gōng yuán   shǐ qián 'ōu zhōu Prehistoric Europe    diǎn shí dài Classical Antiquity   zhōng shì Middle Ages   zhōng shì wǎn Late Middle Ages   jìn dài 'ōu zhōu Early Modern Europe   cóng mìng dào guó zhù From revolution to imperialism   


  14 15 shì shì zhōng shì wǎn zhì 1300 nián zuǒ yòuōu zhōu shì lái de fán róng zēngzhǎng kāi shǐ tíng zhì liè de huāng wēn 1315-1317 nián huāng hēi bìnghēi bìng shì 'ōu zhōu shǐ shàng de zuì zāinàn zhī yòu guò duō bào dàn shì zuì yán zhòng de shì zài 14 shì zhōng 'ōu zhōu rén kǒu de sān fēn zhī bào rén kǒu jiǎn shǎo dǎo zhì shè huì dòng luàn zhàn zhēng guó yīng lán jīng liǎo guī de nóng mín héng héng zhā léi yīng guó nóng mín yīng bǎi nián zhàn zhēng yòu 'ǒutǒng de luó tiān zhù jiào huì bèi fēn liè suǒ dòng yáozhè xiē shì jiàn yòu shí bèi tǒng chēng wéi zhōng shì wǎn wēi
  
   suī rán yòu zhè xiē wēi , 14 shì réng rán shì zài shù xué fāng miàn yòu zhe cháng jìn de shí dài xīng de duì luó wén xiàn de xīng yǐn liǎo hòu rén suǒ chēng de wén xīng xiàn shí dài zài zhè shí duānào màn 'ěr guó de kuò zhāng zài 1453 nián jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo xiàn luò zhī hòu dào dǐng fēngqiē duàn liǎo 'ōu zhōu dōng fāng de mào néngōu zhōu rén bèi xún zhǎo xīn de mào xiàn lún 1492 nián tàn fǎng měi zhōuyòu · 1498 nián rào guò fēi zhōu zhí háng yìn
  
   zài 14 shì zǎo luó de hǎi chéng wèile zuì zhòng yào de mào háng yùn zhōng xīn chéng shì mào lián méng héng héng hàn tóng méng héng héng jìn liǎo lán táo wǎn luó de hǎi guó jiā de piàn róng 'ōu zhōu jīng bāng zhù liǎo dōng 'ōu liè qiáng de jué bāo kuò táo wǎn lánxiōng gōng guó
  
   gōng rèn de zhōng shì jié shù shí jiān bān dìng wéi jūn shì tǎn dīng bǎo bài zhàn tíng guó bèi 'ào màn 'ěr gōng zhàn de 1453 nián 'ěr rén gāi chéng zuò wéi men de 'ào màn guó de shǒu gāi guó zhí yán dào 1922 niánbāo kuò 'āi fēn 'ěr gān guó jiāào màn guó duì 'ōu zhàn zhēngyòu shí chēng 'ěr zhàn zhēngzài dōng nán 'ōu shǐ shàng de yǐng xiǎng qīng zhòng


  The Late Middle Ages span the 14th and 15th centuries. Around 1300, centuries of European prosperity and growth came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, such as the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population by as much as half according to some estimates. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant risings: the Jacquerie, the Peasants' Revolt, and the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Great Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.
  
  Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress within the arts and sciences. A renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts led to what has later been termed the Italian Renaissance. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began. The growth of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the fall of Constantinople in 1453, cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to discover new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus’s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498.
  
  One of the largest catastrophes to have hit Europe was the Black Death. There were numerous outbreaks, but the most severe was in the mid-1300s and is estimated to have killed a third of Europe's population.
  
  Beginning in the 14th century, the Baltic Sea became one of the most important trade routes. The Hanseatic League, an alliance of trading cities, facilitated the absorption of vast areas of Poland, Lithuania and other Baltic countries into the economy of Europe. This fed the growth of powerful states in Eastern Europe including Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, and Muscovy. The conventional end of the Middle Ages is usually associated with the fall of the city Constantinople and of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The Turks made the city the capital of their Ottoman Empire, which lasted until 1922 and also included Egypt, Syria and most of the Balkans. The Ottoman wars in Europe, also sometimes referred as the Turkish wars, marked an essential part of the history of southeastern Europe.

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