zhōng guó zhé xué rén : shǐ rén : míng rén : wén : xíng : zhōng guó zhì shǐ : jīng : zhōng guó lún xué > kǒng 
mùlù
·zuòzhě: kǒng Confucius·zuòpǐn: 《kǒng Confucius》·yuèdòu《kǒng Confucius》
·zuòpǐn: 《kǒng Confucius》·yuèdòu《kǒng Confucius》·wáng 'ān shí Wang Anshi: kǒng Confucius》
·kǒng zǐ kǒng zǐ·No. 6·No. 7
·kǒng jiǎn jiè About Confucius·zhèng zhì shēng Political career·jīng shén pǐn Spiritual character
·zhèng zhì xiǎng Political Thought·jìn shì zhǎn Modern Development·chuán shì míng yán Famous quote
·jiā shì jiā Family History Genealogy·shēng píng nián biǎo Chronology of the Life·gāo One's best pupil
·kǒng zuò pǐn Works of Confucius·kǒng shì hào Confucius Posthumous·kǒng shēn gāo Confucius height
·kǒng yǐn shí Confucius diet·kǒng xué yuàn Confucius Institute·diàn shì kǒng 》 TV series "Confucius"
·nèi róng jiǎn jiè Introduction·diàn yǐngkǒng 》 Film "Confucius"·kǒng jiǎn jiè About Confucius
·kǒng jiǎn jiè About Confucius· shǐ yòu yǐng xiǎng 100 rén History, 100 people affected·bǎi diǎn Encyclopedia
·yīngwénjièshì·fǎwénjièshì·jìnyící
·xiàngguāncí·gèngduōjiéguǒ...
kǒng Confucius (qián551~qián479) 

lèi three T's type, terms, technique chuán
shū lèi Book categoryshàng shū
xiào jīng lèi Book of Filial Piety classxiào jīng
shū lèi Class Four Bookslùn The Analects of Confucius》

孔子
  ( qián 551 nián 9 yuè 28 qián 479 nián 4 yuè 11 ) míng qiū zhòng chūn qiū guó rénhàn yīng wén: Confucius,KungTze。 zhōng guó dài wěi de xiǎng jiāzhèng zhì jiājiào jiā jiā xué pài chuàng shǐ rénshì jiè wén huà míng rén kǒng de yán xíng xiǎng zhù yào zài lùn 》, sǎnwén jīngzhōng
  
   kǒng xiōng páiháng 'èr , suǒ yòu rén chēng zhī wéi kǒng lǎo 'èr chūn qiū hòu guó réngōng yuán qián 551 nián 9 yuè 28 xià yuè 'èr shí shēng guó zōu chāng píng xiāngjīn shān dōng shěng shì dōng nán de yuán cūn); gōng yuán qián 479 nián 4 yuè 11 nóng 'èr yuè shí shì shìxiǎng nián 72 suìzàng chéng běi shuǐ zhī shàng jīn kǒng lín suǒ zài
  
   kǒng de xiān shì sòng guó guì yuē zài kǒng qián dài jiù méi luò liǎo kǒng nián qīng shí zuò guò rèn xiǎo guāndàn shēng fēn shí jiān dōushì cóng shì jiào xiāng chuán suǒ shōu duō sān qiān rén zhōng xián rén 72, jiào chū shǎo yòu zhī shí yòu cái néng de xué shēng,“ táo mǎn tiān xiàjiù chū chù kǒng rèn guó kòuhòu xié zhōu yóu liè guózuì zhōng fǎn huí guózhuān xīn zhí jiàozài zhōng guó qiān nián de shǐ shàngduì huá xià mín de xìng zhì chǎn shēng zuì yǐng xiǎng de rénjiù suàn shì kǒng liǎozài shì shí bèi wéitiān zòng zhī shèng”、“ tiān zhī duó”“ qiān shèng rén”, shì dāng shí shè huì shàng zuì xué zhě zhī bìng qiě bèi hòu shì zūn wéi zhì shèngshèng rén zhī zhōng de shèng rén)、 wàn shì shī biǎoyīn céng wéi shēng 'ér dǎo qiū shān míng qiūcéng xiūshī》、《 shū》, dìng》、《 》, zhōu 》, zuòchūn qiū》。
  
   kǒng de xiǎng xué shuō duì hòu shì chǎn shēng liǎo shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎngjiāng guǎng huī rèn wéi,“ miàn duì chūn qiū shí zhū hóu zhēng zhàn xiūrén mín kùn kān de xiàn shí , kǒng shì xiàng zōng jiào jiā yàng chuàng zào chū wài zài de chāo yuè de quán zhī quán néng de jiù shì zhù héng héng tōng guò tiān shén lái guī fàn rén men de xiǎng xíng wéiér shì huí shǒu shǐdào shàng shèng wáng xún zhǎo zhì huì kǒng wèishù 'ér zuò”, shí shì shùwéizuò”, tōng guò duì shǐ chuán tǒng zuò dāng dài quán shìlái shí xiàn jià zhí de dié jiā zhuǎn huàn zhèng zhí guān xiàng shàng jìn shēng dōuzài zhuī qiú zhēnshànměi shēng dōuzài zhuī qiú xiǎng de shè huì de chéng gōng shī bài de pǐn xiāng guān pǐn zhōng de yōu diǎn quē diǎn qiān nián lái yǐng xiǎng zhe zhōng guó rén bié shì yǐng xiǎng zhe zhōng guó de zhī shí fènzǐ
  
   zhèng zhì shēng
  
   kǒng 20 duō suì jiù xiǎng zǒu shì suǒ duì tiān xià shì fēi cháng guān zhùduì zhì guó jiā de zhū zhǒng wèn jīng cháng jìn xíng kǎo cháng biǎo xiē jiàn jiědào 30 suì shí yòu xiē míng zhāo gōng 'èr shí nián jǐng gōng chū fǎng guó shí zhào jiàn liǎo kǒng , tǎo lùn qín gōng chēng de wèn , kǒng yóu jié shí liǎo jǐng gōng zhāo gōng 25 nián guó shēng nèi luàn zhāo gōng bèi táo wǎng guó kǒng kāi guódào liǎo guóshòu dào jǐng gōng de shǎng shí hòu dàishèn zhì céng zhǔn bèi dài de tián fēng gěi kǒng dàn bèi yàn yīng zhǐ zhāo gōng 27 nián guó de xiǎng jiā hài kǒng kǒng tīng shuō hòu xiàng jǐng gōng qiú jiù jǐng gōng shuō:“ lǎo néng yòng 。” kǒng zhǐ hǎo cāng huáng táo huí guódāng shí de guózhèng quán shí zhǎng zài de jiā chén shǒu zhōngbèi chēng wéipéi chén zhí guó zhèng”, yīn kǒng suī yòu guò liǎng cóng zhèng huìquè fàng liǎozhí dào dìng gōng 9 nián bèi rèn mìng wéi zhōng zǎi shí kǒng 51 suì liǎo kǒng zhì zhōng niánzhuó yòu zhèng bèi shēng wéi xiǎo kōng jiǔ yòu shēng wéi kòushè xiāng shì guó zhì dìng gōng 12 nián kǒng wéi xuē ruò sān huán sūn shìshū sūn shìmèng sūn shì sān jiā shì qīngyīn wéi shì huán gōng de sān sūn chēng sān huándāng shí de guó zhèng quán shí zhǎng zài men shǒu zhōngér sān huán de xiē jiā chén yòu zài tóng chéng shàng kòng zhì zhe sān huán), cǎi liǎo duò sān de cuò shī chāi huǐ sān huán suǒ jiàn chéng bǎo)。 hòu lái duò sān de xíng dòng bàn 'ér fèi kǒng sān huán de máo dùn suí zhī bào dìng gōng 13 nián guó sòng 80 míng měi dào guó huán shì jiē shòu liǎo jūn chén liàn duō cháo zhèng kǒng fēi cháng shī wàng jiǔ guó xíng jiāo hòu 'àn guàn sòng ròu gěi men shí bìng méi yòu sòng gěi kǒng zhè biǎo míng shì xiǎng zài rèn yòng liǎo kǒng zài de qíng kuàng xià kāi guódào wài guó xún zhǎo chū kāi shǐ liǎo zhōu yóu liè guó de chéngzhè nián kǒng 55 suì
  
   kǒng dài [ kǒng ] xiān dào liǎo wèi guówèi líng gōng kāi shǐ hěn zūn zhòng kǒng àn zhào guó de fèng biāo zhǔn gěi kǒng fèng 6 wàndàn bìng méi gěi shénme guān zhíméi ràng cānyù zhèng shì kǒng zài wèi guó zhù liǎo yuē 10 yuèyīn yòu rén zài wèi líng gōng miàn qián jìn chán yánwèi líng gōng duì kǒng liǎo xīnpài rén gōng kāi jiān shì kǒng de xíng dòng shì kǒng dài kāi wèi guó suàn chén guó guò kuāng chéng shíyīn huì bèi rén wéi kùn liǎo 5 táo kuāng chéngdào liǎo yòu pèng shàng wèi guó guì gōng shū shì dòng pàn luànzài bèi wéitáo tuō hòu kǒng yòu fǎn huí liǎo wèi guówèi líng gōng tīng shuō kǒng shī cóng fǎn huífēi cháng gāo xīngqīn chū chéng yíng jiē hòu kǒng kāi wèi guóyòu huí dào wèi guózhè fāng miàn shì yóu wèi líng gōng duì kǒng shí hǎo shí huàilìng fāng miàn shì kǒng kāi wèi guó hòuméi yòu chùzhǐ hǎo yòu fǎn huí
  
   'āi gōng 2 nián kǒng 59 suì), kǒng kāi wèi guó jīng cáosòngzhèng zhì chén guózài chén guó zhù liǎo sān nián gōng chénbīng huāng luàn kǒng biàn dài kāichǔ guó rén tīng shuō kǒng dào liǎo chéncài jiāo jiè chùpài rén yíng jiē kǒng chén guócài guó de men zhī dào kǒng duì men de suǒ zuò suǒ wèiyòu jiàn kǒng dào liǎo chǔ guó bèi zhòng yòngduì men shì pài láo de rén jiāng kǒng shī wéi kùn zài bàn dàoqián kào cūnhòu kào diànsuǒ dài liáng shí chī wánjué liáng 7 zuì hòu hái shì gòng zhǎo dào chǔ guó rénchǔ pài bīng yíng kǒng kǒng shī cái miǎn kǒng 64 suì shí yòu huí dào wèi guó, 68 suì shí zài rǎn qiú de xià , bèi yíng huí guódàn réng shì bèi jìng 'ér yòng 'āi gōng 16 nián kǒng 73 suìhuàn bìng 'ér
  
   kǒng pǐn
  
   fèn wàng shí wàng yōu
  
   kǒng 63 suì shícéng zhè yàng xíng róng :“ fèn wàng shí wàng yōu zhī lǎo zhī jiāng zhì yún 'ěr。” dāng shí kǒng dài lǐng zhōu yóu liè guó 9 nián tóu jìn jiān xīn jǐn wèi dào zhū hóu de rèn yònghái xiǎn xiē sàng mìngdàn kǒng bìng huī xīnréng rán guān xiàng shàngjiān chí de xiǎngshèn zhì shì míng zhī wéi 'ér wéi zhīān pín dào kǒng shuō:“ 'ér qiě guì yún”, zài kǒng xīn zhōngxíng shì rén shēng de zuì gāo jià zhízài pín dào shēng máo dùn shí nìngkě shòu qióng huì fàng dào dàn de 'ān pín dào bìng néng kàn zuò shì qiú guìzhǐ qiú wéi dàozhè bìng shǐ shì shí kǒng céng shuō:“ guìrén zhī suǒ dào zhī chù pín jiànrén zhī suǒ 'è dào zhī 。”“ 'ér qiú suī zhí biān zhī shì wéi zhī qiúcóng suǒ hǎo。”
  
   xué 'ér yànhuì rén juàn
  
   kǒng hàoxué zhù chēngduì zhǒng zhī shí biǎo xiàn chū nóng hòu de xīng yīn duō cái duō zhī shí yuān zài dāng shí shì chū liǎo míng dejīhū bèi dàngchéng suǒ zhī de shèng réndàn kǒng zhè yàng rèn wéi kǒng yuē:“ shèng néng xué yànér jiào juàn 。” kǒng xué cháng shīshuí yòu zhī shíshuí yòu suǒ zhī dào de dōng jiù bài shuí wéi shīyīn shuōsān rén xíng yòu shī yān”。 zhí dào 'ér xíng kǒng shēng xìng zhèng zhíyòu zhù zhāng zhí dào 'ér xíng céng shuō:“ zhī rén shuí huǐ shuí yòu suǒ zhě yòu suǒ shì mín sān dài zhī suǒ zhí dào 'ér xíng 。”《 shǐ zài kǒng sān shí duō suì shí céng wèn lǎo lín bié shí lǎo zèng yán yuē:“ cōng míng shēn chá 'ér jìn zhěhǎo rén zhě biàn guǎng wēi shēn zhě rén zhī 'è zhě wéi rén zhě yòu wéi rén chén zhě yòu 。” zhè shì lǎo duì kǒng shàn de xǐng zhǐ chū liǎo kǒng de xiē máo bìngjiù shì kàn wèn tài shēn jiǎng huà tài jiān ruìshāng hài liǎo xiē yòu wèi de rénhuì gěi dài lái hěn de wēi xiǎn rén wéi shàn kǒng chuàng liǎo rén wéi xīn de dào xué shuō shì hěn shàn liáng de rén yòu tóng qíng xīn zhù réndài rén zhēn chéngkuān hòu。“ suǒ shī rén”、“ jūn chéng rén zhī měi chéng rén zhī 'è”、“ gōng hòu 'ér rénděng dōushì de zuò rén zhǔn
  
   kǒng xiǎng
  
   kǒng xiǎngxué shuō de jīng huá jiào zhōng jiàn zhū lùn shūgòng 'èr shí piān wàn qiān 。《 lùn jiù shì kǒng de yòu xiē shì duì kǒng yán xíng de shì kǒng de zài chuán duì kǒng yán xíng de zhuī shū duì zhōng guó shǐ chǎn shēng liǎo shēn yuǎn 'ér de yǐng xiǎng de xiǎng nèi róng wéi fāng shìjià zhí xiàng zǎo róng liǎo men mín de xuè chén diàn zài men de shēng mìng zhōngzhù chéng liǎo men mín de xìng。《 lùn shū zhōng chǎn shù liǎo jiā xiǎng de xīn nèi hán ---- rén。“ rénshì qiē lùn de zhōng xīnsuǒ yòu de guān rén”、“ de guī fàndōubù guò shì shǒu duànshì wéi shí xiànrénzhè dào de zuì hòu wán měi de。《 lùn zuò wéi zhōng huá wén huà de dài biǎozǎo zài qín hàn shí jiù chuán liǎo cháo xiān běn běn bǎo lìng hái zhǐ dìng wéi běn xué shēng de xiū 。 1594 niánchuán jiào shì dòu jiāng wéi dīng wén hòu yòu bèi zhuǎn wéi yīngé děng duō zhǒng wén zài fāng guó guǎng fàn chuán
  
   kǒng xiǎng rén xīn wéirénài rén”。 chū suǒ shī rén”,“” děng lùn diǎn chàngzhōng shùzhī dàoyòu wéi tuī xíngrén zhèngyìng wéi guī fàn:“ wéi rén”。 duì yīn zhōu lái de guǐ shén zōng jiào xìncǎi cún tài wéiwèi zhī shēngyān zhī shì guǐ”,“ zhī mìng wéi jūn ”。 yòu zhù zhòngxuéde jié chūxué 'ér wǎng 'ér xué dàiwēn 'ér zhī xīnděng guān diǎnshǒu chuàng rén jiǎng xué fēng zhù zhāng yīn cái shī jiào,“ yòu jiào lèi”,“ xué 'ér yànhuì rén juàn”, qiáng diàojūn xué dào 'ài rénxiǎo rén xué dào shǐ ”。 zhèng zhì shàng chūzhèng míngzhù zhāng wéijūn jūnchén chén ”, yìng shí míng”, bìng chū huàn guǎ 'ér huàn jūn huàn pín 'ér huàn 'ānguān diǎn hàn hòu kǒng xué shuō chéng wéi liǎng qiān nián fēng jiàn shè huì de wén huà zhèng tǒngyǐng xiǎng shēn
  
   shuō dào zhì guó jiā kǒng zhòng shì mín shēng huàn rén zhèng wàng tǒng zhì zhě rén zhī xīn dài mín shuō zhèng měng ”, hái qiáng diào lùn shénme lìng guītǒng zhì zhě dōuyào shǒu xiān shēn zuò ,“ shēn zhèng lìng 'ér xíng shēn zhèngsuī lìng xíng”。 zài rén jiāo wǎng zhōng kǒng qiáng diào de shì zhōng shù
  
  “ zhōngjiù shì zhōng shí chéng xìn de tài duì rén jìn zhí shǒu de tài dài shì;“ shùjiù shì yào tuī rén,“ suǒ shī rén”,“ jūn chéng rén zhī měi chéng rén zhī 'è”。 zài wéi rén chǔshì shàng kǒng chàng 'ài 'ài rén kǒng duì tiān mìng chí jǐn shèn tài gēngxiāng xìn rén de liàng rèn wéixìng xiāng jìn xiāng yuǎn ”, qiē yào kàn rén hòu tiān de dāng rán,〈 lùn zhōng yòu xiē xiǎng shì shǐ cháo liú xiāng bèi de zhèng zhì shàng de qīng xiàng duì děng zhì de guòfèn qiáng diào de nèi liǎn de rén jià zhí xiàng děngzhè qiēdōu fǒu rèn de gěi zhōng guó shè huì de zhǎn dài lái liǎo miàn yǐng xiǎng yào men yòng xiàn dài shí duì zhī jiā xiū zhèngdàn xiá yǎn zài rén lèi wén míng gāng gāng chū shǔ guāng de xiān qín shí dài men de xiān jiù yòu shēn de shēng mìng zhì huìshì ràng men zhè xiē hòu rén wéi zhī jiāo 'ào de
  
   kǒng xiǎng zài jìn xiàn dài lái de xīn zhǎn shì zhǐ jìn dài fāng wén míng shū zhōng guó hòuzài zhōng wén míng pèng zhuàng jiāo róng tiáo jiàn xià chǎn shēng de xīn xuéxīn xīng de zhòng xuéshì dāng dài xīn xué zhǎn de yòu chéng guǒ
  [ shū ]
  
  
  “ zhī kǒng xiǎng de jīng huá
  
   kǒng jǐn shì wěi de xiǎng jiāér qiě shì wěi de jiào jiā cóng cháng de jiào shí jiàn zhōng zǒng jié liǎo duō hěn yòu hěn yòu xìng de jiào xiǎng huò zhī shí de fāng zài chūn qiū zhè yàng shè huì biàn dòng de shí dàibǎo shǒu de zhù guì shì yìng xiàn shí shēng huó de biàn huàcóng zhù guì běn shēn lái shuō néng péi yǎng chū shì yìng shè huì zhǎn yào qiú de rén cáidàn cóng zhěng shè huì zhǎn lái shuōquè yào yòu yòu cáigàn de rén cáiyào men lái jiě jué xiàn shí shè huì zhōng shēng de zhǒng zhǒng de wèn kǒng shì yìng zhe dāng shí shè huì de yàotōng guò jiào gěi rén men zhī shíchéng wéi guó shǐ shàng zuì zǎo de wèi jiào jiā
  
   kǒng chūyòu jiào lèi”, duì zhè huà suī yòu zhǒng zhǒng tóng jiě shìdàn bāo hán yào kuò jiào miànshǐ shòu jiào de rén jǐn jǐn xiàn zhù guì yīnggāi shì wèn de kǒng shí jiàn liǎo deyòu jiào lèide zhù zhāngsuǒ shuō:“ zhǐ yào gěi shí tiáo gān ròu zuò xué fèi cóng méi yòu jiào huì de。”(《 lùn · shù 'ér》) de zhè zuò duì dāng shí qiē yào jiě jué de rén cái wèn zhe hěn de zuò yòngdāng rán kǒng deyòu jiào lèibìng shì wèile suǒ yòu de jiē gèng shì wèile shénme péi yǎng wéi quán mín de rén cáiér shì wèile péi yǎng gèng duō de néng shì yìng shè huì zhǎn yào qiú dewéi tǒng zhì jiē de yòu cáigàn de rénsuī rán dàn kǒng de jiào huó dòngquè shì jié shù liǎo guò guì lǒng duàn deguān zhī xué”, kāi shǐ liǎo xué wèn de jiā chuán shòusuǒ wèixué shù xià shù rén”, zhèng shì cóng kǒng kāi shǐ decóng zhè diǎn lái shuō lùn shì yòu dāng shí shè huì zhǎn de
  
   jǐn kǒng tōng guò cháng de jiào shí jiàncóng zhōng zǒng jié liǎo shǎo rén men rèn shí guī de jīng yàndàn kǒng de zhè fāng miàn de xiǎnghái shì rèn shí lùn běn shēn de wèn zhù yào hái shì duì jiào fāng qiú zhī fāng de gài kuò zǒng jié
  
   shǒu xiān kǒng jiào qiáng diào rén men de zhī shí lái yuán xué suī rán jiǎng dàoshēng zhī”“ wéi shàng zhì xià ”, biǎo míng kǒng hái shòu zhe chuán tǒng xiǎng de shù dàn shì men cóng de jiào huó dòng shàng kàn bìng shí fēn zhòng shì zhè diǎn suǒ shuō dexìng xiāng jìn xiāng yuǎncái shì de zhù zhāngxiǎn rán zhè shēng zhīde guān diǎn shì zhì de kǒng cóng lái jiù méi yòu rèn wéi shìshàng zhìdeér qiě méi yòu shuō guò rén shìshàng zhìde shèn zhì rèn wéi yáo shùn huì yòu cuò guān shuō:“ fēi shēng 'ér zhī zhī zhěhàogǔmǐn qiú zhī zhě 。”(《 lùn · shù 'ér》) fēi cháng hàoxué gěi de píng lùn shì:“ shí shì zhī yòu zhōng xìn qiū zhě yān qiū zhī hàoxué 。”(《 lùn · gōng cháng》) zàn měi hàoxué de xué shēng yán huí shuō:“ yòu yán huí zhě hàoxué xìng duǎn mìng jīn wáng。”(《 lùn · xiān jìn》) gòng wèn:“ kǒng wén wèi zhī wén ?” kǒng huí shuō:“ mǐn 'ér hàoxué chǐ xià wènshì wèi zhī wén 。”(《 lùn · gōng cháng》) jiàn kǒng fēi cháng zhù zhòng xué rèn wéi rén de zhī shí lái yuán xué rén de dào pǐn shì tōng guò xué cái néng dàosuǒ suǒ shuō deshēng zhīchàbù duō chéng liǎo kōng huà liǎozài shí shàng bìng méi yòu zhòng shì
  
   kǒng zhù zhāng xué de zhī shí shàng yòu liǎng fāng miàn shì cóng xué dài wén xiàn diǎn zhāng zhì fāng miàn lái de zhī shízhè shuō shì shǐ zhī shí,《 lùn zhōng jìzǎi kǒng cóng guò de shǐ wén xiàndiǎn zhāng zhì zhōng xué zhī shí de fāng hěn duō shuō shìshù 'ér zuòxìn 'ér hàogǔ”。《 lùn · xiāng dǎng piān zhōngchú shǎo shù jié wài shì jiǎng dài de zhì kǒng jiù shì xué zhè xiē dōng cóng kǒng jiào xué de nèi róng kàn fēn shì dài wén xiàndiǎn zhāng zhì děng,“ kǒng yòng zhǒng nèi róng jiào xué shēng dài wén xiànshēng huó xíng wéi de zhǔn duì shàng yào jiǎng zhōng duì péng yǒu yào jiǎng xìn shí。”(《 lùn · shù 'ér》) zhè suǒ shuō de dài wén xiànjiù shìshī》《 shū》《 》《 děng děngèr shì cóng xiàn shí shēng huó fāng miàn dào de zhī shízhè shuō shì xiàn shí de zhī shídàn kǒng zhù yào shì zhù zhòng guān chá 'ér zhù zhòng shí jiàn bié shì fēi cháng qīng shì shēng chǎn shí jiànzàilùn zhōng duō fāng jìzǎi liǎo kǒng zhù zhāng zài shēng huó zhōng yào zhù xué de huà shuō:“ duō wén shàn zhě 'ér cóng zhīduō jiàn 'ér shí zhī”,“ sān rén xíng yòu shī yān shàn zhě 'ér cóng zhī shàn zhě 'ér gǎi zhī”(《 lùn · shù 'ér》),“ chǐ xià wènděng děngdàn shì kǒng qīng shì shēng chǎn shí jiàn shì fēi cháng cuò deyòu de xué shēng fán chí xiàng qǐng jiào zhǒng zhuāng jià zhòngcài jǐn shuō lǎo nóng mín lǎo cài mínér qiě fán chí shuō:“ fán chí zhēn shì xiǎo rén ! zuò tǒng zhì zhě zhòng shì lǎo bǎi xìng jiù gǎn jìng wèizuò tǒng zhì zhě zhòng shì lǎo bǎi xìng jiù gǎn cóngzuò tǒng zhì zhě zhòng shì xìnlǎo bǎi xìng jiù gǎn yǐn mán zhēn qíngyào shì zuò dào zhè yàng miàn fāng de lǎo bǎi xìng huì bēizhe xiǎo hái qián lái tóubèn yòng zhe zhǒng zhuāng jià !”(《 lùn · 》) kǒng shuō zhè yàng de huà biǎo míng shì xuē jiē de xiǎng jiāér xuē jiē cóng láidōu shì láo dòng 'ér qiě qīng shì láo dòng
  
   kǒng duì mǒu xiē xué de guī zuò liǎo gài kuò chū xiē rèn shí shì de bān guī bìng zuò wéi zhǐ dǎo xué shēng xué de fāng
  
   chū fǎn de xué shǐ rén men de rèn shí gèng jiā shēn cóng 'ér huò xīn de zhī shí shuō:“ wēn 'ér zhī xīn”(《 lùn · wéi zhèng》),“ xué 'ér shí zhī”(《 lùn · xué 'ér》) děngjiù shì zhè kǒng suī rán méi yòu míng què tán dào tōng guò duì guò de jīng yàn jiā fēn dào shì zhǎn de guī dàn jīng zhī dào yóu xué guò de zhī shí zhōng jīng yànzhè duì rèn shí dāng qián de shì shì yòu bāng zhù de kǒng cháng cháng xiàng bié rén qǐng jiàocóng bié rén xué zhī shírán hòu yòng lái jiào bié rén shuō:“ yòu hěn duō zhī shí méi yòu yòu tōng rén wèn duì de wèn běn lái diǎn zhī dàodàn shì cóng de wèn zhèng fǎn liǎng miàn pán wèn zhī hòuquè dào hěn duō rán hòu jìn liàng gào 。”(《 lùn · hǎn》)
  
   kǒng hái cóng jiào shí jiàn zhōng zǒng jié chūxuéde guān suǒ shuō dexuéde guān suī rán děng shì gǎn xìng rèn shí xìng rèn shí de guān dàn shì bié rén de jīng yàn tōng guò kǎo biàn chéng de zhī shí de guān 。“ xuéshì xué bié rén de jīng yàn hècóng xiàn shí shēng huó zhōng xué ,“ shì bié rén de jīng yàn hècóng xiàn shí shēng huó zhōng xué de dōng tōng guò kǎo jiā xiāo huàshǐ zhī chéng wéi de zhī shísuǒ shuō:“ xué 'ér wǎng 'ér xué dài”(《 lùn · wéi zhèng》), zhǐ xué qián rén de zhī shí 'ér kǎozhǐ néng tíng liú zài wǎng zhī zhōng 'ér zhī zhèng què cuò zhǐ shì píng kōng xiǎng 'ér xué yòng qián rén de zhī shí jīng yàn jiù huì suǒ chéngkàn lái kǒng suī rán zhòng shì”, dàn què gèng zhòng shìxué”, rèn wéixuéshìde chǔsuǒ shuō:“ cháng zhōng shízhōng qǐn xué 。”(《 lùn · wèi líng gōng》) fán rén lèi rèn shí shǐ zǒng shì shǒu xiān zhòng shìxué”( zhí jiē jīng yàn jiànjiē jīng yàn), ér zhú jiàn cái zhù dào”( duì jīng yàn jiā zǒng jié zhǎo chū guī ), kǒng tōng guò qīn shēn de jiào shí jiànkāi shǐ rèn shí dào zhè liǎng zhě de guān bìng yóu zhù xuékāi shǐdào zhù de rèn shí jiē duàn
  [ kǒng xiàng ]
   kǒng rèn wéizhī shí yīnggāi jìn liàng fēng jiù shì xué duō néng de réndàn shì kǒng rèn wéi yuān de xué wèn yòu zhōng xīn xiǎng lái guàn chuānzhè jiù shì suǒ shuō de guàn zhī”。 xiàn liǎo”, jiù shì zhōng xīn xiǎnghuò zhě shuō shì běn zhìcái duō biǎo miàn shàng kàn lái lián guàn de zhī shí guàn chuān láidāng rán gēn kǒng de zhěng xiǎng kànzhè guàn chuān qiē de”, xiǎng běn zhì jiù shì shuō derén”。 shuō:“ rén 'ér rén rén 'ér rén ?”(《 lùn · 》) yòu shuō:“ jūn zhōng shí zhī jiān wéi rénzào shìdiān pèi shì”(《 lùn · rén》);“ dāng rén ràng shī”。 zhào kǒng kàn fāng miàn shì qièyào rén kàn dàidàn lìng fāng miàn de yòu shì shuō rèn réndōu yīnggāi duì yòu yào qiúyào kàn chéng shì rén”, zhàn zài yìng zhàn de wèi lái jìn 'ér wéiyīn suǒ shuō deréncóng jiē rén de guān fāng miàn lái shuōbāo hán zhuózhòng shì rén de zuò yòng de guān diǎnzhè guān diǎn jǐn shì guàn chuān de jiào xiǎngér qiě guàn chuān de zhěng xué shuō
   jiào gòng xiàn
  
   kǒng ér zhī nián shī》、《 shū》、《 》、《 wéi jiàogèng zhì wěi rén zhōng de yán yīháng dòng jìng 'ér shì fàn wéi jiàoshì kāi liǎo guó shǐ shàng rén jiǎng xué de xiān jiāng qián xué zài guān wén huà zhī shí shì guì men de zhuān de xiàn xiàng zhí dào mín jiān shǒu xiān chūyòu jiào lèide fāng zhēn fēn pín jiàn guìjūn zài shòu jiàozài zhōngpín yán huí gòngguì mèng rán jué duō shù shì píng mín yòu lái wèichén děng guó dezhēn wèi táo mǎn tiān xià jiào xué mùdìshì chuán de rén dào xué shuō wéi rénbiàn huà xué shēng zhìchéng jiù rén gāo shēng mìng jìng jièzhōng zhì chéng zào jiù zhì guópíng tiān xià de dòng liáng zhī cáibìng cǎi yòngyīn cái shī jiào shì de fāng péi yǎng xué shēng dexué 'ér shí zhī”,“ wēn 'ér zhī xīn”,“ xué 'ér wǎng 'ér xué dài”,“ zhī zhī wéi zhī zhī zhī wéi zhī”,“ sān rén xíng yòu shī”,“ chǐ xià wènděng fēng fàngèng huì rén juàn de jīng shénduì xué shēng bān guān huái bèi zhì yán bān dǎo zhèng dào péng yǒu bān qiē cuō xiāng cháng yīn cái 'ér chéng jiù zhī gāo zhī zéngshēn zhī zhāng zhī piān zhī …… jūn chéng yóu Zēngzǐ néng dào zhī quán 'ér rèn chuán dào zhī chéng wéi zōng shènggèng yòu jiǎo jiǎo zhě fēn xíngyán huímǐn qiānrǎn niúzhòng gōng yánzǎi gòngzhèng shìrǎn qiú wén xué yóu xià gòng shí rén kǒng gòng yòu sān qiānshēn tōng liù zhě shí yòu 'èr néng jiāng hào hàn de chuán tǒng wén huà tuī guǎng liú chuán xià lái
  
   kǒng míng yán
  
   xué
   suǒ shī rén
   'ér rén 'ér rén
   gōng hòu 'ér rén yuǎn yuàn
   jiàn xián yānjiàn xián 'ér nèi zìxǐng
   sān rén xíng yòu shī yān shàn zhě 'ér cóng zhī shàn zhě 'ér gǎi zhī
   chù gōngzhí shì jìng rén zhōng
   jūn jìng 'ér shī rén gōng 'ér yòu hǎi zhī nèi jiē xiōng
   yán zhōng xìnxíng jìngsuī mán zhī bāngxíng yán zhōng xìnxíng jìngsuī zhōu xíng zāi
   xíng yòu chǐshǐ fāng jūn mìng wèi shì
   kǒng yuē:“ néng xíng zhě tiān xià wéi rén 。” qǐng wèn zhīyuē:“ gōngkuānxìnmǐnhuìgōng kuān zhòngxìn rén rèn yānmǐn yòu gōnghuì shǐ rén”。
   jūn wéi zhì xíng zhīsūn chū zhīxìn chéng zhījūn zāi
   guò 'ér gǎishì wèi guò
   guò cōng gǎi
   qiān 'èr guò
   sān jūn duó shuài duó zhì
   rén yuǎn yòu jìn yōu
   jiàn xiǎo jiàn xiǎo shì chéng
   zhí hóngxìn dào yān néng wéi yòuyān néng wéi wáng
   péng yǒu jiāoyán 'ér yòu xìn
   wén huì yǒu yǒu rén
   zhě sān yǒusǔn zhě sān yǒuyǒu zhíyǒu liàngyǒu duō wén yǒu biàn yǒu shàn róuyǒu piánnìngsǔn
   jūn yán 'ér mǐn xíng
   jūn shí qiú bǎo qiú 'ānmǐn shì 'ér shèn yánjiù yòu dào 'ér zhèng yān wèi hàoxué
   qiǎo yán luàn
   qiǎo yán lìng xiān rén
   gāng jìn rén
   yòu zhě yányòu yán zhě
   tīng yán 'ér guān xíng
   jūn yán rén , rén fèi yán
   zhě yán zhī chū , chǐ gōng dài
   jūn míng zhī yán yán zhī xíng jūn yán suǒ gǒu 'ér
   yán 'ér zhī yánshī rén yán 'ér zhī yánshī yánzhī zhě shī rén shī yán
   yán wèi zhī 'ér yán wèi zhī zàoyán zhī 'ér yán wèi zhī yǐnwèi jiàn yán 'ér yán wèi zhī
   hǎo rén hǎo xué hǎo zhī hǎo xué dànghǎo xìn hǎo xué zéihǎo zhí hǎo xué jiǎohǎo yǒng hǎo xué luànhǎo gāng hǎo xué kuáng
   gōng 'ér láoshèn 'ér yǒng 'ér luànzhí 'ér jiǎo
   shì jūnjìng shì 'ér hòu shí
   zhī yòng wéi guì
   fàng 'ér xíngduō yuàn
   huàn rén zhī zhī , huàn zhī rén
   sān qiān rén shí 'èr xián rén
  
   jiā shì jiā
  
   dāng nián wēi zài shāng dào cháng zhì shì chéng dìng xíng chéng wēi zhèn。 (《 'ān zhìzài:“ zhòu zhāogē zài nèiwēi céng shì shí cǎi yān。( chéng yòu wēi lǐngwēi cūn)” wēi lǐngzài xiàn běi 'èr shí shàng yòu sān rén miàoxià yòu wēi cūn shí 。” )  zhōu cháo fēng wēi zhèn rén sòng kǒng shàng jiù zài zhè nán qiān de duì zhōngyóu wēi jīng wēi zhòng yǎnsòng gōng dīng gōng shēn chuán zhì mǐn gōng gòngmǐn gōng zhǎngzǐ ràng guó wéi qīng kǒng xiān suì yóu zhū hòu jiā zhuǎn wéi gōng qīng zhī jiā zhī zēngsūn zhèng kǎo lián zuǒ sòng dài gōng gōngxuān gōngjiǔ wéi shàng qīng qiān gōng zhù chēng shì kǒng liù kǒng jiā rèn sòng àn zhōu zhì zhū hóu,“ shì qīn jìnbié wéi gōng hòu”, hòu dài kǒng wéi shìhòu sòng tài zǎi huá zuò luànshì sòng shāng gōngshā kǒng jiā jīn wéi miè dǐng zhī zāi táo dào guó de zōu cóng kǒng shì zài zōu dìng biàn chéng liǎo guó rénqīng wèi shǐ shīxià jiàng wéi shì kǒng zēngzǔ fáng shū céng rèn fáng zǎi xià de shì kǎo
  
   kǒng de qīn jiào shū liáng shū liáng wéi wéi míng), qīn jiào yán zhēng zàishū liáng shì dāng shí guó yòu míng de shìjiàn guò liǎng zhàn gōngcéng rèn zōu shū liáng xiān shī shìshēng 9 yòu qièshēng míng yòu chēng mèng mèng jiǎo yòu máo bìngshū liáng hěn mǎn shì yòu yán zhēng zàidāng shí shū liáng 68 suìyán zhēng zài hái dào 20 suìshǐ jìzǎi kǒng bìng fēi hūn shēng qīn shēng shí zhǐ yòu 18 suìér qīn jīng 70 suì liǎo
  
   gōng yuán qián 551 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí 'èr nián), kǒng shēng guó zōu chāng píng xiāngjīn shān dōng chéng dōng nán)。 yīn céng wéi shēng 'ér dǎo qiū shān míng qiū zhòng kǒng sān suì shíshū liáng kǒng jiā chéng wéi shī shì de tiān xiàshī shì wéi rén xīn shù zhèngmèng shēng zài shū liáng shì qián nián bèi shī shì nüè dài 'ér kǒng bùwèi shī shì suǒ róngkǒng yán zhēng zài zhǐ hǎo xié kǒng mèng jué shēng huó jiān nán kǒng céng zuò guò zhǒng yàng de gōng zuò niú yáng zhàng de shū guǎn yuán kǒng 17 suì shíkǒng yán zhēng zài liǎo sān nián sàng
  
   kǒng shí jiǔ suì shí sòng guó rén guān shì zhī wéi nián hòu guān shì shēng zhāo gōng céng pài rén sòng biǎo shì zhù kǒng gǎn dào shí fēn róng xìng gěi 'ér míng wéi 'āi gōng shí nián ( gōng yuán qián 485 nián ), kǒng rén guān shì shìsòng cháo shí zhuī fēng wéi yùn guó rénbèi jiā hòu shì zūn wéi shèng jīn kǒng miào zhōng de qǐn diànshì gòngfèng kǒng rén guān shì de zhuān kǒng rén zài shǐ shū shàng chēng wéi guān shì”。
  
   lùn jìzǎi guó dāng shí zài kǒng de guǎn xià fēi cháng fán róngdàn zhè shì tài néng deyīn wéi kǒng méi yòu zài guó huò bié de guó jiā dān rèn guò zhòng zhí chuán shuō guó de lín guó guó dān xīn guó tài guò qiáng huì wēi xié dào guó shì wèile huài guó de gǎi sòng liǎo shàng bǎi hǎo shí wèi měi de gěi guó zhū hóu guó zhū hóu suì chén 'ān xiǎng zhī zhōngduì zhèng wén wènshèn zhì yòu lián sān tiān méi yòu shàng cháo kǒng wéi mǎn shàng liǎo cháng zhī zhōu yóu liè guó), bài fǎng zhōng guó zhōng běi de xiē xiǎo guóbāo kuò wèisòngchéncài xuān yáng liǎo de xiē zhèng zhì xìn yǎngdàn bìng méi yòu guó shí shī kǒng 53 suì shí jìn shēng wéi kòuzài guó shì liǎng nián hòu kǒng zhí yīn wéi duì zhū hóu de zhèng zhì wéi mǎn kǒng 68 suì huí dào jiā xiāng jiāoshūshōu liǎo shǎo wǎn nián de biān zuǎn liǎo chuán chéng xiān zhé zhì huì de jié jīng héng héng jīng》。 yóu néng chéng shòu shī 'ér de xīn xuè de shuāngchóng bēi tòng kǒng 72 suì ( huò 73 suì shì cháng
  
   jiā
  
  - shì huáng xuān yuán shì
  - liù shì shàohào jīn tiān shì ( xuán 'áo )
  - shì jiǎo
  - shì gāo xīn shì
  - sān shì
  - 'èr shì zhāo míng
  - shì xiāng
  - shí shì chāng ruò
  - jiǔ shì cáo
  - shì míng
  - shì zhèn ( wáng hài ) wáng héng
  - liù shì shàng jiá wēi
  - shì bào
  - shì bào bǐng
  - sān shì bào dīng
  - 'èr shì zhù rén
  - shì zhù guǐ
  - sān shí shì shāng wáng chéng tānɡ ( tài )
  - niàn jiǔ shì tài dīng shāng wáng wài bǐng shāng wáng zhòng rén
  - niàn shì shāng wáng tài jiá ( tài zōng )
  - niàn shì shāng wáng dīng shāng wáng tài gēng
  - niàn liù shì shāng wáng xiǎo jiá shāng wáng yōng shāng wáng tài ( zhōng zōng )
  - niàn shì shāng wáng zhòng dīng shāng wáng wài rén shāng wáng dàn jiá
  - niàn shì shāng wáng
  - niàn sān shì shāng wáng xīn shāng wáng jiá
  - niàn 'èr shì shāng wáng dīng shāng wáng nán gēng
  - niàn shì shāng wáng yáng jiá shāng wáng pán gēng shāng wáng xiǎo xīn shāng wáng xiǎo
  - niàn shì shāng wáng dīng ( gāo zōng )
  - èr shí shì shāng wáng gēng shāng wáng jiá
  - shí jiǔ shì shāng wáng lǐn xīn
  - shí shì shāng wáng kāng dīng
  - shí shì shāng wáng
  - shí liù shì shāng wáng wén dīng
  - shí shì shāng wáng
  - shí shì shāng wáng xīn ( zhòu ) wēi wēi zhòng yǎn
  - shí sān shì sòng gōng
  - shí 'èr shì sòng dīng gōng shēn
  - shí shì sòng mǐn gōng gòng
  - shí shì
  - jiǔ shì sòng zhōu
  - shì shì shèng
  - shì zhèng kǎo
  - liù shì kǒng jiā
  - shì jīn
  - gāo
  - zēngzǔ fáng shū
  - xià
  - shū liáng
  - kǒng
  - kǒng [ kǒng diāo ]
  - sūn kǒng
  - zēngsūn kǒng bái
  - xuán sūn kǒng qiú
  - liù dài sūn kǒng
  - dài sūn kǒng chuān
  - dài sūn kǒng qiān
  - jiǔ dài sūn kǒng kǒng shùkǒng ténghàn gāo liú bāng fēng kǒng téng wéifèng jūn
  - shí dài sūn kǒng zhōng
  - shí dài sūn kǒng
  - shí 'èr dài sūn kǒng yán nián
  - shí sān dài sūn kǒng hàn yuán fēng wéibāo chéng hóu”, shí bǎi
  - shí dài sūn kǒng bèi hàn chéng suí yuán nián fēng wéiyīn shào jiā hóu
  - shí dài sūn kǒng fángbāo chéng hóu
  - shí liù dài sūn kǒng jūnbāo chéng hóu
  - shí dài sūn kǒng zhìbāo chéng hóu
  - shí dài sūn kǒng sǔnbāo tíng hóu
  - shí jiǔ dài sūn kǒng yàofèng shèng tíng hóu
  - èr shí dài sūn kǒng wánkǒng zànbāo chéng hóu
  - èr shí dài sūn kǒng xiànzōng shèng hóu
  - èr shí 'èr dài sūn kǒng zhènfèng shèng tíng hóu
  - èr shí sān dài sūn kǒng fèng shèng tíng hóu
  - èr shí dài sūn kǒng fèng shèng tíng hóu
  - èr shí dài sūn kǒng fèng shèng tíng hóu
  - èr shí liù dài sūn kǒng xiānfèng shèng tíng hóu
  - èr shí dài sūn kǒng chéngchóng shèng
  - èr shí dài sūn kǒng líng zhēnchóng shèng hóu
  - èr shí jiǔ dài sūn kǒng wén tàichóng shèng hóu
  - sān shí dài sūn kǒng chóng shèng hóu
  - sān shí dài sūn kǒng cháng sūngōng shèng hóu
  - sān shí 'èr dài sūn kǒng zhéshào shèng hóu
  - sān shí sān dài sūn kǒng lúnbāo shèng hóu
  - sān shí dài sūn kǒng chóng bāo shèng hóu
  - sān shí dài sūn kǒng suì zhībāo shèng hóuwén xuān wáng jiān yǎn zhōu zhǎngshǐ
  - sān shí liù dài sūn kǒng xuānwén xuān gōng
  - sān shí dài sūn kǒng qīngwén xuān gōng
  - sān shí dài sūn kǒng wéi zhìwén xuān gōng
  - sān shí jiǔ dài sūn kǒng wén xuān gōng
  - shí dài sūn kǒng zhènwén xuān gōng
  - shí dài sūn kǒng zhāo jiǎnwén xuān gōng
  - shí 'èr dài sūn kǒng guāng shuǐ zhù
  - shí sān dài sūn kǒng rén wén xuān gōng jiān xiàn lìng
  - shí dài sūn kǒng wén xuān gōng jiān zhù zàn shàn
  - shí dài sūn kǒng yán shìwén xuān gōng jiān xiàn lìng dài yǎn shèng gōng
  - 46 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng shèng yòuwén xuān gōng jiān zhī xiàn shìkǒng zōng yuàn
  - 47 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng ruò kǒng ruò kǒng ruò méng
  - 48 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng duān kǒng duān cāokǒng duān yǒu ( nán zōng )
  - 49 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng kǒng fánkǒng jiè ( nán zōng )
  - 50 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng kǒng zǒngkǒng jìnkǒng zhěng
  - 51 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng yuán yòngkǒng yuán xiàokǒng wén yuǎn ( nán zōng )、 kǒng yuán cuòkǒng yuán hóng
  - 52 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng zhī hòukǒng zhī quánkǒng wàn chūnkǒng zhī zhōu
  - 53 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng huànkǒng zhìkǒng zhēnkǒng zhū ( nán zōng )
  - 54 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng huìkǒng chéngkǒng ( nán zōng )
  - 55 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng jiānkǒng zhōngnán zōng
  - 56 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng xuékǒng nán zōng
  - 57 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng kǒng nán zōng
  - 58 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng gōng jiànkǒng gōng chéng ( nán zōng )
  - 59 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng yàn jìnkǒng yàn shéng ( nán zōng )
  - 60 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng chéng qìngkǒng chéng měi ( nán zōng )
  - 61 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng hóng kǒng hóng tài yǒng shí)、 kǒng hóng zhāng ( nán zōng )
  - 62 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng wén sháokǒng wén yīn ( nán zōng )
  - 63 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng zhēn gānkǒng zhēn níngkǒng zhēn yùn ( nán zōng )
  - 64 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng shàng xiánkǒng shàng qiánnán zōng
  - 65 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng yǎn zhíkǒng yǎn zhēnnán zōng
  - 66 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng xīng xièkǒng xīng lián ( nán zōng )
  - 67 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng kǒng yuánnán zōng
  - 68 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng chuán duókǒng chuán jǐn ( nán zōng )
  - 69 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng huòkǒng tāo ( nán zōng )
  - 70 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng guǎng kǒng guǎng biāo ( nán zōng )
  - 71 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng zhāo xuǎnkǒng zhāo huàn ( nán zōng )
  - 72 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng xiàn péikǒng xiàn kūn ( nán zōng )
  - 73 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng qìng róngkǒng qìng ( nán zōng )
  - 74 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng fán hàokǒng fán háo ( nán zōng )
  - 75 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng xiáng kǒng xiáng jiē ( nán zōng )
  - 76 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng lìng sūn), 1877 niánguāng sān nián) 5 suì shí chéng yǎn shèng gōng
  - 77 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng chéng (1920 nián shēng )
  - 78 dài chéng zhì shèng xiān shī fèng guān kǒng wéi
  - 79 dài chéng zhì shèng xiān shī fèng guān kǒng chuí cháng
  - 80 dài chéng zhì shèng xiān shī fèng guān kǒng yòu rén
  80 dài zhī hòu de bèi fēn qīnshàoniànxiǎnyángjiàndàodūnāndìngmàoxiūzhàochángwénhuànjǐngruìyǒngshìchāng
  
   kǒng nián biǎo
  
  1 suìgōng yuán qián 551 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí 'èr nián kǒng 9 yuè 28 shēng guó zōu chāng píng xiāngjīn shān dōng chéng dōng nán)。 guān kǒng chū shēng nián yuè yòu liǎng zhǒng jìzǎixiāngchà niánjīn cóngshǐ · kǒng shì jiāshuō
  
  3 suìgōng yuán qián 549 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí nián shū liáng zàng fáng shān ( jīn dōng 25 chù )。 kǒng yán zhēng zài xié jué shēng huó jiān nán
  
  5 suìgōng yuán qián 547 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí liù nián kǒng qín shāng shēngshāng guó rén
  
  6 suìgōng yuán qián 546 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí nián céng diǎn shēngdiǎn zéngshēn zhī
  
  7 suìgōng yuán qián 545 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí nián yán yáo shēngyáo yòu míng yáo yán yuān zhī
  
  8 suìgōng yuán qián 544 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí jiǔ nián rǎn gēng shēng niú guó rén
  
  10 suìgōng yuán qián 542 nián xiāng gōng sān shí nián zhòng yóu shēng biàn rénshì nián xiāng gōng wèishì wéi zhāo gōng
  
  12 suìgōng yuán qián 540 nián zhāo gōng 'èr nián diāo kāi shēng ruòcài rén
  
  15 suìgōng yuán qián 537 nián zhāo gōng nián kǒng jiàn cháng shí dào yào xué zuò rén shēng huó zhī běn lǐng yuē:“ shí yòu 'ér zhì xué”。(《 lùn · wéi zhèng》 )
  
  16 suìgōng yuán qián 536 nián zhāo gōng liù niánzhèng zhù xíng dǐng mǐn sǔn shēng qiān guó rén
  
  17 suìgōng yuán qián 535 nián zhāo gōng liù niánkǒng yán zhēng zài shì nián shì yàn qǐng shì guì kǒng yànbèi shì jiā chén yáng zhī mén wài
  
  19 suìgōng yuán qián 533 nián zhāo gōng jiǔ nián kǒng sòng rén guān shì zhī wéi
  
  20 suìgōng yuán qián 532 nián zhāo gōng shí nián guān shì shēng chuán shí zhèng hǎo gǎn shàng zhāo gōng kǒng gěi míng wéi shì nián kǒng kāi shǐ wéi wěi guǎn cāng
  
  21 suìgōng yuán qián 531 nián zhāo gōng shí niánshì nián kǒng gǎi zuò chéng tiánguǎn xùmù kǒng shuō :“ shǎo jiàn duō néng shì。” (《 lùn · hǎn》 ) shìdāng bāo kuòwěi ”、” chéng tián”。
  
  27 suìgōng yuán qián 525 nián zhāo gōng shí niántán cháo kǒng xiàng tán xún wèn tán guó dài guān zhì kǒng kāi bàn rén xué xiàodāng zài qián hòu
  
  30 suìgōng yuán qián 522 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí nián shí suì yòu zhì xué zhì shí 15 nián kǒng jīng guò zài shè huì shàng zhàn zhù jiǎo yúnsān shí 'ér ”。 (《 lùn · wéi zhèng》 ) shì nián jǐng gōng yàn yīng lái guó fǎng wèn jǐng gōng huì jiàn kǒng kǒng tǎo lùn qín gōng chēng de wèn yán huírǎn yōngrǎn qiúshāng liáng liè shēnghuí yuānyōng zhòng gōngqiú yòu jiē guó rénliè shū guó rén
  
  31 suìgōng yuán qián 521 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí nián shīgāo chái shēngshī chén guó rénchái gāo guó rén jiàn guó rén
  
  32 suìgōng yuán qián 520 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí 'èr nián duān shēng gòngwèi guó rén
  
  34 suìgōng yuán qián 518 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí niánmèng nán gōng jìng shū xué kǒng xiāng chuán kǒng nán gōng jìng shū shì zhōu wèn lǎo pìnwèn cháng hóng
  
  35 suìgōng yuán qián 517 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí nián guó shēng nèi luàn。《 shǐ · kǒng shì jiāyún:“ zhāo gōng shuài shī píng píng mèng sūn shìshū sūn shì sān jiā gòng gōng zhāo gōngzhāo gōng shī bàibēn 。” kǒng zài zhè nián dào liǎo guó
  
  36 suìgōng yuán qián 516 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí liù nián jǐng gōng wèn zhèng kǒng kǒng duì yuē:“ jūn jūnchén chén ”。 kǒng dào jǐng gōng de shǎng shíjǐng gōng zhī tián fēng kǒng bèi yàn zhǐ kǒng zài wénsháo zuì chīsān yuè zhī ròu wèi
  
  37 suìgōng yuán qián 515 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí nián hài kǒng kǒng yóu fǎn gōng zhá pìn zàng yíng zhī jiān kǒng wǎngguān zàng fán yuán xiàn shēng chí guó xiàn sòng guó rén
  
  38 suìgōng yuán qián 514 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí niánjìn wèi xiàn míng shūzhí zhèng xián cái lùn qīn shū kǒng rèn wéi zhè shì yún:“ jìn shī qīnyuǎn shī wèi 。”
  
  39 suìgōng yuán qián 513 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí jiǔ niánshì nián dōng tiān jìn zhù xíng dǐng kǒng yuējìn wáng shī 。”
  
  40 suìgōng yuán qián 512 nián zhāo gōng sān shí niánjīng guò shí nián de liànduì rén shēng zhǒng wèn yòu liǎo jiào qīng chǔ de rèn shí yún shí 'ér huò”。 dàn tái miè míng shēngmiè míng guó rén
  
  41 suìgōng yuán qián 511 nián zhāo gōng sān shí nián chén kàng shēngkàng qínchén guó rén
  
  42 suìgōng yuán qián 510 nián zhāo gōng sān shí 'èr niánzhāo gōng dìng gōng
  
  43 suìgōng yuán qián 509 nián dìng gōng yuán nián gōng chì shēngchì huá guó rén
  
  45 suìgōng yuán qián 507 nián dìng gōng sān nián shāng shēngshāng xiàwèi guó rén
  
  46 suìgōng yuán qián 506 nián dìng gōng nián yán yǎn shēngyǎn yóu guó rén
  
  47 suìgōng yuán qián 505 nián dìng gōng nián zéngshēnyán xìng shēngcān guó rénxìng liǔ guó rén
  
  48 suìgōng yuán qián 504 nián dìng gōng liù nián shì jiā chén yáng shàn quán zhòng kǒng chēng zhī wéipéi chén zhí guó mìng”。 (《 lùn · shì》 )《 shǐ · kǒng shì jiāyún:“ péi chén zhí guó zhèng。 ...... kǒng shìtuì 'ér xiūshī》、《 shū》、《 》、《 》, zhòngzhì yuǎn fāng shòu yān。” yáng jiàn kǒng kǒng xiǎng jiàn yáng hòu 'èr rén zài shàng xiāng yáng quàn kǒng chū shì kǒng méi yòu míng què biǎo tài shì dāng zài dìng gōng nián huò dìng gōng liù nián
  
  49 suìgōng yuán qián 503 nián dìng gōng nián zhuān sūn shī shēngshī zhāngchén guó rén
  
  50 suìgōng yuán qián 502 nián dìng gōng nián wèi shí 'ér zhī tiān mìng”。(《 lùn · wéi zhèng》 ) gōng shān niǔ fèi pàn shìshǐ rén zhào kǒng kǒng wǎngbèi lán
  
  51 suì : gōng yuán qián 501 nián dìng gōng jiǔ nián kǒng wéi zhōng zǎizhì zhōng niánzhuó yòu zhèng fāng zhī rǎn cáo qǐn qiányán gāoshū zhòng huì shēng guó rénqǐn xúncài guó rénqián guó réngāo jiāo guó rénhuì guó rén
  
  52 suìgōng yuán qián 500 nián dìng gōng shí nián kǒng yóu zhōng zǎi shēng xiǎo kōnghòu shēng kòushè xiāng shìxià tiān suí dìng gōng hóu xiāng huì jiā kǒng shì xiān duì guó yāo jūn huì jiā yòu suǒ jǐng zhǔn bèi jǐn shǐ guó jié chí dìng gōng de yīn móu wèi néng chěngér qiě guó dāyìng guī hái qīn zhàn guó de yùncàoguī yīn děng
  
  53 suìgōng yuán qián 499 nián dìng gōng shí nián kǒng wéi kòu guó zhì
  
  54 suìgōng yuán qián 498 nián dìng gōng shí 'èr nián kǒng wéi kòuwéi xuē ruò sān huáncǎi duò sān de cuò shīshū sūn shì sūn shì wéi xuē ruò jiā chén de shì zhī chí kǒng de zhè zhù zhāngdàn xíng dòng shòu mèng sūn shì jiā chén gōng liǎn chù de zhìmèng sūn shì 'àn zhōng zhī chí gōng liǎn chù duò sān de xíng dòng bàn 'ér fèi gōng sūn lóng shēnglóng shíchǔ guó rén
  
  55 suìgōng yuán qián 497 nián dìng gōng shí sān niánchūn guó sòng 80 míng měi dào guó huán jiē shòu liǎo jūn chén liàn duō cháo zhèng kǒng shì chū xiàn kǒng kāi guó dào liǎo wèi guóshí yuè kǒng shòu chán yán zhī hài kāi wèi guó qián wǎng chén guó jīng kuāng bèi wéi kùnhòu jīng gōng shū shì pàn wèi , kǒng yòu bèi wéi kùnhòu yòu fǎn huí wèi
  
  56 suìgōng yuán qián 496 nián dìng gōng shí nián kǒng zài wèi guó bèi wèi líng gōng rén nán zhào jiàn duì kǒng jiàn nán yòu jiàn píng liǎo kǒng zhèng guó chǎn shì kǒng tīng dào xiāo hòushí fēn nán guòchēng zàn chǎn shì zhī 'ài”。
  
  57 suìgōng yuán qián 495 nián dìng gōng shí nián kǒng wèi xià yuè dìng gōng 'āi gōng
  
  58 suìgōng yuán qián 494 nián 'āi gōng yuán nián kǒng guó shǐ rén pìn jiù jié zhuān chē shì wèn kǒng
  
  59 suìgōng yuán qián 493 nián 'āi gōng 'èr nián kǒng yóu zhì wèiwèi líng gōng wèn chénzhèn kǒng kǒng wǎn yán jué liǎo wèi líng gōng kǒng zài wèi guó zhù xià wèi xíngjīng guò cáo guó dào sòng guósòng huán ?( zuǒ guǐ yòu zhuī ) tǎo yàn kǒng yáng yán yào jiā hài kǒng kǒng wēi 'ér xíng
  
  60 suìgōng yuán qián 492 nián 'āi gōng sān nián kǒng wèiliù shí 'ér 'ěr shùn”。 kǒng guò zhèng dào chén guózài zhèng guó chéng shī sàn zài dōng mén děng hòu lái xún zhǎo , bèi rén cháo xiào , chēng zhī wéilěi lěi ruò sāngjiā zhī quǎn”。 kǒng xīn rán xiào yuē:“ rán zāirán zāi!”
  
  61 suìgōng yuán qián 491 nián 'āi gōng nián kǒng chén wǎng cài
  
  62 suìgōng yuán qián 490 nián 'āi gōng nián kǒng cài dào gōng wèn zhèng kǒng bìng kǒng tǎo lùn yòu guān zhèng zhí de dào wèn zài fǎn cài de zhōng kǒng yǐn zhě
  
  63 suìgōng yuán qián 489 nián 'āi gōng liù nián kǒng zài chén cài zhī jiān bèi kùn jué liáng duō yīn kùn 'è 'ér bìnghòu bèi chǔ rén xiāng jiùyóu chǔ fǎn wèi zhōng yòu yǐn zhě
  
  64 suìgōng yuán qián 488 nián 'āi gōng nián kǒng zài wèizhù zhāng zài wèi guó wéi zhèng xiān yào zhèng míng
  
  65 suìgōng yuán qián 487 nián 'āi gōng nián kǒng zài wèishì nián zhàn bài kǒng de yòu ruò cān zhàn yòu gōng
  
  66 suìgōng yuán qián 486 nián 'āi gōng jiǔ nián kǒng zài wèi
  
  67 suìgōng yuán qián 485 nián 'āi gōng shí nián kǒng zài wèi kǒng rén guān shì
  
  68 suìgōng yuán qián 484 nián 'āi gōng shí niánshì nián shī kǒng rǎn yòu shuài shī zhànhuò shèng kāng wèn rǎn yòu zhǐ huī cái néng cóng 'ér láirǎn yòu yuēxué zhī kǒng ”。 kāng pài rén yíng kǒng guī kǒng zhōu yóu liè guó 14 niánzhì jié shù kāng xíngtián ”, kǒng fǎn duì kǒng duì rǎn yòu shuō:“ jūn zhī xíng shī hòushì zhōngliǎn cóng shì qiū ”。
  
  69 suìgōng yuán qián 483 nián 'āi gōng shí 'èr nián kǒng réng yòu xīn cóng zhèngrán bèi yòng kǒng cóng shì jiào zhěng wén xiàn gōng zuò kǒng de 'ér kǒng
  
  70 suìgōng yuán qián 482 nián 'āi gōng shí sān nián kǒng wèi shí 'ér cóng xīn suǒ ”。 yán huí kǒng shí fēn bēi shāng
  
  71 suìgōng yuán qián 481 nián 'āi gōng shí niánshì nián chūnshòu liè huò línkǒng liǎo rèn wéi zhè shì hǎo zhēng zhàoshuō:“ dào qióng ”。 shì tíng zhǐ xiūchūn qiū》。 liù yuè guó chén héng shì jiǎn gōng kǒng jiàn 'āi gōng sān huánqǐng qiú guó chū bīng tǎo chén huánméi yòu dào zhī chí
  
  72 suìgōng yuán qián 480 nián 'āi gōng shí nián kǒng wén wèi guó zhèng biàn gǎn dào yòu shēng mìng wēi xiǎn guǒ rán bèi hài kǒng shí fēn nán guò
  
  73 suìgōng yuán qián 479 nián 'āi gōng shí liù nián yuè kǒng huàn bìng 'ér zàng chéng běi 'āi gōng lěi zhī yuē:“ ? tiān diào lǎo píng rén zài wèiqióng qióng zài jiù 'āi zāi ”。 shǎo wéi zhī shǒu sān nián gòng wéi zhī shǒu liù nián rén cóng 'ér jiā zhě shàng bǎi jiā míng kǒng kǒng de gǎi wéi miào táng kǒng shòu dào rén men de fèng
  
   zhù yào
  
  [ kǒng jiǎng xué ] xiāng chuán kǒng suǒ shōu duō sān qiān rényòu jiào chéng jiù zhě 72 rén zhōng zuì zhù yào de yòu
  
   yán huí:( qián 521~ qián 481 niánchūn qiū guó rén yuān yán yuān kǒng zuì 。《 yōng shuō dān shí piáo yǐnzài lòu xiàngrén kān yōuhuí gǎi ”。 wéi rén qiān xùn hàoxué,“ qiān 'èr guò”。 cháng zūn zhòng lǎo shīduì kǒng shì cóng yán yuèyán yuān xíng zhù chēng kǒng chēng zàn xián zāi huí ”,“ huí xīn sān yuè wéi fǎnrén”(《 yōng 》)。 xìng zǎo hàn dài yán huí bèi liè wéi shí 'èr xián zhī shǒuyòu shí kǒng shí yán huí pèi xiǎng hòu dài tǒng zhì zhě duàn zhuī jiā shì hào : táng tài zōng zūn zhī wéixiān shī”, táng xuán zōng zūn zhī wéiyǎn gōng”, sòng zhēn zōng jiā fēng wéiyǎn guó gōng”, yuán wén zōng yòu zūn wéiyǎn guó shèng gōng”。 míng jiā jìng jiǔ nián gǎi chēng shèng”。 shān dōng hái yòu shèng miào”。
  
   zhòng yóuqián 542~ qián 480) yòu guó biànjīn shān dōng shuǐ xiàn quán lín zhèn biàn qiáo cūnrén kǒng mén shēng zhèng shì jiàn chēngwéi rén kàng zhí mǎnghǎo yǒng shì qīn zhì xiàochú xué shī wàihái wéi kǒng gǎn chēzuò shì wèigēn suí kǒng zhōu yóu liè guóshēn zhòng kǒng chēng zàn shuō:“ hǎo yǒngwén guò 。” chū shì hòu shì wèi kǒng rèn guó kòu shí rèn sūn shì de zǎihòu rèn kǒng de zǎiwèi zhuāng gōng yuán niánqián 480 nián), kǒng de qīn rén móu kuǎi kuì zhī wéi jūnxié kǒng shì wèi chū gōngchū gōng wén xùn 'ér táo zài wài wén xùn hòu jìn chéng jiàn kuǎi kuìkuǎi kuì mìng shí huī luò guān yīng jìn lièyán hèchì dào:“ jūn érguàn miǎn。” rán hǎo mào yīngcóng róng jiù
  
   gòngxìng duān míng gòngshì kǒng mén shí 'èr xián zhī qiě liè yán zhī yōu zhě kǒng céng chēng wéi liǎn zhī ”。 kǒu qiǎo shàn xióng biànqiě yòu gànjì cáibàn shì tōng céng rèn wèi liǎng guó zhī xiāng hái shàn jīng shāng zhī dàocéng jīng jīng shāng cáo liǎng guó zhī jiān zhì qiān jīnwéi kǒng zhōng shǒu qiān zuòshǐ · zhòng lièzhuàn》, duì gòng zhè rén suǒ fèi zuì duō zhuànjì jiù piān 'ér yán zài kǒng mén zhòng zhōng shì zuì cháng dezhè xiàn xiàng shuō míngzài qiān yǎn zhōng gòng shì xún cháng de rén men xún zhe qiān de zhè zài yuè lùn děng shūbiàn kàn chū gòng zhè rén fēi tóng xún cháng de yǐng xiǎng zhī zuò yòng zhī shì kǒng mén zhōng rén suǒ néng de xué yōu wén huà xiū yǎng fēng hòuzhèng zhìwài jiāo cái néng zhuó yuè cái jīng shāng néng gāo chāozài kǒng mén zhōng gòng shì xué xíng jié zuì hǎo de wèi。 
   
   yán yǎn ( qián 506~ qián 443) chūn qiū shí kǒng wéi de nán fāng yóuyòu chēng shū shìcháng shú rén。 22 suì shí xiāng běi shàngbài kǒng wéi shīwéi sān qiān zhōng shí 'èr xián zhī qiān hàoxuéshàn cháng wén xuécéng rèn guó chéng zǎiyòng lǐyuè jiào huà mín zhòngjìng nèi dào chù yòu xián zhī shēngshēn kǒng zàn shǎnghòu xué chéng nán guīcóng yóu shùbèi wéi chuán dōng nán wén huà réntáng dài xiān hòu bèi fēng wéi hóu gōng guó gōng xiān xián yán děngqīng kāng jiān shè jīng shì yuányóu hòu shì yán yǎn duì wén huà de fán róng zuò chū liǎo hěn gòng xiànyán huíqián 521~ qián 490) chūn qiū guó rén yuān kǒng xíng jiàn chēngqín fèn hàoxué xìn kǒng xué shuōbìngwén zhī shí”, lǐng huì shēn wéi rén píng qiān xùnchén guǎ yáncái zhì jiào shǎo wài zài xíng dòng shàng shí jiàn kǒng de xiǎngchéng wéi kǒng zuì zhōng shízuì de xué shēng kǒng chēng pǐn gāo shàngshuō sān yuè wéi rén”,“ qiān 'èr guò”。 33 suì shí shìjīn chéng běi lòu xiàng jiē yòu yán miào chēng shèng miàojīn chéng dōng 11 gōng fáng shān zhī nán chéng zhuāng cūn dōng běi jiǎo yòu yán línwéi yán huí jiā de
  
   zéngshēnyuē qián 505~ qián 435) chūn qiū guó nán chéngjīn píng rénrén men zūn chēng wéi Zēngzǐ kǒng dào yǎng qīncéng shì wéi xiǎo xiào zhù chēngrèn wéi " zhōng shù " shì kǒng " guàn zhī " de xiǎng chū " sānxǐngwúshēn " de xiū yǎng fāng zhù zhāng " shèn zhōngshèn zhòng bàn de sāngshì), zhuī yuǎnqián chéng zhuī niàn xiān), mín guī hòu”,“ fàn 'ér xiào jiào)”, shǐ zhì xiè shí jiàn kǒng xué shuōxiāng chuán zhù yòuxiào jīng xué》。 zài kǒng mén zhōng bèi shì wéi dào tǒng de chéng zhěbèi hòu dài tǒng zhì zhě zūn wéizōng shèng”。《 hàn shū · wén zhìzhù Zēngzǐ》 18 piān cánjīn cún dài zhōng shìzhìtiān yuánfán 10 piānqīng ruǎn yuán yòuZēngzǐ zhù shì》。 jīn jiā xiáng chéng nán 20 gōng nán shān nán yòu céng miàoyòu chēng zōng shèng miào
  
   kǒng xué yuàn
  
  [ yīng guó 'ài dīng bǎo xué kǒng xué yuàn ]
   kǒng de xué shuō chuán dào fāngshì cóng 400 duō nián qián chuán jiào shì kǒng yán xíng delùn shū chéng dīng wén dài dào 'ōu zhōu kāi shǐ deér jīn kǒng xué shuō zǒu xiàng liǎo zhōu guó kǒng xué yuàn de jiàn zhèng shì kǒng hǎi zhī nèi jiē xiōng ”、“ 'ér tóng jūn wén huì yǒu yǒu rén xiǎng de xiàn shí shí jiàn 2004 nián 11 yuè quán qiú shǒu jiā kǒng xué yuàn zài hán guó chéng lái yòu bǎi jiā kǒng xué yuàn biàn quán qiú 40 duō guó jiāchéng wéi chuán zhōng guó wén huà tuī guǎng hàn jiào xué de quán qiú pǐn pái píng tái kǒng xué yuàn shì zài jiè jiàn guó wài yòu guān gòu tuī guǎng běn mín yán jīng yàn de chǔ shàngzài hǎi wài shè de jiào shòu hàn chuán zhōng guó wén huà wéi zōng zhǐ de fēi yíng xìng gōng gòu bǐng chéng kǒng wéi guì”、“ 'ér tóngde niàntuī dòng zhōng wài wén huà de jiāo liú róng jiàn shè chí jiǔ pínggòng tóng fán róng de xié shì jiè wéi zōng zhǐ
  
   chōng liào
  
   hán guó rén duì kǒng diǎn shēn nào
  
   gēn hán guó de xiāo hán guó rén jīng zài zhǔn bèi kǒng diǎn shēn qǐng shì jiè wén huà chǎnxià jiù shì kǒng chè chè de biàn chéng hán guó rén liǎozhōng guó de lùn tán shàng què hái zài wéi yìng yìng gāi kǒng chǎo tínghěn duō rén duì kǒng jìn fěng zhī néng shì
  9 yuè 28 shì kǒng dàn chén 2557 zhōu nián tái wān tóng shí xíng liǎo kǒng diǎnér zài qián de 9 yuè 26 hán guó kǒng diǎn de piàn chéng wéi mén wǎng zhàn de tóu tiáoqiǎng zài zhōng guó zhī qián guī xuān chuán de kǒng huó dònghán guó rén de yòng yòu zài
   hán guó rén zǒng shì xiǎng zhōng huá wén huà zhōng de yōu xiù chéngfèn wéi yòuzhè jīng shì tiān liǎojiù zài 2005 niánhán guó jīng jiāng chuán chéng zhōng guó de duān jié shēn bào shì jiè wén huà chǎn chéng gōngchéng wéi suǒ yòu zhōng guó rén xīn tóu de tòng kǒng diǎn jiù shì men de xià biāozhǐ yào zǎi yán jiū xià hán guó rén kǒng de liàojiù huì xiàn men zhí zài qiáng diào zhèng zōngkàn guò hán guó rén de kǒng shì pínzài lái duì zhào zhōng guó de kǒng shì pín fēn réndōu huì chū hán guó rén de diǎn hǎo xiàng gēngzhèng tǒnggèng gāo shàng de gǎn juéhán guó rén de kǒng hǎo xiàng zǒng zhōng guó de duì zhe gān men chuān mǎn qīng de cháng páo guà jiù chuān zhèng tǒng de hàn men de shì biàn lái biàn méi yòu dìng shì men què zūn xún de shì chéng biàn men zài wén zhōngjiàng kǒng dǎo chòu men què zūn kǒng bǎi nián biàn men de kǒng diǎn wǎng wǎng shì zhèng zhù dǎo huó dòng men de kǒng què shì 'èr bǎi duō suǒ xiāng xiào tóng shí jìn xíng de quán guó xìng huó dònghán guó rén de mùdì hěn míng quèjiù shì yào ràng rén jué zhǐ yòu men cái shì kǒng de zhèng tǒngzhǐ yòu men cái zuì yòu kǒng rán hòu jiù men bǎi nián shǐ de kǒng diǎn shēn qǐng shì jiè wén huà chǎn
   xiāng zhī xià qián liǎng nián zhōng guó de kǒng què shí ràng rén yòu diǎn hán xīnzhū duì zhe kǒng de xiào huàcháng páo guà tàijiàn zhuāng de nào děng děngcéng chū qióngjīn tiān de kǒng xìng hǎo yòu liáng zhè yàng shí xióng hòu yòu shāng xiǎng de xiāng zhùcái zhì chū xiàn qián kǒng yóu méi qián 'ér jīng zhuāng de jiǒng jìngyòng liáng jiǔ què shí zhōng guó de zhèng tǒng,“ bēi bēi shàng de zhìrán 'ér hán guó zài guó shàng duì kǒng de tuī guǎng jīng zǒu zài liǎo qián miànér qiě zài guò de nián dài zhōng guó duì kǒng wén huà de huǐ huài què shí lìng rén hán xīnzhè shǐ men zài hán guó rén miàn qián zǒng xiǎn rén tóu
   hán guó rén kǒng shì tiān liǎng tiān liǎozài běn hán guó shǐ jiào shū de chā shàngzhōng guó de dōng běishān dōng dōuchéng wéi shǐ shàng hán guó de pánshān dōng dōushì hán guó de rénshān dōng rén kǒng jiù suǒ dāng rán shì shān dōng rénzài zhè běn hán guó jiào shū ,“ zhèn liǎo chǔyú nóng gēng wén huà de hàn rén”,“ chéng táng de zhàn zhēngděng suí chù jiàn men zǒng shì jiāng zhù zhōng běn rén de xiū gǎi jiào shū shì jiàn shàngquè méi zhù dào hán guó rén gān zhè zhǒng shì lái shì hěn zài xíng
   hán guó rén lùn zhèng kǒng shì hán guó rén hái yòu zhè yàng de lùn cháo xiān bàn dǎo zuì zǎo jiàn zhèng quán de shì shāng cháo guì shì shāng cháo zhòu wáng de qīn zhōu wáng zhòu yuàn jiē shòu zhōu tǒng zhì shì shuài lǐng 5000 míng shāng cháo rén táo páo dào cháo xiān bàn dǎo liáo dōng bàn dǎojiàn liǎo zhèng zhì nànmín guó jiā héng cháo xiānér shāng cháo fēn réndōu liú zài liǎo zhōng guófēn zài zhōu fēng jiàn de sòng wèi děng duō guó jiāsòng guó de guó jūn jiù shì de qīn héng wēi kǒng shì sòng guó guì hòu dàidāng rán jiù shì hán guó zōng de hòu dài liǎozài zhōng guó rén kàn láizhè zhǒng gān cái de zhe de guān xiào yòu chǐdàn duì kàn zhè zhǒng shǐ jiào shū zhǎngdà de hán guó rén lái shuō shì tiān jīng suǒ jiāng kǒng diǎn shēn qǐng shì jiè wén huà chǎn cái huì dào zhè me duō hán guó rén de zhī chíhán guó rén cái huì zhí zhuàng de chū kǒng shì men dede háo lùn liǎo
   cuàn gǎi shǐ shì jiāng kǒng diǎn shēn shì 'èr jiē xià lái jiù shì gěi guó shè huì zào chéng kǒng zhēn de shì hán guó rén de yìn xiàngzuì zhōng de shì dào hán guó cái shì zhōu wén huà de yuān yuán suǒ zàihán guó wén míng liǎo bāo kuò zhōng guó zài nèi de dōng wén míng
   rán 'ér zhè shí men zhōng guó rén zài gànshénmezài wǎng shàng jiù gāi gāi kǒng chǎo de ér zǒng yòu fēn zhōng guó rén zhōng yòng zhǒng kān de yán lái fěng kǒng jiā wén huàcóng wén dǎo kǒng jiā diàn dào xiàn zài men yòu yòu shénme shuō hán guó men de jiā wén huà gèng wéi zhèng tǒng gèng wéi quán mín
   xiào sūn yào jiāng zōng gǒng shǒu sòng gěi wài guó rén liǎo kǒng de líng hún zài tiān shàng tòng shī shēng
  
   kǒng shī xuǎn
  
  
   zhī kǒu chū zǒu zhī bàigài yōu zāi yóu zāiwéi suì
  
   huì
   wéi shān shí huì zhī shēngyóu shàng zài 'ěr
  
   guī shān cāo
   wàng guī shān zhīshǒu nài guī shān
   zhù:《 qín cāo》:“ huán shòu kǒng jiàn tuì 'ér wàng guī shān zuò zhī 。”《 qín cāo》, qín chuán wéi dōng hàn cài yōng ji
  
   pán cāo
   gān 'ér jiāo lóng yóu cháo huǐ luǎnfèng xiáng liúcǎn xīn bēihái yuán zōu
   zhùjiànqín cāo》。
  
   kǒng de fēng shì hào
   zhōu jìng wáng shí niángōng yuán qián 479 nián), kǒng shì 'āi gōng qīn lěi kǒng lěi wén shuō:“ mín tiān diào yìn lǎo píng rén zài wèiqióng qióng zài jiù 'āi zāi 。”(《 zuǒzhuàn · āi gōng shí liù nián》) rén rèn wéi shì gěi kǒng de shì hào shí zhè zhǐ shì duì kǒng de jìng chēngbìng fēi shì hàotóng”, shì dài duì nán de měi chēng
   hàn yuán shǐ yuán niángōng yuán yuán nián), hàn píng liú kàn zhuī fēng kǒng wéibāo chéng xuān gōng rén rèn wéibāo chéngshì guó míng,“ xuān shì shì hào,“ gōngshì jué wèi
   běi wèi tài shí liù niángōng yuán 492 nián), xiào wén yuán hóng chēng kǒng wéiwén shèng ”。“ wén shèngshì zūn hào,“ shì jìng chēng
   běi zhōu xiàng 'èr niángōng yuán 580 nián), jìng wén yǎn zhuī fēng kǒng wéizōu guó gōng”,“ zōushì guó míng,“ gōngshì jué wèi
   suí kāi huáng yuán niángōng yuán 581 nián), wén yáng jiān chēng kǒng wéixiān shī ”; táng zhēnguàn 'èr niángōng yuán 628 nián), tài zōng shì mín zūn kǒng wéixiān shèng”。“ xiān shī”、“ xiān shèngdōushì zūn chēngzhēnguàn shí niángōng yuán 637 nián), gǎi chēng kǒng wéixuān ”,“ xuānwéi shì hào,“ shì měi chēngqián fēng yuán niángōng yuán 666 nián), gāo zōng zhì zèng kǒng wéitài shī”,“ tài shīwéi guān wèi
   zhōu tiān shòu yuán niángōng yuán 690 nián), tiān fēng kǒng wéilóng dào gōng”。“ lóng dàoshì fēng hào,“ gōngshì jué wèi
   táng kāi yuán 'èr shí niángōng yuán 739 nián), xuán zōng lóng fēng kǒng wéiwén xuān wáng”。“ wén xuānwéi shì hào,“ wángshì jué wèizhè 'ér dewáng shì hòu shì huáng xià de hóu wáng de wángér shì zhōu tiān wáng”、“ chéng wángde wáng
   sòng zhōng xiáng yuán niángōng yuán 1008 nián), zhēn zōng zhào héng jiā chēng kǒng wéixuán shèng wén xuān wáng”, niángōng yuán 1012 nián), yòu gǎi chēngshèng wén xuān wáng”。“ xuán shèngshì zhǐ yòu zhì tiān zhī 'ér wèi de rén,《 hòu hàn shūshǒu xiān chēng kǒng ;“ zhì shèngshì zhǐ dào zuì gāo shàng de rén qiān shǒu xiān chēng kǒng ,《 shǐ · kǒng shì jiā · zànshuō:“…… tiān wáng hóuzhōng guó yán liù zhě zhé zhōng wèi zhì shèng !” yuán shí niángōng yuán 1307 niánqiūxīn wèi de yuán zōng hǎi shān jiā chēng kǒng wéi chéng zhì shèng wén xuān wáng”。“ chéngběn shì dài qín de yòng biàn wéi chéngjiǔ biàn 'ér zhōngzhì jiǔ chéng wán chēng wéi chénghòu lái yǐn shēn chēng zhōng qián rén de zhù zhāngxué shuō děng xíng chéng de wán zhěng de mèng shǐ yòng chéng zàn sòng kǒng shuō:“ kǒng zhī wèi chéng chéng zhějīn shēng 'ér zhèn zhī 。”《 mèng · wàn zhāng xià》“ xuán shèng”、“ zhì shèng”、“ chéngdōushì duì kǒng de zàn
   míng jiā jìng jiǔ niángōng yuán 1530 nián), shì zōng zhū hòu cōng dìng diǎnzūn kǒng wéizhì shèng xiān shī”, xiāo shì hàofēng hàoqīng shùn zhì 'èr niángōng yuán 1645 nián), shì lín jiā zūn kǒng wéi chéng zhì shèng wén xuān xiān shī”, shí niángōng yuán 1657 nián), yòu gǎi chēngzhì shèng xiān shī”。
   hòuzhí zhì qīng kǒng de fēng shì hào wèi zài gēngdòngdào liǎo mín guó nián jiān qiē fēng shì hào jiē fèi zhì yòng liǎo。“ shì hàoshì gēn zhě de shēng qián shì cān zhàoshì zhuī jiā de zhǐ shì yòng wángxiǎn huàn zhuó xíng de rénzhuī jiā gěi kǒng de shì hàoshì shuō,“ yáng shàn jiǎn yuē shèng”、“ jìng bīn hòu yuē shèng”;“ jīng tiān wěi yuē wén”、“ dào wén yuē wén”、“ xué qín hǎo wèn yuē wén”、“ huì 'ài mín yuē wén”;“ shèng shàn zhōu wén yuē xuān”, dōushìshì zhōng zuì gāo de zàn zhī


  Confucius (Chinese: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ; Wade-Giles: K'ung-fu-tzu), lit. "Master Kung," September 28, 551 BC - 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese thought and life.
  
  His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD). Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as "Confucius."
  
  His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (論語), a collection of "brief aphoristic fragments", which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius, but for nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics such as the Classic of Rites (editor), and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) (author).
  
  Personal life and family
  
  According to tradition, Confucius was born in 551 BC. Spring and Autumn Period, at the beginning of the Hundred Schools of Thought philosophical movement. Confucius was born in or near the city of Qufu, in the Chinese State of Lu (now part of Shandong Province). Early accounts say that he was born into a poor but noble family that had fallen on hard times.
  
  The Records of the Grand Historian (史記), compiled some four centuries later, indicate that the marriage of Confucius' parents did not conform to Li (禮) and therefore was a yehe (野合), or "illicit union", for when they got married, his father was a very old man and past proper age for marriage but his mother was only in her late teens. His father died when he was three, and he was brought up in poverty by his mother. His social ascendancy linked him to the growing class of shì (士), a class whose status lay between that of the old nobility and the common people, that comprised men who sought social positions on the basis of talents and skills, rather than heredity.
  
  As a child, Confucius was said to have enjoyed putting ritual vases on the sacrifice table. He married a young girl named Qi Quan (亓官) at nineteen and she had their first child Kong Li (孔鯉) when he was twenty. Confucius is reported to have worked as a shepherd, cowherd, clerk and book-keeper. When Confucius was twenty-three, his mother died and he entered three years of mourning.
  
  He is said to have risen to the position of Justice Minister (大司寇) in Lu at fifty-three. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the neighboring state of Qi (齊) was worried that Lu was becoming too powerful. Qi decided to sabotage Lu's reforms by sending one hundred good horses and eighty beautiful dancing girls to the Duke of Lu. The Duke indulged himself in pleasure and did not attend to official duties for three days. Confucius was deeply disappointed and resolved to leave Lu and seek better opportunities. Yet to leave at once would expose the misbehavior of the Duke and therefore bring public humiliation to the ruler Confucius was serving, so Confucius waited for the Duke to make a lesser mistake. Soon after, the Duke neglected to send to Confucius a portion of the sacrificial meat that was his due according to custom, and Confucius seized this pretext to leave both his post and the state of Lu.
  
  According to tradition, after Confucius's resignation, he began a long journey (or set of journeys) around the small kingdoms of northeast and central China, including the states of Wei (衞), Song (宋), Chen (陳) and Cai (蔡). At the courts of these states, he expounded his political beliefs but did not see them implemented.
  
  According to the Zuo Commentary to the Spring and Autumn Annals, at sixty-eight Confucius returned home. The Analects pictures him spending his last years teaching disciples and transmitting the old wisdom via a set of texts called the Five Classics.
  
  Burdened by the loss of both his son and his favorite disciples, he died at the age of 72 (or 73).
  
  Teachings
  
  In the Analects论语, Confucius presents himself as a "transmitter who invented nothing". He put the greatest emphasis on the importance of study, and it is the Chinese character for study (or learning) that opens the text. In this respect, he is seen by Chinese people as the Greatest Master. Far from trying to build a systematic theory of life and society or establish a formalism of rites, he wanted his disciples to think deeply for themselves and relentlessly study the outside world, mostly through the old scriptures and by relating the moral problems of the present to past political events (like the Annals) or past expressions of feelings by common people and reflective members of the elite (preserved in the poems of the Book of Odes).
  
  In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven “天命” that could unify the "world" (i.e. China) and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merit, not their parentage; these would be rulers devoted to their people, reaching for personal and social perfection. Such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.
  
  One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. Because his moral teachings emphasise self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules, Confucius's ethics may be considered a type of virtue ethics. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument, and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed more indirectly, through allusions, innuendo, and even tautology. This is why his teachings need to be examined and put into proper context in order to be understood. A good example is found in this famous anecdote:
  
  厩焚。子退朝,曰:“伤人乎?”不问马。
  When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court, Confucius said, "Was anyone hurt?" He did not ask about the horses.
  
  Analects X.11, tr. A. Waley
  
  The passage conveys the lesson that by not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrated that a sage values human beings over property; readers of this lesson are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius's, and to pursue ethical self-improvement if it would not. Confucius, an exemplar of human excellence, serves as the ultimate model, rather than a deity or a universally true set of abstract principles. For these reasons, according to many Eastern and Western commentators, Confucius's teaching may be considered a Chinese example of humanism.
  
  Perhaps his most famous teaching was the Golden Rule stated in the negative form, often called the silver rule:
  
  子貢問曰、有一言、而可以終身行之者乎。子曰、其恕乎、己所 不欲、勿施於人。
  Adept Kung asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?"
  The Master replied: "How about 'shu' [reciprocity]: never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself?"
  Analects XV.24, tr. David Hinton
  
  Confucius's teachings were later turned into a very elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers who organised his teachings into the Analects. In the centuries after his death, Mencius and Xun Zi both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. In time, these writings, together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus known in the West as Confucianism. After more than a thousand years, the scholar Zhu Xi created a very different interpretation of Confucianism which is now called Neo-Confucianism, to distinguish it from the ideas expressed in the Analects. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China and Vietnam until the 1800s.
  
  Names
  Confucius (illustration from Myths & Legends of China, 1922, by E.T.C. Werner)
  Confucius (illustration from Myths & Legends of China, 1922, by E.T.C. Werner)
  
  * Michele Ruggieri, and other Jesuits after him, while translating Chinese books into Western languages, translated 孔夫子 as Confucius. This Latinised form has since been commonly used in Western countries.
  * In systematic Romanisations:
   o Kǒng Fūzǐ (or Kǒng fū zǐ) in pinyin.
   o K'ung fu-tzu in Wade-Giles (or, less accurately, Kung fu-tze).
  + Fūzǐ means teacher. Since it was disrespectful to call the teacher by name according to Chinese culture, he is known as just "Master Kong", or Confucius, even in modern days.
  + The character 'fu' is optional; in modern Chinese he is more often called Kong Zi.
  
  * His actual name was 孔丘, Kǒng Qiū. Kǒng is a common family name in China.
  
  (In Wade-Giles translation by D. C. Lau, this name appears as Kung Ch'iu.)
  
  * His courtesy name was 仲尼, Zhòng Ní.
  * In 9 BC (first year of the Yuanshi period of the Han Dynasty), he was given his first posthumous name: 褒成宣尼公, Lord Bāochéngxūan, which means "Laudably Declarable Lord Ni."
  * His most popular posthumous names are
   o 至聖先師, 至圣先师,Zhìshèngxiānshī, meaning "The Former Teacher who Arrived at Sagehood" (comes from 1530, the ninth year of the Jianing period of the Ming Dynasty);
   o 至聖,至圣, Zhìshèng, "the Greatest Sage";
   o 先師,先师, Xiānshī, literally meaning "first teacher". It has been suggested that '先師' can be used, however, to express something like, "the Teacher who assists the wise to their attainment".
  * He is also commonly known as 萬世師表, 万世师表,Wànshìshībiǎo, "the Model Teacher" in Chinese.
  
  Philosophy
  
  Main article: Confucianism
  
  A portrait of Confucius, by Tang Dynasty artist Wu Daozi (680-740).
  A portrait of Confucius, by Tang Dynasty artist Wu Daozi (680-740).
  
  Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, arguments continue over whether it is a religion. Confucianism lacks an afterlife, its texts express complex and ambivalent views concerning deities, and it is relatively unconcerned with some spiritual matters often considered essential to religious thought, such as the nature of the soul.
  
  Confucius' principles gained wide acceptance primarily because of their basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong familial loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders by their children (and, according to later interpreters, of husbands by their wives), and the family as a basis for an ideal government. He expressed the well-known principle, "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself" (similar to the Golden Rule). He also looked nostalgically upon earlier days, and urged the Chinese, particularly those with political power, to model themselves on earlier examples. "The superior man seeks for it in himself. The petty man seeks for it in others"
  
  Because no texts survive that are demonstrably authored by Confucius, and the ideas associated with him most closely were elaborated in writings that accrued over the period between his death and the foundation of the first Chinese empire in 221 BC, many scholars are very cautious about attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself.
  
  Ethics
  
  The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in Lǐ is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, social and political institutions, and the etiquette of daily behavior. It was believed by some that lǐ originated from the heavens. Confucius's view was more nuanced. His approach stressed the development of lǐ through the actions of sage leaders in human history, with less emphasis on its connection with heaven. His discussions of lǐ seem to redefine the term to refer to all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society, rather than those simply conforming with canonical standards of ceremony. In the early Confucian tradition, lǐ, though still linked to traditional forms of action, came to point towards the balance between maintaining these norms so as to perpetuate an ethical social fabric, and violating them in order to accomplish ethical good. These concepts are about doing the proper thing at the proper time, and are connected to the belief that training in the lǐ that past sages have devised cultivates in people virtues that include ethical judgment about when lǐ must be adapted in light of situational contexts.
  
  In early Confucianism, yì (義 [义]) and lǐ are closely linked terms. Yì can be translated as righteousness, though it may simply mean what is ethically best to do in a certain context. The term contrasts with action done out of self-interest. While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one based one's life upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good, an outcome of yì. This is doing the right thing for the right reason. Yì is based upon reciprocity.
  
  Just as action according to Lǐ should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to yì, so yì is linked to the core value of rén (仁). Rén is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness"; translator Arthur Waley calls it "Goodness" (with a capital G), and other translations that have been put forth include "authoritativeness" and "selflessness." Confucius's moral system was based upon empathy and understanding others, rather than divinely ordained rules. To develop one's spontaneous responses of rén so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules of yì. To cultivate one's attentiveness to rén one used another Confucian version of the Golden Rule: one must always treat others just as one would want others to treat oneself. Virtue, in this Confucian view, is based upon harmony with other people, produced through this type of ethical practice by a growing identification of the interests of self and other.
  
  In this regard, Confucius articulated an early version of the Golden Rule:
  
  * "What one does not wish for oneself, one ought not to do to anyone else; what one recognises as desirable for oneself, one ought to be willing to grant to others." (Confucius and Confucianism, Richard Wilhelm)
  
  Politics
  
  Confucius' political thought is based upon his ethical thought. He argues that the best government is one that rules through "rites" (lǐ) and people's natural morality, rather than by using bribery and coercion. He explained that this is one of the most important analects: 1. "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of shame, and moreover will become good." (Translated by James Legge) {The Great Learning} This "sense of shame" is an internalisation of duty, where the punishment precedes the evil action, instead of following it in the form of laws as in Legalism.
  
  While he supported the idea of government by an all-powerful sage, ruling as an Emperor, probably because of the chaotic state of China at his time, his ideas contained a number of elements to limit the power of rulers. He argued for according language with truth; thus honesty was of paramount importance. Even in facial expression, truth must always be represented. In discussing the relationship between a subject and his king (or a son and his father), he underlined the need to give due respect to superiors. This demanded that the inferior must give advice to his superior if the superior was considered to be taking the wrong course of action. This was built upon a century after Confucius's death by his latter day disciple Mencius, who argued that if the king was not acting like a king, he would lose the Mandate of Heaven and be overthrown. Therefore, tyrannicide is justified because a tyrant is more a thief than a king. Other Confucian texts, though celebrating absolute rule by ethical sages, recognise the failings of real rulers in maxims such as, "An oppressive government is more feared than a tiger."
  
  Some well known Confucian quotes:
  
  "When you have faults, do not fear to abandon them."
  
  "What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others"
  
  "With coarse rice to eat, with water to drink, and my crooked arm for a pillow - is not joy to be found therein? Riches and honors acquired through unrighteousness are to me as the floating clouds"
  
  Disciples and legacy
  
  Main article: Disciples of Confucius
  
  Confucius' disciples and his only grandson, Zisi, continued his philosophical school after his death. These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its dogma. While relying heavily on Confucius' ethico-political system, two of his most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. Mencius (4th century BC) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards rén, yì, and lǐ, while Xun Zi (3rd century BC) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training.
  
  This realignment in Confucian thought was parallel to the development of Legalism, which saw filial piety as self-interest and not a useful tool for a ruler to create an effective state. A disagreement between these two political philosophies came to a head in 223 BC when the Qin state conquered all of China. Li Ssu, Prime Minister of the Qin Dynasty convinced Qin Shi Huang to abandon the Confucians' recommendation of awarding fiefs akin to the Zhou Dynasty before them which he saw as counter to the Legalist idea of centralizing the state around the ruler. When the Confucian advisers pressed their point, Li Ssu had many Confucian scholars killed and their books burned - considered a huge blow to the philosophy and Chinese scholarship.
  
  Under the succeeding Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence. Under Wudi, the works of Confucius were made the official imperial philosophy and required reading for civil service examinations in 140 BC which was continued nearly unbroken until the end of the 19th Century. As Moism lost support by the time of the Han, the main philosophical contenders were Legalism which Confucian thought somewhat absorbed, the teachings of Lao-tzu whose focus on more mystic ideas kept it from direct conflict with Confucianism, and the new Buddhist religion which gained acceptance during the Southern and Northern Dynasties era.
  
  During the Song Dynasty, the scholar Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) added ideas from Daoism and Buddhism into Confucianism. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored but not long after his death his ideas became the new orthodox view on what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different and call his way of thinking Neo-Confucianism. Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the Ming Dynasty and even the Yuan Dynasty although Kublai Khan distrusted handing over provincial control. In the modern era Confucian movements, such as New Confucianism, still exist but during the Cultural Revolution, Confucianism was frequently attacked by leading figures in the Communist Party of China. This was partially a continuation of the condemnations of Confucianism by intellectuals and activists in the early 20th Century as a cause of the ethnocentric close-mindedness and refusal of the Qing Dynasty to modernize that led to the tragedies that befell China in the 19th Century.
  
  In modern times, Asteroid 7853, "Confucius," was named after the Chinese thinker.
  
  Quote: "Respect yourself and others will respect you."
  Quote: "Today I have seen Lao-tzu and can only compare him to the dragon."
  
  Memorial ceremony of Confucius
  
  The Chinese have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of Confucius (祭孔) every year, using ceremonies that supposedly derived from Zhou Li 周禮 as recorded by Confucius, on the date of Confucius' birth. This tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary feudalist beliefs where it is held that the subservience of the people to the aristocracy is a part of the natural order. All such ceremonies and rites were therefore banned. Only after the 1990s, did the ceremony resume. As it is now considered a veneration of Chinese history and tradition, even communist party members may be found in attendance.
  
  In Taiwan, where the Nationalist Party (Kuomingtang) strongly promoted Confucian beliefs in ethics and behavior, the tradition of memorial ceremony of Confucius (祭孔) is supported by the government and has continued without interruption. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as Father's Day does in the West.
  
  Influence in Asia and Europe
  "Life and works of Confucius, by Prospero Intorcetta, 1687.
  "Life and works of Confucius, by Prospero Intorcetta, 1687.
  
  Confucius's works, words are studied by many scholars in many other Asian countries, such as Korea, Japan, Vietnam, etc. And many of those countries still hold the traditional memorial ceremony every year.
  
  The works of Confucius were translated into European languages through the agency of Jesuit scholars stationed in China. Matteo Ricci started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and father Prospero Intorcetta published the life and works of Confucius into Latin in 1687. It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization.
  
  Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
  
  The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believes Confucius was a Divine Prophet of God, as was Lao-Tzu and other eminent Chinese personages.
  
  Home town
  
  Soon after Confucius' death, Qufu, his hometown in the state of Lu and now in present-day Shandong Province, became a place of devotion and remembrance. It is still a major destination for cultural tourism, and many Chinese people visit his grave and the surrounding temples. In pan-China cultures, there are many temples where representations of the Buddha, Laozi and Confucius are found together. There are also many temples dedicated to him, which have been used for Confucianist ceremonies.
  
  Descendants
  
  Confucius' descendants were repeatedly identified and honored by successive imperial governments with titles of nobility and official posts. They were honored with the rank of a marquis thirty-five times since Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, and they were promoted to the rank of duke forty-two times from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang first bestowed the title of "Marquis Wenxuan" on Kong Sui of the 35th generation. In 1055, Emperor Zhenzong of Song first bestowed the title of "Duke Yansheng" on Kong Zong of the 46th generation. Despite repeated dynastic change in China, the title of Duke Yansheng was bestowed upon successive generations of descendants until it was abolished by the Nationalist Government in 1935. The last holder of the title, Kung Te-cheng of the 77th generation, was appointed Sacrificial Official to Confucius.
  
  Today, there are thousands of reputed descendants of Confucius. The main lineage fled from the Kong ancestral home in Qufu to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The current head of the household is Kung Te-cheng, a professor at National Taiwan University. He previously served in the Republic of China government as President of the Examination Yuan. Kung married Sun Qifang, the great-granddaughter of the Qing dynasty scholar-official and first president of Peking University Sun Jianai, whose Shouxian, Anhui, family created one of the first business combines in modern-day China, which included the largest flour mill in Asia, the Fou Foong Flour Company in Shanghai. The Qianlong Emperor married a daughter to Kong Xianpei of the 72nd generation, linking the Aisin-Gioro Imperial house with the Kong family.
kǒng Confucius
zuòzhě: gāo guāng Gao Guang
zīliàoláiyuán:kūn lún chū bǎn shè
  gāo guāng zhí jiē cóng kǒng zhōu yóu liè guó shǒu quán de yòng zài chū rèn guó kòu de kǒng zài zhǐ jiān rén cuàn quán zhī hòushì yóushuì guó jūn zhù tuī xíng de rén zhì guóde zhèng zhì zhù zhāng dezài zhè zuò pǐn zhōng shì tōng guò kǒng de bēi mǐn zhāng yáng kǒng zhǒng guān zhù rén lèi shēng cún mìng yùn de jìng jiè jīng shénzài zhè cháng wàn de zuò pǐn zhōnggāo guāng zào liǎo shí rén jiān yān huǒ de kǒng zhēn shí shēng huó zài nián qián zhēn shí shēng huó zài jīn tiān
kǒng Confucius
zuòzhě: féng Li Feng
zīliàoláiyuán:tài bái wén chū bǎn shè
  kuàng màn yóu de yīng xióng shǐ shī kǒng
  《 kǒng shì tàn suǒ shǐ de cái qíng zhī zuò kǒng shī 14 niánshuài kuàng de liè guó zhōu yóu wéi zhù jiǎng shù xiān zhé kǒng lán zhuàng kuò de zhōng yuán xíng chéng
kǒng Confucius》
shīrén: wáng 'ān shí Wang Anshi

  shèng rén dào néng xué zhě suǒ jiē qiū háo
   suī chuán wèi yòu kǒng miè měng zhī tiān gāo
   huán tuí shū liàng náo cǎo yáo pán táo
   yán huí zhì zuānyǎng wàng shēn láo
kǒng zǐ kǒng zǐ
  ( gōng yuán qián 551— qián 479) zhōng guó chūn qiū xiǎng jiājiào jiā jiā chuàng shǐ rénmíng qiū , zhòng , guó zōu ( jīn shān dōng dōng nán ) rényòu nián shēng huó pín kùnxué cháng shī , xiāng chuán céng wèn lǎo 。 50 suì shí rèn guó kòu , shè xíng xiāng shìhòu tóng xué shēng zhōu yóu liè guó , zhōng jiàn yòngwǎn nián zhì jiào shì , chuán yòu 3000 rén , zhù míng zhě 72 rénzhèng zhì shàng zhù zhāngzhèng míng ”, rèn wéijūn jūnchén chén ”, yìng míng shí xiāng , gǒng děng míngfèn shè huì zhì chàng zhì jiào huà , fǎn duì zhènglún xiǎng shàng xuān chuánrén ”。 “ rénshì děng zhì de yán xíng guī fàn , yòu shì wéi jiāzhǎng zhì de jīng shén zhī zhù , shì pǐn yǎng gōngkuānxìnmǐnhuì de zǒng chēngjiào xiǎng shàng zhù zhòngxuéde jié , chūxué 'ér wǎng , 'ér xué dàiwēn zhī xīn ”。 zhòng shì yīn cái shī jiàoxiàn cúnlùn kǒng yán xíng
No. 6
  chūn qiū xiǎng jiāzhèng zhì jiājiào jiā jiā de chuàng shǐ zhěmíng qiū zhòng guó rén。《 lùn shū yòu de tán huà mén rén de wèn
No. 7
   kǒng ( qián 551- qián 479): chūn qiū xiǎng jiāzhèng zhì jiājiào jiā jiā de chuàng shǐ rénmíng qiū zhòng guó zōu ( jīn shān dōng ) réncéng rèn guó kòuhòu zhōu yóu liè guówǎn nián yòu shōu jiǎng xué xiāng chuán yòu sān qiān rén xué shuō rén wéi xīnérrénde zhí xíng yòu yào wéi guī fànzhèng zhì shàng chūzhèng míngde zhù zhāng chàng zhì jiào huàzhù zhāngyòu jiào lèi”, yīn cái shī jiào de jiào xué fāng shǒu chuàng rén jiǎng xué de fēng hàn hòujīng guò duàn chōng gǎi zào de xiǎng chéng wéi zhōng guó fēng jiàn shè huì de tǒng zhì xiǎngyǐng xiǎng zhù zuò yòulùn 》。
kǒng jiǎn jiè About Confucius
   kǒng yīng wén: Confucius,; hàn pīn yīn :Kǒngzǐ, gōng yuán qián 551 nián 9 yuè 28 nóng yuè niàn )~ gōng yuán qián 479 nián 4 yuè 11 nóng 'èr yuè shí ), míng qiū zhòng , ( hàn chūn qiū shí guó rén。 ) kǒng shì guó dài wěi de xiǎng jiā jiào jiā jiā xué pài chuàng shǐ rénshì jiè zuì zhù míng de wén xué míng rén zhī biān zhuàn liǎo guó biān nián shǐ shūchūn qiū》。 yòu guān jìzǎi kǒng chū shēng guó zōu chāng píng xiāngjīn shān dōng shěng shì dōng nán de nán xīn zhèn yuán cūn); kǒng shì shì shíxiǎng nián 73 suìzàng chéng běi shuǐ zhī shàng jīn kǒng lín suǒ zài kǒng de yán xíng xiǎng zhù yào zài sǎnwén lùn xiān qín qín hàn bǎo cún xià deshǐ · kǒng shì jiā》。
   jìzǎi kǒng de xiān běn shì yīn shāng hòu zhōu miè shāng hòuzhōu wáng fēng shāng zhòu wáng de shù xiōngshāng cháo zhōng zhèng de míng chén wēi sòngwēi hòu wēi zhòng wèiwēi zhòng wéi kǒng de xiān kǒng de liù shì kǒng jiā zhī hòuhòu dài sūn kāi shǐ kǒng wéi xìng zēngzǔ kǒng fáng shū wèile táo sòng guó nèi luàncóng sòng guó táo dào liǎo guó kǒng de qīn shū liáng shū liáng wéi wéi míngshì guó chū míng de yǒng shìshū liáng xiān shī shì yào yīngshēng jiǔ 'ér qiè shēng mèng dàn yòu zài dāng shí de qíng kuàng xià cán de 'ér dōubù shū liáng wǎn nián nián qīng yán zhēng zài shēng xià kǒng yóu kǒng de qīn céng qiū shān dǎorán hòu huái xià kǒng yòu yīn kǒng gāng chū shēng shí tóu dǐng de zhōng jiān 'āo xiàxiàng qiū shān míng wéi qiū zhòng zhòng wéi 'èr de shū liáng de zhǎngzǐ wéi mèng mèng wéi de )。 kǒng sān suì de shí hòushū liáng bìng shìzhī hòu kǒng de jiā jìng xiāng dāng pín hányóu zhǒng zhǒng yuán yīn kǒng zài zhèng zhì shàng méi yòu guò de zuò wéidàn zài zhì guó de sān yuè zhōng jiàn kǒng kuì jié chū zhèng zhì jiā de chēng hàozhèng zhì shàng de shǐ kǒng jiāng hěn fēn jīng yòng zài jiào shì shàng kǒng céng rèn guó kòuhòu xié zhōu yóu liè guózuì zhōng fǎn huí guózhuān xīn zhí jiào kǒng liǎo jiào lǒng duànkāi chuàng liǎo xué xiān kǒng duō sān qiān rén zhōng xián rén shí 'èr zhōng yòu hěn duō jiē wéi guó gāo guān dòng liáng
   kǒng duì hòu shì yǐng xiǎng shēn yuǎnsuī shuō shù 'ér zuò”, dàn zài shì shí bèi wéitiān zòng zhī shèng”、“ tiān zhī duó”、“ qiān shèng rén”, shì dāng shí shè huì shàng zuì xué zhě zhī hòu shì bìng zūn chēng wéizhì shèng”( shèng rén zhī zhōng de shèng rén)、“ wàn shì shī biǎo”, rèn wéi céng xiūshī》《 shū》, dìng》《 》, zhōu 》, zuòchūn qiū》。《 lùn shì jiā xué pài de jīng diǎn zhù zuò zhī yóu kǒng de zài chuán biān zhuàn 'ér chéng duì huà wén wéi zhù liǎo kǒng yán xíng zhōng xiàn liǎo kǒng de zhèng zhì zhù zhānglún xiǎngdào guān niàn jiào yuán děng xué》、《 zhōng yōng》、《 mèng bìng chēng shū”。 tōng xíng běnlùn gòng 'èr shí piān。《 lùn de yán jiǎn jié jīng liàn , hán shēn , zhōng yòu duō yán lùn zhì jīn réng bèi shì rén shì wéi zhì
   měi guó shī rénzhé xué jiā 'ài shēng rèn wéi kǒng shì quán shì jiè mín de guāng róng
  1988 nián, 75 wèi nuò bèi 'ěr jiǎng de huò zhě zài biǎo lián xuān yánhūyù quán shì jiè“ 21 shì rén lèi yào shēng cúnjiù liǎng qiān nián qián kǒng de zhì huì。”
zhèng zhì shēng Political career
   kǒng yòu nián shí wéi cōng míng hàoxuéèr shí suì shí hòuxué shí jiù jīng fēi cháng yuān bèi dāng shí rén chēng zàn wéi xué hǎo ”。 tóng shíxiǎnwéirénzhī de shì kǒng chéng liǎo qīn shū liáng de yīng yǒngshēn gāo jiǔ chǐ liù cùnjīn 1.9 shàng shì 196.8cm), guò rényuǎn fēi hòu shì mǒu xiē rén rèn wéi de wén ruò shū shēng de xíng xiàngbìng qiě kǒng jiǔ liàng chāo fán shuō cóng lái méi yòu zuì guòdàn kǒng cóng yǒng jiǔ liàng děng wéi háo
   kǒng 20 duō suì jiù xiǎng zǒu shì suǒ duì tiān xià shì fēi cháng guān zhùduì zhì guó jiā de zhū zhǒng wèn jīng cháng jìn xíng kǎo cháng biǎo xiē jiàn jiědào 30 suì shí yòu xiē míng zhāo gōng 'èr shí nián jǐng gōng chū fǎng guó shí zhào jiàn liǎo kǒng tǎo lùn qín gōng chēng de wèn kǒng yóu jié shí liǎo jǐng gōng zhāo gōng 25 nián guó shēng nèi luàn zhāo gōng bèi táo wǎng guó kǒng kāi guódào liǎo guóshòu dào jǐng gōng de shǎng shí hòu dàishèn zhì céng zhǔn bèi dài de tián fēng gěi kǒng dàn bèi yàn yīng zhǐ zhāo gōng 27 nián guó de xiǎng jiā hài kǒng kǒng tīng shuō hòu xiàng jǐng gōng qiú jiù jǐng gōng shuō:“ lǎo néng yòng 。” kǒng zhǐ hǎo cāng huáng táo huí guódāng shí de guózhèng quán shí zhǎng zài de jiā chén shǒu zhōngbèi chēng wéipéi chén zhí guó zhèng”, yīn kǒng suī yòu guò liǎng cóng zhèng huìquè fàng liǎozhí dào dìng gōng 9 nián bèi rèn mìng wéi zhōng zǎi shí kǒng 51 suì liǎo kǒng zhì zhōng niánzhuó yòu zhèng bèi shēng wéi xiǎo kōng jiǔ yòu shēng wéi kòushè xiāng shì guó zhì dìng gōng 12 nián kǒng wéi xuē ruò sān huán sūn shìshū sūn shìmèng sūn shì sān jiā shì qīngyīn wéi shì huán gōng de sān sūn chēng sān huándāng shí de guó zhèng quán shí zhǎng zài men shǒu zhōngér sān huán de xiē jiā chén yòu zài tóng chéng shàng kòng zhì zhe sān huán), cǎi liǎo duò sān de cuò shī chāi huǐ sān huán suǒ jiàn chéng bǎo)。 hòu lái duò sān de xíng dòng bàn 'ér fèi kǒng sān huán de máo dùn suí zhī bào dìng gōng 13 nián guó sòng 80 míng měi dào guó huán shì jiē shòu liǎo jūn chén liàn duō cháo zhèng kǒng fēi cháng shī wàng jiǔ guó xíng jiāo hòu 'àn guàn sòng ròu gěi men shí bìng méi yòu sòng gěi kǒng zhè biǎo míng shì xiǎng zài rèn yòng liǎo kǒng zài de qíng kuàng xià kāi guódào wài guó xún zhǎo chū kāi shǐ liǎo zhōu yóu liè guó de chéngzhè nián kǒng 55 suì
   kǒng dài xiān dào liǎo wèi guówèi líng gōng kāi shǐ hěn zūn zhòng kǒng àn zhào guó de fèng biāo zhǔn gěi kǒng fèng 6 wàndàn bìng méi gěi shénme guān zhíméi ràng cānyù zhèng shì kǒng zài wèi guó zhù liǎo yuē 10 yuèyīn yòu rén zài wèi líng gōng miàn qián jìn chán yánwèi líng gōng duì kǒng liǎo xīnpài rén gōng kāi jiān shì kǒng de xíng dòng shì kǒng dài kāi wèi guó suàn chén guó guò kuāng chéng shíyīn huì bèi rén wéi kùn liǎo 5 táo kuāng chéngdào liǎo yòu pèng shàng wèi guó guì gōng shū shì dòng pàn luànzài bèi wéitáo tuō hòu kǒng yòu fǎn huí liǎo wèi guówèi líng gōng tīng shuō kǒng shī cóng fǎn huífēi cháng gāo xīngqīn chū chéng yíng jiē hòu kǒng kāi wèi guóyòu huí dào wèi guózhè fāng miàn shì yóu wèi líng gōng duì kǒng shí hǎo shí huàilìng fāng miàn shì kǒng kāi wèi guó hòuméi yòu chùzhǐ hǎo yòu fǎn huí
   'āi gōng 2 nián kǒng 59 suì), kǒng kāi wèi guó jīng cáosòngzhèng zhì chén guózài chén guó zhù liǎo sān nián gōng chénbīng huāng luàn kǒng biàn dài kāichǔ guó rén tīng shuō kǒng dào liǎo chéncài jiāo jiè chùpài rén yíng jiē kǒng chén guócài guó de men zhī dào kǒng duì men de suǒ zuò suǒ wèiyòu jiàn kǒng dào liǎo chǔ guó bèi zhòng yòngduì men shì pài láo de rén jiāng kǒng shī wéi kùn zài bàn dàoqián kào cūnhòu kào diànsuǒ dài liáng shí chī wánjué liáng 7 zuì hòu hái shì gòng zhǎo dào chǔ guó rénchǔ pài bīng yíng kǒng kǒng shī cái miǎn kǒng 64 suì shí yòu huí dào wèi guó, 68 suì shí zài rǎn qiú de xiàbèi yíng huí guódàn réng shì bèi jìng 'ér yòng 'āi gōng 16 nián kǒng 72 suìhuàn bìng 'ér suǒ shuō kǒng shì dài wěi rén
jīng shén pǐn Spiritual character
   fèn wàng shí wàng yōu
   kǒng 62 suì shícéng zhè yàng xíng róng :“ fèn wàng shí wàng yōu zhī lǎo zhī jiāng zhì yún 'ěr。” dāng shí kǒng dài lǐng zhōu yóu liè guó 9 nián tóu jìn jiān xīn jǐn wèi dào zhū hóu de rèn yònghái xiǎn xiē sàng mìngdàn kǒng bìng huī xīnréng rán guān xiàng shàngjiān chí de xiǎngshèn zhì shì míng zhī wéi 'ér wéi zhī
   ān pín dào
   kǒng shuō:“ 'ér qiě guì yún”, zài kǒng xīn zhōngxíng shì rén shēng de zuì gāo jià zhízài pín dào shēng máo dùn shí nìngkě shòu qióng huì fàng dào dàn de 'ān pín dào bìng néng kàn zuò shì qiú guìzhǐ qiú wéi dàozhè bìng shǐ shì shí kǒng céng shuō:“ guìrén zhī suǒ dào zhī chù pín jiànrén zhī suǒ 'è dào zhī 。”“ 'ér qiú suī zhí biān zhī shì wéi zhī qiúcóng suǒ hǎo。”
   xué 'ér yànhuì rén juàn
   kǒng hàoxué zhù chēngduì zhǒng zhī shí biǎo xiàn chū nóng hòu de xīng yīn duō cái duō zhī shí yuān zài dāng shí shì chū liǎo míng dejīhū bèi dàngchéng suǒ zhī de shèng réndàn kǒng zhè yàng rèn wéi kǒng yuē:“ shèng néng xué yànér jiào juàn 。” kǒng xué cháng shīshuí yòu zhī shíshuí yòu suǒ zhī dào de dōng jiù bài shuí wéi shīyīn shuōsān rén xíng yòu shī yān。”
   zhí dào 'ér xíng
   kǒng shēng xìng zhèng zhíyòu zhù zhāng zhí dào 'ér xíng céng shuō:“ zhī rén shuí huǐ shuí yòu suǒ zhě yòu suǒ shì mín sān dài zhī suǒ zhí dào 'ér xíng 。”《 shǐ zài kǒng sān shí duō suì shí céng wèn lǎo lín bié shí lǎo zèng yán yuē:“ cōng míng shēn chá 'ér jìn zhěhǎo rén zhě biàn guǎng wēi shēn zhě rén zhī 'è zhě wéi rén zhě yòu wéi rén chén zhě yòu 。” zhè shì lǎo duì kǒng shàn de xǐng zhǐ chū liǎo kǒng de xiē máo bìngjiù shì kàn wèn tài shēn jiǎng huà tài jiān ruìshāng hài liǎo xiē yòu wèi de rénhuì gěi dài lái hěn de wēi xiǎn rén wéi shàn kǒng chuàng liǎo rén wéi xīn de dào xué shuō shì hěn shàn liáng de rén yòu tóng qíng xīn zhù réndài rén zhēn chéngkuān hòu。“ suǒ shī rén”、“ jūn chéng rén zhī měi chéng rén zhī 'è”、“ gōng hòu 'ér rénděng děngdōushì de zuò rén zhǔn
zhèng zhì xiǎng Political Thought
   zhì zhù zhāng
   tóng kǒng de rén shuō shuō xiāng lián zài zhì guó de fāng lüè shàng zhù zhāng " wéi zhèng ", yòng dào jiào lái zhì guó jiā shì zuì gāo shàng de zhì guó zhī dàozhè zhǒng zhì guó fāng lüè jiào " zhì " huò " zhì "。 zhè zhǒng fāng lüè shī zhī mínshí shàng liǎo chuán tǒng de xià shù rén de xìn tiáo liǎo guì shù mín jiān yuán yòu de tiáo zhòng yào jiè xiàn
   kǒng de rén shuō xiàn liǎo rén dào jīng shén kǒng de shuō xiàn liǎo zhì jīng shén xiàn dài shàng de zhì zhì rén dào zhù zhè shì rén lèi yǒng héng de zhù duì rèn shè huìrèn shí dàirèn zhèng dōushì shì yòng deér zhì zhì shè huì shì jiàn rén lèi wén míng shè huì de běn yào qiú kǒng de zhè zhǒng rén dào zhù zhì jīng shén shì zhōng guó dài shè huì zhèng zhì xiǎng de jīng huá
jìn shì zhǎn Modern Development
   kǒng xué shuō zài jìn xiàn dài lái de xīn zhǎn shì zhǐ jìn dài fāng wén míng shū zhōng guó hòuzài zhōng wén míng pèng zhuàng jiāo róng tiáo jiàn xià chǎn shēng de xīn xuéxīn xīng de zhòng xuéshì dāng dài xīn xué zhǎn de zuì gāo chéng guǒ
   xué huìyòu péng yuǎn fāng lái
   kǒng ,“ móu tiān dào guàn jīnshān shù liù jīngchuí xiàn wàn shìde wén huà shèng rén xué kǒng xué shuō wéi chǔ dài jiā zōng shī de lùn wéi zhù xíng chéng de jià zhí guān niàn xiǎng qiánzài kǒng shān dōng yóu wén huà shān dōng shěng rén mín zhèng lián zhù bàn de jiè shì jiè xué huì lóng zhòng xíng shì guó xìng de wén huà lùn tángāo guī de xué shù shèng huì de zhào kāi shì shì jiè xué jiè de shèng shì
   quán guó rén cháng wěi huì yuán wěi yuán cháng jiā wén huà cháng zhōu píng běn qián nèi guān fáng zhǎngguān cūn zhèng lái zhōng guó nèi xiāng gǎngào méntái wān hán guóxīn jiā lái měi guó guóyīng guó shídān màiào děng 22 guó jiā 、 86 xué yán jiū gòu de 172 wèi zhuān jiā xué zhě jiè rén shì gòng xiāng shèng zhè xiē lái tóng guó tóng mín tóng wén huà de zhuān jiā xué zhě jiè rén shìwéi rào xué de shǐ yán jiū xué de dāng dài jià zhí xué de xiàn dài chǎn shì xué de shì jiè chuán xué xié wén huà děng jìn xíng liǎo shēn yán tǎo guǎng fàn duì huà
   céng shíběi jīng 29 jiè 'ào yùn huì kāi shì lín jìn zhì zài quán shì jiè miàn qián zhǎn xiàn liǎo huī huáng càn làn de qiān nián zhōng huá wén míngyòu shí zhī shì zhǐ chū de zhù xiàn jiù shì shàn xuéshàng zhōng guì de xué jīng suǐ。 2008 míng yǎn yuán fǒu 'ér yòu péng yuǎn fāng lái ”; zài qín shēng zhōngshēn chuān páoshǒu chí zhú jiǎn de kǒng mén shēng sòng lùn 》,“ hǎi zhī nèijiē xiōng ”、“ sān rén xíng yòu shī yān”、“ zhī yòng wéi guìděng jiā jīng diǎn míng ; 887 kuài huó yìn shuà pán biàn huàn chū 3 zhǒng tóng debiǎo liǎo 'ér tóng”、“ wéi guìde zhōng huá rén wén niàn xué wéi dài biǎo de zhōng huá yōu xiù chuán tǒng wén huà jiè zài zhōu jìn chuán ,“ kǒng ”、“ xué gèng jiāxīn zhù huǒ chuán”。
   zhōu píng shuōzài shǐ de cháng zhōng xué bǎo chí zhe rén 'ài xié de jīng shén zhìyòu dài yòu tóng shí dài de wén huà lào yìn kāi fàng de tài shēng kuò zhǎnwéi shì jiè wén míng xíng tài de yán zuò chū liǎo zhòng yào gòng xiànzài jiè shì jiè xué huì shàngxīn shì de xué yòu chū liǎo shǐ zhǎn rén lèi de shí dài shēng yīn
   xuédāng jīn shè huì de shì liáng yào
   yōng zhì dāng jīn shè huì chū xiàn liǎo zhǒng zhǒng wèn shēng tài wēi jīng shén wēi dào wēi jià zhí wēi zhèng shēn yǐng xiǎng rén lèi shè huì de jiàn kāng zhǎnrén lèi mìng yùn qiú de mìng yùn yòu shòu dào yán jùn de tiǎo zhàn kǒng yán jiū yuàn yuàn cháng yǒng jiào shòu zhǐ chū jiā xiǎng yuán wéi zhì liáo huà jiě zhè xiē wèn gōng bǎo guì de zhì huì niàn luò gòng guó hēi shān shì shuōwèile chuàng zào méi yòu rèn duān chōng de xīn shè huìrén lèi wěi dǎo shī kǒng suǒ shè de dào yuán jìn xíng de xiè zhí zhì jīn réng rén chāo yuèxiàn zàiwèile men shēnwèile men de hòu dài sūn men yào jìn zuì gǎi shàn shēng cún tiáo jiànzhǐ yòu kǒng chàng de lún yuán cái néng bāng zhù men zhè yàng zuò
   xiē zhuān jiā rèn wéizhōng guó shǐ shàng céng jīng yòu guò liǎng bǎi jiā zhēng míng shì zài xiān qín shì zài jìn dài。 21 shì hěn néng jiāng yòu sān bǎi jiā zhēng míng jiāng dài lái zhōng huá wén huà de fán róngtóng shí wéi shì jiè wén huà de fán róng zuò chū gòng xiànzài sān bǎi jiā zhēng míng zhōng lǎo de jiā xiǎng jiāng zài shòu dào shěn shì zhǎn chuàng xīnzài tóng cháo de jiāo róng zhōnggòng tóng chuàng zào chū gèng shì shí dài yào qiú de xīn xiǎngxīn wén huàān huī xué shěn zhēn jiào shòu zhǐ chūzhōng huá mín de mín jīng shén lái chóng shàng xié”, zhuī qiú ”, jiān chí píng”, zài dāng jīn xīn de shǐ shí zhè zhǒng mín jīng shén jiāng zài quán rén lèi de zhǎn shǐ shàng xiě xià nóng zhòng cǎi de
   fǎng shì wéi xué shì dāng jīn shè huì de shì liáng yào gōng shí , 20 shì zhōng hòu shòu jiā wén huà juàn yǐng xiǎng de xīn jiā hán guó běn děng guó jiā jīng zhǎn xùn yuè chéng wéi xīn xīng de gōng huà guó jiāzhè xiē guó jiā de chéng gōng yǐn liǎo xué zhě de biàn guān zhù zhōng zhòng yào de fāng miàn jiù shì jiā wén huà jīng zhǎn de guān wèicǐzài xiǎo tǎo lùn zhōngxīn jiā zài 20 shì 80 dào 90 nián dài jìn xíng de xué shí jiàn chéng wéi zhòng yào huà bié shì xué zài kàng fāng rén zhù qiáng diào shè huì shíqín láoróng rěnjié jiǎn děng fāng miàn zuò wéi xiàn dài shè huì de zhǒng xīn jìng shòu dào kěn dìng
   xué zài zhōng guó zài quán shì jiè chuán
   dāng dài zuì zhù míng de xué xué zhě zhī wéi míng céng jīng zhǐ chūgēn hán guóxīn jiā nǎi zhì zhōng guó tái wān xiāng zhōng guó zài bǎo chí xué chuán tǒng fāng miàn hái cún zài zhe chā xiāng dāng duō xué zhě rèn wéisuí zhe zhōng guó zhòng duì chuán tǒng wén huà de qiú xué zài zhōng guó de zài quán shì jiè de chuán yīnggāi chéng wéi dāng xià xué yán jiū de zhòng yào huà
   shān dōng xué wáng jūn lín rèn wéi guǒ xué jǐn jǐn tíng liú zài zhě de xiǎo juàn tōng cháng bèi shì wéi zhǒng xiǎngxué shuōhěn nán shuō shì zhǒng wén huà xué zhǐ yòu zǒu chū zhě de xiǎo juàn lái dào shè huìshēn dào zhòng zhī jiānchéng wéi rén men wén jiàn de dōng tuī xíng jiào guī fàn rén men de xíng wéi fāng shìchàng dǎo rén gǎi biàn shè huì fēng cái huì cóng xué yùn chū jiā wén huàào mén xué zhě chūyīnggāi zài zhōng xiǎo xué chàng měi tiān fēn zhōng kǒng ”。
  9 yuè 28 yùhuì dài biǎo men qián wǎng kǒng miào cān jiā liǎo kǒng diǎnyīn xiē dài biǎo duì quán qiú de kǒng shì zhǎn kāi liǎo tǎo lùn kǒng yán jiū yuàn de kǒng xiáng lín zhǐ chūkǒng miào biàn zhōng guóhán guóyuè nán běn děngzhōng guó dài cóng guó jiā dào fāng zhèng yědōu shè yòu wén miàowén miào yòu zhòng yào de sān zhòng shè huì gōng yòngchóng bào běnjiào huàzhèng tōng guò kǒng miào jiào chén mín xué jiā xiǎngtuī chóng lún chángjiā qiáng dào xiū yǎngzhè lèi wén huà shè shī duì zhǒng wén huà jīng shén de chuán zhe fēi cháng zhòng yào de zuò yòngzài jīn tiān de shè huì yīnggāi yǐn gòu de zhòng shì bǎo zhè jiāng gōng shāng xué de zhào róng guāng jiào shòu tōng guò kǎo chá jiào zhōng guó tái běi hán guó chéng jūn guǎn kǒng miào shì diàn rèn wéi kǒng miào shì diàn yīngdāng 'àn guǎn yuán zài xiàn shǐ yuán màojiā qiáng xiāng guān zhì yuèwǔ shì pǐn děng liè shì zài tiáo jiàn bèi shíyòu guān fāng miàn yìng xiàng lián guóshēn ”。
   tái wān de dǒng jīn jiè shào dài de kǒng fēn wéiqiū chūn ”, tái wān deqiū zhù yào zūn xún ”, zài zhuāngyīnyuè dǎo děng fāng miàn zūn zhào míng dài kǒng de guī chéngbìng gēn shí dài diǎn suō shì de shí jiānjiē xìng cān jiā kǒng;“ chūn róng jìn liǎo gèng duō de shí dài diǎncǎi yòng nián qīng rén jiào néng gòu jiē shòu de fāng shì zhù yào zuò yòng shì yǐn nián qīng rén zǒu jìn kǒng jiē chù xué
   xiē zhuān jiā zhǐ chūzài dāng xià de wén huà bèi jǐng zhōng xué zài quán shì jiè de chuán bìng huì fān fēng shùnshèn zhì kùn nán chéng yuǎn yuǎn chāo yuè jiā de xiǎng xiànglái dān mài de 'ān sēn rèn wéi xué de bìng shì jià zhí guān de qiáng jiā kǒng zhé xué qiáng diào liǎo jiěkǒng jiào shì tiáohé de zhǒng jià zhí guān rèn wéi yīnggāi yòng xié diào de fāng shì tuī guǎng xuéér shì zhǒng shuō jiào de fāng shì jìn xíng
   yùhuì zhuān jiā xiāng xìn men zài yán jiū fāng xiān jìn xiǎng wén huà de tóng shí kǒng wéi dài biǎo de jiā xiǎng wén huà jiāng jìn zǒu xiàng shì jièbìng wéi shì jiè shàng yuè lái yuè duō de guó jiārén men suǒ jiě jiē shòucóng 'ér jiāng rén lèi dài píngwěn dìngfán róngjìn de xīn shí dàizhèng xiàng zhāng dài nián xiān shēng céng jīng shuō guò de héng héngmáng mùdì pàn kǒng de shí dài guò liǎománg mùdì zūn chóng kǒng de shí dài guò liǎo xué de yán jiū kǒng de shí dài dào lái liǎo。” kǒng shì zhōng guó de xué shì shì jiè de
   kǒng wèiwǒ guó jiā xué pài de chuàng shǐ rén hàn cháo chù bǎi jiā zūn shù lái xué zhí bèi dài tǒng zhì zhě shì zuò zhèng tǒng xué zhì zuò wéi rèn xián yòng néng de biāo zhǔnyǐng xiǎng yán mián shù qiān nián zhì jīn
chuán shì míng yán Famous quote
   xué
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   xíng yòu chǐshǐ fāng jūn mìng wèi shì
   kǒng yuē:“ néng xíng zhě tiān xià wéi rén 。” qǐng wèn zhīyuē:“ gōngkuānxìnmǐnhuìgōng kuān zhòngxìn rén rèn yānmǐn yòu gōnghuì shǐ rén”。
   jūn wéi zhì xíng zhīsūn chū zhīxìn chéng zhījūn zāi
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   zhě sān yǒusǔn zhě sān yǒuyǒu zhíyǒu liàngyǒu duō wén yǒu biàn yǒu shàn róuyǒu piánnìngsǔn
   jūn yán 'ér mǐn xíng
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   yán wèi zhī 'ér yán wèi zhī zàoyán zhī 'ér yán wèi zhī yǐnwèi jiàn yán 'ér yán wèi zhī
   hǎo rén hǎo xué hǎo zhī hǎo xué dànghǎo xìn hǎo xué zéihǎo zhí hǎo xué jiǎohǎo yǒng hǎo xué luànhǎo gāng hǎo xué kuáng
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   xián zāihuí
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   dào zhī
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   jūn shì 'ér nán shuōyuè ), shuōyuèzhī dào shuōyuè
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   shǐ mín
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   sān jūn duó shuài duó zhì
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   fèn fěi sān fǎn
jiā shì jiā Family History Genealogy
  shǐ -- kǒng shì jiājìzǎi kǒng de xiān běn shì yīn shāng hòu zhōu miè shāng hòuzhōu chéng wáng fēng shāng zhòu wáng de shù xiōngshāng cháo zhōng zhèng de míng chén wēi sòngjiàn shāng qiūjīn nán shāng qiū dài)。 wēi hòu wēi zhòng wèiwēi zhòng wéi kǒng de xiān kǒng de liù dài jiào kǒng jiāshì sòng guó de wèi zuò guò zài gōng tíng nèi luàn zhōng bèi shā kǒng jiā zhī hòu hòu dài sūn kāi shǐ kǒng wéi xìng zēngzǔ kǒng fáng shū wèile táo sòng guó nèi luàncóng sòng guó táo dào liǎo guócóng kǒng shì zài zōu dìng biàn chéng liǎo guó rén
   kǒng de qīn wéi shū liáng shū liáng wéi wéi míngyīn he), qīn wéi yán zhǐ zàishū liáng shì dāng shí guó yòu míng de shìrén pǐn chū zhòngjiàn guò liǎng zhàn gōngyīn céng dān tuō zhù xuán mén ràng chōng jìn chéng chí de duì chè chū 'ér wén míngcéng rèn zōu shū liáng xiān shī shìshēng 9 yòu qièshēng míng yòu chēng mèng mèng jiǎo yòu máo bìng zhào dāng shí de shì yòu nián qīng yán zhǐ zài shēng kǒng
   gōng yuán qián 551 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí 'èr nián), kǒng shēng guó zōu chāng píng xiāngjīn shān dōng shì dōng nán)。 yīn céng wéi shēng 'ér dǎo qiū shān míng qiū zhòng kǒng sān suì shíshū liáng kǒng bùwèi shī shìshū liáng de zhèng suǒ róngkǒng yán zhǐ zài zhǐ hǎo xié kǒng mèng jué shēng huó jiān nán kǒng 17 suì shíkǒng yán zhǐ zài liǎo sān nián sàng
   kǒng shí jiǔ suì shí sòng guó rén guān shì zhī wéi nián hòu guān shì shēng zhāo gōng céng pài rén sòng biǎo shì zhù kǒng gǎn dào shí fēn róng xìng gěi 'ér míng wéi 'āi gōng shí nián ( gōng yuán qián 485 nián ), kǒng rén guān shì shì
   kǒng jiā shǐ jìzǎi kǒng qīng nián shí dài céng zuò guòwěi ”( guǎn cāng de xiǎo guān)、“ chéng tián”( guǎn chǎng de xiǎo guān), shì xiǎojūn néng zuò dào jìn wán měiyóu kǒng chāo fán de néng xué shíhěn kuài dào duàn dào kǒng shí suì de shí hòubèi rèn mìng wéi zhōng zǎixiāng dāng xiàn zài de shì cháng), zhèng fēi cháng xiǎn zhù nián hòu shēng rèn kōngxiāng dāng xiàn zài de jiàn shè cháng), hòu yòu shēng rèn kòuxiāng dāng jīn tiān de gōng 'ān cháng jiān jiǎn chá cháng jiān zhí zuì gāo rén mín yuàn yuàn cháng); shí liù suì shíyòu shēng rèn dài zǎixiàngjiān guǎn wài jiāo shì yóu kǒng shēng qiān guò kuài dāng shí guān yuán jìn shēng biāo zhǔnyīn wéi dài zǎixiàng)。 kǒng zhí zhèng shí jiāng rǎo luàn zhèng shì de jiān nìng chén shàozhèng mǎo shā diào yán yīn 'ér míng dòng shíyóu kàn chū kǒng shì hòu shì mǒu xiē rén rèn wéi de kān de xué jiūér shì gǎn zuò gǎn wéi dàn bào féng de wěi zhàng kǒng zhí zhèng jǐn sān yuèjiù shǐ guó nèi zhèng wài jiāo děng fāng miàn jiù jūn yòu guó jiā shí zēngbǎi xìng 'ān shǒu shè huì zhì fēi cháng hǎoshǐ shū shàng chēng shí ”), jiān nìng zhī rén diāo mín fēn fēn chū táotóng shí kǒng hái tōng guò wài jiāo shǒu duàn guó jiāng zài zhàn zhēng zhōng qīn lüè guó de piàn lǐng hái gěi liǎo guó dìng gōng 12 nián kǒng wéi xuē ruò sān huán sūn shìshū sūn shìmèng sūn shì sān jiā shì qīngyīn wéi shì huán gōng de sān sūn chēng sān huándāng shí de guó zhèng quán shí zhǎng zài men shǒu zhōngér sān huán de xiē jiā chén yòu zài tóng chéng shàng kòng zhì zhe sān huán), cǎi liǎo duò sān de cuò shī chāi huǐ sān huán suǒ jiàn chéng bǎo)。 hòu lái duò sān de xíng dòng wèi néng zuì zhōng chéng gōngdàn duì qiáng gōng shì dào liǎo xiāng dāng de zuò yòng kǒng jié chū de zhí zhèng néng ràng guó bèi gǎn wēi xié shì wèile zǒu kǒng sòng liǎo shàng 120 liáng 80 míng gěi guó zhū hóu guó guó jūn chén lián sān tiān méi yòu shàng cháodào liǎo zhī wàng liǎo fēn ròuzhè zài shí dài shì fēi cháng yán zhòng de shì qíng)。 kǒng duì jūn shī suǒ wàng shì kāi guókāi shǐ zhōu yóu liè guó kǒng xiān hòu liǎo wèisòngcáochéncàichǔ děng guó kǒng suī rán zài guó shòu dào liǎo zūn zhòngdàn yóu kǒng rén wéi xīn wéi zhì yào qiú xiéài mín de zhèng zhì zhù zhāng dāng shí zhū hóu zhuī qiú de dào kǒng shǐ zhōng wèi néng dào zhòng yòng cóng 'ér shí shī de zhèng zhì xiǎng kǒng 68 suì huí dào guó guó guó jūn duì kǒng xiāng dāng dàn jiù méi yòu zhòng yòng kǒng
   kǒng de zhèng zhì xiǎng zài dāng shí dào shí shīdàn kǒng zhī wěi zài zhī xíng 'ér xíng zhī”, jiāng de zhèng zhì xiǎng tuō hòu shì kǒng yīn 'ér zài huí dào guó zhī hòu tíng zhǐ liǎo zhí jiē de zhèng zhì huó dòng miàn zhěng wén huà diǎn xiū dìng liù jīng miàn guǎng shōu guī de kāi zhǎn wén huà jiào shì xiāng chuán jiào shòu 3000 rén zhōng jīng tōng liù de yòu 72 rén
   wǎn nián kǒng de zuì yán huí xìng zǎo shì mén shēng wèi guó nèi luànér kǒng zǎo shì kǒng zàidào xíng zhè lián chuàn de zhī xià zhě cāi kǒng de shēn jiàn kāng shòu dào liǎo de sǔn hài kǒng gōng yuán qián 479 nián nóng 'èr yuè shí 73 suì shí( 72 zhōu suì shì cháng
   kǒng jiā
  - shì huáng xuān yuán shì
  - liù shì shàohào jīn tiān shìxuán 'áo
  - shì jiǎo
  - shì gāo xīn shì
  - sān shì
  - 'èr shì zhāo míng
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  - niàn jiǔ shì tài dīng shāng wáng wài bǐng shāng wáng zhòng rén
  - niàn shì shāng wáng tài jiátài zōng
  - niàn shì shāng wáng dīng shāng wáng tài gēng
  - niàn liù shì shāng wáng xiǎo jiá shāng wáng yōng shāng wáng tài ( zhōng zōng )
  - niàn shì shāng wáng zhòng dīng shāng wáng wài rén shāng wáng dàn jiá
  - niàn shì shāng wáng
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  - niàn 'èr shì shāng wáng dīng shāng wáng nán gēng
  - niàn shì shāng wáng yáng jiá shāng wáng pán gēng shāng wáng xiǎo xīn shāng wáng xiǎo
  - niàn shì shāng wáng dīnggāo zōng
  - èr shí shì shāng wáng gēng shāng wáng jiá
  - shí jiǔ shì shāng wáng lǐn xīn
  - shí shì shāng wáng kāng dīng
  - shí shì shāng wáng
  - shí liù shì shāng wáng wén dīng
  - shí shì shāng wáng
  - shí shì shāng wáng xīnzhòuwēi wēi zhòng yǎn
  - shí sān shì sòng gōng
  - shí 'èr shì sòng dīng gōng shēn
  - shí shì sòng mǐn gōng gòng
  - shí shì
  - jiǔ shì sòng zhōu
  - shì shì shèng
  - shì zhèng kǎo
  - liù shì kǒng jiā
  - shì jīn
  - gāo
  - zēngzǔ fáng shū
  - xià
  - shū liáng
  - kǒng
  - kǒng kǒng diāo
  - sūn kǒng
  - zēngsūn kǒng bái
  - xuán sūn kǒng qiú
  - liù dài sūn kǒng
  - dài sūn kǒng chuān
  - dài sūn kǒng qiān
  - jiǔ dài sūn kǒng kǒng shùkǒng ténghàn gāo liú bāng fēng kǒng téng wéifèng jūn
  - shí dài sūn kǒng zhōng
  - shí dài sūn kǒng
  - shí 'èr dài sūn kǒng yán nián
  - shí sān dài sūn kǒng hàn yuán fēng wéibāo chéng hóu”, shí bǎi
  - shí dài sūn kǒng bèi hàn chéng suí yuán nián fēng wéiyīn shào jiā hóu
  - shí dài sūn kǒng fángbāo chéng hóu
  - shí liù dài sūn kǒng jūnbāo chéng hóu
  - shí dài sūn kǒng zhìbāo chéng hóu
  - shí dài sūn kǒng sǔnbāo tíng hóu
  - shí jiǔ dài sūn kǒng yàofèng shèng tíng hóu
  - èr shí dài sūn kǒng wánkǒng zànbāo chéng hóukǒng róngběi hǎi tài shǒuhàn tài zhōng
  - èr shí dài sūn kǒng xiànzōng shèng hóu
  - èr shí 'èr dài sūn kǒng zhènfèng shèng tíng hóu
  - èr shí sān dài sūn kǒng fèng shèng tíng hóu
  - èr shí dài sūn kǒng fèng shèng tíng hóu
  - èr shí dài sūn kǒng fèng shèng tíng hóu
  - èr shí liù dài sūn kǒng xiānfèng shèng tíng hóu
  - èr shí dài sūn kǒng chéngchóng shèng
  - èr shí dài sūn kǒng líng zhēnchóng shèng hóu
  - èr shí jiǔ dài sūn kǒng wén tàichóng shèng hóu
  - sān shí dài sūn kǒng chóng shèng hóu
  - sān shí dài sūn kǒng cháng sūngōng shèng hóu
  - sān shí 'èr dài sūn kǒng zhéshào shèng hóu
  - sān shí sān dài sūn kǒng lúnbāo shèng hóu
  - sān shí dài sūn kǒng chóng bāo shèng hóu
  - sān shí dài sūn kǒng suì zhībāo shèng hóuwén xuān wáng jiān yǎn zhōu zhǎngshǐ
  - sān shí liù dài sūn kǒng xuānwén xuān gōng
  - sān shí dài sūn kǒng qīngwén xuān gōng
  - sān shí dài sūn kǒng wéi zhìwén xuān gōng
  - sān shí jiǔ dài sūn kǒng wén xuān gōng
  - shí dài sūn kǒng zhènwén xuān gōng
  - shí dài sūn kǒng zhāo jiǎnwén xuān gōng
  - shí 'èr dài sūn kǒng guāng shuǐ zhù
  - shí sān dài sūn kǒng rén wén xuān gōng jiān xiàn lìng
  - shí dài sūn kǒng wén xuān gōng jiān zhù zàn shàn
  - shí dài sūn kǒng yán shìwén xuān gōng jiān xiàn lìng dài yǎn shèng gōng
  - 46 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng shèng yòuwén xuān gōng jiān zhī xiàn shìkǒng zōng yuàn
  - 47 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng ruò kǒng ruò kǒng ruò méng
  - 48 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng duān kǒng duān cāokǒng duān yǒunán zōng
  - 49 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng kǒng fánkǒng jiènán zōng
  - 50 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng kǒng zǒngkǒng jìnkǒng zhěng
  - 51 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng yuán yòngkǒng yuán xiàokǒng wén yuǎnnán zōng)、 kǒng yuán cuòkǒng yuán hóng
  - 52 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng zhī hòukǒng zhī quánkǒng wàn chūnkǒng zhī zhōu
  - 53 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng huànkǒng zhìkǒng zhēnkǒng zhūnán zōng
  - 54 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng huìkǒng chéngkǒng nán zōng
  - 55 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng jiānkǒng zhōngnán zōng
  - 56 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng xuékǒng nán zōng
  - 57 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng kǒng nán zōng
  - 58 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng gōng jiànkǒng gōng chéngnán zōng
  - 59 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng yàn jìnkǒng yàn shéngnán zōng
  - 60 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng chéng qìngkǒng chéng měinán zōng
  - 61 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng hóng kǒng hóng tài yǒng shí)、 kǒng hóng zhāngnán zōng
  - 62 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng wén sháokǒng wén yīnnán zōng
  - 63 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng zhēn gānkǒng zhēn níngkǒng zhēn yùnnán zōng
  - 64 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng shàng xiánkǒng shàng qiánnán zōng
  - 65 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng yǎn zhíkǒng yǎn zhēnnán zōng
  - 66 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng xīng xièkǒng xīng liánnán zōng
  - 67 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng kǒng yuánnán zōng
  - 68 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng chuán duókǒng chuán jǐnnán zōng
  - 69 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng huòkǒng tāonán zōng
  - 70 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng guǎng kǒng guǎng biāonán zōng
  - 71 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng zhāo xuǎnkǒng zhāo huànnán zōng
  - 72 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng xiàn péikǒng xiàn kūnnán zōng
  - 73 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng qìng róngkǒng qìng nán zōng
  - 74 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng fán hàokǒng fán háonán zōng
  - 75 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng xiáng kǒng xiáng jiēnán zōng
  - 76 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng lìng sūn), 1877 niánguāng sān nián) 5 suì shí chéng yǎn shèng gōng
  - 77 dài yǎn shèng gōng kǒng chéng( 1920 nián shēng
  - 78 dài chéng zhì shèng xiān shī fèng guān kǒng wéi
  - 79 dài chéng zhì shèng xiān shī fèng guān kǒng chuí cháng
  - 80 dài chéng zhì shèng xiān shī fèng guān kǒng yòu rén
  - 80 dài zhī hòu de bèi fēn qīnshàoniànxiǎnyángjiàndàodūnāndìngmàoxiūzhàochángwénhuànjǐngruìyǒngshìchāng
shēng píng nián biǎo Chronology of the Life
  1 suìgōng yuán qián 551 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí 'èr nián kǒng 9 yuè 28 shēng guó zōu chāng píng xiāngjīn shān dōng chéng dōng nán)。 guān kǒng chū shēng nián yuè yòu liǎng zhǒng jìzǎixiāngchà niánjīn cóngshǐ kǒng shì jiāshuō
  2 suìgōng yuán qián 550 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí sān nián kǒng zài
  3 suìgōng yuán qián 549 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí nián shū liáng zàng fáng shānjīn dōng 25 chù)。 kǒng yán zhēng zài xié jué shēng huó jiān nán
  4 suìgōng yuán qián 548 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí nián kǒng zài
  5 suìgōng yuán qián 547 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí liù nián kǒng qín shāng shēngshāng guó rén
  6 suìgōng yuán qián 546 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí nián céng diǎn shēngdiǎn zéngshēn zhī
  7 suìgōng yuán qián 545 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí nián yán yáo shēngyáo yòu míng yáo yán yuān zhī
  8 suìgōng yuán qián 544 nián xiāng gōng 'èr shí jiǔ nián rǎn gēng shēng niú guó rén
  9 suìgōng yuán qián 543 nián xiāng gōng sān shí nián kǒng zài zhè niánzhèng guó chǎn zhí zhèng,“ shǐ yòu zhāngshàng xià yòu tián yòu fēng jǐng yòu 。”(《 zuǒzhuànxiāng gōng sān shí nián》) zhèng guó zhìhòu lái kǒng duì chǎn de zhèng píng jià hěn gāo
  10 suìgōng yuán qián 542 nián xiāng gōng sān shí nián zhòng yóu shēng biàn rénshì nián xiāng gōng wèishì wéi zhāo gōng
  11 suìgōng yuán qián 541 nián zhāo gōng yuán nián kǒng zài
  12 suìgōng yuán qián 540 nián zhāo gōng 'èr nián diāo kāi shēng ruòcài rén
  13 suìgōng yuán qián 539 nián zhāo gōng sān nián kǒng zài
  15 suìgōng yuán qián 537 nián zhāo gōng nián kǒng jiàn cháng shí dào yào xué zuò rén shēng huó zhī běn lǐng yuē:“ shí yòu 'ér zhì xué”。(《 lùn wéi zhèng》 )
  16 suìgōng yuán qián 536 nián zhāo gōng liù niánzhèng zhù xíng dǐng mǐn sǔn shēng qiān guó rén
  17 suìgōng yuán qián 535 nián zhāo gōng niánkǒng yán zhēng zài shì nián shì yàn qǐng shì guì kǒng yànbèi shì jiā chén yáng zhī mén wài
  19 suìgōng yuán qián 533 nián zhāo gōng jiǔ nián kǒng sòng rén guān shì zhī wéi
  20 suìgōng yuán qián 532 nián zhāo gōng shí nián guān shì shēng chuán shí zhèng hǎo gǎn shàng zhāo gōng kǒng gěi míng wéi shì nián kǒng kāi shǐ wéi wěi guǎn cāng
  21 suìgōng yuán qián 531 nián zhāo gōng shí niánshì nián kǒng gǎi zuò chéng tiánguǎn xùmù kǒng shuō :“ shǎo jiàn duō néng shì。”(《 lùn hǎn》) shìdāng bāo kuòwěi ”、“ chéng tián”。
  27 suìgōng yuán qián 525 nián zhāo gōng shí niántán cháo kǒng xiàng tán xún wèn tán guó dài guān zhì kǒng kāi bàn rén xué xiàodāng zài qián hòu
  30 suìgōng yuán qián 522 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí nián shí suì yòu zhì xué zhì shí 15 nián kǒng jīng guò zài shè huì shàng zhàn zhù jiǎo yúnsān shí 'ér ”。(《 lùn wéi zhèng》) shì nián jǐng gōng yàn yīng lái guó fǎng wèn jǐng gōng huì jiàn kǒng kǒng tǎo lùn qín gōng chēng de wèn yán huírǎn yōngrǎn qiúshāng liáng liè shēnghuí yuānyōng zhòng gōngqiú yòu jiē guó rénliè shū guó rén
  31 suìgōng yuán qián 521 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí nián shīgāo chái shēngshī chén guó rénchái gāo guó rén jiàn guó rén
  32 suìgōng yuán qián 520 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí 'èr nián duān shēng gòngwèi guó rén
  34 suìgōng yuán qián 518 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí niánmèng nán gōng jìng shū xué kǒng xiāng chuán kǒng nán gōng jìng shū shì zhōu wèn lǎo pìnwèn cháng hóng
  35 suìgōng yuán qián 517 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí nián guó shēng nèi luàn。《 shǐ kǒng shì jiāyún:“ zhāo gōng shuài shī píng píng mèng sūn shìshū sūn shì sān jiā gòng gōng zhāo gōngzhāo gōng shī bàibēn 。” kǒng zài zhè nián dào liǎo guó
  36 suìgōng yuán qián 516 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí liù nián jǐng gōng wèn zhèng kǒng kǒng duì yuē:“ jūn jūnchén chén ”。 kǒng dào jǐng gōng de shǎng shíjǐng gōng zhī tián fēng kǒng bèi yàn zhǐ kǒng zài wénsháo zuì chīsān yuè zhī ròu wèi
  37 suìgōng yuán qián 515 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí nián hài kǒng kǒng yóu fǎn gōng zhá pìn zàng yíng zhī jiān kǒng wǎngguān zàng fán yuán xiàn shēng chí guó xiàn sòng guó rén
  38 suìgōng yuán qián 514 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí niánjìn wèi xiàn míng shūzhí zhèng xián cái lùn qīn shū kǒng rèn wéi zhè shì yún:“ jìn shī qīnyuǎn shī wèi 。”
  39 suìgōng yuán qián 513 nián zhāo gōng 'èr shí jiǔ niánshì nián dōng tiān jìn zhù xíng dǐng kǒng yuējìn wáng shī 。”
  40 suìgōng yuán qián 512 nián zhāo gōng sān shí niánjīng guò shí nián de liànduì rén shēng zhǒng wèn yòu liǎo jiào qīng chǔ de rèn shí yún shí 'ér huò”。 dàn tái miè míng shēngmiè míng guó rén
  41 suìgōng yuán qián 511 nián zhāo gōng sān shí nián chén kàng shēngkàng qínchén guó rén
  42 suìgōng yuán qián 510 nián zhāo gōng sān shí 'èr niánzhāo gōng dìng gōng
  43 suìgōng yuán qián 509 nián dìng gōng yuán nián gōng chì shēngchì huá guó rén
  45 suìgōng yuán qián 507 nián dìng gōng sān nián shāng shēngshāng xiàwèi guó rén
  46 suìgōng yuán qián 506 nián dìng gōng nián yán yǎn shēngyǎn yóu guó rén
  47 suìgōng yuán qián 505 nián dìng gōng nián zéngshēnyán xìng shēngcān guó rénxìng liǔ guó rén
  48 suìgōng yuán qián 504 nián dìng gōng liù nián shì jiā chén yáng shàn quán zhòng kǒng chēng zhī wéipéi chén zhí guó mìng”。 (《 lùn shì》 )《 shǐ kǒng shì jiāyún:“ péi chén zhí guó zhèng。 ...... kǒng shìtuì 'ér xiūshī》、《 shū》、《 》、《 》, zhòngzhì yuǎn fāng shòu yān。” yáng jiàn kǒng kǒng xiǎng jiàn yáng hòu 'èr rén zài shàng xiāng yáng quàn kǒng chū shì kǒng méi yòu míng què biǎo tài shì dāng zài dìng gōng nián huò dìng gōng liù nián
  49 suìgōng yuán qián 503 nián dìng gōng nián zhuān sūn shī shēngshī zhāngchén guó rén
  50 suìgōng yuán qián 502 nián dìng gōng nián wèi shí 'ér zhī tiān mìng”。(《 lùn wéi zhèng》 ) gōng shān niǔ fèi pàn shìshǐ rén zhào kǒng kǒng wǎngbèi lán
  51 suì : gōng yuán qián 501 nián dìng gōng jiǔ nián kǒng wéi zhōng zǎizhì zhōng niánzhuó yòu zhèng fāng zhī rǎn cáo qǐn qiányán gāoshū zhòng huì shēng guó rénqǐn xúncài guó rénqián guó réngāo jiāo guó rénhuì guó rén
  52 suìgōng yuán qián 500 nián dìng gōng shí nián kǒng yóu zhōng zǎi shēng xiǎo kōnghòu shēng kòushè xiāng shìxià tiān suí dìng gōng hóu xiāng huì jiā kǒng shì xiān duì guó yāo jūn huì jiā yòu suǒ jǐng zhǔn bèi jǐn shǐ guó jié chí dìng gōng de yīn móu wèi néng chěngér qiě guó dāyìng guī hái qīn zhàn guó de yùncàoguī yīn děng
  53 suìgōng yuán qián 499 nián dìng gōng shí nián kǒng wéi kòu guó zhì
  54 suìgōng yuán qián 498 nián dìng gōng shí 'èr nián kǒng wéi kòuwéi xuē ruò sān huáncǎi duò sān de cuò shīshū sūn shì sūn shì wéi xuē ruò jiā chén de shì zhī chí kǒng de zhè zhù zhāngdàn xíng dòng shòu mèng sūn shì jiā chén gōng liǎn chù de zhìmèng sūn shì 'àn zhōng zhī chí gōng liǎn chù duò sān de xíng dòng bàn 'ér fèi gōng sūn lóng shēnglóng shíchǔ guó rén
  55 suìgōng yuán qián 497 nián dìng gōng shí sān niánchūn guó sòng 80 míng měi dào guó huán jiē shòu liǎo jūn chén liàn duō cháo zhèng kǒng shì chū xiàn kǒng kāi guó dào liǎo wèi guóshí yuè kǒng shòu chán yán zhī hài kāi wèi guó qián wǎng chén guó jīng kuāng bèi wéi kùnhòu jīng gōng shū shì pàn wèi , kǒng yòu bèi wéi kùnhòu yòu fǎn huí wèi
  56 suìgōng yuán qián 496 nián dìng gōng shí nián kǒng zài wèi guó bèi wèi líng gōng rén nán zhào jiàn duì kǒng jiàn nán yòu jiàn píng liǎo kǒng zhèng guó chǎn shì kǒng tīng dào xiāo hòushí fēn nán guòchēng zàn chǎn shì zhī 'ài”。
  57 suìgōng yuán qián 495 nián dìng gōng shí nián kǒng wèi xià yuè dìng gōng 'āi gōng
  58 suìgōng yuán qián 494 nián 'āi gōng yuán nián kǒng guó shǐ rén pìn jiù jié zhuān chē shì wèn kǒng
  59 suìgōng yuán qián 493 nián 'āi gōng 'èr nián kǒng yóu zhì wèiwèi líng gōng wèn chénzhèn kǒng kǒng wǎn yán jué liǎo wèi líng gōng kǒng zài wèi guó zhù xià wèi xíngjīng guò cáo guó dào sòng guósòng huán ?( zuǒ guǐ yòu zhuī ) tǎo yàn kǒng yáng yán yào jiā hài kǒng kǒng wēi 'ér xíng
  60 suìgōng yuán qián 492 nián 'āi gōng sān nián kǒng wèiliù shí 'ér 'ěr shùn”。 kǒng guò zhèng dào chén guózài zhèng guó chéng shī sàn zài dōng mén děng hòu lái xún zhǎo , bèi rén cháo xiào , chēng zhī wéilěi lěi ruò sāngjiā zhī quǎn”。 kǒng xīn rán xiào yuē:“ rán zāirán zāi!”
  61 suìgōng yuán qián 491 nián 'āi gōng nián kǒng chén wǎng cài
  62 suìgōng yuán qián 490 nián 'āi gōng nián kǒng cài dào gōng wèn zhèng kǒng bìng kǒng tǎo lùn yòu guān zhèng zhí de dào wèn zài fǎn cài de zhōng kǒng yǐn zhě
  63 suìgōng yuán qián 489 nián 'āi gōng liù nián kǒng zài chén cài zhī jiān bèi kùn jué liáng duō yīn kùn 'è 'ér bìnghòu bèi chǔ rén xiāng jiùyóu chǔ fǎn wèi zhōng yòu yǐn zhě
  64 suìgōng yuán qián 488 nián 'āi gōng nián kǒng zài wèizhù zhāng zài wèi guó wéi zhèng xiān yào zhèng míng
  65 suìgōng yuán qián 487 nián 'āi gōng nián kǒng zài wèishì nián zhàn bài kǒng de yòu ruò cān zhàn yòu gōng
  66 suìgōng yuán qián 486 nián 'āi gōng jiǔ nián kǒng zài wèi
  67 suìgōng yuán qián 485 nián 'āi gōng shí nián kǒng zài wèi kǒng rén guān shì liù nián hòu kǒng shì shì suàn zuò liǎng rén 'ēn 'ài shēng
  68 suìgōng yuán qián 484 nián 'āi gōng shí niánshì nián shī kǒng rǎn yòu shuài shī zhànhuò shèng kāng wèn rǎn yòu zhǐ huī cái néng cóng 'ér láirǎn yòu yuēxué zhī kǒng ”。 kāng pài rén yíng kǒng guī kǒng zhōu yóu liè guó 14 niánzhì jié shù kāng xíngtián ”, kǒng fǎn duì kǒng duì rǎn yòu shuō:“ jūn zhī xíng shī hòushì zhōngliǎn cóng shì qiū ”。
  69 suìgōng yuán qián 483 nián 'āi gōng shí 'èr nián kǒng réng yòu xīn cóng zhèngrán bèi yòng kǒng cóng shì jiào zhěng wén xiàn gōng zuò kǒng de 'ér kǒng
  70 suìgōng yuán qián 482 nián 'āi gōng shí sān nián kǒng wèi shí 'ér cóng xīn suǒ ”。 yán huí kǒng shí fēn bēi shāng
  71 suìgōng yuán qián 481 nián 'āi gōng shí niánshì nián chūnshòu liè huò línkǒng liǎo rèn wéi zhè shì hǎo zhēng zhàoshuō:“ dào qióng ”。 shì tíng zhǐ xiūchūn qiū》。 liù yuè guó chén héng shì jiǎn gōng kǒng jiàn 'āi gōng sān huánqǐng qiú guó chū bīng tǎo chén huánméi yòu dào zhī chí
  72 suìgōng yuán qián 480 nián 'āi gōng shí nián kǒng wén wèi guó zhèng biàn gǎn dào yòu shēng mìng wēi xiǎn guǒ rán bèi hài kǒng shí fēn nán guò
  73 suìgōng yuán qián 479 nián 'āi gōng shí liù nián yuè kǒng huàn bìng 'ér zàng chéng běi 'āi gōng lěi zhī yuē:“ tiān diào lǎo píng rén zài wèiqióng qióng zài jiù 'āi zāi ”。 shǎo wéi zhī shǒu sān nián gòng wéi zhī shǒu liù nián rén cóng 'ér jiā zhě shàng bǎi jiā míng kǒng kǒng de gǎi wéi miào táng kǒng shòu dào rén men de fèng
gāo One's best pupil
   kǒng jiǎng xué kǒng duō sān qiān rén zhōng xián rén shí 'èrér qiě yòu hěn duō jiē wéi guó gāo guān dòng liáng zhōng zuì zhù yào de yòu
   yán huíqián 521~ qián 481, chūn qiū guó rén yuān yán yuān kǒng zuì 。《 yōng shuō dān shí piáo yǐnzài lòu xiàngrén kān yōuhuí gǎi ”。 wéi rén qiān xùn hàoxué,“ qiān 'èr guò”。 cháng zūn zhòng lǎo shīduì kǒng shì cóng yán yuèyán yuān xíng zhù chēng kǒng chēng zàn xián zāi huí ”,“ huí xīn sān yuè wéi fǎnrén”(《 yōng 》)。 xìng zǎo hàn dài yán huí bèi liè wéi shí 'èr xián zhī shǒuyòu shí kǒng shí yán huí pèi xiǎng hòu dài tǒng zhì zhě duàn zhuī jiā shì hào : táng tài zōng zūn zhī wéixiān shī”, táng xuán zōng zūn zhī wéiyǎn gōng”, sòng zhēn zōng jiā fēng wéiyǎn guó gōng”, yuán wén zōng yòu zūn wéiyǎn guó shèng gōng”。 míng jiā jìng jiǔ nián gǎi chēng shèng”。 shān dōng hái yòu shèng miào”。 kǒng de qīn de xìng shì shì yánshì qiǎo hái shì gǎn qíng yīn shǐ yán huí chéng wéi kǒng zuì
   zhòng yóuqián 542~ qián 480, guó biànjīn shān dōng shuǐ xiàn quán lín zhèn biàn qiáo cūnrén kǒng mén shēng zhèng shì jiàn chēngwéi rén kàng zhí mǎnghǎo yǒng shì qīn zhì xiàochú xué shī wàihái wéi kǒng gǎn chēzuò shì wèigēn suí kǒng zhōu yóu liè guóshēn zhòng kǒng chēng zàn shuō:“ hǎo yǒngwén guò 。” chū shì hòu shì wèi kǒng rèn guó kòu shí rèn sūn shì de zǎihòu rèn kǒng de zǎiwèi zhuāng gōng yuán niánqián 480 nián), kǒng de qīn rén móu kuǎi kuì zhī wéi jūnxié kǒng shì wèi chū gōngchū gōng wén xùn 'ér táo zài wài wén xùn hòu jìn chéng jiàn kuǎi kuìkuǎi kuì mìng shí huī luò guān yīng jìn lièyán hèchì dào:“ jūn érguàn miǎn。” rán hǎo mào yīngcóng róng jiù
   duān qián 520~ qián 456, gòngxìng duān míng wèi guó rénjīn nán jùn xiàn rén), céng rèn wèi liǎng guó zhī xiāngshì kǒng mén shí 'èr xián zhōng zuì yòu zuò wéi zhěqiě liè yán zhī yōu zhě gòng shì chūn qiū shí liǎo de wài jiāo jiā shāng rénbèi hòu shì fèng wéi shāng ”。 kǒng céng chēng wéi liǎn zhī ”。 kǒu qiǎo shàn xióng biànqiě yòu gànjì cáibàn shì tōng hái shàn jīng shāng zhī dàocéng jīng jīng shāng cáo liǎng guó zhī jiān zhì qiān jīnwéi kǒng zhōng shǒu qiān zuòshǐ · zhòng lièzhuàn》, duì gòng zhè rén suǒ fèi zuì duō zhuànjì jiù piān 'ér yán zài kǒng mén zhòng zhōng shì zuì cháng dezhè xiàn xiàng shuō míngzài qiān yǎn zhōng gòng shì xún cháng de rén men xún zhe qiān de zhè zài yuè lùn děng shūbiàn kàn chū gòng zhè rén fēi tóng xún cháng de yǐng xiǎng zhī zuò yòng zhī shì kǒng mén zhōng rén suǒ néng de xué yōu wén huà xiū yǎng fēng hòuzhèng zhìwài jiāo cái néng zhuó yuè cái jīng shāng néng gāo chāozài kǒng mén zhōng gòng shì xué xíng jié zuì hǎo de wèi
   yán yǎnqián 506~ qián 443, yóuyòu chēng shū shìcháng shú rénshì chūn qiū shí kǒng wéi de nán fāng 22 suì shí xiāng běi shàngbài kǒng wéi shīqiān hàoxuéshàn cháng wén xuécéng rèn guó chéng zǎiyòng lǐyuè jiào huà mín zhòngjìng nèi dào chù yòu xián zhī shēngshēn kǒng zàn shǎnghòu xué chéng nán guīcóng yóu shùbèi wéi chuán dōng nán wén huà réntáng dài xiān hòu bèi fēng wéi hóu gōng guó gōng xiān xián yán děngqīng kāng jiān shè jīng shì yuányóu hòu shì yán yǎn duì wén huà de fán róng zuò chū liǎo hěn gòng xiàn
   céng diǎn chēng céng chūn qiū shí guó chéngjīn píng xiàn wèi zhuāng xiāng nán chéng shuō jiā xiáng xiàn mǎn dòng xiāng nán cūnrénshēng nián yuè xiángzéngshēn zhī , kǒng mén shí 'èr xián zhī yán huí zhī yán mèng zhī mèng sūn děng bìng kǒng miào hòu de chóng shèng 。《 lùn zài rǎn yòugōng huá shì zuò kǒng tán rén zhì shíkēngrán shēngtíng zhǐ shuō chūn shí jiéhuàn shàng chūn zhuāng liù wèi zhì tóng dào de chéng nián réndài shàng liù shàonián zǎozài tái shàng chuī chuī fēngrán hòu chàng huí lái kǒng tīng hòu jiā zàn shǎngkuì rán tàn yuē xiǎng de yàng guó céng diǎn diào yàn mén 'ér ”, bèi chēng wéi zhī kuáng shì。 739 niántáng kāi yuán 'èr shí niánzhuī fēng ”。 1009 niánsòng zhōng xiáng 'èr niánjiā fēnglāi hóu”。 1530 niánmíng jiā jìng jiǔ niángǎi chēngxiān xián céng shì”。 céng diǎn zài nán chéng
   zéngshēnyuē qián 505~ qián 436, chūn qiū guó nán chéngjīn píng rénrén men zūn chēng wéi Zēngzǐ kǒng céng diǎn zhī dào yǎng qīncéng shì wéi xiǎo xiào zhù chēngrèn wéi " zhōng shù " shì kǒng " guàn zhī " de xiǎng chū " sānxǐngwúshēn " de xiū yǎng fāng zhù zhāng " shèn zhōngshèn zhòng bàn de sāngshì), zhuī yuǎnqián chéng zhuī niàn xiān), mín guī hòu”,“ fàn 'ér xiào jiào)”, shǐ zhì xiè shí jiàn kǒng xué shuōxiāng chuán zhù yòuxiào jīng xué》。 zài kǒng mén zhōng bèi shì wéi dào tǒng de chéng zhěbèi hòu dài tǒng zhì zhě zūn wéizōng shèng”。《 hàn shū · wén zhìzhù Zēngzǐ》 18 piān cánjīn cún dài zhōng shìzhìtiān yuánfán 10 piānqīng ruǎn yuán yòuZēngzǐ zhù shì》。 jīn jiā xiáng chéng nán 20 gōng nán shān nán yòu céng miàoyòu chēng zōng shèng miào
   shí zhé xíngyán yuānmǐn qiānrǎn niúzhòng gōng
   yán zǎi gòng
   zhèng shìrǎn yòu
   wén xué yóu xià
  ( jiànlùn · xiān jìn》)
kǒng zuò pǐn Works of Confucius
   kǒng shī xuǎn
  
   zhī kǒu chū zǒu zhī bàigài yōu zāi yóu zāiwéi suì
   huì
   wéi shān shí huì zhī shēngyóu shàng zài 'ěr
   guī shān cāo
   wàng guī shān zhīshǒu nài guī shān
   zhù:《 qín cāo》:“ huán shòu kǒng jiàn tuì 'ér wàng guī shān zuò zhī 。”《 qín cāo》, qín chuán wéi dōng hàn cài yōng ji
   pán cāo
   gān 'ér jiāo lóng yóu cháo huǐ luǎnfèng xiáng liúcǎn xīn bēihái yuán zōu
   zhùjiànqín cāo》。
   céng xiūshī》、《 shū》, dìng》、《 》, zhōu 》, zuòchūn qiū》。
  (《 lùn wéi kǒng shōu zhěng chū lái de。)
kǒng shì hào Confucius Posthumous
  zhōu jìng wáng shí niángōng yuán qián 479 nián), kǒng shì 'āi gōng qīn lěi kǒng lěi wén shuō:“ mín tiān diào yìn lǎo píng rén zài wèiqióng qióng zài jiù 'āi zāi 。”(《 zuǒzhuàn · āi gōng shí liù nián》) rén rèn wéi shì gěi kǒng de shì hào shí zhè zhǐ shì duì kǒng de jìng chēngbìng fēi shì hàotóng”, shì dài duì nán de měi chēng
   hàn yuán shǐ yuán niángōng yuán yuán nián), hàn píng liú kàn zhuī fēng kǒng wéibāo chéng xuān gōng rén rèn wéibāo chéngshì guó míng,“ xuān shì shì hào,“ gōngshì jué wèi
   běi wèi tài shí liù niángōng yuán 492 nián), xiào wén yuán hóng chēng kǒng wéiwén shèng ”。“ wén shèngshì zūn hào,“ shì jìng chēng
   běi zhōu xiàng 'èr niángōng yuán 580 nián), jìng wén yǎn zhuī fēng kǒng wéizōu guó gōng”,“ zōushì guó míng,“ gōngshì jué wèi
   suí kāi huáng yuán niángōng yuán 581 nián), wén yáng jiān chēng kǒng wéixiān shī ”; táng zhēnguàn 'èr niángōng yuán 628 nián), tài zōng shì mín zūn kǒng wéixiān shèng”。“ xiān shī”、“ xiān shèngdōushì zūn chēngzhēnguàn shí niángōng yuán 637 nián), gǎi chēng kǒng wéixuān ”,“ xuānwéi shì hào,“ shì měi chēngqián fēng yuán niángōng yuán 666 nián), gāo zōng zhì zèng kǒng wéitài shī”,“ tài shīwéi guān wèi
   zhōu tiān shòu yuán niángōng yuán 690 nián), tiān fēng kǒng wéilóng dào gōng”。“ lóng dàoshì fēng hào,“ gōngshì jué wèi
   táng kāi yuán 'èr shí niángōng yuán 739 nián), xuán zōng lóng fēng kǒng wéiwén xuān wáng”。“ wén xuānwéi shì hào,“ wángshì jué wèizhè 'ér dewáng shì hòu shì huáng xià de hóu wáng de wángér shì zhōu tiān wáng”、“ chéng wángde wáng
   xià rén zōng sān niángōng yuán 1146 niánsān yuè xià rén zōng bān zhào lìng:“ zūn kǒng wéi wén xuān lìng zhōu jùn miào diàn tíng hóng chǎngbìng zhì。”( sòng shǐ · xià guó chuán guǎng chéng xià shū shìjìzǎizhè fēng hào shì cháo dài zuì gāo bié de
kǒng shēn gāo Confucius height
  《 shǐ kǒng shì jiā》: kǒng cháng jiǔ chǐ yòu liù cùnrén jiē wèi zhī cháng rén ér zhī
kǒng yǐn shí Confucius diet
   kǒng duì yǐn shí wèn fēi cháng zhòng shì de yǐn shí guān wán zhěng 'ér chéng tǒngshè dào yǐn shí yuán yǐn shí pēng rèn shù děng fāng miànbìng wéi guó de dài yǐn shí lùn tuò zhǎn liǎo wéi kōng jiānxià miàn shì kǒng duì yǐn shí de jīng diǎn lùn shù
   shí yàn jīngkuài yàn shí 'ér 'ài něi 'ér ròu bài shí 'è shíchòu 'è shíshī rèn shí shí shí zhèng shí jiàng shíròu suī duō shǐ shèng shí wéi jiǔ liàng luàn
kǒng xué yuàn Confucius Institute
  yīng guó 'ài dīng bǎo xué kǒng xué yuàn kǒng xué yuàn shì zài jiè jiàn guó wài yòu guān gòu tuī guǎng běn mín yán jīng yàn de chǔ shàngzài hǎi wài shè de jiào shòu hàn chuán zhōng guó wén huà wéi zōng zhǐ de fēi yíng xìng gōng gòu bǐng chéng kǒng wéi guì”、“ 'ér tóngde niàntuī dòng zhōng wài wén huà de jiāo liú róng jiàn shè chí jiǔ pínggòng tóng fán róng de xié shì jiè wéi zōng zhǐ 2004 nián 11 yuè quán qiú shǒu jiā kǒng xué yuàn zài hán guó chéng láijié zhì 2009 nián 10 yuè fèn , quán qiú yòu 87 guó jiā jiàn liǎo 583 suǒ kǒng xué yuàn kǒng tángchéng wéi chuán zhōng guó wén huà tuī guǎng hàn jiào xué de quán qiú pǐn pái píng tái
diàn shì kǒng 》 TV series "Confucius"
  tóu zhì zuò dān wèi
   shān chuán méi tuán
   shān diàn shì tái
   shān zhū jiāng chuán méi yǐng shì wén huà yòu xiàn gōng
   zhù chuàng rén yuán
  【 zǒng cèhuàliú níng
   qián níng
   zhèng huì
  【 dǎo yǎnhán gāng
  【 shè yǐng shīzhāng wén jié
  【 měi shù shīmáo huái qīng
  【 zhuāng shè cháo
  【 huà zhuāng shīwáng líng
   kǒng gài niàn
   kǒng gài niàn
   zhù yǎn
   zhào wén xuān shì kǒng
   luó jiā liáng shì gòng
   zhēn xián shì nán
   guān jié shì yǎn gōng shān rǎo
  ( dài
  【 shū kǒng xìn
   shū míng : kǒng
   zuò  zhě zhòng míng
   chū bǎn shèzhōng yāng mín xué chū bǎn shè
   chū bǎn shí jiān: 1998
  ISBN:9787810561167
   kāi běn: 16
   dìng jià :498.00 yuán
nèi róng jiǎn jiè Introduction
  《 kǒng shì kǒng de shēng píng xiǎng xué shuōxué shuō chuán wén xué shuō yǐng xiǎng yùn yòng wéi quán miàn tǒng fǎn yìng kǒng de tào xíng shū。《 kǒng gòng fēn liù fēn
   fēn:“ dōng fāng de tài yáng héng héng kǒng quán chuán”, tǒng jiè shào liǎo kǒng shēng píng kǒng shēng píng cóng dàn shēng dào shì 'àn shí jiān shùn fēn chéng ruò gān xiǎo shì de xíng shì chuàn lián 'ér chéng
   'èr fēn:“ xiǎng de cháng chéng héng héng kǒng xué shuō”, tǒng guī liǎo kǒng de zhé xuézhèng zhìjiào jīng xiǎng
   sān fēn:“ wěi rén sàn héng héng kǒng xué shì ”, cóng jīng huá zhōng huò shè huì rén shēng de shìwéi zhèng zhì dǒu zhēng gōng zhì shèng móu lüèwéi shēng chǎn jīng yíng gōng shèng juéwéi shè huì jiāo wǎng gōng zuì jiā fāng ……。
   fēn:“ zhì huì de xīn chuán héng héng xué chéng”, xiáng shù liǎo cóng chūn qiū nián zhì jīn jiā xué shuō 'èr qiān bǎi nián lái de chéng zhǎn yǎn biàn
   fēn:“ dōng fāng de jīng diǎn héng héng kǒng xué quán ”, shōu liǎo jīng shū”。
   liù fēn:“ xiǎng de guǎn héng héng xiàn dài jiā guǎn xiǎng yìng yòng”, jiā xiǎng yìng yòng xiàn dài guǎn jiā xiǎng xiàn dài guǎn xiāng jié jiā chóng”, chàngzhōngxìn”。
diàn yǐngkǒng 》 Film "Confucius"
  · piàn míng kǒng
   zhōu rùn héng héng kǒng · dǎo yǎn méi
  · zhù yǎnzhōu rùn héng héng kǒng chén jiàn bīn héng héng héng zhōu xùn héng héng nán jiāo huàng héng héng lǎo héng héng sūn féirèn quán héng héng yán huíwáng bān héng héng mèng sūn zhāng kǎi héng héng kǒng
  · shàng yìng shí jiān: 2010 nián chūn jié
  · chū pǐn rénhán sān píng liú róng cén jiàn xūn
  · jiān zhìcuī bǎo zhū
  · biān chén hàn jiāng tāo yàn jiāng
  · shè yǐng zhǐ dǎobào
  · zào xíng shè zhòng wén
  · zuòqǔ cōng
  · chū pǐn fāngzhōng guó diàn yǐng tuán gōng
   shí dài wén huà chuán ( běi jīng ) yòu xiàn gōng
   yòu xiàn gōng
   qíng jiǎn jiè
   chū pǐn rén liú róng jiè shàoběn kuǎn gào piàn bèi chēng wéi qíng huáipiānyǐngpiān guān zhòng de wéi guàn shì jǐn zhǎn shì liǎotiān shēng zhòng wàn cháng de kuàng shì qíng huáigèng zhǎn xiàn liǎo kǒng zuò wéirénde miàn gāo gāo zài shàng de shèng rén xíng xiàng zài yín shàng shēng dòng lái de huān xiào de bēi shāng de dǒu zhēng de zhēngzhá de luò shī yǐngpiān duì kǒng xuè ròu fēng mǎn de zàozài zhè kuǎn gào piàn zhōng jīng kuī bān 'ér zhī quán bàodāng píng shàng chū xiàn kǒng àn rán shén shāng huò bēi fèn de jìng tóu shízài zuò de suǒ yòu rén shī dòng róngbèi kǒng shí chéng kěn derén xìngshēn shēn gǎn dòng
kǒng jiǎn jiè About Confucius
  kǒng qiūqián 551 nián 9 yuè 28 < nóng yuè niàn >~ qián 479 nián 4 yuè 11 < nóng 'èr yuè shí >), zhòng páiháng lǎo 'èrhàn rénchūn qiū shí guó rén kǒng shì guó dài wěi de xiǎng jiā jiào jiā jiā xué pài chuàng shǐ rénshì jiè zuì zhù míng de wén xué míng rén zhī biān zhuàn liǎo guó biān nián shǐ shūchūn qiū》。 yòu guān jìzǎi kǒng chū shēng guó zōu chāng píng xiāngjīn shān dōng shěng shì dōng nán de nán xīn zhèn yuán cūn); kǒng shì shì shíxiǎng nián 73 suìzàng chéng běi shuǐ zhī shàng jīn kǒng lín suǒ zài kǒng de yán xíng xiǎng zhù yào zài sǎnwén lùn xiān qín qín hàn bǎo cún xià deshǐ · kǒng shì jiā》。【“ ”, dài duì chéng nián nán de zūn chēngzài chūn qiū zhàn guó shí rèn chéng nián nán dōukě chēng wéi”, ér qiě wàng bié rén chēng wéi”, yīn wéihái shì zhǒng jué wèisuǒ wèigōng hóu bǎizǐ nándàn shìzhēn zhèng néng huò bié rén xiāngchèn de bān shì liǎng zhǒng rényào me zài shè huì shàng gōng xìn jiào gāo delǎo shī”; yào me jiù shì jiào yòu dào de guì kǒng lǎo shǔ qián zhě。】
   jìzǎi kǒng de xiān běn shì yīn shāng hòu zhōu miè shāng hòuzhōu wáng fēng shāng zhòu wáng de shù xiōngshāng cháo zhōng zhèng de míng chén wēi sòngshāng qiū xià )。 wēi hòu wēi zhòng wèiwēi zhòng wéi kǒng de xiān kǒng de liù shì kǒng jiā zhī hòuhòu dài sūn kāi shǐ kǒng wéi xìng zēngzǔ kǒng fáng shū wèile táo sòng guó nèi luàncóng sòng guó táo dào liǎo guó kǒng de qīn shū liáng shū liáng wéi wéi míngshì guó chū míng de yǒng shìshū liáng xiān shī shì yào yīngshēng jiǔ 'ér qiè shēng mèng dàn yòu zài dāng shí de qíng kuàng xià cán de 'ér dōubù shū liáng wǎn nián nián qīng yán zhēng zài shēng xià kǒng yóu kǒng de qīn céng qiū shān dǎorán hòu huái xià kǒng yòu yīn kǒng gāng chū shēng shí tóu dǐng de zhōng jiān 'āo xiàxiàng qiū shān míng wéi qiū zhòng zhòng wéi 'èr de shū liáng de zhǎngzǐ wéi mèng mèng wéi de )。 kǒng sān suì de shí hòushū liáng bìng shìzhī hòu kǒng de jiā jìng xiāng dāng pín hányóu zhǒng zhǒng yuán yīn kǒng zài zhèng zhì shàng méi yòu guò de zuò wéidàn zài zhì guó de sān yuè zhōng jiàn kǒng kuì jié chū zhèng zhì jiā de chēng hàozhèng zhì shàng de shǐ kǒng jiāng hěn fēn jīng yòng zài jiào shì shàng kǒng céng rèn guó kòuhòu xié zhōu yóu liè guózuì zhōng fǎn huí guózhuān xīn zhí jiào kǒng liǎo jiào lǒng duànkāi chuàng liǎo xué xiān kǒng duō sān qiān rén zhōng xián rén shí 'èr zhōng yòu hěn duō jiē wéi guó gāo guān dòng liáng
   kǒng duì hòu shì yǐng xiǎng shēn yuǎnsuī shuō shù 'ér zuò”, dàn zài shì shí bèi wéitiān zòng zhī shèng”、“ tiān zhī duó”、“ qiān shèng rén”, shì dāng shí shè huì shàng zuì xué zhě zhī hòu shì bìng zūn chēng wéizhì shèng”( shèng rén zhī zhōng de shèng rén)、“ wàn shì shī biǎo”, rèn wéi céng xiūshī》《 shū》, dìng》《 》, zhōu 》, zuòchūn qiū》。《 lùn shì jiā xué pài de jīng diǎn zhù zuò zhī yóu kǒng de zài chuán biān zhuàn 'ér chéng duì huà wén wéi zhù liǎo kǒng yán xíng zhōng xiàn liǎo kǒng de zhèng zhì zhù zhānglún xiǎngdào guān niàn jiào yuán děng xué》、《 zhōng yōng》、《 mèng bìng chēng shū”。 tōng xíng běnlùn gòng 'èr shí piān。《 lùn de yán jiǎn jié jīng liàn , hán shēn , zhōng yòu duō yán lùn zhì jīn réng bèi shì rén shì wéi zhì
   měi guó shī rénzhé xué jiā 'ài shēng rèn wéi kǒng shì quán shì jiè mín de guāng róng
  1988 nián, 75 wèi nuò bèi 'ěr jiǎng de huò zhě zài biǎo lián xuān yánhūyù quán shì jiè“ 21 shì rén lèi yào shēng cúnjiù liǎng qiān nián qián kǒng de zhì huì。”
kǒng jiǎn jiè About Confucius
  【“ ”, dài duì chéng nián nán de zūn chēngzài chūn qiū zhàn guó shí yōng yòu dìng shè huì wèi de chéng nián nán dōukě chēng wéi”, ér qiě wàng bié rén chēng wéi”, yīn wéihái shì zhǒng jué wèisuǒ wèigōng hóu bǎizǐ nándàn shìzhēn zhèng néng huò bié rén xiāngchèn de bān shì liǎng zhǒng rényào me zài shè huì shàng gōng xìn jiào gāo delǎo shī”; yào me jiù shì jiào yòu dào de guì kǒng lǎo shǔ qián zhě。】
   jìzǎi kǒng de xiān běn shì yīn shāng hòu zhōu miè shāng hòuzhōu wáng fēng shāng zhòu wáng de shù xiōngshāng cháo zhōng zhèng de míng chén wēi sòng ( xià )。 wēi hòu wēi zhòng wèiwēi zhòng wéi kǒng de xiān kǒng de liù shì kǒng jiā zhī hòuhòu dài sūn kāi shǐ kǒng wéi xìng zēngzǔ kǒng fáng shū wèile táo sòng guó nèi luàncóng sòng guó táo dào liǎo guó kǒng de qīn shū liáng shū liáng wéi wéi míngshì guó chū míng de yǒng shìshū liáng xiān shī shì yào yīngshēng jiǔ 'ér qiè shēng mèng dàn yòu zài dāng shí de qíng kuàng xià cán de 'ér dōubù shū liáng wǎn nián nián qīng yán zhēng zài shēng xià kǒng yóu kǒng de qīn céng qiū shān dǎorán hòu huái xià kǒng yòu yīn kǒng gāng chū shēng shí tóu dǐng de zhōng jiān 'āo xiàxiàng qiū shān míng wéi qiū zhòng zhòng wéi 'èr de shū liáng de zhǎngzǐ wéi mèng mèng wéi de )。 kǒng sān suì de shí hòushū liáng bìng shìzhī hòu kǒng de jiā jìng xiāng dāng pín hányóu zhǒng zhǒng yuán yīn kǒng zài zhèng zhì shàng méi yòu guò de zuò wéidàn zài zhì guó de sān yuè zhōng jiàn kǒng kuì jié chū zhèng zhì jiā de chēng hàozhèng zhì shàng de shǐ kǒng jiāng hěn fēn jīng yòng zài jiào shì shàng kǒng céng rèn guó kòuhòu xié zhōu yóu liè guózuì zhōng fǎn huí guózhuān xīn zhí jiào kǒng liǎo jiào lǒng duànkāi chuàng liǎo xué xiān kǒng duō sān qiān rén zhōng xián rén shí 'èr zhōng yòu hěn duō jiē wéi guó gāo guān dòng liáng
   kǒng duì hòu shì yǐng xiǎng shēn yuǎnsuī shuō shù 'ér zuò”, dàn zài shì shí bèi wéitiān zòng zhī shèng”、“ tiān zhī duó”、“ qiān shèng rén”, shì dāng shí shè huì shàng zuì xué zhě zhī hòu shì bìng zūn chēng wéizhì shèng”( shèng rén zhī zhōng de shèng rén)、“ wàn shì shī biǎo”, rèn wéi céng xiūshī》《 shū》, dìng》《 》, zhōu 》, zuòchūn qiū》。《 lùn shì jiā xué pài de jīng diǎn zhù zuò zhī yóu kǒng de zài chuán biān zhuàn 'ér chéng duì huà wén wéi zhù liǎo kǒng yán xíng zhōng xiàn liǎo kǒng de zhèng zhì zhù zhānglún xiǎngdào guān niàn jiào yuán děng xué》、《 zhōng yōng》、《 mèng bìng chēng shū”。 tōng xíng běnlùn gòng 'èr shí piān。《 lùn de yán jiǎn jié jīng liàn , hán shēn , zhōng yòu duō yán lùn zhì jīn réng bèi shì rén shì wéi zhì
   měi guó shī rénzhé xué jiā 'ài shēng rèn wéi kǒng shì quán shì jiè mín de guāng róng
  1988 nián, 75 wèi nuò bèi 'ěr jiǎng de huò zhě zài biǎo lián xuān yánhūyù quán shì jiè“ 21 shì rén lèi yào shēng cúnjiù liǎng qiān nián qián kǒng de zhì huì。”
shǐ yòu yǐng xiǎng 100 rén History, 100 people affected
     gōng yuán qián 551~ qián 479   kǒng shì zhōng guó zuì wěi de zhé xué jiā gài kuò liǎo zhōng guó rén de běn xiǎngchéng wéi chuàng tào xìn yǎng de de zhé xué gēn rén shēng dào yòng dào diǎn fàn lái jiào rénguǎn rén de zhèng zhì guān niànguàn chuān zhōng guó rén de shēng huó wén huà zhī zhōng cháng liǎng qiān nián zhī jiǔduì shì jiè shàng duō réndōu chǎn shēng guò hěn de yǐng xiǎng。   kǒng gōng yuán qián 55 nián chū shēng zài jiāng hěn xiǎo de guó jīn zhōng guó dōng běi de shān dōng shěng yòu nián sàng qīn guò zhe pín kùn de shēng huónián qīng shízhè wèi wèi lái de zhé xué jiā zuò guò xiǎo guān nián hòu guān zuò zài suí hòu de shí liù nián zhōng jiāoshūzhāo lái liǎo xìn yǎng zhé xué de yuē zài 50 suì shí zài guó dān rèn yào zhí nián hòucháo tíng zhōng de fǎn duì pài xià liǎo táishí shàng shì cóng guó liú fàng chū láizài suí hòu de shí sān nián zhōng chù yóushuìwǎn nián fǎn huí guó nián hòuqián 479 nián shì cháng 。   kǒng cháng cháng bèi wéi shì zhǒng zōng jiào de chuàng shǐ réndàn shì zhè zhǒng shuō shī wéi què qiē hěn shǎo shàng jué tǎo lùn guǐ shénhuí shǐ yòng xuán xué xué pài wéi de qiē fāng shì shì zhòng shì rén shēng dào de zhōng guó dài zhé xué jiā。   zài kǒng kàn láiliǎng zuì zhòng yào de xíng shìrén”, shì xián zhě xíng wéi de biāo zhǔn。“ rényòu shí bèi jiě shì wéiài”, dàn shì zuì wéi què qiē de jiě shì shì rén wéi shàn”。 shì zhǐ fēng jié mào děng guī fàn de zǒng chēng。   shèn zhì zài kǒng qián jiù chéng liǎo zhōng guó rén de zhù yào zōng jiào huó dòng kǒng jiān jué qiáng diào zūn jìng xiānxiào jìng shǐ zhè zhǒng huó dòng jiā qiáng kǒng hái zhù zhāng duì zhàng bèi tǒng zhì zhě duì tǒng zhì zhě rén duì zhù rén yào jué duì zūn jìng cóngdàn shì zhè wèi zhōng guó shèng rén zàn chéng bào zhèng xiāng xìn guó jiā shì wèirénmín de 'ér cún zàiér shì rén mín wèiguó jiā de 'ér cún zài zài qiáng diào tǒng zhì zhě zhù yào kào rén zhèng 'ér shì zhì lái jìn xíng guǎn de lìng xìn tiáo yuàn rén dài jiù yīnggāi dài rénzhè tiáo jīn zhī jiān jǐn shāo yòu chā bié 'ér 。   kǒng de běn guān diǎn bǎo shǒu xiāng xìn huáng jīn shí dài zài wǎng guī quàn tǒng zhì zhě rén mín huí dào měi hǎo de jiù dào biāo zhǔn shàng láidàn shì de lún dào de zhèng zhì xiǎng shí shàng zài dāng shí bùwèi duō shù tǒng zhì zhě suǒ jiē shòu bìng zāo dào pái chìyīn kǒng shì wèi de hái gèng yòu chuàng zào jīng shén de gǎi jiā。   kǒng shēng huó zài zhōu cháodāng shí de zhōng guó zhèng chù zài hùn luàn shí tǒng zhì zhě jiē shòu de xué shuōdàn shì zài hòu de xiǎng zài quán guó guǎng wéi liú chuán。   rán 'ér suí zhe gōng yuán qián 22 nián qín wáng cháo de jiàn kǒng de xué shuō què héng zāo huò yāngqín wáng cháo de huáng qín shǐ huáng jué xīn gēn chú kǒng de yǐng xiǎng chè jué liè xià lìng dǎo kǒng xué shuōfén huǐ kǒng shū dàn shì zhè zhǒng zhèn bìng méi yòu chěng nián hòu qín wáng cháo miè liǎoyán jiū kǒng de xué zhě yòu huò liǎo shuō jiào de yóuzài xiāng de hàn cháo shí qián 206 héng hòu 220), kǒng xué shuō bèi què wéi zhèng shì de zhōng guó guó jiā zhé xué。   cóng hàn cháo zhōng guó huáng jiù zhú shí xíng kǎo shì lái xuǎn zhèng guān suí zhe shí jiān de tuī kǎo shì chéng liǎo jiǎn yàn kǎo shēng zhǎng kǒng jīng diǎn zhù zuò de chéng wéi zhù de kǎo shìzài zhōng guó de fēng jiàn shè huì shēn guān chǎngmíng shuāng shōu kǎo shìjìng zhēng lièjiēguǒ shì shì dài dài dōuyòu duō rén cháng nián gōng kǒng jīng diǎn zhù zuòqiān bǎi nián lái zhōng guó suǒ yòu de zhèng guān dōushì yóu zhè yàng de rén lái dān rèn men de rén shēng guān jìn tòu liǎo kǒng de zōng zhǐzhè zhǒng zhì zài zhōng guó shí xíng liǎo cháng liǎng qiān nián zhī jiǔyuē cóng gōng yuán qián 100 nián zhì gōng yuán hòu 1900 nián。   rán 'ér kǒng xué shuō jǐn jǐn shì zhōng guó guān liáo de zhèng shì zhé xuéér qiě kǒng de xiǎng wéi duō shù zhōng guó rén suǒ jiē shòu kǒng shēn shēn yǐng xiǎng zhe men de shēng huó xiǎng cháng liǎng qiān duō nián zhī jiǔ。   yòu yuán yīn shuō míng kǒng wèishénme duì zhōng guó yòu zhe de rén mendōu róng zhì rèn wéi wéi rén zhēn chéng xìng wán měi 'èr piān jiǎng qiú shí yào rén men zuò suǒ de shìér yào qiú men chéng shícóng qiú men bái xiácóng zhè xiē fāng miàn lái kànzài de shēn shàng xiàn chū liǎo zhōng guó rén jiǎng qiú shí de zhì zhè jiù shì de xiǎng zài zhōng guó chéng gōng de guān jiàn suǒ zài kǒng yào qiú zhōng guó rén gǎi biàn men de běn xìn niànér shì yòng qīng shēng dòng de yán
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   kǒng
     míng qiū zhòng chūn qiū shí guó zōu jīn shān dōng rén jǐn shì zhōng guó dài de wěi xiǎng jiāzhèng zhì jiājiào jiāér qiě shì jié chū de yīnyuè jiā zài biān jishī jīng》、 dìng zhèng》《 》、 tuī xíng yīnyuè jiào yīnyuè xiǎng fāng miàndōuduì hòu shì chǎn shēng liǎo yǐng xiǎng
     kǒng yòu hěn shēn de yīnyuè xiū yǎng céng xué qín yòu míng de qín shī shī xiāng。《 shǐ · kǒng shì jiājìzǎi liǎo cóng shī xiāng xué qín wén wáng cāo》, xún qiú yīnyuè de shēn nèi hánzhuī qiú zhǔn què zhǎng yīnyuè xíng xiàng de shìyòu xiāng chuán kǒng céng wèn lǎo dānwèn cháng hóng hái fēi cháng zhù xué 。《 lùn · shù 'érzhōng jìzǎi:“ rén 'ér shàn , shǐ fǎn zhī , ér hòu hèzhī。” xué yīnyuè fēi cháng rèn zhēnfēi yòu zhòng shì jiàn cóng chuòshèn zhì zài zhōu yóu liè guózāo dào duō kùn 'è shíxián wèi cháng jué yīn”。 hái néng chuī shēng qìng,《 hán shī wàizhuàn》、《 kǒng cóng zài yòu guān kǒng shàn biǎo qíng zhuàng de chuán shuō
     kǒng shú jīng diǎn qián xīn zuānyán xiàshāngzhōu de tīng dào shí de yuèqǔsháo》、《 》 , zàn tàn bèi zhì。《 lùn · shù 'érzhōng jìzǎi:“ zài wénsháo》, sān yuè zhī ròu wèiyuē wéi zhī zhì !”《 lùn · zhōng yòu wèisháo》, jìn měi yòu jìn shàn wèi》, jìn měi wèi jìn shàn de shù
     kǒng biān dìngshī》、《 》、《 》。《 shī jīngsuǒ cún 305 piān , chēng shì kǒng cóng zhōu wáng shì cǎi shī zhī guān suǒ sōu de 3000 duō shǒu mín jiān yáo zhōng biān xuǎn dezhè jīng diǎn xìng de dài shī zǒng yóu kǒng de biān dìng 'ér liú cún xià láishì gòng xiàn。《 shī jīng dàn yòu shǐ shī shàng céng shè huì suǒ yòng de gēqǔ bāo hán liǎo liàng de yòu xiān míng de mín zhù nèi róng de mín jiàn kǒng de kāi míng tài
     kǒng suǒ biān dìng de jīng》, jīn chuán kǒng bié zhòng shìde xiāng xiāng chéng zuò yòng suǒ biān dìng de jīng》, jīn chuánzhōu 》、《 》、《 》 3 zhǒng
     kǒng sān qiān , cháng shī jiào , kāi chuàng liǎo rén jiǎng xué zhī fēngyòu jiào lèi”, jiào dào píng mín zhōng shèshūshù děngliù , jīng tōng zhě 72 rén kǒng mén yòng zuò cháng jiào chéng deliù jīng”, 》、《 shī》、《 shū》、《 》、《 》、《 chūn qiū》。 zhōng bié zhòng shìjiào shījiào , shuō :“ xīng shī , , chéng 。”《 lùn shōu liǎo duō kǒng xiàng jiǎng shù xuéshīde zhòng yào mén zòuyuè de shì
     kǒng zhòng shì yīnyuèshì yóu kěn dìng yīnyuè de zhèng zhìjiào zuò yòng bié qiáng diào de jié ,《 xiào jīng · guǎng yào dào》 :“ kǒng yuē :…… fēng , shàn ; ān shàng zhì mín , shàn 。” rèn wéi de zhèng zhì zuò yòng shì wéi zhòng yào de ,“ lǐyuè xīng , xíng zhōng ; xíng zhōng , mín suǒ cuò shǒu 。” qiáng diào de děng xìngyòu zhě cái néng zhì zuò duì hùn xiáo liǎo shī yòng de děng rèn wéi shì róng rěn de
     kǒng fēi cháng zhòng shì yīnyuè de xiǎng qíng cāo nèi hán shù yào dào guān niàn lái yuē shù , fǎn duì dān chún de xiǎng 。“ xié” ,“ 'ér yínāi 'ér shāngcái shì xiǎng de yīnyuèzài xíng shì nèi róng de guān shàng zhù zhāng liǎng zhě yào jūn héng tǒng , shù yàojìn měi jìn shàn” , yào qiú shù de měi yào qiú xiǎng qíng de shàn chōng jǐng sān dài de diǎn zhāng zhì lǐyuè wén míngzhù zhāng dàotuì dào shí hòu 。《 sháo》、《 shì yǎng zhī zhì de shùduì dāng shí liú xíng de xīn huò mín jiān yīnyuè fēi cháng fǎn gǎnrèn wéizhèng shēng yínnìng rén dài”。 qiáng diào rén lùn duō me zhì huìgāo shàng yǒngduō , wén zhī lǐyuè” , cái chēng shàng shì wán rén
     kǒng de yīnyuè xiǎngsǎnjiàn lùn 》、《 děng shū bìng zhōu xiáng de tǒng lùn shù zhōng yòu duō máo dùn de yīn de shí jiàn zhì de xué shuō wéi chǔjīng guò de hòu xué zhě mèng xún děng rénzhí dàoyuèjìwèn shìxíng chéng liǎo tǒng de jiā yīnyuè lùnzài zhěng fēng jiàn shè huì zhōng gòu chéng yīnyuè měi xué lùn de zhù liúchǎn shēng liǎo yǐng xiǎng
    ( lán sōng
    
yīngwénjièshì
  1. n.:  Confucius
fǎwénjièshì
  1. n.  Confucius
jìnyící
qiū , zhòng , kǒng qiū , kǒng kuàng màn yóu de yīng xióng shǐ shī
xiàngguāncí
yóu wén huà zàng quán guó zhòng diǎn wén bǎo dān wèi bǎi quán jiàn zhù míng shèng
miào shǐ zhōng guó bǎi diǎn jiā xué pài shān dōng dōng fāng shèng chéng rén
rén wén chūn qiū jiā shēng huó èr shí xiào xìng shì jiā bǎi jiā xìng
chuán tǒng wén huà kǒng miào jǐng diǎn gèng duō jiēguǒ ...