Confucius (Chinese: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ; Wade-Giles: K'ung-fu-tzu), lit. "Master Kung," September 28, 551 BC - 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese thought and life.
His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD). Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as "Confucius."
His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (論語), a collection of "brief aphoristic fragments", which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius, but for nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics such as the Classic of Rites (editor), and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) (author).
Personal life and family
According to tradition, Confucius was born in 551 BC. Spring and Autumn Period, at the beginning of the Hundred Schools of Thought philosophical movement. Confucius was born in or near the city of Qufu, in the Chinese State of Lu (now part of Shandong Province). Early accounts say that he was born into a poor but noble family that had fallen on hard times.
The Records of the Grand Historian (史記), compiled some four centuries later, indicate that the marriage of Confucius' parents did not conform to Li (禮) and therefore was a yehe (野合), or "illicit union", for when they got married, his father was a very old man and past proper age for marriage but his mother was only in her late teens. His father died when he was three, and he was brought up in poverty by his mother. His social ascendancy linked him to the growing class of shì (士), a class whose status lay between that of the old nobility and the common people, that comprised men who sought social positions on the basis of talents and skills, rather than heredity.
As a child, Confucius was said to have enjoyed putting ritual vases on the sacrifice table. He married a young girl named Qi Quan (亓官) at nineteen and she had their first child Kong Li (孔鯉) when he was twenty. Confucius is reported to have worked as a shepherd, cowherd, clerk and book-keeper. When Confucius was twenty-three, his mother died and he entered three years of mourning.
He is said to have risen to the position of Justice Minister (大司寇) in Lu at fifty-three. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the neighboring state of Qi (齊) was worried that Lu was becoming too powerful. Qi decided to sabotage Lu's reforms by sending one hundred good horses and eighty beautiful dancing girls to the Duke of Lu. The Duke indulged himself in pleasure and did not attend to official duties for three days. Confucius was deeply disappointed and resolved to leave Lu and seek better opportunities. Yet to leave at once would expose the misbehavior of the Duke and therefore bring public humiliation to the ruler Confucius was serving, so Confucius waited for the Duke to make a lesser mistake. Soon after, the Duke neglected to send to Confucius a portion of the sacrificial meat that was his due according to custom, and Confucius seized this pretext to leave both his post and the state of Lu.
According to tradition, after Confucius's resignation, he began a long journey (or set of journeys) around the small kingdoms of northeast and central China, including the states of Wei (衞), Song (宋), Chen (陳) and Cai (蔡). At the courts of these states, he expounded his political beliefs but did not see them implemented.
According to the Zuo Commentary to the Spring and Autumn Annals, at sixty-eight Confucius returned home. The Analects pictures him spending his last years teaching disciples and transmitting the old wisdom via a set of texts called the Five Classics.
Burdened by the loss of both his son and his favorite disciples, he died at the age of 72 (or 73).
Teachings
In the Analects论语, Confucius presents himself as a "transmitter who invented nothing". He put the greatest emphasis on the importance of study, and it is the Chinese character for study (or learning) that opens the text. In this respect, he is seen by Chinese people as the Greatest Master. Far from trying to build a systematic theory of life and society or establish a formalism of rites, he wanted his disciples to think deeply for themselves and relentlessly study the outside world, mostly through the old scriptures and by relating the moral problems of the present to past political events (like the Annals) or past expressions of feelings by common people and reflective members of the elite (preserved in the poems of the Book of Odes).
In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven “天命” that could unify the "world" (i.e. China) and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merit, not their parentage; these would be rulers devoted to their people, reaching for personal and social perfection. Such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.
One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. Because his moral teachings emphasise self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules, Confucius's ethics may be considered a type of virtue ethics. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument, and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed more indirectly, through allusions, innuendo, and even tautology. This is why his teachings need to be examined and put into proper context in order to be understood. A good example is found in this famous anecdote:
厩焚。子退朝，曰：“伤人乎？”不问马。
When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court, Confucius said, "Was anyone hurt?" He did not ask about the horses.
Analects X.11, tr. A. Waley
The passage conveys the lesson that by not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrated that a sage values human beings over property; readers of this lesson are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius's, and to pursue ethical self-improvement if it would not. Confucius, an exemplar of human excellence, serves as the ultimate model, rather than a deity or a universally true set of abstract principles. For these reasons, according to many Eastern and Western commentators, Confucius's teaching may be considered a Chinese example of humanism.
Perhaps his most famous teaching was the Golden Rule stated in the negative form, often called the silver rule:
子貢問曰、有一言、而可以終身行之者乎。子曰、其恕乎、己所 不欲、勿施於人。
Adept Kung asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?"
The Master replied: "How about 'shu' [reciprocity]: never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself?"
Analects XV.24, tr. David Hinton
Confucius's teachings were later turned into a very elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers who organised his teachings into the Analects. In the centuries after his death, Mencius and Xun Zi both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. In time, these writings, together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus known in the West as Confucianism. After more than a thousand years, the scholar Zhu Xi created a very different interpretation of Confucianism which is now called Neo-Confucianism, to distinguish it from the ideas expressed in the Analects. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China and Vietnam until the 1800s.
Names
Confucius (illustration from Myths & Legends of China, 1922, by E.T.C. Werner)
Confucius (illustration from Myths & Legends of China, 1922, by E.T.C. Werner)
* Michele Ruggieri, and other Jesuits after him, while translating Chinese books into Western languages, translated 孔夫子 as Confucius. This Latinised form has since been commonly used in Western countries.
* In systematic Romanisations:
o Kǒng Fūzǐ (or Kǒng fū zǐ) in pinyin.
o K'ung fu-tzu in Wade-Giles (or, less accurately, Kung fu-tze).
+ Fūzǐ means teacher. Since it was disrespectful to call the teacher by name according to Chinese culture, he is known as just "Master Kong", or Confucius, even in modern days.
+ The character 'fu' is optional; in modern Chinese he is more often called Kong Zi.
* His actual name was 孔丘, Kǒng Qiū. Kǒng is a common family name in China.
(In Wade-Giles translation by D. C. Lau, this name appears as Kung Ch'iu.)
* His courtesy name was 仲尼, Zhòng Ní.
* In 9 BC (first year of the Yuanshi period of the Han Dynasty), he was given his first posthumous name: 褒成宣尼公, Lord Bāochéngxūan, which means "Laudably Declarable Lord Ni."
* His most popular posthumous names are
o 至聖先師, 至圣先师，Zhìshèngxiānshī, meaning "The Former Teacher who Arrived at Sagehood" (comes from 1530, the ninth year of the Jianing period of the Ming Dynasty);
o 至聖,至圣， Zhìshèng, "the Greatest Sage";
o 先師,先师， Xiānshī, literally meaning "first teacher". It has been suggested that '先師' can be used, however, to express something like, "the Teacher who assists the wise to their attainment".
* He is also commonly known as 萬世師表, 万世师表，Wànshìshībiǎo, "the Model Teacher" in Chinese.
Philosophy
Main article: Confucianism
A portrait of Confucius, by Tang Dynasty artist Wu Daozi (680-740).
A portrait of Confucius, by Tang Dynasty artist Wu Daozi (680-740).
Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, arguments continue over whether it is a religion. Confucianism lacks an afterlife, its texts express complex and ambivalent views concerning deities, and it is relatively unconcerned with some spiritual matters often considered essential to religious thought, such as the nature of the soul.
Confucius' principles gained wide acceptance primarily because of their basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong familial loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders by their children (and, according to later interpreters, of husbands by their wives), and the family as a basis for an ideal government. He expressed the well-known principle, "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself" (similar to the Golden Rule). He also looked nostalgically upon earlier days, and urged the Chinese, particularly those with political power, to model themselves on earlier examples. "The superior man seeks for it in himself. The petty man seeks for it in others"
Because no texts survive that are demonstrably authored by Confucius, and the ideas associated with him most closely were elaborated in writings that accrued over the period between his death and the foundation of the first Chinese empire in 221 BC, many scholars are very cautious about attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself.
Ethics
The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in Lǐ is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, social and political institutions, and the etiquette of daily behavior. It was believed by some that lǐ originated from the heavens. Confucius's view was more nuanced. His approach stressed the development of lǐ through the actions of sage leaders in human history, with less emphasis on its connection with heaven. His discussions of lǐ seem to redefine the term to refer to all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society, rather than those simply conforming with canonical standards of ceremony. In the early Confucian tradition, lǐ, though still linked to traditional forms of action, came to point towards the balance between maintaining these norms so as to perpetuate an ethical social fabric, and violating them in order to accomplish ethical good. These concepts are about doing the proper thing at the proper time, and are connected to the belief that training in the lǐ that past sages have devised cultivates in people virtues that include ethical judgment about when lǐ must be adapted in light of situational contexts.
In early Confucianism, yì (義 [义]) and lǐ are closely linked terms. Yì can be translated as righteousness, though it may simply mean what is ethically best to do in a certain context. The term contrasts with action done out of self-interest. While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one based one's life upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good, an outcome of yì. This is doing the right thing for the right reason. Yì is based upon reciprocity.
Just as action according to Lǐ should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to yì, so yì is linked to the core value of rén (仁). Rén is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness"; translator Arthur Waley calls it "Goodness" (with a capital G), and other translations that have been put forth include "authoritativeness" and "selflessness." Confucius's moral system was based upon empathy and understanding others, rather than divinely ordained rules. To develop one's spontaneous responses of rén so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules of yì. To cultivate one's attentiveness to rén one used another Confucian version of the Golden Rule: one must always treat others just as one would want others to treat oneself. Virtue, in this Confucian view, is based upon harmony with other people, produced through this type of ethical practice by a growing identification of the interests of self and other.
In this regard, Confucius articulated an early version of the Golden Rule:
* "What one does not wish for oneself, one ought not to do to anyone else; what one recognises as desirable for oneself, one ought to be willing to grant to others." (Confucius and Confucianism, Richard Wilhelm)
Politics
Confucius' political thought is based upon his ethical thought. He argues that the best government is one that rules through "rites" (lǐ) and people's natural morality, rather than by using bribery and coercion. He explained that this is one of the most important analects: 1. "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of shame, and moreover will become good." (Translated by James Legge) {The Great Learning} This "sense of shame" is an internalisation of duty, where the punishment precedes the evil action, instead of following it in the form of laws as in Legalism.
While he supported the idea of government by an all-powerful sage, ruling as an Emperor, probably because of the chaotic state of China at his time, his ideas contained a number of elements to limit the power of rulers. He argued for according language with truth; thus honesty was of paramount importance. Even in facial expression, truth must always be represented. In discussing the relationship between a subject and his king (or a son and his father), he underlined the need to give due respect to superiors. This demanded that the inferior must give advice to his superior if the superior was considered to be taking the wrong course of action. This was built upon a century after Confucius's death by his latter day disciple Mencius, who argued that if the king was not acting like a king, he would lose the Mandate of Heaven and be overthrown. Therefore, tyrannicide is justified because a tyrant is more a thief than a king. Other Confucian texts, though celebrating absolute rule by ethical sages, recognise the failings of real rulers in maxims such as, "An oppressive government is more feared than a tiger."
Some well known Confucian quotes:
"When you have faults, do not fear to abandon them."
"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others"
"With coarse rice to eat, with water to drink, and my crooked arm for a pillow - is not joy to be found therein? Riches and honors acquired through unrighteousness are to me as the floating clouds"
Disciples and legacy
Main article: Disciples of Confucius
Confucius' disciples and his only grandson, Zisi, continued his philosophical school after his death. These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its dogma. While relying heavily on Confucius' ethico-political system, two of his most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. Mencius (4th century BC) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards rén, yì, and lǐ, while Xun Zi (3rd century BC) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training.
This realignment in Confucian thought was parallel to the development of Legalism, which saw filial piety as self-interest and not a useful tool for a ruler to create an effective state. A disagreement between these two political philosophies came to a head in 223 BC when the Qin state conquered all of China. Li Ssu, Prime Minister of the Qin Dynasty convinced Qin Shi Huang to abandon the Confucians' recommendation of awarding fiefs akin to the Zhou Dynasty before them which he saw as counter to the Legalist idea of centralizing the state around the ruler. When the Confucian advisers pressed their point, Li Ssu had many Confucian scholars killed and their books burned - considered a huge blow to the philosophy and Chinese scholarship.
Under the succeeding Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence. Under Wudi, the works of Confucius were made the official imperial philosophy and required reading for civil service examinations in 140 BC which was continued nearly unbroken until the end of the 19th Century. As Moism lost support by the time of the Han, the main philosophical contenders were Legalism which Confucian thought somewhat absorbed, the teachings of Lao-tzu whose focus on more mystic ideas kept it from direct conflict with Confucianism, and the new Buddhist religion which gained acceptance during the Southern and Northern Dynasties era.
During the Song Dynasty, the scholar Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) added ideas from Daoism and Buddhism into Confucianism. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored but not long after his death his ideas became the new orthodox view on what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different and call his way of thinking Neo-Confucianism. Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the Ming Dynasty and even the Yuan Dynasty although Kublai Khan distrusted handing over provincial control. In the modern era Confucian movements, such as New Confucianism, still exist but during the Cultural Revolution, Confucianism was frequently attacked by leading figures in the Communist Party of China. This was partially a continuation of the condemnations of Confucianism by intellectuals and activists in the early 20th Century as a cause of the ethnocentric close-mindedness and refusal of the Qing Dynasty to modernize that led to the tragedies that befell China in the 19th Century.
In modern times, Asteroid 7853, "Confucius," was named after the Chinese thinker.
Quote: "Respect yourself and others will respect you."
Quote: "Today I have seen Lao-tzu and can only compare him to the dragon."
Memorial ceremony of Confucius
The Chinese have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of Confucius (祭孔) every year, using ceremonies that supposedly derived from Zhou Li 周禮 as recorded by Confucius, on the date of Confucius' birth. This tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary feudalist beliefs where it is held that the subservience of the people to the aristocracy is a part of the natural order. All such ceremonies and rites were therefore banned. Only after the 1990s, did the ceremony resume. As it is now considered a veneration of Chinese history and tradition, even communist party members may be found in attendance.
In Taiwan, where the Nationalist Party (Kuomingtang) strongly promoted Confucian beliefs in ethics and behavior, the tradition of memorial ceremony of Confucius (祭孔) is supported by the government and has continued without interruption. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as Father's Day does in the West.
Influence in Asia and Europe
"Life and works of Confucius, by Prospero Intorcetta, 1687.
"Life and works of Confucius, by Prospero Intorcetta, 1687.
Confucius's works, words are studied by many scholars in many other Asian countries, such as Korea, Japan, Vietnam, etc. And many of those countries still hold the traditional memorial ceremony every year.
The works of Confucius were translated into European languages through the agency of Jesuit scholars stationed in China. Matteo Ricci started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and father Prospero Intorcetta published the life and works of Confucius into Latin in 1687. It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Western civilization.
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believes Confucius was a Divine Prophet of God, as was Lao-Tzu and other eminent Chinese personages.
Home town
Soon after Confucius' death, Qufu, his hometown in the state of Lu and now in present-day Shandong Province, became a place of devotion and remembrance. It is still a major destination for cultural tourism, and many Chinese people visit his grave and the surrounding temples. In pan-China cultures, there are many temples where representations of the Buddha, Laozi and Confucius are found together. There are also many temples dedicated to him, which have been used for Confucianist ceremonies.
Descendants
Confucius' descendants were repeatedly identified and honored by successive imperial governments with titles of nobility and official posts. They were honored with the rank of a marquis thirty-five times since Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, and they were promoted to the rank of duke forty-two times from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang first bestowed the title of "Marquis Wenxuan" on Kong Sui of the 35th generation. In 1055, Emperor Zhenzong of Song first bestowed the title of "Duke Yansheng" on Kong Zong of the 46th generation. Despite repeated dynastic change in China, the title of Duke Yansheng was bestowed upon successive generations of descendants until it was abolished by the Nationalist Government in 1935. The last holder of the title, Kung Te-cheng of the 77th generation, was appointed Sacrificial Official to Confucius.
Today, there are thousands of reputed descendants of Confucius. The main lineage fled from the Kong ancestral home in Qufu to Taiwan during the Chinese Civil War. The current head of the household is Kung Te-cheng, a professor at National Taiwan University. He previously served in the Republic of China government as President of the Examination Yuan. Kung married Sun Qifang, the great-granddaughter of the Qing dynasty scholar-official and first president of Peking University Sun Jianai, whose Shouxian, Anhui, family created one of the first business combines in modern-day China, which included the largest flour mill in Asia, the Fou Foong Flour Company in Shanghai. The Qianlong Emperor married a daughter to Kong Xianpei of the 72nd generation, linking the Aisin-Gioro Imperial house with the Kong family.
Source:昆仑出版社 High-light travel the world directly from the start of Confucius, put all the effort and the ink used in the Sikou Confucius Renlu Guo Men Do not Cry for inability to prevent the usurpation of power, the monarch is to lobby for the implementation of his "country-Jen" political claims. In this work, he tried to publicity through the Confucius Confucius, the great compassion that concern the survival and destiny of the human realm and the spirit. In this work up to 53 million words, the high light of Confucius created a worldly air, he only truly lived 2,500 years ago, and truly live in today.
Source:太白文艺出版社 Epic roaming the wilderness: Confucius "Confucius" is a talent to explore the making of history. It is 14 years of Confucius and His Students "rate of the wilderness he" traveled far and wide on the theme of the Central Plains about the sage Confucius magnificent trip.
Saints Road, Great to have Bo and scholars from all being put. Although not Confucius of tradition, known mention the sky minute fly midges. Wu Shu Buliang Li Huan Tui, like scratching a peach shake the grass. Yen Hui has since unpredictable, death, body workers drilling Yang forget.
(BC 551 - 479) the late Spring and Autumn Chinese thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism. Name Hill, word Zhong Ni, Lu corner eup (now Qufu, Shandong Province of South East) people. Childhood poverty. Science impermanence division, had asked the ceremony in the Lao legend. 50 years old Ren Luguo Sikou, camera and action do. Travel the world with the student after finally not see with. Old age is committed to education, a disciple of 3,000 people, 72 well-known persons. Political advocate "rectification of names", that "the prince is prince, the minister is minister, Father Father, Son Son," which matches its name should be to consolidate the level of birthright and social order. Promote virtue cultivation, against tyranny. Ethical ideology propaganda "benevolence." "Benevolence" is consistent with hierarchical behavior specification, but also to maintain the spirit of the pillars of the patriarchal system, is the moral qualities Christine, width, letter, Min, the general term benefits. Ideological emphasis on education, "learning" and "thinking" of the combination of proposed "Learning without thought is labor lost thought without learning is perilous" and "refresher." Individualized attention. Existing "Analects" of Confucius recorded words and actions set
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No. 6
The late Spring and Autumn thinker, statesman, educator, founder of Confucianism. Name Hill, word Zhong Ni. Lu. "Analects," a book, write and talk about him with the door's quiz.
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No. 7
Confucius (previous 551 - 479): the late Spring and Autumn thinker, statesman and educator. The founder of Confucianism. Name Hill, word Zhong Ni, Lu corner eup (now Qufu, Shandong Province) people. Has Renlu Guo Sikou, after dozens of countries. Old age has experienced one lecture, was said three thousand disciples. Jen at the core of its doctrine, and "humanity" and also the implementation of the "ceremony" as the standard. Politics that "rectification of names" idea, to promote virtue and enlightenment. Advocated "education for all", individualized teaching methods, first private teaching culture. Since the Han Dynasty, through the continuous supply and transformation, and his thinking to become the ruling ideology of Chinese feudal society, great impact. Author of "The Analects of Confucius."
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About Confucius
According to records, this is the ancestor of Confucius descendants of the Shang. Business week off after King Wu Shu Feng business brother King Zhou of the Shang Zhong Ming Chen is a micro-sub-Kai during the Song. Neutrinos Kai died, his brother ascended the throne in micro-Chung, Chung is the micro ancestors of Confucius. Confucius six holes from the father of Peggy ancestor, the descendants began to bore the surname, the great-grandfather, uncle to escape anti-hole Song domestic chaos, fled from the Lu Song. Confucius's father, uncle beam knot (tert-beam for the word knot in the name) is a famous warrior Lu, Shu Leung Sze Yao married first knot Britain, Health and nine women without a son, the concubine a son Mengpi, but there is sufficient disease. In the circumstances, women and disabled son are not descent. Liang Shu Yan knot old age and young women under the intrinsic regeneration of Confucius. As Confucius's mother had to Niqiu mountain to pray and then pregnant next Confucius, because of Kong Zigang dent in the middle of the head at birth, such as Ni Qiu Shan; so named for the hills, styled Zhong Ni (Chung for the second meaning, Shu Liang knot The eldest son is Mengpi, Bangladesh is the first meaning.) Confucius was three years old, died knot tert-beam, after Confucius's family very poor. For various reasons, Confucius is not too much in politics as, but three months in the control state of Lu, which shows an outstanding statesman worthy of the title of Confucius. Not proud of the political, so that a large part of Confucius can be used in education on energy. Confucius Renlu Guo Sikou, travel the world after the disciples brought the end to return to Lu, to concentrate on coaching. Breaking the educational monopoly of Confucius, a pioneer in creating a private school. Up to three thousand disciples of Confucius, of whom seventy wise men, many of which are all pillars of national officials. American poet and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson that "Confucius is the glory of nations around the world" 1988, 75 Nobel Prize laureates in Paris issued a joint declaration calling for the whole world "in the 21st century humanity is to survive, we must learn from the wisdom of Confucius two thousand years ago."
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Political career
Confucius is extremely smart, studious young age of twenty, when knowledge has been very profound, was at that time were hailed as the "learned manners." Meanwhile, little is known about Confucius inherited his uncle's heroic knot beam, six inches tall and nine feet (1.9 meters above the present, specifically 196.8cm), a mighty, far later than some people believe the image of frail scholar . And Confucius extraordinary amount of alcohol is said to have never drunk before. But Confucius never to Takeo and drinker so proud. Confucius from more than 20 years of age, to want to go career, so a great interest, unite in the issue of governing the country, often to think, they often express some opinions, to 30 years old, has some fame. Lu Zhaogong two decades, when summoned Lu Qi Jinggong visit to Confucius, with whom he discussed issues dominate Qinmu Gong, which met Qi Jinggong Confucius. Lu Zhaogong 25 years, civil unrest in the state of Lu, Lu Zhaogong forced to flee to Qi, Confucius left Lu, to the Qi by Qi Jinggong appreciation and generosity, and even had to prepare the land along the Niger River closed to Confucius However, Dr Yan Ying was blocked. Lu Zhaogong 27 years, the doctor would like to harm Qi Confucius, Confucius heard that after the Qi Jinggong help, Qi Jinggong said: "I old men, Funeng use it." Confucius, Lu had fled in panic. Lu at the time, the actual power rests in the hands of the doctor's retainers, known as the "implementation of national policy Pei Chen," so although Confucius had two opportunities in politics, but had to give up until the Luding Gong 9 years in both the slaughter was appointed at this time of Confucius has been 51 years old. Confucius governance in both the year Zhuoyou Zheng Ji, was promoted to the small common phenomenon, and soon was promoted to major Sikou, perturbation of the matter, Lu Dazhi. Luding Gong for 12 years, Confucius to weaken the three-hwan (Ji Sun, Shu Sun, Meng Qing Sun three family background, because the three grandchildren Lu Huan Huan so called Third, when Lu Guozheng actually in their hands right , and the three retainers Huan some degree of control again with three different hwan), has taken all the measures fall into three (ie demolition of the castle built by the three-hwan). Later, all three actions fall halfway, three-hwan contradiction between Confucius and also will be exposed. Luding Gong for 13 years, 80 beautiful women sent to Qi Lu, Ji-hwan accepted the women's music, monarch obsessed with dance, ignoring affairs of state for several days, Confucius is very disappointed, and soon Lu Country Festival was held, after the usual sacrifices to send flesh to the doctor who did not give the time of Confucius, which indicates that appointment Jishi do not want him, Confucius left Lu last resort, went abroad to find a way out, and began to tour around the journey, this year, Confucius 55.
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Spiritual character
Energies forgot to eat, music to lotus Confucius, age 62, once described himself: "Gassy forgot to eat, music to the lotus, I wonder if old age is coming on." Has led the disciples of Confucius was to tour around nine years, gone through hardships, not only not been princes of the appointment, also nearly died, but Confucius did not lose heart, still optimistic, stick to their ideals, even knowing they are impossible. Anpinyuedao Confucius said: "Riches and injustice, to me as a cloud" in the eyes of Confucius, righteousness is the highest value of life, and morality in a conflict between rich and poor, he would rather be poor and will not give up the moral. But his Anpinledao and not be seen as not seeking wealth, but only to maintain road, that does not comply with historical fact. Confucius once said: "The rich and expensive, people is the voice of him; not its road, may the not be held. Poor and cheap, but also the evil person; not its road, was the go also." " Rich and rectifiable also, although Zhibian scholar, Wu Yi worth. if not demand, from Wusuo good. " Insatiable in learning, tireless in teaching Confucius must learn that the kinds of knowledge have shown interest, so he talented, knowledgeable, at the time was out of the name, almost as an omniscient sage, Confucius himself, but do not think so, Confucius said: "Holy is I can not, I wait on the cook, and teach tireless people." Confucius division of impermanence, who has knowledge, who where he does not know something, he whom you worship, so that "three lines, will with my teacher. " Straight opposite direction
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Political Thought
Moral claims Jen said the same of Confucius and the ceremony that linked the strategy in the country, he advocated "for the government to Germany", with the moral and ethical code to govern the country is the noblest of statecraft. The government strategy also called "Virtue" or "gift rule." The strategy of the German, Li Shi of the people, in fact, the traditional ceremony of breaking the tenets of no less than common people, breaking the nobles and common people is an important boundary between the original. Jen said Confucius, reflects the humanity, the Confucian ceremony, said the ritual embodies the spirit of the modern sense of order and system. Humanitarian This is the eternal theme of humanity, for any society, any time, any government is applicable, and order and the system of society is to establish the basic requirements of human civilization. Confucius and order in this humanitarian spirit is the essence of the ancient social and political thought.
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Modern Development
Confucianism in modern new development since the means of modern Western civilization into China after the collision of Chinese and Western civilization blending conditions to produce a new Confucianism. Emerging "public Confucianism" is the maximum development of contemporary New Confucianism results. Confucianism General Assembly: to have friends from afar Confucius, "De Mou world, Road intersection ancient and modern, by the deletion of the above six, down the constitution Jesus Christ," the culture of saints; Confucianism, Confucius theory-based, master of the theory of ancient Confucian values as the main form and ideology. Recently, the hometown of Confucius in Qufu, Shandong Province, the Ministry of Culture, Shandong Provincial People's Government jointly organized the first World Confucian Conference was held. It is an international cultural forum, a high academic event, it is the world's Confucian community held a big event. Former vice chairman of NPC Standing Committee Xu Jialu, vice minister of culture Zhou Heping, former Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Masayoshi Takemura and from the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, the United States, France, Britain, Belgium , Denmark, Australia and 22 countries and regions, 86 research institutions, Confucian 172 experts and scholars, all walks of life join. These come from different countries, different nationalities, different cultures, experts and scholars, all walks of life around the history of Confucianism, Confucianism in the contemporary value of Confucianism in the modern interpretation of the world spread of Confucianism, Confucianism and harmonious cultural issues, in-depth discussion and extensive dialogue. Zhou Heping said that in the course of history, Confucianism not only maintained their love, harmony ethos and culture of the times with a different brand, it is an open attitude germinal expanded form of civilization the world has made important contributions to the continuation of . In the first session of the World Confucian Conference, New Confucianism once again issued a line of historical development, in line with the interests of the era of the human voice. Confucianism: good medicine in today's society save the world As if to "save the world Confucianism is good medicine in today's society," to provide examples, in the late 20th century, by the Confucian cultural background of Singapore, South Korea, Japan and other countries, rapid economic development, became the newly industrialized countries. The success of these countries caused widespread concern of scholars, one important aspect is the development of Confucian culture and economic relations. To this end, the panel discussion, Singapore in the 20th century, 80 Jinxing 90s Confucian practice become an important topic, especially Confucianism in resisting Western individualism, emphasis on social awareness, diligence, tolerance, thrift and so can serve as a modern society A new way to be sure. Confucianism: How China's popularity spread around the world One of the most famous Confucian scholar of contemporary Tu Wei-ming pointed out that with South Korea, Singapore and even China Taiwan, the Chinese mainland in maintaining the traditional aspects of Confucianism, there are still gaps. Considerable number of scholars believe that the traditional culture with the Chinese public's desire for the popularity of Confucianism in China and spread around the world should become an important topic of contemporary Confucian studies. Wang Jun Lin Shandong University, believes that if just stay in the Confucians Confucian circles it is often considered a thought, doctrine, it is difficult to culture. Only a small circle out of the Confucian Confucianism, came to society, between the depth to the general public has become something that people loved, the implementation of ethics to regulate people's behavior, promote virtue and social engineering, there will be bred from Confucianism and Confucian culture. Macao scholars have proposed, should be read every day in schools to promote the "one minute of Confucius." Taiwan Tung Chin-yue introduced into the ancient Confucius "Autumn Festival" and "Chun Ji," Taiwan's "Autumn Festival" main follow the "Old Man", that is, rituals, costumes, music, dance, etc. in accordance with the Ming Dynasty Confucius point of order, and the ceremony according to the time compression characteristics of the times, admission of women to participate in worship of Confucius; "Chun Ji" is melting into the more characteristics of the times, the use of young people are more acceptable way, its main role is to attract young people approached Confucius, contact Confucianism. Some experts noted that in the present complex cultural background, the spread of Confucianism and popular in the world, and will not be smooth, and even the degree of difficulty far beyond everyone's imagination. Andersen from Denmark believes that the popularity of Confucianism is not to impose values. Confucius philosophy emphasizes mutual understanding, Confucianism is a kind of harmonic values. He believes that a coordinated approach should be used to promote Confucianism, rather than a didactic manner. The experts believe that our ideology and culture in the study of Western art at the same time, as the representative of Confucius Confucianism culture will further move toward the world and the world more and more countries, it is understood and accepted, which will bring humanity a peaceful, stable, prosperous and progressive new era. As Dainian once said - "blindly passed the critical time of Confucius, Confucius respected blind era passed, scientific research has come the time of Confucius." Confucius is China, Confucianism is the world. Confucius was the founder of Confucianism in China. Since the Han Dynasty "to abandon hundreds, Only Confucianism" since the rulers of Confucianism has been regarded as academic subjects, as well as any of Yin energy use standards for thousands of stretches so far.
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Famous quote
Not Miller, not to stand. The Shu peace! Have behaved, do not impose on others. Standing statue of Confucius has Yuli people, he seeks also to reach people. Thick and thin Gongzi responsibility in people, is much resentment carry on. Seeing someone who is not virtuous, self-reflection as well. Three rows, must be my teacher, choosing the good from it, instead of their bad. Residence Christine, deacons respect, and are loyal. King gentleman without loss, and people Gonger polite, within the four seas are brothers, Made faithful, line Piety, though very silent of the state, line carry on. Words are not faithful, the line does not Piety, though states, the line off? Line has been a shame that the Quartet, not shame Junming, can be described as persons carry on. Confucius said: "Five are in the world can do as benevolent." What the. Said: "Christine, width, letter, Min, Hui. CHRISTINE not be insulted, and width is too public, the people of any faith Yan, Min is active, the benefits are enough to make." Meaning that the quality of a gentleman, to the line of Abraham, out of the Sun to the letter in order to become it. Gentleman indeed! Had not changed, is that too now! However, late to repent. Not anger, Fuji before. People Proverb worries. No haste makes waste, no see little benefit. Haste makes waste, not up; see a small gain, the major fragmentation. Executive virtue is not Philip, the channel is not Benedict, how can he to have, how can the dead. Has friend, true to its word. Friends through literature, to the Friends of Fu Jen Catholic. Beneficiaries three friends, three friends of those losses. Friends of the straight, You Liang, A friend heard, the benefits of carry on. Friends of the Pianpi, friendly, soft, friendly will be eloquent, loss carry. Gentleman like Lane in speech but quick in action. Eat food without seeking gentleman, living without seeking security, sensitive to things and slow to speak, there is a positive Yan Road, described as eager to learn also. Random phone calls Germany, a small leak will sink a great ship. Trying to be clever, fresh carry benevolence. Gang, Yi, Wood, Lane close to Ren. Virtuous and who must have made, there is not virtuous speaker. Listen to his words and deeds. Gentleman not to words lifts, not to reject an opinion. In ancient words no, shame bow incompetent also. Name of the gentleman will speak also, words must be possible also, the gentleman in their words, nothing Gou 矣. With words rather than with words, missing person; not with words but with words, slip of the tongue. Yet people who know, do not slip of the tongue. In terms of words that no time of the rash, Speaking of the hidden and not words that, no color in terms of that of the blind. Jen not good science, the shelter also stupid; good to know good science, the shelter also swing; good faith is not good science, the shelter is also a thief; good straight hard to learn, the shelter also twisted; good yong hard to learn, the shelter is also arbitrary; Good just is not good science, the shelter is also crazy. Gonger rude the workers are unhappy and rude Shen, Yong and rude to chaos, direct and rude is twisted. Shi Jun, King and then being to their food. Ritual purposes, and as expensive. Person does not suffer from not known, patients do not know people. Three thousand disciples, seventy wise men. To learn with it, enjoying themselves? Friends from afar, and does not have pleasure? People do not know instead of resentment, it not gentlemanly? Cold of winter, and then after a withered pine is also known. Wise music manpower and special. Wise move, the virtuous are tranquil. Music wise, benevolent life. That can be tolerated, what can not? Shi Chi in the Road, the shame of bad food bad clothes who did not meet with the meeting also. Energies forgot to eat, music to the lotus, I wonder if old age is coming on. Rice sparse food, drinking water, Qugongerzhen of, music also carry them. Riches and injustice, to me as a cloud. Yin, holy, back too! A food basket for cooked rice, poured drinks, in the alley, who bear the bad news. Did not allow his music. Yin, holy, back too! Rich and expensive, is the people is the voice of him; not be of its road, not be held. Poor and cheap, is also one of the evil; Of its road was not, do not have. Rich and rectifiable also, although Zhibian scholar, Wu Yi whom. If not make, from Wusuo good. See Leith meaning mandate in danger. Xiuji with respect to Xiuji to Anren ... Xiuji to security people. Six feet of the solitary can trust, you can send the order of hundred miles, the Pro is also a large section of which can not be won. High ideals, no survival for victims of benevolence, have killed themselves in order to pay the price. Jun in the world and the disease did not name, said Yan. Fuda also who is straight and well defined quality. Observation made by the concept of color, consider the following people. Thai gentleman without arrogance, arrogant villain instead of Thai. Superior man is easy, but difficult (Wyatt), speaking (Yue) is not the road, do not say (Yue) also. Shi is also a gentleman, the line of their righteousness. Son that in the production. A gentleman four Yan: The line has also Christine, being to also respect, their support people also benefit, It gives people also justice. Gentleman and different, without and with the villain. Gentlemen boast not fight, the group instead of the party. Gentleman weeks than not, villain than not weeks. The gentleman is open and pessimistic. The virtuous from anxiety, to know who perplexed, bold from fear. Lee put on the line, and more resentment. Qiu Ren Ren derived, how complaints. Sheng-wen, wild nature, Wen-Sheng quality is history. Gentle, and gentleman. Which do not seek a gentleman seeking food, do not worry about the poor gentleman worry Road. French words, can no peace? Change it as expensive. Sunda with words, can not say almost? Interpretation of it as expensive. Yi said not to do not change, I end Ruzhi He also rested in peace. See the good and all, see the poor, such as exploration soup. The capacity of the public Zūn Xián gentleman, Jiashan and boast not. Persons to a place, less than the disabilities now! To know know it, I do not know as I do not know, that is knowledge. Meaning that the quality of a gentleman, to the line of Abraham, out of the Sun to the letter in order to become it. Gentleman indeed! Army may have won the handsome, not every man wins chih! People Proverb worries. No haste makes waste, no see little benefit. Haste makes waste, not up; see a small gain, the major fragmentation. Who must-yi, long way to go. Ren responsibility, which is not a heavy or Down? Dying, not a long? Executive virtue is not Philip, the channel is not Benedict, how can he to have, how can the dead. Has friend, true to its word. Friends through literature, to the Friends of Fu Jen Catholic. Gentleman like Lane in speech but quick in action. Eat food without seeking gentleman, living without seeking security, sensitive to things and slow to speak, there is a positive Yan Road, described as eager to learn also. Making phone calls in Germany and chaos. Name of the unhappy gentleman, brave and rude to chaos, direct and rude is twisted. Shi Jun, King and then being to their food. Ritual purposes, and as expensive. Lee put on the line, and more resentment. Do not anger does not start, do not but can not speak no hair, lift a corner, not to the three anti-corner, not too complex.
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Family History Genealogy
According to "Historical Records - family of Confucius," records, this is the ancestor of Confucius descendants of the Shang. Business week off after the Commerce Zhou Wang Feng Shu King Zhou's brother, Shang Zhong Ming Chen is the son Kai in the Song of micro. Capital Shangqiu (Henan Shangqiu area). Neutrinos Kai died, his brother ascended the throne in micro-Chung, Chung is the micro ancestors of Confucius. Confucius father of six generations of ancestors called the hole Ka, is Song of a doctor, worked as Grand Marshall, killed in civil strife in the court, since the hole after the father of Peggy, their descendants began to bore the family name. His great-grandfather hole to escape anti-tert-Song domestic chaos, fled from the Lu Song. Hung Yi from the corner to _set_tle into a State of Lu. Confucius's father uncle beam knot (tert-beam for the word knot in the name, the sound he), Yan Zheng in the mother. Uncle Lu Liang knot famous warrior was, outstanding character, the establishment of military exploits twice, who had one arm push up the door to burst into the city suspended the withdrawal of troops known. Yi Zou was the doctor. Tert-Sze Leung knot first wife, raw 9 women, no children. And concubines, a son, take Ming Boni, also known as Mengpi. Mengpi foot wrong with the ritual was not in accordance with descent, so he was a young woman living Yan Zheng Confucius. 551 BC (Lu Xianggong Twenty-two years), Lu Zou Yi Kong Zaisheng in Changping Town (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province). Who have had children while their parents pray in Niqiu Hill, named Qiu, styled Zhong Ni. Confucius was three, tert-beam knot death, Confucius is not as Shi's mother (tert-positive wife knot beam) by volume, pore mother had to carry Yen sign in Qufu, Confucius and Mengpi Que moved in, life is hard. Confucius, 17 years old, mother of Yen sign in death hole, he served for three years mourning. Confucius nineteen people marry Ji Sung Shi Zhinv official wife, one year after the Ji officer's son, Lu Zhaogong had sent congratulations to send carp, Confucius was a great honor, so named for the carp to his son, Zibo fish. Lu Aigong years (485 BC), Ms. Kong Zi Ji officer's death. According to "the Analects of Confucius" and "Historical Records" records, Confucius youth had been the "Committee of Officials" (a small warehouse management officials), "take the field" (a small pasture management officials), no matter the size, can be almost perfect. As Confucius extraordinary ability and knowledge, will soon be continuously promoted. Fifty-one years to the time of Confucius, was appointed in both the slaughter (equivalent to the current mayor), performance is very significant; a year later was promoted to Sagong (equivalent to the current Minister of Construction), and later was promoted to major Sikou (equivalent to Today, the local Public Security Bureau and Chairman of the Department of Minister of part-time President of the Supreme check); fifty-six, and was promoted to Deputy Prime Minister, also responsible for foreign affairs (as Confucius promoted too fast, do not meet the official criteria for promotion, so as acting prime minister .) Confucius to power, immediately disrupt the political affairs of the crafty and fawning ministers Shaozheng Mao to kill, to strictly enforce the law, which were moving moment, which can be seen that some people believe that Confucius was not the pedantic later bear the pedantic, but the aggressive but not violent husband Tiger Feng Wei River. Confucius ruling just three months to make all aspects of domestic and foreign Lu to have subdued national power surge, the people live and work, the Shurei law, social order and very good (in the history books called "Lubushiyi, close the doors at night"), crafty and fawning and trouble-making people have fled the; the same time, Confucius also through diplomatic means, to force in the war of aggression Qi Lu Lu returned the vast territory. Luding Gong for 12 years, Confucius to weaken the three-hwan (Ji Sun, Shu Sun, Meng Qing Sun three family background, because the three grandchildren Lu Huan Huan so called Third, when Lu Guozheng actually in their hands right , and the three retainers Huan some degree of control again with three different hwan), has taken all the measures fall into three (ie demolition of the castle built by the three-hwan). Action was not falling into the final three are successful, but the public rooms on the strong play a considerable role. Confucius Qi outstanding ability to feel threatened, so in order to squeeze out of Confucius, to send a good horse on the 120 and 80 Girls Band to the feudal state of Lu. Jun Lu leads indulge in this, not for three days in court, to the worship of the day, forget the sub-sacrifice (which at that time is a very serious matter.) Confucius Lu Jun disappointed, he left Lu, began to travel around the world. Confucius has gone Wei, Song, Cao, Qi Chen, Tsai, Chu and other countries. Confucius, though in all countries are respected, but because of the benevolence as the core of Confucius, the ceremony for the order, requirement harmony, care of their resources in the pursuit of political ideas and overbearing princes were out of tune, Confucius has not been reused so as to implement their own political ideals. 68 Confucius returned to Lu, Jun Lu leads courtesy of Confucius quite, but still do not reuse Confucius. Confucius's political ideals can not be implemented at the time, but the greatness of Confucius is "not feasible and the line of knowing", he will own political ideals in the hands of future generations. Confucius returned to Lu, after which stopped in direct political activity on the one hand continue to organize cultural texts, amendments Six; side of the wide income disciples, to carry out large-scale culture and education, according to legend, Professor disciples more than 3,000 people, including master the six arts of the disciples 72. His later years, Confucius's favorite disciple Yan Hui unfortunately died young, the star pupil of Zi Lu died defending civil strife, the son of holes carp also died young, and Confucius in the "my way is not" and this series of blows, under, I guess the health of Confucius a great deal of damage by Confucius in 479 BC, 73 years old Feb. 11 Lunar New Year (72 years) died. Confucius family tree - Xi VII Zu Huangdi's Xuanyuan - Xi VI Zushao Hao Jin Tianshi (Yuen clamor) - Xi five great ancestor insect - Xi Xin four-generation ancestor, Ku's high - Xi III Zuqi - Xi II Zuzhao Ming - Xi an ancestor phase soil - If Forty ancestor Chang - Sajiu ancestor prince Yu Cao - Saba ancestor offerings - Saqi ancestor Zhen (Wang Hai) Wang Heng - Saliu ancestor on a micro- - Thirty-five-generation ancestor was reported B - Sasi ancestor reported C - Sasan Ding ancestor Report - Saer ancestor Master Ren - Sayi ancestor main decanoate - Thirty ancestor Shang Cheng Tang (Tai-yi) - Eve C. ancestor business so outside of Wang Ding Shang Ren - Nianba ancestor Shang Taijia (Taizong) - Fight with the business Wangtai Geng Nian Qi Shang ancestor - A Shang Nian Liu Yong Wang ancestor had business Shang Tai Wu (in cases) - Nian Wu Shang ancestor business outside of Wang Ding Shang Ren A River of Tan - Round-generation ancestor of Shang Zu Yi - Niansan ancestor Shang Shang Wo Jia Zu Xin - Nianer ancestor Shang Wang Nangeng Zuding Business - A twenty-ancestor Business Business Pan Geng Wang Yang Shang Xiao Xin Wang B Business - Twenty-Commerce Wang Wuding ancestor (Emperor) - Twenty ancestor Cho A Business Business Wang Zugeng - Shang Lin Xin nineteenth ancestor - Eighth-generation ancestor Shang Kang Ding - Seventh-generation ancestor Shang Wu B - Sixteen Wang Ding ancestor Business - Fifth generation ancestor Business Wangdi Yi - Fourth-generation ancestor Shang Di Xin (Zhou) sub-micro-micro-Zhong Yan - Thirteen ancestor Songgong JI - Twelve ancestor Song Ding Gongshen - XI ancestor Song Min public - X. Zufu Father Ho - Father of nine weeks ancestor Song - VIII Zushi Zi Sheng - Seven ancestor is the parent test - June Ka ancestor hole Father - Father of five-generation ancestor of wood gold - Emperor Qi parent - Ancestor anti-tert- - Grandfather Boxia - The parent beam knot t - Confucius - Confucius sculpture sub carp hole - Sun drain hole - Great-grandson of white hole - Great-great-grandson hole requirements - Hole Sun Kei six generations - Sun holes through seven generations - Hole Sun Qian eight generations - Nine Hole Sun on behalf of crucian carp, tree holes, hole Teng, Han emperor Liu Bang Tang sealing is "enshrined Monarch" - The tenth generation of Sun Zhong-hole - Ten generations Kongwu Sun - Second generation descendant of holes sickness - Thirteen holes on behalf of Sun Pa, Chinese Emperor called "praise as Hou", thanks to Shiyi eight hundred. - Fourth generation descendant of Fu hole was EMPEROR Sui and the first year called "Yanshao Jia Hou" - Fifth generation descendant of atrial, praised as Hou - Sixteen holes were on behalf of Sun, praised as Hou - Seventh generation descendant of Kongzhi, praised as Hou - Eighth generation descendant of hole loss, praise Tinghou - Ninth generation of the Sun hole Yao, Feng Sheng Ting Hou - After twenty-generation descendant of holes, hole like this, praise into Hou, Jung, Beihai Prefecture, so the doctor Han - Twenty-hole generation Sun Xian, Hou St. cases - Twenty second-generation Sun holes Chen, Feng Sheng Ting Hou - Twenty three generations of Sun Kong Yi Mountain, Feng Sheng Ting Hou - Twenty four generations of Sun Kong Fu, Feng Sheng Ting Hou - Twenty Five Hole Sun Yi, Feng Sheng Ting Hou - Twenty-six generation descendant of fresh hole, Feng Sheng Ting Hou - Twenty-seven generation of holes by Sun, Chong Sheng doctor - Twenty-eight generation descendant Kong Lingzhen, Chong Sheng Hou - Twenty-nine generation descendant Kong Wentai, Chong Sheng Hou - Drainage holes thirty on behalf of the Sun, Chong Sheng Hou - Thirty generations hole Sun Sun, Christine St Hou - Thirty generations Sunkongsizhe, Shaosheng Hou - Thirty three generations of Sun Kong Delun, praised St. Hou - Thirty-generation descendant Kong Chongji, praised St. Hou - Five Sun holes pendant girdle-ornament of thirty, praised St. Hou, Wenxuan Wang and Yanzhou Nagao - Thirty-six generation descendant of holes Xuan, public propaganda - Thirty-seven generation descendant Kong Qiqing, public propaganda - Thirty-eight holes provided on behalf of Sun Zhi, public propaganda - Three ninth generation of the Sun hole policy, public propaganda - Forty generation descendant of hole vibration, public propaganda - Sun Kong Zhaojian aged generation, public propaganda - Forty second-generation Sun Kong Guangsi, Surabaya, the main book - Forty three generations of Sun Kongren Yu, propaganda and public magistrate in Qufu - Four holes are fourteen generations, Sun Yi, and Qufu, the main book of public propaganda, Chancery doctor - Forty Five Sun Kong Yanshi, propaganda and public dynasties, Qufu magistrate Yansheng Gong: - 46 Generation Yansheng Gong Kong Shengyou, propaganda chief magistrate of public things, holes were willing, - 47 holes Ruoxu Generation Yansheng Gong, Kong Ruoyu, hole if Mongolia - 48 Generation Yansheng Gong Kongduan Li, hole-side operation, Kongduan You (Sect) - 49 holes on behalf of Yansheng Gong Hu, Kong Fan, hole Jie (Sect) - 50 holes on behalf of Yansheng Gong fu, hole Zong, Jin hole, hole save - 51 holes per use on behalf of Yansheng Gong, Kong Yuanxiao, Kong Wen-Yuan (Sect), Kong Yuan measures, Kong Yuan-hung - 52 holes of the thick Generation Yansheng Gong, a wholly-hole, Kong Wanchun, hole of the week - 53 holes on behalf of Yansheng Gong Huan, hole governance, Chen hole, hole-soo (Sect) - 54 holes on behalf of Yansheng Gong think dark, Kongsi Cheng, hole thinking Xu (Sect) - 55 Generation Yansheng Gong Kong Kejian, Kong Kezhong (Sect) - 56 study on behalf of Yansheng Gong Xi hole, hole Xi Road (Sect) - Lane 57 on behalf of the Yansheng Gong hole, hole Yee (Sect) - 58 hole public on behalf of Yansheng Gong Jian, Kong Gongcheng (Sect) - 59 holes on behalf of Yansheng Gong Yan Jin, Yan rope hole (Sect) - 60 Generation Yansheng Gong Kong Chengqing, hole bearing the United States (Sect) - 61 Generation Yansheng Gong Konghong Xu, Kong Hongtai (words never real), Hong Kong Chapter (Sect) - 62 holes Wenshao Generation Yansheng Gong, hole hear sounds (Sect) - 63 Generation Yansheng Gong Zhen dry hole, hole Chen Ning, Kong Ching Wan (Sect) - No. 64 on behalf of the Yansheng Gong Kong Shangxian, still dry hole (Sect) - 65 holes on behalf of Yansheng Gong Yan Zhi, Kong Yanzhen (Sect) - No. 66 on behalf of the Yansheng Gong Kong Xingxie, hole Xing Qian (Sect) - 67 holes on behalf of Yansheng Gong Yu Qi, Kong Yuyuan (Sect) - 68 priests on behalf of Yansheng Gong hole mass, hole mass Jin (Sect) - After 69 holes on behalf of Yansheng Gong Huo, Kong Jitao (Sect) - 70 holes on behalf of Yansheng Gong Guang Kai, hole wide scoop (Sect) - 71 Generation Yansheng Gong KONG Zhao Xuan, Kong Zhaohuan (Sect) - No. 72 on behalf of the Yansheng Gong Kong Xianpei, Kong Xiankun (Sect) - No. 73 on behalf of the Hung Hing Rong Yansheng Gong, Qing-meter (Sect) - Fan-74 on behalf of the Yansheng Gong Hao, Fan-Hao (Sect) - No. 75 on behalf of the Yansheng Gong Kong Xiangke, Kong Xiangkai (Sect) - 76 Generation Yansheng Gong Ling-Yi (the word Sun Valley), 1877 (Guangxu three years) 5 years old inherited Yansheng Gong - 77th Generation Yansheng Gong Kung (1920 students) - 78 Great sage and teacher on behalf of government enshrined Kong Weiyi - No. 79 on behalf of the Great sage and teacher in memory of officers down a long hole - 80 on behalf of the Great sage and teacher in memory of Officer Kong Youren - 80 generations of the generational words: Chin, Shao, read, display, Yang Jian, Road, London, security, fixed, Mao, repair, Zhao, Yi Chang, Yu, Wen, Huan, Jing, Rui, Yong , tin, world, Xu, Chang.
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Chronology of the Life
1 year: 551 BC (Lu Xianggong Twenty-two years) Confucius was born September 28 Yi Lu Zou, Changping Town (now southeast of the city of Qufu, Shandong). There are two records on the date of birth of Confucius, a difference of one year, this from the "Historical Records • Confucius family," said. 2 years: 550 BC (Lu Xianggong twenty-three years) of Confucius in Shandong. 3 years: 549 years BC (Lu Xianggong twenty-four years)-tert-beam knot father died, and buried anti-Hill (now 25 miles east of Qufu.) Yan Zheng hole mother moved in to bring sub-Que in Qufu, life is hard. 4 years: 548 years BC (Lu Xianggong twenty-five years) of Confucius in Shandong. 5 years: 547 BC (Lu Xianggong twenty-six years) disciples of Confucius, Qin business students, business is not kind words, the State of Lu. 6 years: 546 BC (Lu Xianggong twenty-seven years) disciples who point students, Braille Xi, Shen, the father. 7 years: 545 years BC (Lu Xianggong twenty-eight) disciple Yan Yao Health, also known as non-Yao Yao, the word season Road, Yan Yuan father. 8 years: 544 years BC (Lu Xianggong twenty-nine years) disciples Ran Geng students, Zibo cattle, the State of Lu. 9 years: 543 BC (Lu Xianggong three decades) of Confucius in Shandong. This year, Zheng Guozi producing power, "a chapter that is vulgar, and down with clothes, Tian Feng Xu, Wu Lu wells." ("Zuo • Xianggong three decades") Zheng great order. Confucius was the performance evaluation of pair production is very high. 10 years: 542 BC (disciple of Lu Chung Xianggong〕 thirty year by the students, the word Zi Lu, Bian people. Xianggong Lu died that year, his son Wu to the throne, is to Zhao Gong. 11 years: BC 541 (Lu Zhaogong first year) Confucius in Lu. 12 years: 540 years BC (Lu Zhaogong years) disciples carved open paint born child if the word, Cai people. 13 years: 539 BC (Lu Zhaogong three years) of Confucius in Shandong. 15 years: 537 BC (Lu Zhaogong reflected in its five-year〕 Confucius day long, have been aware of the need to learn how to behave and life skills, Gu Yue: ", I have been on learning." ("The Analects of Confucius • The governance ") 16, 536 BC (Lu Zhaogong years) Ding Chang Chu punishment. Min loss disciples of Health, the word Zi Qian, State of Lu. 17 years: 535 BC (Lu Zhaogong〕 seven holes in the Death Master Yan Zheng. Is the year. Jishi who a noble dinner, Confucius went to the party, was shut out Jishi retainer Yang Hu. 19 years: BC 533 (Lu Zhaogong nine) Song Qi official Shi Zhinv Confucius married wife. 20 years: 532 BC (Lu Zhaogong years) QI officer's children. At this point in time for Lu Zhaogong rumored to give carp to Confucius, it is to his son named carp, Zibo fish. Confucius began that year appointed officials, management, warehouse. 21 years: 531 years BC (Lu Zhaogong eleven years) is converted by the Confucius fields, livestock management. Confucius said: "My little too cheap, so many things can be rustic." ("The Analects of Confucius • Zaihan"), this "vulgar things" when including the "Committee of Officials," "take the field." 27, 525 BC (Lu Zhaogong Tan Zi North seventeen years〕 Lu, Confucius asked Tan to Tan Son Bureaucracy ancient country. Confucius up a private school, as in the previous post. 30 years: 522 BC (Lu Zhaogong two decades〕 interested in learning from fifteen to more than 15 years now, through the efforts of Confucius has a foothold in society, Gu Yun "Sanshierli." ("The Analects of Confucius • The government ") is on to Lu and Yan Ying Qi Jinggong access. Qi Jinggong met Confucius, and Confucius to discuss how to dominate Qinmu Gong issue. disciple Yan Hui, Yong Ran, Ran Qiu, Shang Qu, Liang woodpecker students. back to the word deep , Yong Zhong Gong words, find the word children there, the word child Qu wood, both the State of Lu; woodpecker Zi Shu fish, Qi. 31 years: 521 BC (Lu Zhaogong twenty-one year) disciple of Wu Ma Shi, high fuel, Mi missing students. Son of the word Shi, Chen people; Chai word sub-high, the State of Qi; missing word sub-base, the State of Lu. 32 years: 520 BC (Lu Zhaogong Twenty-two years) disciples Duanmu give life, give the word Zigong, defending people. 34 years: 518 years BC (Lu Zhaogong twenty-four years) Meng Yi Jing Shu Miller promoter and Palace Confucius. According to legend, Confucius and fitness palace Jingshu weeks old and engaged in ceremonies and asked willing Chang Hong. 35 years: 517 BC (Lu Zhaogong twenty-five years) Lu civil unrest. "Historical Records • family of Confucius," says: "Zhao Gong teacher strike rate (quarterly) level sub, sub and Meng Ping Sun, Shu Sun a total of three attack Zhao Gong, Zhao Gong defeated division, Ben Qi." Confucius also went to the State of this year. 36 years old, 516 years BC (Lu Zhaogong twenty-six years) Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about government, Confucius replied: "Jun-Jun, Chen Chen, the father father, son son." Confucius was appreciated Qi Jinggong, King of the field of public trying to use the sealing in the River Niger, is Yan Zi blocked. Confucius in Qi Wen, "Shao" music, mesmerized, in March I do not know meat. 37 years: 515 BC (Lu Zhaogong twenty-seven years) Qida Fu Yu Hai Confucius, Confucius returned to Lu from the Qi. Wugong Zi Qi Ji Zha employed, and his son dead, buried Ying, Bo between. Confucius go and watch his funeral. Brother to be in the Fan, the original Health. Son to be the word late into Lu; constitution word Zisi, Sung people. 38 years: 514 BC (Lu Zhaogong twenty-eight) Jin Wei Xianzai (name of Shu) in power, give talented people regardless of affinity. Confucius think this is a magnanimous act, saying: "pro almost lose much without losing move, described as meaning carry on." 39, 513 years BC (Lu Zhaogong twenty-nine) is cast in the winter of criminal Jin Ding, Confucius said, "Jin almost his death, missing the degree of carry on." 40 years: 512 BC (Lu Zhaogong three decades) after decades of tempering, the problems of life have a relatively clear understanding of it from the cloud "Forty had no doubts." Disciples Tantaimieming students. Off Meiji Zaiyu, State of Lu. 41 years: BC 511 (Lu Zhaogong thirty year) disciple of Chen Kang students. Kang word sub-birds, Chen people. 42 years: 510 BC (Lu Zhaogong three years) Zhaogong Cu, will be public. 43 years: 509 BC (Lu Dinggong first year) brother of Red West Public Health. Deficit in China, the State of Lu. 45 years: BC 507 (Luding Gong three years) disciples BU business students. Commercial character Zixia, defending people. 46 years: 506 years BC (Lu Dinggong four years) made by Yan disciple students. Yan sub-word tour, Wu people. 47 years: 505 years BC (Lu Dinggong five years) disciple Zeng Shen, Yan Xing-sheng. Participation word Zaiyu, State of Lu. Fortunately, the word son Liu, State of Lu. 48 years: BC 504 years (six years〕 Luding Gong Yang Hu Jishi retainer at good at the right weight. Confucius called "Pei Chen enforcement country life." ("The Analects of Confucius • Jishi"), "Historical Records • family of Confucius," says: "implementation of national policy 。...... it Peichen Confucius Bushi, still active maintenance" Poems "," book "," li "," music ", all the disciples of Mi, as from afar, from industry, Mo Yan." Yang Hu Yu Jian Confucius, Confucius did not want to see Yang Hu, after the two met on the road. Yang Hu urged Confucius official career, there is no clear statement of Confucius. matter when or Luding Gong Lu Dinggong five years. 49 years: BC 503 (Lu Dinggong years) Chuan Sun disciples and students. Word sub-division Zhang, Chen people. 50 years: 502 years BC (Lu Dinggong years) from the so-called "Fifty to know your destiny." ("The Analects of Confucius • The government") to charge the public rebelled against the mountain will not accustomed to Jishi, people call Confucius, Confucius, Yu Wang, Zi Lu was blocked. 51 years: 501 BC (Lu Dinggong nine years) were slaughtered in Confucius, governance in all year, Zhuo Youzheng performance, the Quartet is it. Disciples Ran Lu, Cao Qin, Bo Qian, Yan Gao, Shu Zhong Huisheng. Lu Lu the word child, the State of Lu: Qin word sub followed, Tsai people: Qian word sub-analysis, the State of Lu; high character son arrogance, the State of Lu: will the word sub-period. State of Lu. 52 years: 500 BC (Lu Dinggong years) Confucius PRIMARY Sagong Central are slaughtered, after the major lift Sikou, perturbation of the matter. With the _set_ of public and Qihou summer meet in Jiagu. Confucius in advance of the Qi will be invited to Lu Jun Jia Gu alert and prepared for it not only _set_ the public Qi hijacking plot did not succeed, and the forced occupation of the State of Lu Qi Yun promised to return, Cao, overcast, etc. Land tortoise . 53 years: 499 BC (Lu Dinggong eleven years) Confucius Sikou Lu, Lu Dazhi. 54 years: 498 BC (Lu Dinggong years) Sikou Confucius to Lu. To weaken the three-hwan, to take all measures fall into three. Shu Sun Sun to weaken the retainer with the quarter of the forces in support of this idea of Confucius, but this action by the convergence of Bangladesh at the parent company of Sun retainer resistance, Sun Meng secretly support the convergence at the parent company. Actions fall into three are unfinished. Gong disciples of Health. Long words sub stone, the state of Chu. 55 years: 497 years BC (Lu Dinggong ten years) in spring, Qi Lu sent to the 80 beautiful women. Ji Huanzi accepted female music, monarch obsessed with dance, multi-day affairs of state to ignore. Confucius and Jishi and there is not. Confucius left Lu to the defense of their country. In October, the scourge of Confucius by calumny, leaving Chen to defend the country. Marina in passing, was under siege. After The Po, the case of Gongshu's rebel Wei, Confucius and his disciples and was under siege. Are then returned to Wei. 56, 496 BC (Lu Dinggong fourteen years) was Duke Ling of Wei Wei, Confucius summoned his wife Kanako. Zi Lu Nan-son of Confucius criticized Confucius most comments. Zheng Guozi producing death of Confucius heard the news, very sad, praise middle child is "left ancient love." 57 years: 495 BC (Lu Dinggong fifteen years) residence of Confucius to Lu Wei. Summer May Luding Gong died, Luai Gong Li. 58 years: 494 BC (home of Confucius〕 Lu Lu Aigong first year, Wu Lu hired people to "joint car" issue asked Confucius. 59 years: 493 BC (Lu Aigong years) to Confucius by the Lu Wei. Duke Ling of Wei asked Chen (BN) to Confucius, Kong Ziwan statement rejected the Duke Ling of Wei. Confucius lived during the Great Patriotic not go to health westbound. After Cao to the Song. Sima Sung Hwan? (Right-left ghost tailed bird) hated Confucius, and threatened to harm Confucius, Confucius, the line incognito. 60 years: BC 492 (Luai Gong three years) since that of Confucius, "Sixty and the ear." Chen Cheng had to Confucius, his disciples separated in Zheng capital alone with his disciples at the East Gate to wait to find, to be laughed at, called "numerous, if lost dog." Confucius readily laughed and said: "However, holy, then indeed!" 61 years: BC 491 (Luai Gong Chen to four years away from Confucius, Cai〕. 62 years: 490 BC (Lu Aigong five years) from the CAI to the leaves of Confucius. Ye asked Confucius about government, and discuss the integrity and Confucian ethics. Cai in the way back to the leaves, Confucius case hermit. 63 years: BC 489 (Lu Aigong〕 Confucius and his disciples in the six-Chen Tsai trapped between the absolute grain, many disciples hungry and sick because of hardship, after Chu is extended. From the back of Chu Wei, the way they encounter hidden persons. 64 years: 488 years BC (Lu Aigong years) of Confucius in the Guardian. Advocate for the government during the Great Patriotic first rectification of names. 65 years: 487 BC (Lu Aigong years) of Confucius in the Guardian. Lu Wu attacked that year, was defeated. If the disciples of Confucius active war. 66 years: 486 BC (Lu Aigong nine) of Confucius in the Guardian. 67 years: 485 BC (Lu Aigong years) of Confucius in the Guardian. Ms. Kong Zi Qi officer's death. Confucius died six years later, it counted as two loving life. 68 years: 484 BC (Lu Aigong eleven years) was cutting years of Qi Lu, Confucius and his disciples Ranyou Shuai Qi Lu division battle won. Ji Kang asked Ranyou command to come from? Ran You gave the answer "study of Confucius." Ji Kang sent to currency Lu Ying Kong in return. Hole in the travel around the world for 14 years, bringing an end. Ji Kang desire line "land tax", Confucius opposed. Confucius Ran You said: "The man of the line also, the degree in the ceremony. Shi whichever is thick, do give them, grabbing their thin. The case of the hill is also sufficient." 69 years: 483 years BC (Lu Aigong years) is still the heart of Confucius in politics, then not used. Confucius continued to engage in education and organize the literature work. Death of Confucius's son carp hole. 70 years: 482 BC (Lu Aigong〕 thirteen years since that of Confucius, "seventy I act, not breaking the rules." Yen Hui died, Confucius is very sad. 71 years: 481 BC (Lu Aigong〕 was fourteen years in the spring, hunting Huolin. Holes of the view that this is not a good sign, said: "My Dao poor carry on." So stop the repairs, "Spring." June Qi Chen Jane Qi Heng killing the public, and three Huan Lu Aigong see Confucius, the request to send troops crusade against Chen Huan Lu, was not supported. 72 years: 480 BC (Luai Gong Wen Wei fifteen years〕 Confucius coup, had a premonition that Zi Lu dangerous to life. Zilu really killed. Confucius is very sad. 73 years: 479 BC (Lu Aigong sixteen years) in April, Confucius illness, unhealed Ercu. Lu buried north of the city. Luai Gong Lei, saying: "Heaven is not suspended, not Pie left an old screen to serve more than one person to reign, Qiongqiong in remorse over, ending up! Nepal Father! Without self-discipline." Many disciples whom the grave keeper for three years, the grave keeper whom Zi Gong six years. Disciples and Lu homeless people from the tomb of the hundreds, named after the hole. Replaced the former residence of Confucius temple, Confucius veneration by the people.
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One's best pupil
Confucius teach up to three thousand disciples of Confucius plans, including seventy wise men, and many senior officials are all pillars of our countries, foremost among which are: Duanmu, thanks to 456 before the former 520, the word Zigong, surnamed Duan Mu, the name given, defending people (Henan Xun County people), a former Lu, Wei the phase between the two countries, is seventy Confucius as a person the most Yin , and the Division of excellent speech by the column. Zi Gong is a great Spring and Autumn Period diplomat and businessman, was later regarded as a "Confucian ancestor." Confucius called "Hu Lian of the device." He resigned liqueur clever, good at rhetoric, and there is only dry economy, things clearly. He is also good at doing business, have business in Cao, Lu between the two countries, the rich caused daughter. Richest disciples of Confucius. Sima Qian as "Records of the Historian ZENY disciples Biography", the character of the cost of ink Zigong most of its length in terms of biography to the public in the Confucian disciples is the longest. This phenomenon shows that in the eyes of Sima Qian, Zi Gong is a highly unusual figure. Sima Qian's this idea that we follow, and then carefully read the "Analects" and other books, can see that the character Zigong unusual. His influence, the role of the giant is disciples of Confucius no one can match: his outstanding school performance, rich cultural enrichment, political, and diplomatic skills excellence, financial management capacity of superb business. In the Confucian disciples, Zi Gong is to learn and the best combination of a line. Yan Yan, the former 506 ~ before the 443, the word son tour, also known as Uncle's, Changshu people, is the only Southern Spring and Autumn Period disciples of Confucius. He was 22 years old north away from home, thanks to Confucius as a Teacher. Modest, studious, good at literature and former Luguo Wu City slaughter, the people with music education, There is music everywhere, the voice within, won the appreciation of Confucius. Go South, after studies, numerous disciples from the tour, the first person known as the spread of Southeast culture. At first, labeled after the Tang Wu Hou, Wu Gong, Wu Guogong and fathers made child and so on. Kangxi Dr between five members of the ad hoc, by hereditary descent. Yan Yan to the Wu Culture made a great contribution to the prosperity. Ten Zhede line in four subjects: Yan Yuan, Zi Qian, Ran Bo Niu, Zhong Gong Language: kill me, Zigong Affairs: Ran You, Ji Road Literature: Zi You Zi Xia (See "The Analects of Confucius advanced")
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Works of Confucius
_Select_ed Poems of Confucius To the Lu Song He is a woman's mouth, you can leave. Ye women of Phi can defeat death. Cover leisurely, Victoria to death years old. Cicada song mantis Violation of mountain miles and cicada voice mantis, Utah still ears. Kameyama operation I desire Lu Xi, Kameyama encapsulates. No hand ax, Chennai Kameyama Ho! Note: "Musical Instrument": "Ji Huanzai women by Qi Yue, Confucius admonished not want to, retreat for the song Turtle Lu Wang, Lu Yu quarter of the shelter also." "Musical Instrument", the qin pieces _set_, transfer to the Eastern Han Yong series. Disc operation Dry Ze and fishing, dragon not swim. Destroy the nest egg, Cheung Fung does not leave. Sad tragedy to heart, reducing interest rates corner. Note: See "Musical Instrument." Has been revised "Poetry", "book", will be "li", "music", order "The Book of Changes" for the "Spring and Autumn." ("Analects" of Confucius disciples collected out.)
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Confucius Posthumous
Zhou Jing Wang forty one year (479 BC), Confucius's death, pro-Lei Lu Aigong Confucius. Lei Wen said: "Min days not suspended, do not up_set_ left an old screen to serve more than one person to reign, Qiongqiong in remorse over, ending up! Nepal Father! No discipline." ("Zuo Duke Ai sixteen years") the ancients that "parent Nigeria" is a posthumous title of Confucius. In fact, this is only a courtesy title of Confucius is not posthumous. Father, with the "Fu" is the ancient of man's reputation. Han Yuanshi first year (first year), the Han Emperor Liu Ping Kan bestowed on Confucius as a "declared Nigeria as the public praise" the ancients that "praise as" a country name, "declared Nigeria" is a posthumous title, "public" is the title. Sixteen years of Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 492), Yuan Wang Xiaowen, said Confucius, "Wen St Nicholas Father." "Holy Man" is the appellation, "Father of Nepal" is the King said. Zhou elephant two years (AD 580), the static Yuwen Yan Emperor bestowed on Confucius as a "Zouguo Gong", "Zou" is the name of the country, "the public" is the title. Suikai Huang Dynasty (581 AD), Emperor Yang insisted that Confucius as the "father of the first division Nepal"; years of Tang Dynasty (AD 628), Taizong Li Shimin statue of Confucius as a "sage." "First teacher", "sage" are honorific. Zhenguan eleven years (AD 637), renamed Confucius as "the father declared," "Vision" for the posthumous title of "Father" is the name. Qian Feng reign (AD 666), Emperor Li Zhi of Confucius as a gift, "Taishi", "Taishi" as an official position. Shou-Wu Zhou Dynasty (AD 690), Wu Feng Confucius as the "Long Road Company." "Long Road" is the title, "public" is the title. Tang Kaiyuan twenty-seven years (AD 739), the reign Longji closure of Confucius as a "Wenxuan Wang." "Propaganda" for the posthumous title of "King" is the title. Here, "King" is not under the rank of Lord later King Emperor, but bet the king, "King Wu", "into the King" King. Western Xia Renzong three years (AD 1146) in March, the West Xia Renzong edict issued: "respect for the culture of Confucius Xuan, so that gun noted up the temple worship, Temple Court Hong Chang, and as the monarchy." (According to "History of the Song of Summer National Biography "and the Wu Guangcheng" Western Xia book thing "record) dynasties of the title is the highest level.
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Confucius height
"Historical Records family of Confucius": Confucius, there are nine feet six inches long, everyone called the "long man" and our differences.
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Confucius diet
Confucius attached great importance to the food problem. Complete his diet concept as a system, the principles involved in eating, food rituals, cooking, etc., and to develop our theory of the ancient diet was thinking. Here is the classic exposition of Confucius for the diet: Food is too refined, kuai tire size. He exterminate the food, meat, fish, hungry and lost, do not eat. Color evil do not eat, do not eat smelly evil. Loss of Ren do not eat, do not eat from time to time. Cut is not correct, do not eat. Not the sauce, do not eat. Meat are numerous, not to win fresh air. Only wine immeasurable, less chaos.
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Confucius Institute
Confucius Institute at the University of Edinburgh Confucius Institute is in reference to foreign organizations to promote the national language on the basis of experience, established in overseas to teach Chinese language and Chinese culture for the purpose of dissemination of non-profit public interest organization. It is adhering to the Confucian "harmony," "but different" concept, and promote exchange and fusion of Chinese and foreign cultures, to build a lasting peace, common prosperity and harmonious world for the purpose. Since November 2004 the world's first Confucius Institute in South Korea since the establishment, as of October 2009, 87 countries around the world have _set_ up 583 Confucius Institutes and Confucius classrooms, a spread of Chinese culture and to promote Chinese language teaching and platform global brand .
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TV series "Confucius"
Investment in production units Foshan Media Group Foshan TV Media Television Culture Co., Ltd. Foshan Pearl River Creative staff Liu Ning, chief planner】 【 Channing Zheng Huili Directed by Han Gang 【】 Zhang Wenjie photographer Artist】 【Mao Huaiqing Fashion Design】 【toward g Wang Yuling】 【makeup artist Confucius concept map〗 〖 Confucius concept map Starring Zhao Wenxuan decorated Confucius Gallen Lo decorated Zigong Hyun decorated Kanako Eddie Kwan who plays the public disturbance mountain brush (Continued) 【Book "Confucius" Information】 Title: Confucius OF: Ming-Ji Zhong Publisher: Central University for Nationalities Press Publication date: 1998 ISBN: 9787810561167 Folio: 16 Price: 498.00 yuan
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Introduction
"Confucius" is a collection of Confucius's life, thought theory, theory of the tradition, and the doctrine of corpus as a whole and the specific use, comprehensive, three-dimensional, reflecting the Confucian system, a _set_ of large books. "Confucius" is divided into six parts: Part I: "East of the sun - Biography of Confucius", the system describes the life of Confucius. Confucius life from birth to death in chronological order into the form of a number of small thread from the story. Part II: "Great ideas - Confucianism," and systematically summarizes the philosophy of Confucius, political, educational and economic thought. Part III: "Walking with the great man - Kong Xueqi show recorded," from the old saying that the essence of social life to obtain enlightenment: to provide winning strategies for political struggle, to provide for the production and management tips to win for the community to provide the best method of communication ... .... Part IV: "The Wisdom of Heritage - Confucian inheritance", described in detail so far from the Spring and Autumn Dynasty two thousand five hundred years of Confucian doctrine of the inheritance, development and evolution. Part V: "Eastern Classic - The Complete Works of Confucianism", a collection of "Five Classics" and the "Four Books." Part VI: "The ideal management - application of modern management thought and Confucianism", specifically the Confucian used in modern management. Confucianism and the modern management of the combination. Confucian worship "ritual" to promote "loyalty" and "trust."
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Film "Confucius"
* Title: Confucius Chow Yun-Fat - Confucius Director: Hu Mei * Starring: Chow Yun-Fat - Confucius, Jian-Bin Chen - Season Hang son, Zhou Xun - Southern son, Jiao Huang - Lao Tzu, Lu Yi - Ji Sun fertilizer, Ren Quan - Yen Hui, Wang spot - Mang Ho Ji, Zhang Kaili - Confucius wife * Release Date: Spring 2010 * Producer: John Sham Han Sanping Rong * Producer: Sarah Cui * Screenplay: Chen Khan Jiangqi Tao He Yanjiang * Director of Photography: Peter Pau * Design: Yee Chung * Music: Cong Su * Chupin Fang: China Film Group Corporation Earth Times Culture Communication (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Entertainment Earth Synopsis: According to producer Dennis introduced Trailer of this subsection called the "great feeling" chapter, the film used to break the audience's thinking style, not only shows the "days without students Zhong Ni, vancomycin, such as night," the enduring feelings, but also demonstrates the Confucius as "human" side. A superior image of the saint, for the first time to life on the big screen, his laughter, his grief, his struggles, his struggle, his loneliness and frustration. Video flesh plump shape of Confucius, in this trailer is conceivable to see reflected the whole picture. When Confucius appears on the screen sorry for the lens, or anger, all of us here are all sadly touched, by Confucius, simple and sincere "human nature" deeply moved.
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About Confucius
Confucius (551 years before the Sept. 28 <lunar month Nianqi> ~ 479 BC April 11 <Lunar New Year February 11>), styled Zhong Ni. Middle child, the Han people, the Spring and Autumn period of the State of Lu. Confucius was a great thinker of ancient China and educator, founder of Confucianism, one of the world's most famous literary figures. Compilation of China's first chronological history books, "Spring and Autumn." According to the records, Confucius was born in Lu Yi Zou, Changping Town (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province town of Nan Xin Lu Yuen Estate); Confucius died, at age 73, buried in Surabaya on the north of Qufu, which today Konglin location. Words and deeds of Confucius thought the main body of essays contained in the quotations from "The Analects" and the Qin and Han saved under the "Historical Records family of Confucius." 【"Child", the ancient honorific title of adult men in the Spring and Autumn Period, any adult male can be referred to as "child", and all want others to call themselves "child" because "son" or a title of nobility, the so-called "公侯伯子男 "also. However, people can really get a "child" proportionate, generally two kinds of people: either a high credibility in the community, such as "teacher"; or is more noble and moral; Confucius, Lao Tzu is the former. 】 According to records, this is the ancestor of Confucius descendants of the Shang. Business week off after King Wu Shu King Zhou Feng business brother, Shang Zhong Ming Chen is the son Kai in the Song of micro (Business Qiuxia Yi). Neutrinos Kai died, his brother ascended the throne in micro-Chung, Chung is the micro ancestors of Confucius. Confucius six holes from the father of Peggy ancestor, the descendants began to bore the surname, the great-grandfather, uncle to escape anti-hole Song domestic chaos, fled from the Lu Song. Confucius's father, uncle beam knot (tert-beam for the word knot in the name) is a famous warrior Lu, Shu Leung Sze Yao married first knot Britain, Health and nine women without a son, the concubine a son Mengpi, but there is sufficient disease. In the circumstances, women and disabled son are not descent. Liang Shu Yan knot old age and young women under the intrinsic regeneration of Confucius. As Confucius's mother had to Niqiu mountain to pray and then pregnant next Confucius, because of Kong Zigang dent in the middle of the head at birth, such as Ni Qiu Shan; so named for the hills, styled Zhong Ni (Chung for the second meaning, Shu Liang knot The eldest son is Mengpi, Bangladesh is the first meaning.) Confucius was three years old, died knot tert-beam, after Confucius's family very poor. For various reasons, Confucius is not too much in politics as, but three months in the control state of Lu, which shows an outstanding statesman worthy of the title of Confucius. Not proud of the political, so that a large part of Confucius can be used in education on energy. Confucius Renlu Guo Sikou, travel the world after the disciples brought the end to return to Lu, to concentrate on coaching. Breaking the educational monopoly of Confucius, a pioneer in creating a private school. Up to three thousand disciples of Confucius, of whom seventy wise men, many of which are all pillars of national officials. American poet and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson that "Confucius is the glory of nations around the world" 1988, 75 Nobel Prize laureates in Paris issued a joint declaration calling for the whole world "in the 21st century humanity is to survive, we must learn from the wisdom of Confucius two thousand years ago."
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About Confucius
【"Child", the ancient honorific title of adult men in the Spring and Autumn Period, with a certain social status of adult males can be called "child", and all want others to call themselves "child" because "son" or a title, the so-called "公侯伯子男" also. However, people can really get a "child" proportionate, generally two kinds of people: either a high credibility in the community, such as "teacher"; or is more noble and moral; Confucius, Lao Tzu is the former. 】 According to records, this is the ancestor of Confucius descendants of the Shang. Business week off after King Wu Shu Feng business brother King Zhou of the Shang Zhong Ming Chen is the son Kai in micro-Song (xiayi). Neutrinos Kai died, his brother ascended the throne in micro-Chung, Chung is the micro ancestors of Confucius. Confucius six holes from the father of Peggy ancestor, the descendants began to bore the surname, the great-grandfather, uncle to escape anti-hole Song domestic chaos, fled from the Lu Song. Confucius's father, uncle beam knot (tert-beam for the word knot in the name) is a famous warrior Lu, Shu Leung Sze Yao married first knot Britain, Health and nine women without a son, the concubine a son Mengpi, but there is sufficient disease. In the circumstances, women and disabled son are not descent. Liang Shu Yan knot old age and young women under the intrinsic regeneration of Confucius. As Confucius's mother had to Niqiu mountain to pray and then pregnant next Confucius, because of Kong Zigang dent in the middle of the head at birth, such as Ni Qiu Shan; so named for the hills, styled Zhong Ni (Chung for the second meaning, Shu Liang knot The eldest son is Mengpi, Bangladesh is the first meaning.) Confucius was three years old, died knot tert-beam, after Confucius's family very poor. For various reasons, Confucius is not too much in politics as, but three months in the control state of Lu, which shows an outstanding statesman worthy of the title of Confucius. Not proud of the political, so that a large part of Confucius can be used in education on energy. Confucius Renlu Guo Sikou, travel the world after the disciples brought the end to return to Lu, to concentrate on coaching. Breaking the educational monopoly of Confucius, a pioneer in creating a private school. Up to three thousand disciples of Confucius, of whom seventy wise men, many of which are all pillars of national officials. American poet and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson that "Confucius is the glory of nations around the world" 1988, 75 Nobel Prize laureates in Paris issued a joint declaration calling for the whole world "in the 21st century humanity is to survive, we must learn from the wisdom of Confucius two thousand years ago."
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History, 100 people affected
551 ~ 479 BC, Confucius was the greatest philosopher, he outlined the basic idea of the Chinese people as the originator of the original _set_ of belief systems. The root of his philosophy of life based on moral and ethical model for the education of use, administrator of the political ideas, run through the life of the Chinese people and culture for up to two thousand years, many people the world produced a great impact . Confucius in 55 BC Lu was born in a small territory that is now northeast China's Shandong Province. His childhood death of his father, mother and a life of poverty. Young, the future philosopher, did a small government, resign after a few years makes. He taught the next sixteen years, to attract a large number of philosophical beliefs of its disciples. At about age 50, he held senior positions in the state of Lu, four years later, the court in opposition to force him off the stage, in fact, out of his exile from a Lu. In the next ten years, he lobbying his old age returned to Lu, five years later (479 BC) died. Confucius is often hailed as the founder of a religion, but the loss of this argument is accurate. He rarely mentioned God, and refused to discuss ghosts, avoid using the metaphysical school of thought in every way. He is a great importance to the moral life, the ancient Chinese philosopher. In the Confucian view, the two most important virtue is "benevolence" and "ceremony" is the standard Sage behavior. "Benevolence" is sometimes interpreted as "love", but the most precise explanation is that "with people." Li is the manners, etiquette, customs, etiquette, politeness norms in general. Even before Confucius, ancestor worship has become China's main religious activities. Confucius strongly emphasized respect for ancestors, honor their parents, making the worship activities to be strengthened. Confucius also advocated the wife of her husband, was the ruler of rulers, the servant of the owner to the absolute respect and obedience, but not in favor of the tyranny of the Chinese sage. He believes the national interests for the people there, rather than the interests of the people exist for the country. He repeatedly stressed by the benevolent ruler of the main rule rather than the military to manage. ① his other beliefs and "who you are willing to treat you, how you treat people," the golden rule is only a slight difference between the just. The basic ideas of Confucius is extremely conservative. He believed that golden age in the past, to persuade the rulers and the people are back to the good old moral standards up. But his political ideals of ethics was not actually accepted by the majority of the rulers and exclusion, so Confucius was also a claim to more than the creative spirit of the reformer. Confucius lived in the Chou dynasty, when China is in a period of chaos, rulers refused to accept his doctrine, but after his death, his ideas spread far and wide in the country. However, with 22 years BC The establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Confucian doctrine is Hengzao curse. The first emperor of Qin Dynasty Terracotta determined to eradicate the influence of Confucius, with a complete break. He ordered down Confucianism, Confucius burned books. But this repression did not succeed, a few years Later Qin dynasty fell, the scholars of Confucius was given a preaching freedom. Han dynasty in the successive period (206 BC - after 220), Confucianism has been established as the official Chinese philosophy. From the Han Dynasty, the Chinese emperor to the progressive introduction of examinations to _select_ government officials. Over time, civil service examinations to test candidates to become the classics of Confucius degree of control based examinations. In China's feudal society, among the officialdom, fame and fortune, examinations and competitive. Results from generation to generation, many people for many years to study the classics of Confucius, the Chinese thousands of years, all government officials are held by such people, their outlook on life saturated with the purpose of Confucius. This system practiced in China for over two thousand years, from about 100 BC to AD 1900. However, Confucianism is not only the official philosophy of the Chinese bureaucracy, and the Confucian Ideal also accepted by most Chinese, Confucius deeply affect their lives and thoughts of over two thousand years ago. There are several reasons to explain why China has a huge Confucius magic. First, people think he is undoubtedly sincere, personal perfection. Second, he impartial, practical, and he will not defy the power of people to do things, and ask them to be honest, never demanding their impeccable. From the point of view, reflected in his body the Chinese pragmatic temperament, and perhaps this is his ideology in China the key to great success. Confucius did not ask the Chinese to change their fundamental beliefs, but with a clear and vivid language
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Encyclopedia
Kong Zi Confucius Name Qiu, styled Zhong Ni, Yi Zou Lu Spring and Autumn Period (now Qufu, Shandong Province) people. Not only is he a great ancient Chinese thinker, statesman and educator, but also an outstanding musician. He edited "The Book of Songs," revised "Li" "music", the implementation of the thinking of music education and music, have a tremendous impact on later. Familiar with the classics of Confucius, concentrated study of Xia, Shang and Zhou's ancient music. He heard the ancient songs, "Shao", "Wu", praise in every possible way. "VII," and reads: "child in Qi Wen," Shao, "I do not know meat in March, said: As Sri Lanka does not have photo fun!" "The Analects of Confucius eight yi" also has "child that" Shao " make the United States men, and they do good also. that the "Wu", make the United States men, is also room for improvement, "the account. Confucius scheduled "Poetry", "li", "Music." "Book" kept by the 305 is said to Confucius, collected poems from the Zhou royal officials collected more than 3,000 folk songs in the first compile the. This classic collection of ancient poems, Confucius as scheduled and to survive, which is a big contribution. "Book of Songs" and the upper class is not only used in the epic songs, but also contains a large number of democratic content with distinctive folk songs, see the enlightened attitude of Confucius. Confucius scheduled "Music by" exercises had not passed. Confucius particular attention to "Li" and "music" of the complementary role, he scheduled, "Li Jing", this mass, "Zhou", "ritual", "Book of Rites" 3. Three thousand disciples of Confucius together, long-term teaching, creating a private teaching style. His "No Child", the universal education to the civilian population. He ceremony, music, archery, riding, writing, and arithmetic "Six Arts" class only, 72 were proficient. Confucius and his disciples as a daily tutorial "Six Classics", that is "easy", "poetic", "book", "li", "music", "Spring and Autumn." With particular emphasis on "fun" teaching and "Poetry" to teach, he said: "Xing in poetry, stand ceremony, as in music." "The Analects" of Confucius to his disciples and includes many about the theory of "poetry" the importance of, and supervision learning play a musical instrument of the deeds of the disciples. Confucian emphasis on music, positive music because of his political and educational role. He particularly stressed the ceremony, the combination of music, "Book of Filial Piety wide arteries": "Confucius said: ... ... with people, of good at music; the placement of government the people of good at ceremony." He believes that ceremony, the music is extremely political role important, "the ritual of fashion, the penalty is not in; the penalty, then people 无所措手足." He stressed that the ceremony, the level of music, ritual music virtuous, can have, for the confusion with the music salute level, he considers intolerable. Confucius's ideas, scattered in "The Analects of Confucius", "Book of Rites" and other books, there is no comprehensive system of discourse. Many of these contradictory factors, and his practice is also inconsistent. The basis for his theory, through his later scholars Mencius, who, until the "Music" come out, formed a system of Confucian music theory and composition in the feudal society, the mainstream music aesthetic theory, a tremendous impact . (Lan Yu Song)
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English Expression
n.: Confucius
French Expression
n. Confucius
Thesaurus
colliculus, another name of Confucius, Kong Qiu, Confucius plain Errant Hero epic
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