Yukio Mishima (三島 由紀夫, Mishima Yukio?) was the pen name of Kimitake Hiraoka (平岡 公威, Hiraoka Kimitake?, January 14, 1925–November 25, 1970), a Japanese author, poet and playwright, also remembered for his ritual suicide by seppuku.
Mishima was born in the Yotsuya district of Tokyo (now part of Shinjuku). His father was Azusa Hiraoka, a government official, and his mother, Shizue, was the daughter of a school principal in Tokyo. His paternal grandparents were Jotarō and Natsuko Hiraoka. He had a younger sister named Mitsuko, who died of typhus, and a younger brother named Chiyuki.
Mishima's early childhood was dominated by the shadow of his grandmother, Natsu, who took the boy and separated him from his immediate family for several years. Natsu was the illegitimate granddaughter of Matsudaira Yoritaka, the daimyo of Shishido in Hitachi Province, and had been raised in the household of Prince Arisugawa Taruhito; she maintained considerable aristocratic pretensions even after marrying Mishima's grandfather, a bureaucrat who had made his fortune in the newly opened colonial frontier and who rose to become Governor-General of Karafuto. She was also prone to violence and morbid outbursts, which are occasionally alluded to in Mishima's works. It is to Natsu that some biographers have traced Mishima's fascination with death. Natsu did not allow Mishima to venture into the sunlight, to engage in any kind of sport or to play with other boys; he spent much of his time alone or with female cousins and their dolls.
Mishima returned to his immediate family at 12. His father, a man with a taste for military discipline, employed such tactics as holding the young boy up to the side of a speeding train; he also raided Mishima's room for evidence of an "effeminate" interest in literature and often ripped up the boy's manuscripts.
Schooling and early works
Young Mishima in school uniform (ca. February 1940)
At age six, Mishima enrolled in elite Peers School (Gakushuin 学習院). At 12, Mishima began to write his first stories. He read voraciously the works of Oscar Wilde, Rainer Maria Rilke and numerous classic Japanese authors. After six years at school, he became the youngest member of the editorial board in its literary society. Mishima was attracted to the works of Tachihara Michizō, which in turn created an appreciation for the classical form of the waka. Mishima's first published works included waka poetry, before he turned his attention to prose.
He was invited to write a prose short story for the Peers' School literary magazine and submitted Hanazakari no Mori (花ざかりの森 The Forest in Full Bloom), a story in which the narrator describes the feeling that his ancestors somehow still live within him. Mishima’s teachers were so impressed with the work that they recommended it for the prestigious literary magazine, Bungei-Bunka (文芸文化 Literary Culture). The story, which makes use of the metaphors and aphorisms which later became his trademarks, was published in book form in 1944, albeit in a limited fashion (4,000 copies) because of the wartime shortage of paper. In order to protect him from a possible backlash from his schoolmates, his teachers coined the pen-name "Yukio Mishima".
Mishima's story Tabako (煙草 The Cigarette), published in 1946, describes some of the scorn and bullying he faced at school when he later confessed to members of the school's rugby union club that he belonged to the literary society. This trauma also provided material for the later story Shi o Kaku Shōnen (詩を書く少年 The Boy Who Wrote Poetry) in 1954.
Mishima received a draft notice for the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. At the time of his medical check up, he had a cold and spontaneously lied to the army doctor about having symptoms of tuberculosis and thus was declared unfit for service.
Although his father had forbidden him to write any further stories, Mishima continued to write secretly every night, supported and protected by his mother, who was always the first to read a new story. Attending lectures during the day and writing at night, Mishima graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1947. He obtained a position as an official in the government's Finance Ministry and was set up for a promising career.
However, Mishima had exhausted himself so much that his father agreed to his resigning from his position during his first year in order to devote his time to writing.
Post-war literature
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Mishima was a disciplined and versatile writer. He wrote not only novels, popular serial novellas, short stories and literary essays, but also highly acclaimed plays for the Kabuki theater and modern versions of traditional Noh drama.
Mishima began the short story Misaki nite no Monogatari (岬にての物語 A Story at the Cape) in 1945, and continued to work on it through the end of World War II. In January 1946, he visited famed writer Yasunari Kawabata in Kamakura, taking with him the manuscripts for Chūsei (中世 The Middle Ages) and Tabako, and asking for Kawabata’s advice and assistance. In June 1946, per Kawabata's recommendations, Tabako was published in the new literary magazine Ningen (人間 Humanity).
Also in 1946, Mishima began his first novel, Tōzoku (盗賊 Thieves), a story about two young members of the aristocracy drawn towards suicide. It was published in 1948, placing Mishima in the ranks of the Second Generation of Postwar Writers. He followed with Confessions of a Mask, a semi-autobiographical account of a young latent homosexual who must hide behind a mask in order to fit into society. The novel was extremely successful and made Mishima a celebrity at the age of 24. Around 1949, Mishima published a series of essays in Kindai Bungaku on Yasunari Kawabata, for whom he had always had a deep appreciation.
His writing gained him international celebrity and a sizable following in Europe and America, as many of his most famous works were translated into English. Mishima traveled extensively; in 1952 he visited Greece, which had fascinated him since childhood. Elements from his visit appear in Shiosai (潮騒 Sound of the Waves), which was published in 1954, and which drew inspiration from the Greek legend of Daphnis and Chloe.
Mishima made use of contemporary events in many of his works. The Temple of the Golden Pavilion in 1956 is a fictionalization of the burning of the famous temple in Kyoto. Utage no Ato (After the Banquet), published in 1960, so closely followed the events surrounding politician Hachirō Arita's campaign to become governor of Tokyo that Mishima was sued for invasion of privacy.[citation needed] In 1962, Mishima's most avant-garde work, Utsukushii Hoshi (Beautiful Star), which at times comes close to science fiction, was published to mixed critical response.
Mishima was among those considered for the Nobel Prize for Literature three times and was the darling of many foreign publications. However, in 1968 his early mentor Kawabata won the Nobel Prize and Mishima realized that the chances of it being given to another Japanese author in the near future were slim. It is also believed[citation needed] that Mishima wanted to leave the prize to the aging Kawabata, out of respect for the man who had first introduced him to the literary circles of Tokyo in the 1940s.
Acting
Mishima was also an actor, and he had a starring role in Yasuzo Masumura's 1960 film, Afraid to Die. He also has had roles in films including Yukoku (1966), Black Lizard (1968) and Hitokiri (1969). He also sang the theme song for Hitokiri.
Private life
Yukio Mishima (lower) with Shintarō Ishihara in 1956.
In 1955, Mishima took up weight training and his workout regimen of three sessions per week was not disrupted for the final 15 years of his life. In his 1968 essay Sun and Steel, Mishima deplored the emphasis given by intellectuals to the mind over the body. Mishima later also became very skillful at kendō.
Although he visited gay bars in Japan, Mishima's sexual orientation remains a matter of debate, though his widow wanted that part of his life downplayed after his death. However, several people have claimed to have had homosexual relationships with Mishima, including writer Jiro Fukushima who, in his book, published a revealing correspondence between himself and the famed novelist. Soon after publication, Mishima's children successfully sued Fukushima for violating Mishima's privacy. After briefly considering a marital alliance with Michiko Shōda—she later became the wife of Emperor Akihito—he married Yoko Sugiyama on June 11, 1958. The couple had two children, a daughter named Noriko (born June 2, 1959) and a son named Ichiro (born May 2, 1962).
In 1967, Mishima enlisted in the Ground Self Defense Force (GSDF) and underwent basic training. A year later, he formed the Tatenokai (Shield Society), a private army composed primarily of young students who studied martial principles and physical discipline, and swore to protect the Emperor. Mishima trained them himself. However, under Mishima's ideology, the emperor was not necessarily the reigning Emperor, but rather the abstract essence of Japan. In Eirei no Koe (Voices of the Heroic Dead), Mishima actually denounces Emperor Hirohito for renouncing his claim of divinity at the end of World War II.
In the last 10 years of his life, Mishima wrote several full length plays, acted in several movies and co-directed an adaptation of one of his stories, Patriotism, the Rite of Love and Death. He also continued work on his final tetralogy, Hōjō no Umi (Sea of Fertility), which appeared in monthly serialized format starting in September 1965.
Coup attempt
On November 25, 1970, Mishima and four members of the Tatenokai, under pretext, visited the commandant of the Ichigaya Camp—the Tokyo headquarters of the Eastern Command of Japan's Self-Defense Forces. Inside, they barricaded the office and tied the commandant to his chair. With a prepared manifesto and banner listing their demands, Mishima stepped onto the balcony to address the soldiers gathered below. His speech was intended to inspire a coup d'etat restoring the powers of the emperor. He succeeded only in irritating them, however, and was mocked and jeered. He finished his planned speech after a few minutes, returned to the commandant's office and committed seppuku. The customary kaishakunin duty at the end of this ritual had been assigned to Tatenokai member Masakatsu Morita, but Morita was unable to properly perform the task: after several attempts, he allowed another Tatenokai member, Hiroyasu Koga, to behead Mishima.
Another traditional element of the suicide ritual was the composition of jisei no ku (death poems) before their entry into the headquarters. Mishima planned his suicide meticulously for at least a year and no one outside the group of hand-picked Tatenokai members had any indication of what he was planning. His biographer, translator and former friend John Nathan suggests that the coup attempt was only a pretext for the ritual suicide of which Mishima had long dreamed. Mishima made sure his affairs were in order and left money for the legal defence of the three surviving Tatenokai members.
Aftermath
Much speculation has surrounded Mishima's suicide. At the time of his death he had just completed the final book in his The Sea of Fertility tetralogy. He was recognized as one of the most important post-war stylists of the Japanese language.
Mishima wrote 40 novels, 18 plays, 20 books of short stories, and at least 20 books of essays, one libretto, as well as one film. A large portion of this oeuvre comprises books written quickly for profit, but even if these are disregarded, a substantial body of work remains.
Politics
Mishima espoused a very individual brand of nationalism towards the end of his life. He was hated by leftists, in particular for his outspoken and anachronistic commitment to bushidō (the code of the samurai) and by mainstream nationalists for his contention, in Bunka Bōeiron (文化防衛論 A Defense of Culture), that Hirohito should have abdicated and taken responsibility for the war dead.
Awards
* Shincho Prize from Shinchosha Publishing, 1954, for The Sound of Waves.
* Kishida Prize for Drama from Shinchosha Publishing, 1955.
* Yomiuri Prize from Yomiuri Newspaper Co., for best novel, 1957, The Temple of the Golden Pavilion.
* Yomiuri Prize from Yomiuri Newspaper Co., for best drama, 1961, Toka no Kiku.
Major works
Japanese Title English Title Year English translation, year ISBN
假面の告白
Kamen no Kokuhaku Confessions of a Mask 1948 Meredith Weatherby, 1958 ISBN 0-8112-0118-X
愛の渇き
Ai no Kawaki Thirst for Love 1950 Alfred H. Marks, 1969 ISBN 4-10-105003-1
禁色
Kinjiki Forbidden Colors 1953 Alfred H. Marks, 1968–1974 ISBN 0-375-70516-3
潮騷
Shiosai The Sound of Waves 1954 Meredith Weatherby, 1956 ISBN 0-679-75268-4
金閣寺
Kinkaku-ji* The Temple of the Golden Pavilion 1956 Ivan Morris, 1959 ISBN 0-679-75270-6
鏡子の家
Kyōko no Ie Kyoko's House 1959 ISBN
宴のあと
Utage no Ato After the Banquet 1960 Donald Keene, 1963 ISBN 0-399-50486-9
午後の曳航
Gogo no Eikō The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea 1963 John Nathan, 1965 ISBN 0-679-75015-0
絹と明察
Kinu to Meisatsu Silk and Insight 1964 Hiroaki Sato, 1998 ISBN 0-7656-0299-7
三熊野詣
Mikumano Mōde
(short story) Acts of Worship 1965 John Bester, 1995 ISBN 0-87011-824-2
サド侯爵夫人
Sado Kōshaku Fujin
(play) Madame de Sade 1965 Donald Keene, 1967 ISBN 0-394-17304-X
憂國
Yūkoku
(short story) Patriotism 1966 Geoffrey W. Sargent, 1966 ISBN 0-8112-1312-9
真夏の死
Manatsu no Shi Death in Midsummer and other stories 1966 Edward G. Seidensticker, Ivan Morris,
Donald Keene, Geoffrey W. Sargent, 1966 ISBN 0-8112-0117-1
葉隠入門
Hagakure Nyūmon Way of the Samurai 1967 Kathryn Sparling, 1977 ISBN 0-465-09089-3
わが友ヒットラー
Waga Tomo Hittorā
(play) My Friend Hitler and Other Plays 1968 Hiroaki Sato, 2002 ISBN 0-231-12633-6
太陽と鐡
Taiyō to Tetsu Sun and Steel 1970 John Bester ISBN 4-7700-2903-9
豐饒の海
Hōjō no Umi The Sea of Fertility tetralogy: 1964-
1970 ISBN 0-677-14960-3
I. 春の雪
Haru no Yuki 1. Spring Snow 1968 Michael Gallagher, 1972 ISBN 0-394-44239-3
II. 奔馬
Honba 2. Runaway Horses 1969 Michael Gallagher, 1973 ISBN 0-394-46618-7
III. 曉の寺
Akatsuki no Tera 3. The Temple of Dawn 1970 E. Dale Saunders and Cecilia S. Seigle, 1973 ISBN 0-394-46614-4
IV. 天人五衰
Tennin Gosui 4. The Decay of the Angel 1970 Edward Seidensticker, 1974 ISBN 0-394-46613-6
*For the temple called Kinkaku-ji, see Kinkaku-ji.
Plays for classical Japanese theatre
In addition to contemporary-style plays such as Madame de Sade, Mishima wrote for two of the three genres of classical Japanese theatre: Noh and Kabuki (as a proud Tokyoite, he would not even attend the Bunraku puppet theatre, always associated with Osaka and the provinces).
Though Mishima took themes, titles and characters from the Noh canon, his twists and modern settings, such as hospitals and ballrooms, startled audiences accustomed to the long-settled originals.
Donald Keene translated Five Modern Noh Plays (Tuttle, 1981; ISBN 0-8048-1380-9). Most others remain untranslated and so lack an "official" English title; in such cases it is therefore preferable to use the rōmaji title.
Year Japanese Title English Title Genre
1950 邯鄲
Kantan Noh
1952 卒塔婆小町
Sotoba Komachi Komachi at the Stupa (gravepost) Noh
1954 鰯賣戀曳網
Iwashi Uri Koi Hikiami The Sardine Seller's Net of Love Kabuki
1955 綾の鼓
Aya no Tsuzumi The Damask Drum Noh
1955 芙蓉露大内実記
Fuyō no Tsuyu Ōuchi Jikki The Ōuchi Clan (oversimplified/not standardised) Kabuki
1956 班女
Hanjo Noh
1956 葵の上
Aoi no Ue The Lady Aoi Noh
1965 弱法師
Yoroboshi The Blind Young Man Noh
1969 椿説弓張月
Chinsetsu Yumiharizuki The Crescent, or Crescent Moon: The Adventures of Tametomo, literally "The Strange Theory of a Paper Lantern's Appearance" Kabuki
Films
Year Title USA Release Title(s) Character Director
1951 純白の夜
Jumpaku no Yoru Unreleased in the U.S. Hideo Ōba
1959 不道徳教育講座
Fudōtoku Kyōikukōza Unreleased in the U.S. himself Katsumi Nishikawa
1960 からっ風野郎
Karakkaze Yarō Afraid to Die Takeo Asahina Yasuzo Masumura
1966 憂国
Yūkoku The Rite of Love and Death
Patriotism Shinji Takeyama Domoto Masaki, Yukio Mishima
1968 黒蜥蝪
Kurotokage Black Lizard Human Statue Kinji Fukasaku
1969 人斬り
Hitokiri Tenchu! Shimbei Tanaka Hideo Gosha
1985 Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters
Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters Paul Schrader
Music by Philip Glass
The Strange Case of Yukio Mishima
(BBC documentary) The Strange Case of Yukio Mishima Michael Macintyre
Photo modeling
Mishima has been featured as a photo model in Ba-ra-kei: Ordeal by Roses by Eikoh Hosoe, as well as in Young Samurai: Bodybuilders of Japan and OTOKO: Photo Studies of the Young Japanese Male by Tamotsu Yatō. Donald Richie gives a short lively account of Mishima, dressed in a loincloth and armed with a sword, posing in the snow for one of Tamotsu Yato's photoshoots.
No. 2
Yukio Mishima (1925-1970) as the tragic death of his wonderful flower pen writing as famous. As many passionate or painful fiction, poetry and drama author Mishima in college when he had published his first work. One of his most famous novel is "Golden Pavilion Temple." Novel about a monk being plagued by the United States Court of gold it burned story. Finally, after several attempts failed to achieve the right-wing revolution, Mishima's ritual suicide with a samurai-style ending his own life. Address: Kyoto Southwest, bus or train station to the Katsura Imperial Villa. 10:00 and 14:00 two batches of the tour, at least one day in advance at the royal palace garden agency application (Tel: 2111215), with a passport, free to enter.
Translated by Google
Brief introduction
Yukio Mishima is one of Japan's postwar literary master, with a high degree of reputation in the Japanese literature. Many works, published in 1956, "Temple of the Golden Pavilion," is best known, which is full of tragic disillusionment aesthetics department works Okuno Takeo had at the time appreciated the work: "This is the highest level of Mishima's literature, three master of the island aesthetics, this year's biggest literary harvest. "In addition to Japan, Mishima's works in the Western world have lofty evaluation, and some even called him the reputation as" Japan's Hemingway ", had twice been nominated Nobel Prize for literature, but also books have been translated into English and other foreign language version of the most contemporary writers. However, in his 1970 suicide extreme radical political purposes remonstrance World event, made him get mixed personal evaluation behind.
Translated by Google
Life
Birth Yukio Mishima, whose real name Hiraoka public Granville, 1925 (Taisho 14 years) January 14 born Yotsuya Tokyo City Wing live cho 2 gu (now Tokyo Shinjuku Yotsuya 4-chome), the father called Hiraoka Azusa, mother Japanese paper called heavy, is the home of the eldest son, sister and brother Mitsuko thousand were born in 1928 and 1930. Mishima's grandmother Natsuko with Japan aristocratic descent, is Mito lord's granddaughter, was in the Japanese royal family Arisugawanomiya family learned etiquette, is full of majesty but very stubborn, traditional women neurotic grandfather Hiraoka given Taro is a soldier Library County farmhouse-turned-civilian, former Executive Office of Sakhalin (Sakhalin is a Japanese term for the southern region of Sakhalin, the official equivalent of today's executive heads of Hokkaido). Mishima before high school has been the power of family and Responsibilities grandmother live, because excessive protection and discipline, constitutes a poor and weak physique and his loneliness, even a little feminine personality. He suffers from a healthy self-poisoning disease, sensitive delicate constitution. Grandmother nurtured so that he has a lot of exposure, such as Kabuki and Noh theater arts activities, plus the mother's preferences to encourage Western literature, and his novels, theater plays, show a high degree of respect can lay the foundation for future . Young little enlightenment period Mishima starting 6 years old, entered the royal Gakushuin Elementary School Division (equivalent to Level Primary) enrolled in the grandmother's insistence, and published poetry and haiku works on internal publications Academy. After the age of 12 elementary graduate into the middle section, added Art Department, prose works published in July 1937 on the campus literary magazine, "Gakushuin Fu Jen Catholic Association Journal," the 159 "spring grass copy ~ memories Branch Elementary age" ( Chuncao copy ~ Elementary Division Era thinking ひ out), and after six years studying with the Ministry of Higher Learning Academy moderate, sustainable published more poetry, fiction, drama aspect of creation. When in 1938, Mishima on "Fu Jen Catholic Association Journal," the 161 published his own first short story "sorrel" (sorrel (す ka san pop u) ~ Autumn ki yin Full immature thinking ひ out). The following year 1939 (1939), a profound impact on his grandmother at the time January 18, died at the age of 64, the same year World War II, the official all-out war, but for the islands of the most influential creative career one thing, but it should be as he met his Chinese teacher Fumio Shimizu, the latter can be said to be true literary actuation Isles officially entered horses. In 1940, Mishima began to "Hiraoka Qingcheng" haiku number and pseudonym, published, including "Gardenia" (ku ち na expands), including haiku and poetry, he wrote capacity in terms of poetry is very strong, and often the day you can write several first, so have the ability to publish "the age of fifteen poems" so the collection works when this age. In the same year, Fu Jen Catholic Association Journal 166 period, he published another short story "Stained Glass" (color 絵 Glass (But da mi-e ra す)). Wartime adolescence In 1941, 16-year-old Mishima was elected as "Fu Jen Catholic Association Journal" editor, started writing the novella "flowers in full bloom in the forest" (Flower za ka ri no Mori), a Chinese teacher when he saw his work in water After the big table appreciative recommended Contributor own participation in the literary doujinshi "literary culture" and use "Yukio Mishima" pseudonym, which is also the name of the official debut as Mishima this opportunity. After his various works have been published many articles on the blogs, in 1942 he chose Gakushuin University Higher Division B Arts Foundation to continue their studies, majoring in German, and continued communication with friends "literary culture", and therefore subject to Japan Romantic literature nurtured. 1944 in the final stages of World War II, Japan's situation began to nosedive, Yukio Mishima also received notification judgment conscription examination is the second B kind of position, need to keep waiting for recruitment. In the same year he was first in his class from Gakushuin High graduate, by the emperor silver award gift watches, books and literary gifts Japanese Ambassador to Germany three volumes. October 1944, Yukio Mishima's short story "The forest flowers in full bloom," Qi Zhang College of Printing and Publishing, became his debut work, from then on he was an amateur literary creators officially entered the realm of professional writers. He was recommended to enter bimonthly Tokyo Imperial University Law Department legal disciplines studying, majoring in German law, but also because this temporary exemption status by the conscript's necessary. 1945 Japan has been in a spent force in the war situation, Yukio Mishima finally been called, first Xianzhi Gunma Prefecture under the arsenal of the island flying machine as industrious mobilization, and was immediately conscripted into the army official Wu. However, due to severe paralysis in preparation for departure before suffering a cold war, thought it was a medic misdiagnosed disease, the result was deported to return home immediately. There are also studies considered Isles intentionally escape military service. He originally belongs to the troops after arriving in the Philippines, a serious impairment in the war almost wiped out, making the islands has been that they should treat all heroic sacrifice for the country but some regret mentality, which may be associated with intense before his death political ideas and the final dramatic suicide has been associated, also had a great impact on their future creative aesthetic, Mishima I said, this generation of people think they are the victims of war is not accurate. While escaped the fate of death, but in 1945 the islands is very sad year, August 15, Japan announced the surrender of losing the war, four days after Mishima in "literary culture" friends lotus 田善明, as lieutenant in the Malay Peninsula suicide. October 23 the same year, Mishima's sister died of typhoid fever because Mitsuko (its "love hunger" death Etsuko husband Ryosuke description is based on his sister's death scene was originally depicted as blue), when he was only 17 years old. All kinds of combat, making Mishima went downhill life. Into the literary world 1946, when he was 21 years old, Yukio Mishima, by continuing to get rid of the pain of writing hearts. He finished with his novella "in the world" and the short story "tobacco" visit to Kamakura, Japan was the literary giant Yasunari Kawabata, in Kawabata's recommendation, "tobacco" as a library in Kamakura Kawabata belongs magazine "Human "Volume 1 published in the first six, and three islands can also be eligible to participate freely in Kamakura library, regularly in the" published works world "on, and by the time the magazine's editor Kimura guidance of three German help. In Kawabata's help, Yukio Mishima finally joined this position a member of the literary world, so for him Kawabata was also an important figure in Mentor, mentoring friendship between the two men even to the time of his death There are implicated. In 1947, the islands of Law graduate from the University of Tokyo, through the higher civil service examination, and then worked into the Ministry of Finance, the Bureau of National Savings Bank Division services. During this period he also participated in the "Finance" magazine editor internal organization of the Ministry of Finance Finance Association, and continued to publish works on a variety of literary journals, in September 1948, in order to concentrate on writing, he was determined to resign from the Ministry of Finance , began a full-time writer's identity. After his resignation he first completed and published her first novel, a work "Thieves" (True Light Society published), and started a new book, "Confessions of a Mask" (touch surface Full confession) writing this book in July 1949 officially surfaced a study published by the river, is Yukio Mishima as a professional writer, first book published novels. Mishima novel published in 1950, "the desire of love" (love's He comes, Shinchosha Publishing), during this period he began to try to social events actually happened as the creation of an object, such as when he began writing full-length "green era" ( Full Green era) is at a local college under the East Bank president, finally committed suicide because of failure as a theme. This happened a year in July trainee monk self-immolation and torched Kyoto Rokuonji (Golden Pavilion Temple) is a major social event, this was also drawn by the Isles, the future success of his life as the most representative of fame. In addition, such as poetry, prose and fiction literature, the Isles for the creation of opera aspects also have a high degree of interest. He has written a "rainbow" (thou や rather, May 1948), "house on fire" (November 1948) and the "Menorah" (May 1949) and other opera plays, including "Menorah" one for the reimbursement of the actual from the Osaka run theater In the fourth round of the Kansai experimental theater in public performances. In 1950 he completed "devil worship" and "Modern Noh _set_s," the first chapter - "Handan" (Handan (ka san ta san) - Modern able 楽 within _set_ Full) and other two opera works in this year's September when Mishima joined include shore Tianguo Shi, FukuDasi, Hideo Kobayashi, Senda is also, Shohei Ooka and Nakamura Mitsuo other literary celebrities organized "cloud Club" (Cloud Full Council), to "literary three-dimensional motion "As their main purpose is to drama-related activities centered organization. Mishima served by the original screenplay, or in the case of his work aboard the big screen adaptation, for terms like prolific writer is normal, but in addition to the original movie, the Yukio Mishima is not there a comparison know the identity of the person, that is a movie actor. His first big screen debut individuals, in August 29, 1951 release of "white night" (white Full night), this ship are produced by the Shochiku photography, film director Hideo Oba is held by Mishima original, and served as a special performance in the film. In addition, it is also a favorite of Mishima's novel "obsession" Lieutenant starred in the film adaptation of the iceberg, but the "obsession" movie has been banned, the only film affect data collection by the wife. By the end of 1951, Mishima published a novel, "Forbidden Colors," the first (Shinchosha Publishing), and "Natsuko adventure" (Natsuko Full risk Insurance, Asahi Shimbun). Which because "no color" is a gay actor, at the time of Japanese society is more conservative provocative subject matter, and therefore public opinion nowadays are considered to be the protagonist of the story Mishima insinuate himself in terms of aptitude. Upon completion of the "forbidden colors" after the first, published in the Asahi Shimbun Secretary 嘉治隆 a third, Mishima get reporters identity Asahi Shimbun special correspondent in Yokohama on December 25 from a boat out to sea, he began the week around the world journey, and returned to Japan in May 10, 1952. This trip was the first trip abroad Mishima life, for his part, gained in Greece for aesthetic experience of Western civilization, could be the key to his future works cause major turn brutal. He published Travels' Cup Apollo "(the Apollo Full Cup, Asahi Shimbun Publishing) in October 1952, describes his view of knowledge with respect to the United States. Boarded the pinnacle 1952 is a lot for the Isles produced a year, but because it is his travel around the world, this year, among the most published work, the travel patterns are made. However, he still did not forget the creation of pure literature, after returning shortly after the completion of the "Forbidden Colors" series of the second part of the novel "secret music" (secret 楽 (ひ gi yo u) ~ Forbidden Colors Part 2, in the next year 9 May published by Shinchosha). January 1953 "Natsuko adventure" equally by the Shochiku ship conducted a cinematic, subsequently published the novel "Nippon" (ni っ pop san system, Asahi Shimbun Publishing), and started for the novel "decode" the subjects, visit located Mie God Island. Shiosai a book published in June 1954 by the Renaissance Society, and the beginning of the film of the work, and released in October completed filmed by Toho. After the introduction of the novel and film critically acclaimed, Renaissance Society was founded at the end of the year the first session of the New Tide literary tours, Mishima relying on "decode" a book won the inaugural award. 1955, when he was 30 years old Mishima, feel their vision for the United States to begin the gym, to the frail body modification since childhood was strong, so that their flesh is no longer troubled by low self-esteem and feel. In fact, this attitude with him in the year of painstaking writing lengthy famous "Golden Temple" somewhat related, because the book's protagonist is a wretched and humble in appearance but on advocating extreme beauty, leading to heart twisted and disillusioned teenager, it can be said of the idea in reality, is completely content with his creation to each other. 1956 was the most fruitful year Mishima, after a year of subduction and complete the "Temple of the Golden Pavilion" After October, published by Renaissance Society, get amazing response, while his opera work "Deer Museum" Block was founded in the 20th anniversary commemoration of the meeting literary performances, can be said that both sides of the scenery. But his fist fight with the Japanese university clubs Tomoo get to know the island and began a period of eight months of sparring, it may be difficult is associated with a somewhat special as a writer. This year, Mishima's "decode" a book to be translated into English version (English title The Sound of Waves, translator Meredith Weatherby) published in the U.S., is his first novel to be translated into the official language versions. January 1957, Mishima get to Kinkakuji 8th Yomiuri Literary Award prize in this year, Mishima began his highly interactive and Western literary world. This Japanese American writer Donald • King (Donald Keene) to Mishima's "Modern Noh _set_" translated into English, published in the United States, the United States invited to visit the islands and the University of Michigan to " Relationship status of Japanese literature and Western literature between "(Japanese literature Present and Western literature と Full relations) speech, after traveling to Latin America after a long stay in New York until January next year before returning to Japan. Suicide Mishima on traditional Japanese bushido spirit of patriotism and severe deep appreciation for Japan's postwar society westernization and Japanese foreign sovereign subject very unhappy. Isles in 1965 with his novel "obsession" modeled wrote and performed the movie foreshadowed his fate. One loyal to the Emperor the movie Captain Japan in 1936 after a failed coup seppuku. 1968, Mishima organized their own private army - "Adom", claiming to save the traditional Japanese samurai spirit and defend the emperor. After a long period of preparation, Mishima on November 25, 1970 will be his coup plans implemented. Mishima delivered the same day, "abundance of the sea," the last one, then a member of the leadership of four shield in eastern Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, director of the division head of the Ministry of kidnapped hostages. Mishima, director of the Ministry of the balcony in the SDF to more than 800 non-commissioned officers speech, called for "real warrior" with his mutiny to overthrow the Constitution, Japan has the army denied that became really SDF troops to defend the Emperor and the Japanese tradition, But no one responded. Mishima then retreat from the balcony into the room, according to the traditional Japanese ceremony ritual suicide. Yukio Mishima in the amount written on the occasion of the Department of the words "seven students to serve the country," the turban, with a white cloth to prepare the site of a ritual circle tightly wrapped, pick up next to his abdomen stab knife, cut out of a lot of wounds, intestines flow out from the wound. Sen 田必胜 with him to one of two members of the shield with the Mito "Off Sun Six" referred to Mishima be wrong, but chopped several times failed to cut off his head, Yukio Mishima difficult Chu reluctantly, trying to bite tongue suicide, the fourth-mediated changes executed by mistake studied Iaido ancient 贺浩靖 shield member, and finally succeeded. After Sen Tianbi Sheng also seppuku (also mediated by the ancient He Haojing be wrong). By the other three members of the "commission of murder" each sentenced to four years in prison. Mishima committed suicide when Ji Fuqie abdomen by many writers rushed to the scene, only Kawabata allowed to enter, but did not see the bodies. This event allows Kawabata popular stimulate his students said: "The head should be cut off me." Mishima committed suicide after 17 months, he also chose coal trachea suicide, leaving not a single word Testament. They have been left to posterity countless suicide doubt.
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Evaluate
Yukio Mishima literary activities, generally in the 60's for the community, divided into two periods. Aestheticism flatted early, late show a terrible artistic inclination and reversed. The main impact of the early 20th century by the early French writer Raymond • Ladi Kai (1903 a 1923) and the 19th-century English writer Oscar Wilde (1854 - 1900), most of them young men and women describing sexual anguish and romantic love story, with a lot of ink characterize abnormal psychology and love affairs. Representative of "false confession" (1949), "decode" (1954), "Master Shiga Temple of Love" (1954), "Temple of the Golden Pavilion" (1956) and so on. November 1970, Yukio Mishima failed to incite the armed forces to organize an armed coup, ritual suicide. He is a complex figure in political and ideological fallacy multiport, achievements in the arts and undeniable. Mishima and Yasunari Kawabata, Tanizaki, Abe and later the Nobel Prize Kenzaburo Oe are all internationally renowned Japanese writer, one of Mishima's influence is greatest, not only because of his own efforts to actively bother , so that their pursuit of beauty novels have been translated into foreign languages up to outside of his opera works such as "Sadow Countess," or "Modern Noh _set_s" and continued in various foreign countries such as Japan and France staged, is the most much more expensive than a beautiful writer, but because of his death from the edge of the law, or Dazai and Akutagawa literary choose quite mysterious death rituals are not the same, Mishima in their own 45, the visibility has been registered On top of the world, to become "the world's one hundred people" were elected only Japanese artist of his standing position, the United States called him "Japan's Hemingway," and so on, but in this moment, his right-wing military training gay groups left call to arms, and entrusted his death song, "admonished the world 'recollections, and rushed into the room GSDF eastern director, and then on the balcony appeal SDF uprising, and then use the traditional Japanese method of suicide because the law is so dead, so they backlit radiance Mishima literature ever since his death evil, if not the death of Yukio Mishima calmly objective, then, is not a proper understanding of Mishima literature.
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List of works
Writing English translator's name, year Touch surface Full confession (Confessions of a Mask, Confessions of a Mask) 1948 Meredith Weatherby, 1958 He love's ki (Thirst for Love, love, desire) 1950 Alfred H. Marks, 1969 Forbidden Colors (Forbidden Colors, forbidden colors) 1954 Alfred H. Marks, 1951-1953 Tide uproar (The Sound of Waves, Shiosai) 1954 Meredith Weatherby, 1956 Golden Pavilion Temple (The Temple of the Golden Pavilion, Kinkakuji) 1956 Ivan Morris, 1959 Mirror Full House (Kyoko's House, House of Mirrors) 1959 Full feast thou と (After the Banquet) 1960 Donald Keene, 1963 Full drag afternoon Air (The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea, Air afternoon trolling) 1963 John Nathan, 1965 Thermal ド Marquise (Madame de Sade) 1965 Donald Keene, 1967 Full summer really dead (Death in Midsummer and other stories) 1966 But Friends of Hiroshi wa ra ー ッ Suites (My Friend Hitler and other plays) 1966 HiroakiSato, 2002 Sun と Iron (Sun and Steel, Sun and iron) 1970 John Bester Full Yutaka Rang Hai: (The Sea of Fertility tetralogy, rich sea) 1964-1970 One: Spring Full Snow (Spring Snow, Spring Snow) 1966 Michael Gallagher, 1972 Two: Horse (Runaway Horses, horses) 1969 Michael Gallagher, 1973 Three: Akio Full Temple (The Temple of Dawn, dawn Temple) 1970 E. Dale Saunders and Cecilia S. Seigle, 1973 Four: Heaven five decay (The Decay of the Angel, Heaven five bad) 1970 Edward Seidensticker, 1974 Ye withhold any entry (The Way of the Samurai, leaves implicit entry) 1970 Kathryn Sparling, 1977 Three Kumano Yi (Mode Acts of Worship) 1970 John Bester, 1995 Silk と Meditate (Silk and Insight) 1970 Hiroaki Sato, 1998 [Movie] Original In the name of making the work produced (rationing) Director main actors 1953 Natsuko Full risk Insurance (※ ka ra ー Pictures) Shochiku ship registration if the original Masao Nakamura corner pear branches Katsuragi Yoko Takahashi Sadaji Keiko Awaji 1953 pop san ni っ system Daiei Tokyo Island Koji Yamamoto Fujiko Mita Takashi Uehara Him 1954 Tide uproar Toho Taniguchi Senkichi out Aoyama Kyoko Okubo Toshiro Mifune 1957 Wing す gi ta spring Daiei Tokyo Shigeo Tanaka child Wakao Hiroshi Kawaguchi Eiji Funakoshi angle pear branches In 1957 the United States rather ro ki yo DS Full Nikkatsu Zhongping Kang Qiu Meng Lu Ye Shanliang two months Mikuni Taro Miyagi Chikako Daiei Kyoto City Chuankun new Pearl City 川雷 away Michiyo Nakadai Tatsuya Nakamura, Yu Yan sequence on 1958 1959 Hideo Suzuki Menorah Toho Kawazu Saburo clear Keiko Tsushima 1961 お Niang san Daiei Tokyo Yuge Taro Wakao Hiroshi Kawaguchi son Jiro Tamiya 1962 black lizard Daiei Tokyo Inoue Umeji Beijing gus_set_ sub Kawaguchi Hiroshi Oki Actual Ye Shunzai 1964 Sword Daiei Kyoto Misumi Kenji Fujimoto City Chuanlei away Yukiko 1964 Tide uproar Nikkatsu Morinaga Kenjiro Sayuri Yoshinaga Bang Tian Guangfu 1964 Veterinary Full movie れ Daiei Tokyo Fu Zhuang Ji Wakao the child Kawazu Saburo clear 1965 Full body Toho School Kinoshita bright Kyoko Kishida Satoshi Yamazaki Tsutomu East Village Emiko 1966 of Complex na He Daiei Tokyo Island Koji high cones son Jiro Tamiya 1967 Full He loved original built-ki Nikkatsu but re-repair hilly Hikaru Nakamura in the mountains next child Nobuo 1968 Black Lizard Shochiku Kinji Fukasaku Akihiro Maruyama power Kawazu Yusuke Kimura 1971 Tide uproar Toho Moriya Shiro Asahina Yi people in Midori Ono 1972 Tone Le ActionAid / ATG Increase Yasuzo Black Kanazawa Full ri son Hosokawa Toshiyuki 1975 Tide uproar Toho Yamaguchi Katsumi Nishikawa one hundred Megumi Tomokazu Miura 1976 annuity Pavilion Temple in Kyoto image / ATG high Yoichi Shinoda Saburo Chaijun Fu Lin 1976 Full drag afternoon Hikaru ド Getting Air Japan ヘ Pictures 1980 No. of happiness sail Toei Toshiko Saito Koichi Kondo Ichiro positions more 1985 Tide uproar Hori Planning / Toho Kotani Cheng Jing Mi Taku ち え Shingo Tsurumi 1986 Deer Museum MARUGEN-FILM / Toho Kon Ichikawa hilly ri son Hikaru Sugawara Bunta Tatsuya Mihashi Spring 2005 Full Snow Toho Yukisada Isao Tsumabuki Satoshi Takeuchi Yuko Wakao child Mano Kyoko Starred In the name of making the work produced (rationing) oversight role of the main actors were performing pro 1951 white Full night Shochiku ship Hideo Oba particularly clear starred Kawazu Saburo Mumu original ※ Actual Chiyoda 1959 is not Morality education seminars Nikkatsu Katsumi Nishikawa starred in Osaka Shiro particularly welcomes three ※ original letter 1960 ka ra っ Funo Lang Daiei Tokyo Increase Yasuzo Asahina Takeo Wakao son Eiji Funakoshi starring Shimura ※ works 1968 Black Lizard Shochiku ship Fukasaku Kinji Japanese youth Full Health humanoid Akihiro Maruyama (Akihiro Miwa) Kimura power ※ drama of opera music 1969 chopped ri ji Te gift of Television / plastic ro Gosha hero wins Tanaka wins new Samurai Shintaro Nakadai starred slings and arrows Yujiro ※ Supervise In the name of making the work produced (rationing) to perform the role of the main actors Remarks 1966 obsession Toho / ATG Wushan Xin two lieutenant Yoshiko Tsuruoka making は 1965 production ※ · · Art も foot color [Theater] "Weak Master _Set_ of Modern Noh" The main actors in the production director 2000 2001 2005 Yukio Ninagawa Tatsuya Fujiwara Official Website Modern able Le _set_ http://www.horipro.co.jp/fun/stage/play20.html [Video] http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/ELWnIeGu5co/ appreciation
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English Expression
n.: Mishima Yukio
Related Phrases
Japan
music
novel
swan
history
Japan literature
wing user
Wang Xue
Wang Yangming
xinxue
confucian Confucian school of idealist philosophy of the Song and Ming dynasties
