| 姓： | 祝 |
| 名： | 允明 |
| 字： | 希哲 |
| 网笔号： | 枝指生 |
| 今属： | 江苏苏州市 |
| 出生地： | 长洲 |
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祝允明（1460年－1526年），字希哲，号枝山。因生而右手有六指，是一名多指畸形病患者，因此自号为“枝指生”。明代文学家、书法家，长洲（今属江苏苏州市）人。当时与徐祯卿、唐寅、文徵明号称“吴中四才子”。
生平
祖父祝颢字维清，正统四年进士，工书法。父祝????，早卒。母徐氏，武功伯徐有贞之女。妻李氏，中书舍人李应祯（后升太仆少卿）长女。祝允明是一名多指畸形病患者,但自幼天资聪颖，勤奋好学，5岁时就能书一尺见方的大字，9岁便能作诗文，被称为“神童”。10岁已博览群书，文章瑰丽，才智非凡。17岁即中秀才，弘治五年，32岁中壬子科举人，此后屡试不第。授广东兴宁县知县，不久迁任应天府通判。谢病归里，嘉靖五年（1526年）卒。
成就
祝允明 嵇康酒会诗
擅长诗文和书法，特别是其狂草颇受世人赞誉，流传有“唐伯虎的画，祝枝山的字”之说。王世贞在《艺苑卮言》中评价道：“天下书法归吾吴，祝京兆允明为最，文待诏征明、王贡士宠次之”。祝枝山所书写的“六体书诗赋卷”、“草书杜甫诗卷”、“古诗十九首”、“草书唐人诗卷”及“草书诗翰卷”等都是传世墨迹的精品。
祝允明的著作有，《怀星堂集》30卷、《苏材小纂》6卷、《祝子罪知》7卷、 《浮物》1卷、《野记》4卷、《前闻记》 1卷、《志怪录》5卷、《读书笔记》1卷。
注释
- ^ 《家藏集》卷五十一《跋祝生文稿》：“允明年七八岁时，其大父参政公一日适为文成请客书之，予时亦在坐，见生侍案旁，嘿然竟日，窃异之。因指文中难字以问，无弗识者，益奇之，且料其他日必能事此也。”
- ^ 陆粲《祝先生墓志铭》称：“先生少颕敏，五岁作径尺字。……九岁能诗，有竒语。”
- ^ 《明史·卷二百八十六》：祝允明，字希哲，长洲人。祖显，正统四年进士。内侍传旨试能文者四人，显与焉，入掖门，知欲令教小内竖也，不试而出。由给事中历山西参政。并有声。允明以弘治五年举于乡，久之不第，授广东兴宁知县。捕戮盗魁三十余，邑以无警。稍迁应天通判，谢病归。嘉靖五年卒。
允明生而枝指，故自号枝山，又号枝指生。五岁作径尺字，九岁能诗，稍长，博览群集，文章有奇气，当筵疾书，思若涌泉。尤工书法，名动海内。好酒色六博，善新声，求文及书者踵至，多贿妓掩得之。恶礼法士，亦不问生产，有所入，辄召客豪饮，费尽乃已，或分与持去，不留一钱。晚益困，每出，追呼索逋者相随于后，允明益自喜。所著有诗文集六十卷，他杂着百余卷。子祝续，正德中进士，仕至广西左布政使。
参考文献
Zhu Yunming (Chinese: 祝允明; 1461–1527) was a Chinese calligrapher, poet, writer, and scholar-official of the Ming dynasty, known as one of the "Four Talents of Wu" (Suzhou). Most admired for his accomplishment in calligraphy, he is also a popular cultural figure for his uninhibited lifestyle and iconoclastic thinking. He criticized the orthodox Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi and admired the philosophy of mind advocated by Wang Yangming. He wrote a large number of essays that criticize traditional values, and was an influence on the iconoclastic philosopher Li Zhi.
Biography
Zhu was born in 1461 in Changzhou County, modern Suzhou, Jiangsu Province. His courtesy name was Xizhe (希哲), and art name Zhishan (枝山). Born with a supernumerary thumb on one hand, Zhu gave himself the sobriquet "Zhizhi Scholar" (枝指生; zhizhi refers to preaxial polydactyly in Chinese). He was said to have been able to write calligraphy with large characters at the tender age of four and compose poetry by the age of eight. He became a certified student at 16, and succeeded in the provincial examination of 1492, but never passed metropolitan examinations.
Zhu was appointed as the county magistrate of Xingning, Guangdong, in 1514. He served as the principal editor of the Gazetteer of Xingning County (in the reign of Zhengde), during his five-year term. In 1521, he was promoted to Controller-General of Yingtian Prefecture (modern Nanjing). He resigned in less than a year on a plea of illness. He dedicated the rest of his life to writing and died in 1527.
Together with Tang Yin, Wen Zhengming and Xu Zhenqing, Zhu was one of the "Four Talents of Wu (Suzhou)" (吴中四才子), his calligraphy is the most noted in the quartet. He excelled at small standard script (xiaokai), but was of wild-cursive (kuangcao) fame. His friends attributed his affinity for this highly expressive calligraphy to his impetuous personality.
Zhu was also known as an unorthodox thinker against Neo-Confucianism. In his later life, he described himself as a "wild man". He finished various collections of miscellaneous notes. Some scholars believe that his work of judgements on historical personalities influenced Li Zhi's Cang Shu.
In popular culture
Zhu's nonconformist thinking and lifestyle have made him a subject of popular legends. Stories about him have been written into a novel, The Romance of Zhu Yunming.
Selected works
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- 懷星堂集 [Collection of Huaixing Hall]
- 蘇材小纂 [Collected Biographies of Eminent People from Suzhou]
- 前闻記 [Memoir of By-gone Events]
- 猥谈 [Trivial Talks]
References
- ^ a b Denis Crispin Twitchett; John King Fairbank (1978). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 730. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
- ^ a b c d Kang-i Sun Chang; Stephen Owen (2010). The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature: From 1375. Cambridge University Press. pp. 36–42. ISBN 978-0-521-85559-4.
- ^ a b c d "Introduction [of Zhu Yunming]". National Palace Museum.
- ^ a b Tony Barnstone; Ping Chou (2005). The Anchor Book of Chinese Poetry. Anchor Books. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-385-72198-1.
- ^ Goodrich, Fang, Luther Carrington, Chaoying (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. Columbia University Press. pp. 570–576. ISBN 0-231-03801-1.