiá”
liǎo。
zhè dū shì yīn wéi niàn guò shū，
shū shàng shì zhè yàng xiě de。
xíng róng měi nǚ xiě de shì :“
chén yú luò yàn zhī róng，
bì yuè xiū huā zhī mào”。
fāng biàn shuō shì :“
jìn shuǐ lóu tái” (
xiān dé yuè )。
kǎo shì shī bài shuō shì :“
míng luò sūn shān”。
mào chōng de，
shuō shì :“
làn yú chōng shù”。
jiàn guàn liǎo，
shuō shì :“
sī kōng jiàn guàn”。
zì gāo zì dà chēng“
wàng zì zūn dà”，“
yè láng zì dà”。
fù nǚ shēng hái zǐ，
shēng chū nán hái shuō shì“
nòng zhāng”，
shēng chū nǚ hái shuō shì“
nòng wǎ” (
gǔ shí yuán shǐ de fǎng chuí jiào wǎ )，
zhè yàng shuō fǎ cái xiǎn dé yòu wén huà、
wén yǎ。
yī bān lǎo bǎi xìng shuō huà yě tóng yàng shì yuè lái yuè fù zá。
yīn wéi jiù shè huì dāng bīng de cháng qī yā lǎo bǎi xìng，
lǎo bǎi xìng duì“
bīng”
zì，
duō wú hǎo gǎn。
yú shì，
rén men jiù bǎ bīng zì chāi kāi，
jiào“
qiū bā”。
yòu shí jiào“
qiū bā yé”，
dài yòu qīng miè、
jī fěng zhī yì。
jiāo '
ào zì dà shuō shì :“
qiàowěibā”。
zhè xiē dōushì cháng tīng dào de。
lǎo bǎi xìng shēng huó zhōng hái yòu hěn duō gài kuò xìng de chéng yǔ，
yě shì cóng shēng huó zhōng zǒng jié chū lái de shí fēn jiǎn jié de shuō fǎ，
yóu qiǎn rù shēn、
yóu jiǎn dào fán。
gǎn gōng zuò huì shuō :“
qǐ zǎo tān hēi”，“
shǒu máng jiǎo luàn”。
suǒ suì xiǎo shì shuō :“
jī máo suàn pí”。
ān pái gōng zuò shí shuō :
yòu rén“
tiǎo féi jiǎn shòu”。
mà shénme rén qiě shuō :“
gǒu zhàng rén shì”。
yòu xiē huà bù biàn zhí shuō，
rú kě néng yòu nán liào de wēi xiǎn，
jiù shuō yòu gè“
sān cháng liǎng duǎn”。
kàn guò xì，
tīng guò shuō shū，
kàn guò xiǎo shuō de，
yě huì jiè yòng qí zhōng de cí yǔ，
rú“
hòu huì yòu qī”，“
lín zhèn mó qiāng”，
huí jiā shuō :“
dǎ dào huí fǔ”，“
ān bù dāng chē”。
zài shuō dé shēn，
shuō dé qiào pí，
jiù shì :“
yòu qián néng shǐ guǐ tuī mó”，“
shā jī gěi hóu kàn”，“
nǐ zǒu nǐ de yáng guān dào，
wǒ zǒu wǒ de dú mù qiáo”。“
shì luó zǐ shì mǎ lā chū lái liú liú”，“
dāng yī tiān hé shàng zhuàng yī tiān zhōng”，“
nǎ jiādōu yòu běn nán niàn de jīng”。
zài jìn yī bù dì shuō jiù dài yòu yōu mò liǎo :“
dǎ zhǒng liǎn chōng pàng zǐ”，“
niào pào niào yě dé kàn huáng lì”。
gēng dì shuō shì :“
xiū lǐ dì qiú”，
wǔ tái shàng de bái miàn xiǎo shēng chēng :“
nǎi yóu xiǎo shēng”。
bié rén tí chū zì jǐ bù yuàn tí de shì，
shuō :“
nǎ hú bù kāi tí nǎ hú”。
shuō rén hú tú shì :“
bèi rén mài liǎo，
hái gēn zhe qù shù qián”。
mǒu rén de liǎng gè hái zǐ de míng zì shì“
sān qiān yī láng”
hé“
qiān wǔ bǎi huì”，
tīng zhe hěn xiàng rì běn rén míng。
qí shí，
nà shì yīn wéi fù mǔ wéi fǎn liǎo jìhuà shēng yù guī dìng，
duō shēng liǎo zhè yī nán yī nǚ，
bèi fá kuǎn。
yī gè fá liǎo sān qiān yuán，
yī gè fá liǎo yī qiān wǔ bǎi，
cái qǔ zhè liǎng gè míng zì de héng héng dāng rán，
zhè xiǎng bì shì kāi wán xiào shí shuō de。
shì jiè shàng shǐ yòng zuì duō de yǔ yán
hàn yǔ shǐ yòng rén kǒu dá 12
yì duō，
zhàn quán qiú rén kǒu 20
％ yǐ shàng。
yīng yǔ shǐ yòng rén kǒu dá 5
yì duō，
dàn xué xí yīng yǔ zhě zhì shǎo zài 10
yì rén yǐ shàng。
yìn dì yǔ shǐ yòng rén kǒu 5
yì yǐ shàng，
zhù yào shì yìn dù。
xī bān yá yǔ shǐ yòng rén kǒu 4
yì yǐ shàng。
é yǔ shǐ yòng rén kǒu 3
yì yǐ shàng。
ā lā bó yǔ shǐ yòng rén kǒu 3
yì yǐ shàng。
mèng jiā lā yǔ shǐ yòng rén kǒu 2
yì yǐ shàng。
pú táo yá yǔ shǐ yòng rén kǒu jìn 2
yì。
fǎ yǔ shǐ yòng rén kǒu yuē 1.9
yì
mǎ lái yǔ jí yìn ní yǔ shǐ yòng rén kǒu chāo guò 1
． 5
yì。
rì yǔ shǐ yòng rén kǒu jìn 1． 5
yì。
cháo xiān yǔ（
hán yǔ）
shǐ yòng rén kǒu chāo guò 8000
wàn
yǔ yán jì shù：
shuō huà yào chǐ dù，
bàn shì yào fēn cùn
zhōng guó rén zì gǔ jiù jiǎng jiū shuō huà chǐ dù hé bàn shì fēn cùn。
gǔ rén shuō：“
yù chén chén bù yǔ zhī shì，
qiě mò shū xīn；
jiàn xìng xìng zì hǎo zhī rén，
yìng xū fáng kǒu。”“
shì shì dòng míng jiē xué wèn，
rén qíng liàn dá jí wén zhāng。”
kě jiàn，
bù guǎn shì yǔ rén shuō huà、
yǔ rén jiāo wǎng、
yǔ rén bàn shì，
dū yùn hán zhe fēn cùn de xuán jī。
shuō huà bàn shì shì yào jiǎng jiū chǐ dù、
fēn cùn de。
zhè zhǒng“
chǐ dù、
fēn cùn”
zhù yào biǎo xiàn zài nǎ xiē fāng miàn ní？
yī、
shì shuō huà bù dào wèi bù xíng，
bàn shì bù mài lì bù xíng。
shuō huà bù dào wèi，
shuō bù dào diǎn zǐ shàng，
bié rén kě néng wù bù míng bái，
lǐ jiě bù tòu，
zhuó mó bù chū nǐ de zhēn shí yòng yì，
nǐ tí chū de xiǎng fǎ huò yào qiú yě bù huì bèi rén zhòng shì hé jiē shòu，
fēi dàn shì qíng bàn bù chéng，
yě cháng cháng bù bèi rén qiáo dé qǐ。
zhè yàng zěn me néng huàn qǔ bié rén de xīn shǎng yǔ qīn shàn ní？
zěn me néng yíng dé bié rén de yǒu yì hé qì zhòng ní？
tóng yàng de dào lǐ，
wéi bié rén bàn shì bù jìn lì bù xíng。“
yòu lái wú wǎng fēi lǐ yě。”
bié rén qiú nǐ bàn shì，
nǐ bù jìn lì，
nǐ yù dào kùn nán de shí hòu。
zěn me néng zhǐ wàng bié rén de rè qíng xiāng zhù ní？
èr、
shì shuō huà shuō dé tài guò tóu bù xíng，
bàn shì tài miǎnqiǎng bù xíng。
hǎo shuō dà huà，
yán cí tài jiān kè。
ràng rén tīng liǎo bù yú kuài，
jué dé nǐ bù shí dà tǐ，
bù dǒng guīju，
bù zhī hǎo dǎi，
zhè yàng de rén cháng cháng bèi rén jìng '
ér yuǎn zhī，
yě tóng yàng wú fǎ yǔ rén zhèng cháng jiāo wǎng。
bàn shì tài miǎnqiǎng，
yòu néng lì méi néng lì de chāishi dū gǎn jiē，
bàn dé dào bàn bù dào de shì dū xiǎng lǎn，
jiēguǒ jiāo bù liǎo chā，
zhǐ néng gěi zì jǐ zēng tiān bù bì yào de má fán，
gěi zì jǐ zào chéng nǐ néng lì dī xià huò bù jiǎng chéng xìn de yìn xiàng。
shuō huà yòu chǐ dù，
jiāo wǎng jiǎng fēn cùn，
bàn shì jiǎng cè lüè，
xíng wéi yòu jié zhì，
bié rén jiù hěn róng yì jiē nà nǐ，
xǐ huān nǐ，
bāng zhù nǐ，
jǔ zhǐ shī tǐ，
bù shí shēn qiǎn，
bù zhī hòu bó，
jiù huì rén rén tǎo yàn，
shí shí nán guò，
shì shì nán wéi，
chù chù pèng bì。
shuō huà de chǐ dù hé bàn shì de fēn cùn lèi sì yú yī pǐ bǎo mǎ，
jià yù hǎo liǎo kě yǐ rì xíng qiān lǐ，
bāng nǐ chōng fēng xiàn zhèn；
jià yù bù hǎo，
jiù kě néng ràng nǐ shuāi gēn tóu，
shèn zhì tī shāng bié rén。
《
yǔ yán xué jiào chéng》
duì“
yǔ yán”
de jiě shì
Whatislanguage?
Webster'sNewWorldDictionaryoffersseveralmostfrequentlyusedsensesoftheword'language',namely,[1](a)humanspeech;(b)theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans;(c)asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtandfeelings;(d)thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem;[2](a)anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating,asgestures,signs,oranimalsounds;
(b)aspecialsetofofsymbols,letters,numerals,rulesetc.usedforthetransmissionofinformation,asinacomputer;...(p.759)Sufficeittosayherethatthoughweusethewordinitsvarioussenses,wefocushereonitsprimarysense:namely[1]（ a） ,（ b） ,（ c） ,（ d） .
Togivethebarestofdefinition,languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumentalinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.Itissocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemioticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues,motivation,andsocio-culturalroles.Languagelearninganduse,aredeterminedbytheinterventionofbiological,cognitive,psychosocial,andenvironmentalfactors.Inshort,languagedistinguishesusfromanimalsbecauseitisfarmoresophisticatedthananyanimalcommunicationsystem.（ reproductionofmaterialwithoutwittenpermissionisstrictlyprohibited， contactmeviaemailifyouwanttocopythiseassay:exiven@163.comThisessayistakenfrom"Linguistics.ACourseBook"Editorinchief:
hú zhuàng lín Subeditor:
jiāng wàng qí zī liào lái yuán：《
yǔ yán xué jiào chéng》
zhù biān：
hú zhuàng lín fù zhù biān：
jiāng wàng qí，
běi jīng dà xué chū bǎn shè chū bǎn）
wéi shì de xīn shì jiè zì diǎn（ Webster'sNewWorldDictionary)
tí gōng liǎo“
yǔ yán”
de jǐ zhǒng zuì cháng jiàn de dìng yì ,
jí， [1](a)
rén lèi de yán yǔ；（ b）
tōng guò yán yǔ lái jiāo liú de néng lì；（ c）
yòng lái biǎo dá huò jiāo liú sī xiǎng hé gǎn jué de yī tào shēng yīn jí zhè xiē shēng yīn hù xiāng jié hé de xì tǒng；（ d）
xì tǒng de wén zì biǎo dá； [2](a)
biǎo dá huò jiāo liú de rèn hé fāng shì，
rú shǒu shì，
biāo jì，
huò dòng wù de shēng yīn；（ b）
fú hào，
zì mǔ，
shù zì，
guī zé děng de tè shū jí hé，
yòng lái chuán dá xìn xī，
bǐ rú yòng zài jì suàn jī zhōng děng；
jiǎn dān '
ér yán，
jìn guǎn zhè gè cí yòu gè zhǒng yì yì，
dàn zhè lǐ wǒ men guān zhù de jiāo diǎn shì yǔ yán de jī běn hán yì，
jí， [1](a)(b)(c)(d).
yī gè zuì jiǎn dān de dìng yì jiù shì，
yǔ yán shì yán yǔ jiāo liú de yī zhǒng fāng shì。
yīn wéi shuō hé xiě de jiāo liú fāng shì shì yī zhǒng yòu mùdì de xíng wéi，
suǒ yǐ yǔ yán shì shí yòng xìng de；
yīn wéi yǔ yán shì shè huì fú hào，
yǔ yán de jiāo liú zhǐ néng zài suǒ yòu cānyù zhě guǎng fàn lǐ jiě liǎo rén lèi de nà xiē fēi yǔ yán de '
àn shì，
dòng jī，
shè huì wén huà juésè děng děng hù xiāng guān lián de yīn sù zhī hòu cái néng yòu xiào jìn xíng，
yīn cǐ yǔ yán yòu shì shè huì de，
yuē dìng sú chéng de。
yǔ yán de xué xí hé shǐ yòng qǔ jué yǔ shēng wù xué de，
rèn zhī de，
xīn lǐ de hé huán jìng de yīn sù，
yǔ yán bǐ qí tā rèn hé dòng wù de jiāo liú xì tǒng dōuyào fù zá dé duō，
yǔ yán shǐ rén lèi qū bié yú dòng wù。（
yǐ shàng shì guān yú yǔ yán de xiāng guān jiě shì，
wèi jīng yǔn xǔ，
jìn zhǐ zhuǎnzǎi，
è yì cuàn gǎi běn wén nèi róng shì wéi qīn fàn zhù zuò quán，
rú yòu wèn tí，
yǔ wǒ lián xì exiven@163.com
cān kǎo liǎo《
yǔ yán xué jiào chéng》，
yīng yǔ yǔ yán xué zhuān yè wǎng zhàn http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/articlelist_1503801131_0_1.html
rú guǒ xū yào qí tā fāng miàn de yǔ yán xué fāng miàn nèi róng，
kě yǐ cān kǎo qí tā yǔ yán xué wǎng zhàn huò yǔ yán xué shū jí，《
yǔ yán xué jiào chéng》
zhù biān：
hú zhuàng lín fù zhù biān：
jiāng wàng qí，
běi jīng dà xué chū bǎn shè chū bǎn）
yǔ xì
yǐ pǔ xì fēn lèi fǎ fēn chū de zuì dà yǔ yán xì shǔ。
yóu jù yòu gòng tóng lì shǐ lái yuán de yǔ yán zǔ chéng。
rú hàn zàngyǔ xì，
yìn '
ōu yǔ xì。
tóng yī yǔ xì nèi，
àn gè yǔ yán zhī jiān qīn shǔ guān xì de yuǎn jìn，
kě fēn wéi ruò gān yǔ zú，
tóng yī yǔ zú kě zài '
àn guān xì yuǎn jìn fēn wéi ruò gān yǔ zhī。
rú yìn '
ōu yǔ xì fēn yìn dù、
rì '
ěr màn、
luó mǎ、
sī lā fū děng yǔ zú。
sī lā fū yǔ zú yòu fēn dōng sī lā fū、
xī sī lā fū、
nán sī lā fū děng sān gè yǔ zhī。
yóu yú shì jiè yǔ yán shí fēn fù zá，
yǔ xì de huàfēn zài yǔ yán xué jiā zhōng bù jìn yī zhì，
míng chēng yě bù jìn xiāng tóng。
shì jiè qī dà yǔ xì
19
shì jì，
ōu zhōu de bǐ jiào xué pài yán jiū liǎo shì jiè shàng jìn yī bǎi zhǒng yǔ yán，
fā xiàn yòu xiē yǔ yán de mǒu xiē yǔ yīn、
cí huì、
yǔ fǎ guī zé zhī jiān yòu duì yìng guān xì，
yòu xiē xiāng sì zhī chù，
tā men biàn bǎ zhè xiē yǔ wén guī wéi yī lèi，
chēng wéi tóng zú yǔ yán；
yóu yú yòu de zú yǔ zú zhī jiān yòu yòu xiē duì yìng guān xì，
yòu guī zài yī qǐ，
chēng wéi tóng xì yǔ yán，
zhè jiù shì suǒ wèi yǔ yán jiān de pǔ xì guān xì。
xiàn zài，
shì jiè shàng zhù yào de yǔ xì yòu qī dà lèi：
yìn '
ōu yǔ xì shì zuì dà de yǔ xì，
xià fēn yìn dù、
yī lǎng、
rì '
ěr màn、
lā dīng、
sī lā fū、
bō luó de hǎi děng yǔ zú。
yìn dù yǔ zú bāo kuò fàn yǔ、
yìn dì yǔ、
bā lì yǔ děng。
yī lǎng yǔ zú bāo kuò bō sī yǔ、
ā fù hàn yǔ děng。
rì '
ěr màn yǔ zú bāo kuò yīng yǔ、
dé yǔ、
hé lán yǔ、
sī kān de nà wéi yà bàn dǎo gè zhù yào yǔ yán。
lā dīng yǔ zú bāo kuò fǎ yǔ、
yì dà lì yǔ、
xī bān yá yǔ、
pú táo yá yǔ hé luó mǎ ní yà yǔ。
sī lā fū yǔ zú yòu '
é yǔ、
bǎo jiā lì yà yǔ、
bō lán yǔ。
bō luó de hǎi yǔ zú bāo kuò lā tuō wéi yà yǔ hé lì táo wǎn yǔ。
hàn zàngyǔ xì xià fēn hàn yǔ hé cáng miǎn、
zhuàng dòng、
miáo yáo děng yǔ zú，
bāo kuò hàn yǔ、
zàngyǔ、
miǎn diàn yǔ、
kè lún yǔ、
zhuàng yǔ、
miáo yǔ、
yáo yǔ děng。
ā '
ěr tài yǔ xì xià fēn xī '
ā '
ěr tài yǔ zú、
dōng '
ā '
ěr tài yǔ zú。
qián zhě bāo kuò tū jué zhū yǔ yán yǐ jí qián sū lián jìng nèi de chǔ wǎ shí yǔ，
hòu zhě bāo kuò měnggǔ yǔ yǐ jí qián sū lián jìng nèi de '
āi wén jī yǔ。
shǎn hán yǔ xì yòu chēng yà fēi yǔ xì。
xià fēn shǎn yǔ zú hé hán yǔ zú。
qián zhě bāo kuò xī bó lái yǔ、
ā lā bó yǔ děng，
hòu zhě bāo kuò gǔ '
āi jí yǔ、
háo sà yǔ děng。
dé lā wéi dá yǔ xì yòu chēng dá luó pí shū yǔ xì。
yìn dù nán bù de yǔ yán dū shǔ yú zhè yī yǔ xì，
bāo kuò bǐ hā '
ěr yǔ、
tài lú gù yǔ、
tài mǐ '
ěr yǔ、
mǎ lā yà lán yǔ děng。
gāo jiā suǒ yǔ xì zhè yī yǔ xì de yǔ yán fēn bù zài gāo jiā suǒ yī dài，
zhù yào de yǔ yán yòu gé lǔ jí yà yǔ、
chē chén yǔ děng。
wū lā '
ěr yǔ xì xià fēn fēn lán yǔ zú hé wū gē '
ěr yǔ zú。
qián zhě bāo kuò fēn lán yǔ、
ài shā ní yà yǔ děng，
hòu zhě bāo kuò xiōng yá lì yǔ、
màn xī yǔ děng。
cǐ wài hái yòu yī xiē yǔ xì，
rú fēi zhōu de ní rì '
ěr héng gāng guǒ yǔ xì、
shā lǐ héng ní luó yǔ xì、
kē yǐ sàn yǔ xì，
měi zhōu de '
ài sī jī mó héng '
ā liú shēn yǔ xì yǐ jí yī xiē yìn dì '
ān yǔ xì，
dà yáng zhōu de mǎ lái héng bō lì ní xī yà yǔ xì hé mì kè luó ní xī yà yǔ xì。
xū yào zhǐ chū de shì，
shì jiè shàng yòu xiē yǔ yán，
cóng pǔ xì shàng kàn，
bù shǔ yú rèn hé yǔ xì，
rú rì yǔ、
cháo xiān yǔ děng，
jiù shì dú lì de yǔ yán。
zài jìn liǎng gè shì jì lǐ，
gè guó xué zhě bǎ quán shì jiè xíng xíng sè sè de yǔ yán fēn chéng gè zhǒng yǔ xì rú yìn '
ōu yǔ xì、
wū lā '
ěr yǔ xì、
ā fēi luó yī yà xì yà yǔ xì、
ā '
ěr tài yǔ xì、
hàn zàngyǔ xì、
nán yà yǔ xì，
nán dǎo yǔ xì děng děng，
dàn hái yòu yī xiē yǔ yán zhì jīn xì shǔ bù míng，
rú fēn bù yú xī bān yá běi bù hé fǎ guó xī nán bù yǔ xī bān yá jiē rǎng dì qū de bā sī kè yǔ、
gǔ dài liǎng hé liú yù shǐ yòng de sū měi '
ěr yǔ děng。
nà me，
zhè xiē bù tóng de yǔ yán hé yǔ xì shì zěn yàng qǐ yuán de ní？
shuō tóng yī yǔ xì yǔ yán de jū mín gòng tóng tǐ yòu shì zěn yàng xíng chéng de ní？
bù tóng yǔ xì jí qí jū mín zhī jiān shì fǒu zài yuǎn gǔ bǐ cǐ jiù yòu lián xì ní？
quán shì jiè shù shí yì rén suǒ shuō de chéng qiān shàng wàn zhǒng yǔ yán shì fǒu yòu yī gè gòng tóng qǐ yuán ní？
zhè xiē wèn tí zài guò qù shì wú fǎ zhǔn què huí dá de，
yě céng bèi shì wéi kē xué de "
jìn qū "。
dàn shì jìn 20
duō nián lái，
suí zhe fènzǐ shēng wù xué、
rén lèi qún tǐ yí chuán xué hé kǎo gǔ xué、
yǔ yán xué de jìn zhǎn，
wǒ men zhōng yú kàn dào liǎo jiě kāi zhè xiē "
shì jì zhī mí "
de xī wàng de shǔ guāng。
zhè shì gè mén kē xué xiāng hù shèn tòu，
xīn de yán jiū fāng fǎ hé yán jiū shǒu duàn bù duàn jìn bù de jiēguǒ。
yìn dù yǔ zú（
yìn dì yǔ、
wū '
ěr dū yǔ、
mèng jiā lā yǔ、
jí bǔ sài yǔ děng děng）。
yī lǎng yǔ zú（
bō sī yǔ、
kù '
ěr dé yǔ、
ā fù hàn yǔ děng děng）。
sī lā fū yǔ zú（
é yǔ、
sài '
ěr wéi yà yǔ、
bō lán yǔ、
jié kè yǔ、
bǎo jiā lì yà yǔ děng děng）
yà měi ní yà yǔ zú（
yǐ yà měi ní yà yǔ wéi zhù）
bō luó de yǔ zú（
lì táo wǎn yǔ、
lā tuō wéi yà yǔ děng děng）
rì '
ěr màn yǔ zú（
dé yǔ、
dān mài yǔ、
ruì diǎn yǔ、
hé lán yǔ、
yīng yǔ děng děng）
lā dīng（
luó màn）
yǔ zú（
yì dà lì yǔ、
xī bān yá yǔ、
pú táo yá yǔ、
fǎ yǔ、
luó mǎ ní yà yǔ děng děng）
xī là yǔ zú（
yǐ xī là yǔ wéi zhù）
kè '
ěr tè yǔ zú（
yǐ '
ài '
ěr lán yǔ wéi zhù）
ā '
ěr bā ní yà yǔ zú（
yǐ '
ā '
ěr bā ní yà yǔ wéi zhù）
yōng yòu zuì duō jiǎng huà rén kǒu de hàn zàngyǔ xì。
zhè gè yǔ xì yǐ zhōng guó wéi zhōng xīn，
lüè xiàng xī nán fú shè，
jiǎng huà de rén kǒu zhàn shì jiè rén kǒu de sì fēn zhī yī，
dàn shì dì lǐ fēn bù shàng jiào wéi jí zhōng。
xià fēn sì gè yǔ zú，
jí hàn yǔ zú、
cáng miǎn yǔ zú、
zhuàng dòng yǔ zú、
miáo yáo yǔ zú。
ā '
ěr tài yǔ xì。
yǐ xiàn zài zhōng、
é、
hā、
méng jiāo jiè de '
ā '
ěr tài shān wéi zhōng xīn，
guǎng fàn fēn bù yú yà zhōu fù bù de huāng mò hé cǎo yuán dì qū。
xià fēn sān gè yǔ zú，
jí tū jué yǔ zú、
měnggǔ yǔ zú、
tōng gǔ sī mǎn yǔ zú。
yī xiē yǔ yán xué jiā rèn wéi，
cháo xiān yǔ、
rì běn yǔ de zhù yào chéng fèn，
shǔ yú zhè gè yǔ xì。
shǎn hán yǔ xì。
fēn bù yú xī yà běi fēi dì qū，
fēn wéi liǎng gè yǔ zú，
jí xī yà de shǎn yǔ zú、
běi fēi de hán yǔ zú。
bān tú yǔ xì。
fēn bù yú sǎ hā lā yǐ nán de zhěng gè hēi fēi zhōu dì qū，
yōng yòu shù qiān zhǒng yǔ yán，
dà bù fēn shì bù zú yǔ yán。
dài biǎo xìng yǔ yán shì sī wǎ xī lì yǔ。
nán dǎo（
mǎ lái－
bō lì ní xī yà）
yǔ xì。
guǎng fàn fēn bù yú dōng nán yà de mǎ lái bàn dǎo hé yìn dù ní xī yà qún dǎo、
dà yáng zhōu gè guó。
zhōng guó tái wān dǎo de gāo shān zú yǔ yán，
jí shǔ yú nán dǎo yǔ xì。
qí tā de yǔ xì hái yòu dá luó pí tú yǔ xì（
yìn dù bàn dǎo nán bù）、
nán yà yǔ xì（
zhōng nán bàn dǎo nán bù）、
fēn lán－
wū gē '
ěr yǔ xì（
zhù yào zài fēn lán hé xiōng yá lì）、
yī bǐ lì yà－
gāo jiā suǒ yǔ xì（
gāo jiā suǒ shān mài yī dài），
fēn bù dì qū jiào xiá xiǎo，
duì shì jiè jiāo wǎng de yǐng xiǎng lì yòu xiàn。
chú cǐ zhī wài hái yòu jiǔ dà yǔ xì de shuō fǎ：
shì jiè jiǔ dà yǔ xì
mù qián rén men yī bān bǎ shì jiè de yǔ yán huàfēn wéi jiǔ dà yǔ xì：
1）
hàn zàngyǔ xì，
2）
yìn '
ōu yǔ xì，
3）
ā '
ěr tài yǔ xì，
4）
shǎn－
hán yǔ xì，
5）
wū lā '
ěr yǔ xì，
6）
yī bǐ lì yà－
gāo jiā suǒ yǔ xì，
7）
mǎ lái－
bō lǐ ní xī yà yǔ xì，
8）
nán yà yǔ xì，
9）
dá luó pí shū yǔ xì。
cǐ wài，
hái yòu fēi zhōu hé měi zhōu de yī xiē yǔ yán hé yī xiē xì shǔ bù míng de yǔ yán。
Language is the symbolic system is voice-shell material to the semantic content for the meaning, pronunciation and meaning of the word combination of building materials and grammar rules of the system of organization. Language is a social phenomenon, is the most important communication tool of mankind, is to think and transmission of information tools, the results of human knowledge preserved the carrier. Language has the stability and nationality.
Language is a human creation, only man has a true language. Many animals can also be a voice to express their feelings, or transmission of information in groups but this is just some Guding the program can not change randomly. Only human voice according to meaningless combinations of various ways to become a meaningful morpheme, then the large number of morphemes in a variety of ways to form words, with the endless changes that change the form of infinite significance.
Human beings created the language to create a text later. Text is the language of visual form. Suffered the spoken word break space and time constraints, can play a greater role.
The invention of writing
For the text of the invention, the ancients regarded as one more big deal. "Huainanzi" he said: "Formerly, the CJ for the book and rainy weather, millet, night crying ghost." Can best represent the text of the divine power is the operator □, which is spoken in the spell with the very thing. General text also stained the color of superstition, have words on paper can not throw to put the "King Cherishing paper" label containers, build up burned. Of course, there are taboo words inside his mouth can not say the name of the paper can not write; must write have to borrow the homophone, or missing a.
It is estimated that about 5,600 languages in the world, including more than 100 million use the language of 100 or so, more than 50 million of the 20 or so.
Although the language can be used for text based, but the language is after all not the same text, although the scientific community and religious countries make great efforts, however, there are two quarters in the world of language is no corresponding text.
Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic and so is the world's major languages, is also a United Nations working languages.
Machine language
Program is a sequence of machine instructions, the Romans, using the machine instruction programming, is that people first and most natural choice. Machine is the machine language instruction set. Machine language is binary not easily be understood, difficult to master; and vary by machine, the program difficult to transplant.
Each machine instruction in assembly language will be accompanied by a mnemonic, such as Add, Jump, etc. to form a simple assembly language. Simple assembly language statements one correspondence with machine instructions. A simple compilation of the relevant parts of the machine in separate, completed by the system, the formation of macro assembler. Assembly language is said, generally means the macro assembler. Assembly language easier than machine language, it is still difficult to grasp; it varies by machine, the program difficult to transplant.
The first high-level Fortran programming language, IBM invented by the 50's, mainly used for scientific computing, there are still people to use.
COBOL main data processing, large database applications are still widely used.
BASIC computer mainly for primary education, the computer was invented by big development. He started by Microsoft.
ALGOL built on a solid theoretical foundation of programming languages, 60 years is considered the most promising, is now rarely used.
PASCAL education for computer programming language invented for the promotion of structured programming method is very effective in popularity, there are still people in the school.
C / C + + C and the Unix operating system go hand in hand hygiene, BELL laboratory inventions, the object code efficiency is high, can be used to compile software. C BELL laboratory is the invention of an increase in C, object-oriented features, is now the most widely used programming language.
The latest object-oriented Java programming language, for the internet, Sun invented, can be programmed once, run everywhere.
Language into the first language and second language.
A person from childhood through and the other members of the same language group (such as parents, relatives, people around) contact, natural learning and skilled communication and thought process used in the language. Own language or mother tongue are generally the first language of individuals is the primary language.
Were born, first of all to master and use the language, called the first language. Second language specifically refers to the domestic non-native. In the multi-ethnic country, the second language and first language are often used simultaneously.
Language Features
Language features are: creative, structural, sense of, to refer to sexual and social and individuality.
The structure of language: phonemes, morphemes, words, sentences.
Types of language: dialogue, language, monologue language, written language, the internal language.
Characterization and processing language
Characterization】 【language is the language of information load materials exist in the minds of ways. Characterization of a hierarchy of language.
】 【Language processing on the input of linguistic information is encoded, transformation, storage, extraction process. Language processing can be divided into automatic processing and controlled processing, series processing and parallel processing, modular machining processing and interaction.
Physiological mechanisms of language
1, the pronunciation of the language mechanisms: respiratory, throat and vocal cords, mouth, nose and pharynx.
2, the activities of the central mechanism of the language: Broca area, Wernicke area, angular gyrus.
(1), Broca's aphasia caused by lesions in commonly known as motor aphasia or expressive aphasia.
(2) causes lesions in Wernicke receptive aphasia, a language Agnosia. Cut or damaged Wernicke area and Broca area of nerve fibers linking - arched beam, will also produce the same effect.
(3) angular gyrus spoken and written language to achieve the conversion. Angle back injury will cause semantic aphasia.
3, the language side of the two hemispheres in the brain advantage and language activities. (Split brain research), which confirmed that the main activity of the brain hemisphere language function, but the right hemisphere in language comprehension plays an important role.
Speech Perception
1, the physical nature of voice: pitch, intensity, length and tone sound.
2, phoneme is in a language different meaning to smallest phonetic unit. Phoneme sub-consonants and vowels. The distinctive features of phonemes helps to explain people's perception of speech. Various factors affecting speech perception are: voice similar, voice intensity, noise masking, context, syntax and semantic role.
3, to understand the factors affecting vocabulary: word position information, Orthographic, letter or stroke length, number, shape structure, word frequency, voice role, the role of context, semantic role.
4, to understand the factors that affect the sentence: sentence type, word order, context, syntax analysis and semantic analysis.
5, the factors affecting speech understanding: reasoning, context, the role of icons.
Language production
1, language production is the people through organ or sign language activities to the state or to express thoughts in writing, including speaking and writing his two forms. Language production units are: phonemes, syllables, morphemes, words, phrases, sentences.
2, language production can be divided into different stages. Such as: construction phase: According to the aim to determine the expression of thought; conversion phase: the use of syntactic rules in the form of thought into language; the implementation phase: the linguistic forms of information to say or write.
3 Why is using the voice as a means of language?
Restrictions on day and night without the sound, better than the visual; language communication effective range of more than gestures; language as a means of using the voice, you can talk while while working; sign language, gestures as fast as the sound; Therefore, the language of communication as a means of sound is a natural human evolution.
Language, from simple to complex
The evolution of social life, generally from simple to complex, the language also as more complex, it is the cultural development of natural change. Girls grow up to 16 years old, is on side "28." Long to three-year-old man, said to "standing" in years to six years, and he said "Nail" has. This is because the studied, the book is written like this. Describe the beauty is written: "beauties of the content, Biyuexiuhua the appearance." Facilitate said: "proximity" (come on). Test failure is: "Minglasunshan." Forgery, said: "a good impression." Accustomed to seeing, and said: "common." Conceit that "arrogant", "arrogant." Women, children, birth to boy said, "Nong Zhang," give birth to girls is "Nong Wa" (the ancient original spindle called watts), this statement appears only literate, elegant. The general population is also more complex words. Because the old soldiers often oppressed people of society, the people of the "soldiers", which many no good impression. So, people took the word apart soldiers, called "Qiu Ba." Sometimes called "Hill bye," with contempt, ridicule intended. Arrogant said: "cocky." These are often heard.
There are many people living in the general idiom, but also from life summed up very simple argument, implemented progressively, from simple to complex. Catch up work will say: "from dawn to dusk," "rush." Trivial, said: "trivial." Organization of work, said: It was "cherry-picking." What people say then scolded: "Gouzhangrenshi." Some would say for the inconvenience, such as the risk may be unpredictable, said there was "something happens." Read the play, listening to storytellers, read novels, which will be borrowed words, such as "meet again", "crash course", go home and say: "go home", "walk rather than cars." To put it more deeply, to put it playful, is: "Money talks", "a warning to others", "You take your perfectly normal paths, my way or the highway." "Is a mule is a horse out of a walk," "When the day of the collision one of the three monks," "Which has the cupboard." Further to say on with humor: the "hat and no cattle," "Urine Paoniao also depends almanac." Land that is: "repair the earth", the stage of flour niche, said: "Naiyouxiaosheng." Others do not want to mention make their own things, said: "Which pot is not touching the tender spot." That people are confused: "was sold, also followed to count the money." Two children the name of a person is "3000 Ichiro" and "1000 500 Hui", which sounds like a Japanese name. In fact, it is because their parents violated the family planning regulations, have more of this man and a woman was fined. A fine of 3,000 yuan, a fine of 1500, only to take these two names - of course, presumably when he was joking.
The world's most used languages
Chinese use of a population of over 1.2 billion, accounting for more than 20% of the global population.
English using a population of more than 500 million, but at least those who learn English more than 10 million people.
Hindi using more than 500 million people, mainly in India.
More than 400 million people using Spanish.
Russian use of more than 300 million population.
Arabic to use more than 300 million people.
Bengali population of 200 million or more to use.
Portuguese to use a population of nearly 200 million.
Use of a population of about 190 million French
Malay and Indonesian use of more than 150 million people.
Population of nearly 150 million Japanese use.
Korean (Korean) people using more than 80 million
Language Technology: talk to scale, work to be measured
Since ancient times, Chinese people work so hard to talk scale and measured. The ancients said: "The case of non-English people in dark, defeats lose heart; see bitterly from the good of the people, should be prevented in mouth." "Dreams of all knowledge, human sophistication that article." Visible, no matter who is speaking with people, work with others, involved the propriety of the mystery.
Speak and act is to pay attention to scale, measured. This "scale, measured" was mainly on?
1, the speaker is not in place No, do not act hard not work. Words are not in place, that not the point, others may not understand enlightenment, understanding, not through, wondering not your real intention, you have ideas or requests will not be valued and accepted, not only do not accomplish, and often do not think much of being. How can this appreciation and goodwill for others it? How to win people's friendship and thinks highly of it? By the same token, do not do not do things for others. "There is also reason to not go to non-." People ask you things, you do not try, you encounter a difficult time. How can we expect others to do the warm help solve the problem?
Second, it is impossible to speak too much, too far, things Tai Mianjiang not work. Good to talk big words too harsh. After listening to unhappy people, that you ignore the general interest and do not know the rules, ungrateful, such people often turn away people, normal people also can not contact. Work Taimian Jiang, the ability ability to errand dare not take, do not do something want to embrace, the results can not pay the poor can only add unnecessary trouble for himself, to create your own ability to lower or dishonesty impression.
Speak with scale, contact stresses measured, work stress, behavioral restraint, people can easily accept you, like you, help you lose body behavior, did not know the depth, thickness unknown, they all hate, always sad thing things can not do anything, being blocked.
Speak and act in the sense of proportion scale similar to a BMW, you can control better the day traveling thousands of miles to help you charge forward; control is not good, can make you Shuaigen Tou, and even kicked people.
"Linguistics" on the "language" to explain
What is language?
Webster's New World Dictionary offers several most frequently used senses of the word'language ', namely, [1] (a) human speech; (b) the ability to communicate by this means; (c) a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thought and feelings; (d) the written representation of such a system; [2] (a) any means of expressing or communicating, as gestures, signs, or animal sounds;
(B) a special set of of symbols, letters, numerals, rules etc.used for the transmission of information, as in a computer ;...( p.759) Suffice it to say here that though we use the word in its various senses, we focus here on its primary sense: namely [1] (a), (b), (c), (d).
To give the barest of definition, language is a means of verbal communication.It is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles.Language learning and use, are determined by the intervention of biological, cognitive, psychosocial, and environmental factors.In short, language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal communication system. (reproduction of material without witten permission is strictly prohibited, contact me via email if you want to copy this eassay: exiven@163.com This essay is taken from "Linguistics.A Course Book" Editor in chief: HU Zhuang-lin Subeditor: Jiang Wang Qi Source: "Linguistics" Editor: Hu Lin Chuang Associate Editor: Jiang Wang Qi, Beijing University Publishing House)
Webster's New World Dictionary (Webster's New World Dictionary) provides a "language" of some of the most common definition, that is, [1] (a) human speech; (b)
Ability to communicate through speech; (c) used to express or exchange ideas and feelings of a voice and the voice of integrating these systems; (d) the system of expression; [2] (a) express or communicate in any way , such as gesture, mark, or the animal's voice; (b) symbols, letters, numbers and rules of Teshujige, Yong Lai 传达 information, such as used in computing medium; short, Although that term has a variety of significance, but Our focus here is the basic meaning of the language, that is, [1] (a) (b) (c) (d).
One of the most simple definition is that language is a form of verbal communication. As speaking and writing means of communication is a purposeful act, so language is practical; because the language of social symbols, language, communication can only be understood in all human participants in a wide range of those non-verbal cues, motivation, the role of social and cultural factors associated with each other and so can be effectively carried out after, so the language is social, conventional. Language learning and use depends on biological, cognitive, psychological and environmental factors, language than any other animal communication system to be much more complex, the language human beings apart from animals. (The above explanations on the relevant language, without permission is prohibited reproduced, malicious tampering with the contents of this article as a violation of copyright, any questions, contact me exiven@163.com reference to the "Linguistics," English Linguistics website http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/articlelist_1503801131_0_1.html If you need other linguistic content, you can refer to other linguistic sites or books, linguistics, "Linguistics" Editor: Hu Lin Chuang Associate Editor: Jiang Wang Qi , Peking University Press)
Languages
According to separate the genetic classification system is the best language. By a common history with the composition of the source language. Such as the Sino-Tibetan language family, Indo-European. The same language, the language according to the relationship between the distance, can be divided into a number of language family, the same language group can then be divided into a number of languages supported distance relationship. Such as the Indo-European sub-Indian, Germanic, Roman, Slavic and other language group. Slavic languages is divided into East Slavic, West Slavic, Yugoslavia supported the three languages. As the complexity of the world's languages, linguists in the language of division are not the same in the name are not the same.
The world's seven major languages
The 19th century, Europe's comparative study of the school that nearly 100 kinds of languages in the world and found that some languages of Mouxie pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar rules You Duiyingguanji between, some similarities, they Pianbazhexie languages into one group, as related language; because some ethnic and racial Also some correspondence, they go together, as with the Department of Language, which is the evolutionary relationship between the so-called language. Now, the world's major language has seven major categories:
Indo-European is the largest language, is divided India, Iran, German, Latin, Slavic, Baltic language group. Indian language family, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Pali, etc.. Iranian languages, including Persian, Afghan and so on. Germanic languages, including English, German, Dutch, Scandinavian Peninsula, the main language. Latin family, including French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian. Slavic languages are Russian, Bulgarian, Polish. Baltic language family includes Latvian and Lithuanian.
Under the sub-Chinese and Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman, and Dong, Miao and Yao ethnic languages, including Chinese, Tibetan, Burmese, Karen language, dialect, Hmong, Yao and other languages.
Altaic language family is divided West Harter, Eastern Altai language family. The former includes the Linguistic Que conflict within the former Soviet Union and the Chuvash language, the latter including the Mongolian and the former Soviet Union in the Avon-based language.
With language, also known as Afro-Asiatic Semitic. Under sub-Semitic, and with a family. The former includes Hebrew, Arabic, etc., the latter including the ancient Egyptian language, Hausa and so on.
Dravidian languages Dravidian languages known. The language of southern India belong to the language, including Bihar language, Telugu, Tamil, English, etc. Malayalan.
Caucasian languages the language of the language found in the Caucasus area, the main language in Georgian, Chechen language, etc..
Under the sub-family of Uralic languages Finnish and Ugric language group. The former includes Finnish, Estonian, etc., which includes Hungarian, Mansi, etc..
There are also other languages, such as Africa, Niger - Congo languages, the sand - Nile languages, Khoisan language, American Eskimo - Aleut language and some Indian languages, Oceania, the Malay - Polynesian and Micronesian languages language. Be noted that some of the world's languages, from the pedigree view, does not belong to any language, such as Japanese, Korean, etc., is independent of language.
In the past two centuries, scholars from various countries to various languages around the world into various languages such as Indo-European, Uralic, A non-Roy Asiatic languages, Altaic, Sino-Tibetan, Austro-Asiatic, Austronesian languages, etc. However, some departments are still unknown languages, such as is found in northern Spain and southwestern France near the Spanish border in the Basque region of ancient Mesopotamia, etc. used in Sumerian. So, these different origins of language and how language is it? Residents speak the same language language community is what then? Between different languages and whether the ancient inhabitants had contact with each other then? Billions of people around the world talking about tens of thousands of languages have a common origin it? These issues can not be accurately answered in the past, and has been regarded as scientific "restricted." But in the last 20 years, with molecular biology, human population genetics and archeology, linguistics progress, we finally see about opening the "mystery of the century" and a ray of hope. This is the mutual penetration of all science, new research methods and means of continuous improvement results.
Language family of India (Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Romany, etc.).
Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, Afghan, etc.).
Slavic languages (Russian, Serbian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, etc.)
Armenian family (mainly in Armenian)
Baltic language group (Lithuanian, Latvian, etc.)
Germanic languages (German, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, English, etc.)
Latin (Romance) language family (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Romanian, etc.)
Greek Family (in Greek-based)
Celtic language family (in Irish-based)
Albanian family (mainly Albanian)
Has the largest population of the Sino-Tibetan speech. The language of China as the center, slightly southwest of radiation, remarks a quarter of the world's population, but is more concentrated geographical distribution. Under the four language families, namely, ethnic Chinese, Tibeto-Burman family, and Dong language group, Miao-Yao language family.
Altaic. To now, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia Altai border the center, is widely distributed in Asia, desert and grassland areas abdomen. Under the three language families, namely, Turkic, Mongolian family, Tungus Manchu family. Some linguists believe that Korean and Japanese major component, belong to this language.
Flash with language. Distributed in the West Asia North Africa region, divided into two linguistic groups, namely, the Semitic West Asia, North Africa, with a family.
Bantu languages. Distributed throughout sub-Saharan black Africa, with thousands of languages, mostly tribal language. Representation language is Swahili.
Austronesian (Malayo - Polynesian) language. Widely distributed in Southeast Asia, the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia Islands, Oceania. China Taiwan Island Gaoshan language, which is Austronesian.
Other languages also Darrow adjoining map language (the southern peninsula of India), South Asian languages (Indo-South), Finland - Ugric languages (mainly in Finland and Hungary), the Ibero - Caucasian language (Caucasus area), relatively small distribution areas, the impact on the world exchanges is limited.
In addition there are nine languages to say:
World nine languages
At present it is generally the language of the world is divided into nine languages:
1) Sino-Tibetan,
2) Indo-European,
3), Altaic,
4) Flash - with language,
5), Uralic,
6) Iberian - Caucasian languages,
7) Malay - Polynesian languages,
8) South Asian Languages,
9) The Dravidian languages.
In addition, there are a number of languages in Africa and the Americas, and some lines are unknown language.