閱讀瓦爾特·司各特 Walter Scott在小说之家的作品!!! | |||||
瓦尔特·司各特19世紀初，他開始從事文學創作，最初以捜集整理蘇格蘭邊區歌謠為主要內容。
他的創作生涯大致可分為兩個時期：從1805年齣版的敘事長詩《最末一個行吟詩人之歌》到1814年齣版第一部歷史小說《威弗利》，是他創作生涯的前期，主要寫有長篇敘事詩8部，其中以描寫弗洛登戰役為背景的《瑪密恩》（1808）和敘述中世紀蘇格蘭國王及騎士冒險業績的《湖上美人》（1810）最為著名。
司各特的詩充滿浪漫的冒險故事，深受讀者歡迎。但當時拝倫的詩才遮蔽了司各特的才華，司各特轉嚮小說創作。從1814年到逝世，是他創作生涯的後期，相繼寫下長篇歷史小說 27部，開創了歐洲歷史小說之先河。較著名的有《清教徒》（1816）、《羅伯·羅伊》（1817）、《羅沁中區的心髒》（1318）、《艾凡赫》（1819）等。此外，還寫有《小說傢列傳》、《拿破侖傳》等傳記。在歐洲文學史上，司各特以多産而聞名遐邇，其寫作速度之快，甚至連巴爾紮剋也為之驚嘆。其主要貢獻在於歷史小說。
1825年，由於他開辦的齣版社合股人破産，為償還債務，他拼命寫作，致使健康受損。1832年於阿伯茨福德去世。
Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime, with many contemporary readers in Europe, Australia, and North America. His novels and poetry are still read, and many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature. Famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, The Lady of The Lake, Waverley, The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor.
Born in College Wynd in the Old Town of Edinburgh in 1771, the son of a solicitor, Scott survived a childhood bout of polio in 1773 that left him lame. To cure his lameness he was sent in 1773 to live in the rural Borders region at his grandparents' farm at Sandyknowe, adjacent to the ruin of Smailholm Tower, the earlier family home. Here he was taught to read by his aunt Jenny, and learned from her the speech patterns and many of the tales and legends that characterised much of his work. In January 1775 he returned to Edinburgh, and that summer went with his aunt Jenny to take spa treatment at Bath in England, where they lived at 6 South Parade. In the winter of 1776 he went back to Sandyknowe, with another attempt at a water cure at Prestonpans during the following summer.
In 1778 Scott returned to Edinburgh for private education to prepare him for school, and in October 1779 he began at the Royal High School of Edinburgh. He was now well able to walk and explore the city and the surrounding countryside. His reading included chivalric romances, poems, history and travel books. He was given private tuition by James Mitchell in arithmetic and writing, and learned from him the history of the Kirk with emphasis on the Covenanters. After finishing school he was sent to stay for six months with his aunt Jenny in Kelso, attending the local Grammar School where he met James Ballantyne who later became his business partner and printed his books.
Scott's meeting with Blacklock and Burns
Scott began studying classics at the University of Edinburgh in November 1783, at the age of only 12, a year or so younger than most of his fellow students. In March 1786 he began an apprenticeship in his father's office, to become a Writer to the Signet. While at the university Scott had become a friend of Adam Ferguson, the son of Professor Adam Ferguson who hosted literary salons. Scott met the blind poet Thomas Blacklock who lent him books as well as introducing him to James Macpherson's Ossian cycle of poems. During the winter of 1786–87 the 15-year-old Scott saw Robert Burns at one of these salons, for what was to be their only meeting. When Burns noticed a print illustrating the poem "The Justice of the Peace" and asked who had written the poem, only Scott knew that it was by John Langhorne, and was thanked by Burns. When it was decided that he would become a lawyer he returned to the university to study law, first taking classes in Moral Philosophy and Universal History in 1789–90.
After completing his studies in law, he became a lawyer in Edinburgh. As a lawyer's clerk he made his first visit to the Scottish Highlands directing an eviction. He was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1792. He had an unsuccessful love suit with Williamina Belsches of Fettercairn, who married Sir William Forbes, 6th Baronet.
Literary career launched
Scott's childhood at Sandyknowes, close to Smailholm Tower, introduced him to tales of the Scottish Borders.
At the age of 25 he began dabbling in writing, translating works from German, his first publication being rhymed versions of ballads by Bürger in 1796. He then published a three-volume set of collected Scottish ballads, The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. This was the first sign of his interest in Scottish history from a literary standpoint.
Scott then became an ardent volunteer in the yeomanry and on one of his "raids" he met at Gilsland Spa Margaret Genevieve Charpentier (or Charpenter), daughter of Jean Charpentier of Lyon in France, whom he married in 1797. They had five children. In 1799 he was appointed Sheriff-Depute of the County of Selkirk, based in the Royal Burgh of Selkirk.
In his early married days Scott had a decent living from his earnings at the law, his salary as Sheriff-Depute, his wife's income, some revenue from his writing and his share of his father's rather meagre estate.
After Scott had founded a printing press, his poetry, beginning with The Lay of the Last Minstrel in 1805, brought him fame. He published other poems over the next ten years, including the popular The Lady of the Lake, printed in 1810 and set in the Trossachs. Portions of the German translation of this work were set to music by Franz Schubert. One of these songs, Ellens dritter Gesang, is popularly labelled as "Schubert's Ave Maria".
Another work from this period, Marmion, produced some of his most quoted (and mis-attributed) lines. Canto VI. Stanza 17 reads:
Yet Clare's sharp questions must I shun,
Must separate Constance from the nun
Oh! what a tangled web we weave
When first we practise to deceive!
A Palmer too! No wonder why
I felt rebuked beneath his eye;
In 1809 Scott became partners with John Ballanytne in a book-selling business and also, as an ardent political conservative, helped to found the Tory Quarterly Review, a review journal to which he made several anonymous contributions.
In 1813 he was offered the position of Poet Laureate. He declined and the position went to Robert Southey.
Novels
Walter Scott
When the press became embroiled in pecuniary difficulties, Scott set out in 1814 to write a cash-cow. The result was Waverley, a novel that did not name its author. It was a tale of the "Forty-Five" Jacobite rising in the Kingdom of Great Britain with its English protagonist Edward Waverley, by his Tory upbringing sympathetic to Jacobitism, becoming enmeshed in events but eventually choosing Hanoverian respectability. The novel met with considerable success. There followed a succession of novels over the next five years, each with a Scottish historical setting. Mindful of his reputation as a poet, he maintained the anonymous habit he had begun with Waverley, always publishing the novels under the name Author of Waverley or attributed as "Tales of..." with no author. Even when it was clear that there would be no harm in coming out into the open he maintained the façade, apparently out of a sense of fun. During this time the nickname The Wizard of the North was popularly applied to the mysterious best-selling writer. His identity as the author of the novels was widely rumoured, and in 1815 Scott was given the honour of dining with George, Prince Regent, who wanted to meet "the author of Waverley".
In 1819 he broke away from writing about Scotland with Ivanhoe, a historical romance set in 12th-century England. It too was a runaway success and he wrote several books along the same lines. Among other things the book is noteworthy for having a very sympathetic Jewish major character, Rebecca, considered by many critics to be the book's real heroine — relevant to the fact that the book was published at a time when the struggle for the Emancipation of the Jews in England was gathering momentum.
Scott wrote The Bride of Lammermoor, a novel based on a true story of two lovers. In the novel, Lucie Ashton and Edgar Ravenswood exchange vows, but Lucie's mother discovers that her daughter wants to wed an enemy of their family. She intervenes and forces her daughter to marry Sir Arthur Bucklaw, who has just inherited a large sum of money on the death of his aunt. On their wedding night, Lucie stabs the bridegroom, succumbs to insanity, and dies. Donizetti's opera "Lucia di Lammermoor" was based on Scott's novel.
As his fame grew, he was granted the title of baronet, becoming Sir Walter Scott in 1820. He organised the visit of King George IV to Scotland, and concocted spectacular pageantry to portray George as a rather tubby reincarnation of Bonnie Prince Charlie. When the King visited Edinburgh in 1822, Scott's pageantry made tartans and kilts fashionable and turned them into symbols of Scottish national identity.
Scott included little in the way of punctuation in his drafts, which he left to the printers to supply.
He eventually acknowledged that he was the author of the Waverley novels in 1827.
Financial woes
Beginning in 1825 he went into dire financial straits again, as his company nearly collapsed. Rather than declare bankruptcy he placed his home, Abbotsford House, and income into a trust belonging to his creditors, and proceeded to write his way out of debt. He kept up his prodigious output of fiction (as well as producing a biography of Napoléon Bonaparte) until 1831. By then his health was failing, and he died at Abbotsford in 1832. Though he died in debt his novels continued to sell, and eventually he cleared his debts after his death. He was buried in Dryburgh Abbey where nearby there is a large statue of William Wallace, one of Scotland's many romanticised historical figures.
His home, Abbotsford House
Abbotsford House
When Scott was a boy he sometimes travelled with his father from Selkirk to Melrose in the Border Country where some of his novels are set. At a certain spot the old gentleman would stop the carriage and take his son to a stone on the site of the battle of Melrose (1526). Not far away was a little farm called Cartleyhole, and this he eventually purchased. The farmhouse developed into a wonderful home that has been likened to a fairy palace. Through windows enriched with the insignia of heraldry the sun shone on suits of armour, trophies of the chase, a library of over 9,000 volumes, fine furniture, and still finer pictures. Panelling of oak and cedar and carved ceilings relieved by coats of arms in their correct colour added to the beauty of the house. More land was purchased until Scott owned nearly 1,000 acres (4 km²), and it is estimated that the building cost him over £25,000. A neighbouring Roman road with a ford used in olden days by the abbots of Melrose suggested the name of Abbotsford.
Critical assessment
Sir Walter Scott's study at Abbotsford
Among the early critics of Scott was Mark Twain, who blamed what he saw as Scott's "romanticization of battle" for the South's decision to fight the American Civil War. Twain ridiculed chivalry in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, in which the main character repeatedly utters "great Scott" as an oath, and is considered as targeting Scott's books. Twain also targeted Scott in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, where he names a sinking boat the "Walter Scott".
From being one of the most popular novelists of the 19th century, Scott suffered from a disastrous decline in popularity after the First World War. The tone was set in E.M. Forster's classic Aspects of the Novel (1927), where Scott was savaged as being a clumsy writer who wrote slapdash, badly plotted novels. Scott also suffered from the rising star of Jane Austen, who was considered merely an entertaining "woman's novelist" in the 19th century. But in the 20th century, Austen began to be seen as perhaps the major English novelist of the first few decades of the 19th century. As Austen's star rose, Scott's sank, although, ironically, he had been one of the few male writers of his time to recognise Austen's genius.
Scott's ponderousness and prolixity were out of step with Modernist sensibilities. Nevertheless, he was responsible for two major trends that carry on to this day. First, he essentially invented the modern historical novel; an enormous number of imitators (and imitators of imitators) appeared in the 19th century. It is a measure of Scott's influence that Edinburgh's central railway station, opened in 1854 by the North British Railway, is called Waverley. Second, his Scottish novels followed on from James Macpherson's Ossian cycle in rehabilitating the public perception of Highland culture after years in the shadows following southern distrust of hill bandits and the Jacobite rebellions. As enthusiastic chairman of the Celtic Society of Edinburgh, he contributed to the reinvention of Scottish culture. It is worth noting, however, that Scott was a Lowland Scot, and that his re-creations of the Highlands were more than a little fanciful. His organisation of the visit of King George IV to Scotland in 1822 was a pivotal event, leading Edinburgh tailors to invent many "clan tartans" out of whole cloth, so to speak. After being essentially unstudied for many decades, a small revival of interest in Scott's work began in the 1970s and 1980s. Postmodern tastes favoured discontinuous narratives and the introduction of the 'first person', yet they were more favourable to Scott's work than Modernist tastes. F.R. Leavis had rubbished Scott, seeing him as a thoroughly bad novelist and a thoroughly bad influence (The Great Tradition (1948)); Marilyn Butler, however, offered a political reading of the fiction of the period that found a great deal of genuine interest in his work (Romantics, Revolutionaries, and Reactionaries (1981)). Scott is now seen as an important innovator and a key figure in the development of Scottish and world literature.
Memorials and commemoration
The Scott Monument, Edinburgh
During his lifetime, Scott's portrait was painted by Sir Edwin Landseer and fellow-Scots Sir Henry Raeburn and James Eckford Lauder.
The 61.1 metre tall Victorian Gothic spire of the Scott Monument, Edinburgh, was designed by George Meikle Kemp. It was completed in 1844, 12 years after Scott's death, and dominates the south side of Princes Street. Scott is also commemorated on a stone slab in Makars' Court, outside The Writers' Museum, Lawnmarket, Edinburgh, along with other prominent Scottish writers.
Appearance on banknotes
Scott has been credited with rescuing the Scottish banknote. In 1826, there was outrage in Scotland at the attempt of Parliament to prevent the production of banknotes of less than five pounds. Scott wrote a series of letters to the Edinburgh Weekly Journal under the pseudonym "Malachi Malagrowther" for retaining the right of Scottish banks to issue their own banknotes. This provoked such a response that the Government was forced to relent and allow the Scottish banks to continue printing pound notes. This campaign is commemorated by his continued appearance on the front of all notes issued by the Bank of Scotland. The image on the 2007 series of banknotes is based on the portrait by Henry Raeburn.
Works
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The Waverley Novels
* Waverley (1814)
* Guy Mannering (1815)
* The Antiquary (1816)
* Rob Roy (1817)
* Ivanhoe (1819)
* Kenilworth (1821)
* The Pirate (1822)
* The Fortunes of Nigel (1822)
* Peveril of the Peak (1822)
* Quentin Durward (1823)
* St. Ronan's Well (1824)
* Redgauntlet (1824)
* Tales of the Crusaders, consisting of The Betrothed and The Talisman (1825)
* Woodstock (1826)
* Chronicles of the Canongate, 2nd series, The Fair Maid of Perth (1828)
* Anne of Geierstein (1829)
Tales of My Landlord
* 1st series The Black Dwarf and Old Mortality (1816)
* 2nd series, The Heart of Midlothian (1818)
* 3rd series, The Bride of Lammermoor and A Legend of Montrose (1819)
* 4th series, Count Robert of Paris and Castle Dangerous (1832)
Tales from Benedictine Sources
* The Abbot (1820)
* The Monastery (1820)
Short stories collections
* Chronicles of the Canongate, 1st series (1827). Collection of three short stories:
"The Highland Widow, "The Two Drovers" and "The Surgeon's Daughter".
* The Keepsake Stories (1828). Collection of three short stories:
"My Aunt Margaret's Mirror", "The Tapestried Chamber" and "Death Of The Laird's Jock".
Poetry
* Translations and Imitations from German Ballads (1796)
* The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802–1803)
* The Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805)
* Ballads and Lyrical Pieces (1806)
* Marmion (1808)
* The Lady of the Lake (1810)
* The Vision of Don Roderick (1811)
* The Bridal of Triermain (1813)
* Rokeby (1813)
* The Field of Waterloo (1815)
* The Lord of the Isles (1815)
* Harold the Dauntless (1817)
* Young Lochinvar
* Bonnie Dundee (1830)
* Patriotism
* This Is My Own, My Native Land
* The Lion of Scotland
Other
* Introductory Essay to The Border Antiquities of England and Scotland (1814–1817)
* The Chase (translator) (1796)
* Goetz of Berlichingen (translator) (1799)
* Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk (1816)
* Provincial Antiquities of Scotland (1819–1826)
* Lives of the Novelists (1821–1824)
* Essays on Chivalry, Romance, and Drama Supplement to the 1815–24 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica
* Halidon Hill (1822)
* The Letters of Malachi Malagrowther (1826)
* The Life of Napoleon Buonaparte (1827)
* Religious Discourses (1828)
* Tales of a Grandfather, 1st series (1828)
* History of Scotland, 2 vols. (1829–1830)
* Tales of a Grandfather, 2nd series (1829)
* The Doom of Devorgoil (1830)
* Wild Deception (1830)
* Essays on Ballad Poetry (1830)
* Tales of a Grandfather, 3rd series (1830)
* Letters on Demonology and Witchcraft (1830)
* The Bishop of Tyre
Quote
Breathes there the man, with soul so dead,
Who never to himself hath said,
This is my own, my native land!
from The Lay of the Last Minstrel by Walter Scott
Oh! what a tangled web we weave
When first we practise to deceive!
from Marmion, Canto VI. Stanza 17. by Walter Scott