shè huì xué shì cóng shè huì zhěng tǐ chū fā， tōng guò shè huì guān xì hé shè huì xíng wéi lái yán jiū shè huì de jié gòu、 gōng néng、 fā shēng、 fā zhǎn guī lǜ de zōng hé xìng xué kē , piān lǐ。 tā cóng guò qù zhù yào yán jiū rén lèi shè huì de qǐ yuán、 zǔ zhì、 fēng sú xí guàn de rén lèi xué， qīng xiàng biàn wéi yǐ yán jiū xiàn dài shè huì de fā zhǎn hé shè huì zhōng de zǔ zhì xìng huò zhě tuán tǐ xìng xíng wéi de xué kē。 zài shè huì xué zhōng， rén men bù shì zuò wéi gè tǐ， ér shì zuò wéi yī gè shè huì zǔ zhì、 qún tǐ huò jī gòu de chéng yuán cún zài。
gài guān
shè huì xué zuò wéi duì xiàn dài xìng tū chū máo dùn de huí yìng chū xiàn yú 19 shì jì。 zhè gè xiàn dài xìng máo dùn shì： zhè gè shì jiè biàn dé yuè lái yuè xiǎo hé yuè lái yuè chéng wéi yī gè zhěng tǐ， gè rén de shì jiè jīng yàn què biàn dé yuè lái yuè fēn liè hé fēn sàn。 shè huì xué jiā bù dàn xī wàng liǎo jiě shénme shǐ dé shè huì tuán tǐ jù jí qǐ lái， gèng xī wàng liǎo jiě shè huì wǎ jiě de fā zhǎn guò chéng， cóng 'ér zuò chū “ jiū zhèng ”。（ zhè zhǒng guān diǎn zhù yào shì shè huì xué zhōng tú 'ěr gān xué pài suǒ chí de guān diǎn， ér qí tā pài bié yóu qí shì fǎ lán kè fú xué pài， bìng bù tàn suǒ duì shè huì de jiù zhì， yīn wéi tā men rèn wéi duì shè huì bìng jí tí chū de jiù zhì fāng 'àn， wǎng wǎng shì yǐ yī gè xiǎo qún tǐ de guān niàn qiáng jiā dào jué dà duō shù rén de shēn shàng， zhè bù dàn jiě jué bù liǎo wèn tí， hái huì shǐ wèn tí jiā zhòng）
jīn tiān， shè huì xué jiā duì shè huì de yán jiū bāo kuò liǎo yī xì liè de cóng hóng guān jié gòu dào wēi guān xíng wéi de yán jiū， bāo kuò duì zhǒng zú、 mín zú、 jiē jí hé xìng bié， dào xì rú jiā tíng jié gòu gè rén shè huì guān xì mó shì de yán jiū。 shè huì xué xì fēn chéng gèng duō gèng xì de yán jiū fāng xiàng， bāo kuò xiàng fàn zuì hé lí hūn， zài wēi guān fāng miàn lì rú yòu rén yǔ rén zhī jiān de guān xì。 shè huì xué jiā hái cháng yòng dìng liàng yán jiū de fāng fǎ cóng shù liàng shàng lái miáo shù yī gè shè huì zǒng tǐ jié gòu， yǐ cǐ lái yán jiū kě yǐ yù jiàn shè huì biàn qiān hé rén men duì shè huì biàn qiān fǎn yìng de dìng liàng mó xíng。 zhè zhǒng yóu lā zhā sī fèi 'ěr dé（ PaulF.Lazarsfeld） chàng dǎo de yán jiū fāng fǎ， xiàn zài shì shè huì xué yán jiū zhōng de zhù yào fāng fǎ lùn zhī yī。 shè huì xué yán jiū fāng fǎ de lìng wài yī gè liú pài shì dìng xìng yán jiū， bāo kuò cānyù guān chá、 shēn dù fǎng tán、 zhuān tí xiǎo zǔ tǎo lùn děng shōu jí zī liào de fāng fǎ， yǐ jí jī yú zhā gēn lǐ lùn、 nèi róng fēn xī děng dìng xìng zī liào de fēn xī fāng fǎ。 cóng shì dìng xìng fēn xī de bù fēn shè huì xué jiā xiāng xìn， zhè shì yī zhǒng gèng hǎo de fāng fǎ， yīn wéi zhè kě yǐ jiā qiáng lǐ jiě“ lí sàn” xìng de shè huì hé dú tè xìng de rén wén。 zhè zhǒng fāng fǎ cóng bù xún qiú yòu yī zhì guān diǎn， dàn què kě yǐ hù xiāng xīn shǎng gè zì suǒ cǎi qǔ de dú tè fāng shì bìng hù xiāng jiè jiàn。 zhù liú de guān diǎn rèn wéi， dìng liàng hé dìng xìng zhè liǎng zhǒng yán jiū fāng shì shì hù bǔ de， ér bù shì máo dùn de。
lì shǐ
kǒng dé fā míng liǎo shè huì xué yī cí。“ shè huì xué” shì yī mén xīn de xué shù fàn chóu。 tā héng kuà jīng jì、 zhèng zhì、 rén lèi xué、 lì shǐ jí xīn lǐ xué。 tā de yì yì zài yú xún zhǎo hùn hé liǎo rén lèi zhī shí jí zhé xué de yuán tóu。
“ shè huì xué” yī cí shì yóu kǒng dé (AugusteComte) shǒu chuàng de， tā shì tú shǐ yòng yī zhǒng wù lǐ xué de fāng fǎ lái tǒng yī suǒ yòu de rén wén xué kē héng héng bāo kuò lì shǐ、 xīn lǐ hé jīng jì xué， cóng 'ér jiàn lì jīng dé qǐ kē xué guī zé kǎo yàn de xué kē， yuán běn tā yòng“ shè huì wù lǐ xué” lái chēng hū zhè gè xīn de xué kē。 tā de gòng xiàn zhù yào shì tā shǐ dé shè huì kē xué zhōng yú tuō lí liǎo rén wén lǐng yù。 tā de shè huì xué lǐ niàn shì diǎn xíng 18 shì jì de： tā xiāng xìn suǒ yòu rén lèi huó dòng dū huì yī zhì dì jīng lì jié rán bù tóng de lì shǐ jiē duàn， rú guǒ yī gè shè huì kě yǐ zhuā zhe zhè gè jiē duàn， tā jiù kě yǐ wéi shè huì bìng kāi chū yòu xiào de yào fāng。
dì yī běn yǐ shè huì xué wéi tí mùdì shū shì 19 shì jì zhōng qī de yīng guó zhé xué jiā hè bó tè · sī bīn sài suǒ zhù。 zài měi guó， 1890 nián kěn sà sī dà xué de“ shè huì xué yuán sù” shì shè huì xué dì yī gè kè chéng [1],[2]， 1892 nián zhī jiā gē dà xué yóu 'ài bǐ 'ān · sī mó 'ěr chéng lì liǎo měi guó dì yī gè dú lì dà xué xué yuàn， tā yě chuàng lì liǎo“ měi guó shè huì xué xué bào” [3]。 1895 nián， fǎ guó bō 'ěr duō dà xué chéng lì liǎo 'ōu zhōu dì yī gè shè huì xué xué yuàn。 1904 nián lún dūn jīng jì jí zhèng zhì xué yuàn chéng lì liǎo yīng guó dì yī gè shè huì xué xué bù [4]。 1919 nián mǎ kè sī · wéi bó zài mù ní hēi dà xué chéng lì dì yī gè shè huì xué xué bù。 1920 nián FlorianZnaniecki zài bō lán chéng lì dì yī gè shè huì xué xué bù。
dì yī cì guān yú shè huì xué de guó jì hé zuò fā shēng yú 1893 nián。 dāng shí RenéWorms chéng lì“ shè huì xué guó jì xiǎo xué yuàn”， zuì hòu yǔ chuàng lì yú 1949 nián de guó jì shè huì xué jiā xié huì hé bìng [5]。 1905 nián chéng lì de měi guó shè huì xué xié huì shì jīn tiān shì jiè zuì dà de shè huì xué jiā xié huì。
19 shì jì zhì 20 shì jì yòu yī qún gǔ diǎn shè huì xué jiā mào qǐ， lì rú： kǎ 'ěr · mǎ kè sī、 FerdinandToennies、 āi mǐ 'ěr · tú 'ěr gān、 pà lěi tuō jí mǎ kè sī · wéi bó。 zhèng rú kǒng dé， tā mendōu bù huì zì shì wéi shè huì xué jiā。 tā men de gōng zuò shè jí zōng jiào、 jiào yù、 jīng jì、 xīn lǐ xué、 dào dé cāo shǒu、 zhé xué、 shén xué jí qí tā xué shù fàn chóu。 dāng rán tā men zài shè huì xué shàng shì fēi cháng yòu yǐng xiǎng lì de， tè bié shì kǎ 'ěr · mǎ kè sī gèng shì jīng jì xué zhòng yào jù tóu。
zǎo qī yóu kǒng dé dài chū de lǐ lùn yán jiū fāng shì shì mó fǎng yán jiū zì rán kē xué de fāng fǎ， yìng yòng xiāng tóng de fāng fǎ xué lái tàn tǎo shè huì xiàn xiàng。 qiáng diào yǐ jīng yàn、 shí zhèng hé kē xué fāng fǎ wéi shè huì xué zhā shí de jī chǔ。 zhè gè fāng fǎ xué chēng wéi shí zhèng zhù yì。
19 shì jì zǎo qī yǐ shí zhèng zhù yì yǔ zì rán zhù yì shǒu fǎ lái yán jiū shè huì shēng huó shòu dào liǎo dé guó de dí 'ěr tài、 hǎi yīn lǐ xī · lǐ kè 'ěr děng xīn kǒng dé zhù yì pài zhé xué jiā de zhì yí。 tā men rèn wéi zì rán shì jiè gēn shè huì shì jiè shì bù tóng de， rén lèi shè huì yòu dú tè de fàn chóu rú yì yì、 fú hào、 guī zé、 dào dé guī fàn jí jià zhí。 zhè xiē yuán sù chǎn shēng liǎo rén lèi wén huà。 mǎ kè sī · wéi bó gēn jù zhè gè guān diǎn fā zhǎn chū“ fǎn shí zhèng zhù yì” de quán shì shè huì xué（ InterpretiveSociology）， qiáng diào shè huì xué yán jiū de duì xiàng shì rén lèi xíng wéi de zhù guān yì yì。 tā gēn fǎn zì rán lùn yòu mìqiè guān xì， shǐ shè huì xué yán jiū tè bié guān zhù rén lèi jí wén huà jià zhí。 zhè dǎo zhì nán yǐ wéi zhù guān kè guān yán jiū fēn yě de zhēng lùn bìng yǐng xiǎng liǎo quán shì yán jiū。 yīn tè wǎng shí dài yě cuī shēng liǎo shè huì xué de xīn fēn zhī － gōng gòng shè huì xué。
zuì hòu， zì rán kē xué shí jì shàng bìng méi yòu qǔ dài qí tā de shè huì kē xué， ér shì biàn chéng qiáng diào duì xiàng hé fāng fǎ de lìng yī zhǒng xíng shì。 jīn tiān， shè huì xué jiā tōng cháng tōng guò bǐ jiào fǎ lái yán jiū rén lèi zǔ zhì hé shè huì zhì dù， tè bié shì zài fù zá de gōng yè shè huì zǔ zhì jié gòu de yán jiū zhōng。 cóng 20 zhì 21 shì jì lái kàn， shè huì xué de yán jiū yě yìng gāi shì tū fēi měng jìn de shí dài。
shè huì xué zhōng de kē xué yǔ shù xué
shè huì xué jiā yán jiū shí cháng cháng fēn xī qún tǐ， rú shè huì zǔ zhì、 zōng jiào zǔ zhì、 zhèng zhì zǔ zhì jí shāng yè zǔ zhì。 tā men yán jiū shè huì qún tǐ jiān de hù dòng、 gēn zōng yuán tóu jí fā zhǎn guò chéng、 fēn xī qún tǐ huó dòng duì gè gè chéng yuán de yǐng xiǎng。 shè huì xué jiā guān xīn shè huì qún tǐ de tè zhēng、 qún tǐ jiànhuò chéng yuán jiān de hù dòng yǐng xiǎng jí shè huì tè zhēng（ lì rú： xìng bié、 nián líng、 zhǒng zú） duì rì cháng shēng huó suǒ dài lái de xiào guǒ。 zhè xiē shè huì yán jiū jiēguǒ néng gòu xié zhù jiào yù jiā、 lì fǎ zhě、 xíng zhèng rén yuán、 shè gōng děng jiě jué shè huì wèn tí bìng zhì dìng gōng gòng zhèng cè。 dà bù fēn de shè huì xué jiādōu yòu duō xiàng zhuān cháng， lì rú shè huì zǔ zhì、 shè huì fēn céng jí shè huì liú dòng、 zhǒng zú guān xì、 jiào yù、 jiā tíng、 shè huì xīn lǐ xué、 chéng shì、 nóng cūn、 zhèng zhì jí bǐ jiào shè huì xué、 xìng bié juésè jí guān xì、 rén kǒu dì lǐ xué、 lǎo nián xué、 fàn zuì xīn lǐ xué jí shè huì xué yìng yòng。
jīn tiān， shè huì xué yán jiū rén lèi zǔ zhì、 shè huì qún tǐ、 shè huì hù dòng děng děngdōu shǐ yòng dà liàng bǐ jiào fāng fǎ。 shè huì xué de fā zhǎn duì qí tā kē xué dài lái 'é wài de xū qiú， zhè duì yán jiū xiàn dài gōng yè shè huì shì shí fēn zhòng yào。 jìn nián， dé dào liǎo rén lèi xué de qǐ shì， jiā sù liǎo duì duō yuán wén huà jí duō yuán guó mín de yán jiū。
lìng yī fāng miàn， shè huì xué cháo zhe wēi shè huì jié gòu fā zhǎn， lì rú： zhǒng zú、 shè huì jiē jí、 xìng bié jí jiā tíng。 yīn wéi yòu hěn duō zuì 'àn fā shēng、 jiā tíng wèn tí chǎn shēng liǎo hěn dà de shè huì yā lì， jí xū yào shè huì xué lái xún zhǎo jiě jué fāng fǎ。
shè huì xué jiā tòu guò liàng xìng yán jiū lái yán jiū shè huì guān xì yǐ yù cè shè huì biàn dòng。 tā men xī wàng tòu guò zhì xìng yán jiū， rú miàn tán jí xiǎo zǔ tǎo lùn， duì shè huì yùn zuò yòu gēngshēn rù de lǐ jiě。 yòu xiē shè huì xué jiā zhèng biàn lùn zhe cóng zhōng zuò chū píng héng tián bǔ liǎng zhě zhī jiān de kòngxì。 lì rú： liàng xìng yán jiū miáo shù dà xíng shè huì xiàn xiàng 'ér zhì xìng yán jiū miáo shù gè rén rú hé lǐ jiě dà xíng shè huì xiàn xiàng。
zhù yào xué shuō
shè huì lǐ lùn dāng zhōng cháng cháng yòng yī xiē chōu xiàng hé shèn zhì fù zá lǐ lùn kuàng jià lái jiě shì hé fēn xī shè huì yàng shì hé hóng guān shè huì jié gòu。 shè huì lǐ lùn zǒng gēn jīng diǎn de xué kē yòu yī gè lìng rén bù 'ān de guān xì， jiù shì dà bù fēn de zhòng yào shè huì xué jiā cóng wèi dān rèn dà xué zhí wù。 xiàn jīn shè huì lǐ lùn bèi rèn wéi shè huì xué fēn zhī， shè zú duō gè kē xué qū yù pì rú rén lèi xué、 jīng jì、 shén xué、 lì shǐ děng děng。 dì yī zhǒng shè huì lǐ lùn jīhū gēn shè huì xué tóng shí dàn shēng。 shè huì xué zhī fù－ kǒng dé chuàng lì dì yī shè huì lǐ lùn－ shè huì yǎn huà lǐ lùn。 zài 19 shì jì， sān dà shè huì lǐ lùn fēn bié shì shè huì jìn huà lùn、 shè huì zhōu qī lùn hé mǎ kè sī zhù yì de lì shǐ wéi wù zhù yì。 suī rán tā men xiàn zài bèi rèn wéi shì guò shí， dàn shì tā men què chǎn shēng liǎo xīn lǐ lùn， xiàng xīn jìn huà lùn、 xiàn dài huà de shè huì shēng wù xué、 hòu gōng yè huà de shè huì lǐ lùn jí duō biān lǐ lùn。
gēn kè guān de zì rán kē xué bù tóng， shè huì lǐ lùn jiā hěn shǎo shǐ yòng kē xué fāng fǎ jí qí tā shì zhèng fāng shì lái zhèng míng lùn diǎn。 fǎn 'ér， tā men miàn duì fēi cháng dà xíng de shè huì zǒu shì shí hòu dū shǐ yòng yī xiē jiǎ shuō。 kě shì， zhè xiē jiǎ shuō xū yào hěn cháng de shí jiān lái zhèng míng。 zhè zhèng shì fǎn duì zhě suǒ pī píng de zhòng diǎn。 duì yú jiě gòu zhù yì zhě jí hòu xiàn dài zhù yì zhě， tā men gèng zhì yí suǒ yòu de yán jiū jí fāng fǎ dōushì cuò wù dì chéng xí xià lái。 hěn duō shí hòu， shè huì lǐ lùn bèi rèn dìng wéi bù kě zhèng míng de。
kě shì， shè huì lǐ lùn shì gòu chéng shè huì xué de zuì dà bù fèn。 kè guān de kē xué yán jiū jīng cháng zhī chí shè huì lǐ lùn jiā de jiě shì。 jiàn jī yú kē xué fāng fǎ de tǒng jì yán jiū fā xiàn fù nǚ hé qí tā rén suī rán zhí xíng tóng yàng zhí yè， dàn shì shōu rù chū xiàn yán zhòng shōu rù chā jù。 zhè chéng wéi nǚ quán zhù yì de fù zá shè huì lǐ lùn de dà qián tí。 zǒng zhī , tè bié shì duì yú chún jìng de shè huì xué de zhuī suí zhě， shè huì lǐ lùn céng yòu zhè yàng de hūyù yīn wéi tā de jiāo diǎn cóng gè tǐ yí dào shè huì běn shēn jí yī xiē néng kòng zhì wǒ men shēng huó de shè huì lì liàng。 zhè shè huì xué de dòng chá duō nián láidōu jí zhōng zài xué shēng hé duì xiàn zhuàng bù mǎn yì de rén shì yīn wéi tā jiǎ dìng shè huì jié gòu hé yàng shì shì rèn yì huò shòu dào jù yòu lì liàng shè huì qún zǔ suǒ kòng zhì。 zhè 'àn shì liǎo biàn dòng de kě néng xìng。 zhè 'àn shì liǎo zài shè huì dǐ céng de rén shì shòu dào bù gāi shòu de yā pò。
shè huì yán jiū fāng fǎ
shè huì yán jiū huì yòng gè zhǒng fāng fǎ sōu jí jīng yàn shí zhèng， bāo kuò wèn juàn、 miàn tán、 cānyù zhě guān chá jí tǒng jì yán jiū。
bù tóng de fāng fǎ suǒ miàn duì de kùn nán shì tā mendōu gēn jù yán jiū yuán gè zì cǎi nà de lǐ lùn jī chǔ lái jiě shì jí liǎo jiě shè huì。 zuò wéi gōng néng zhù yì zhě， ài mí 'ěr · tú 'ěr gān xǐ huān yǐ shè huì dà guī mó jié gòu lái jiě shì rèn hé dōng xī。 rú guǒ tā shì fú hào hù dòng zhě， tā biàn zhuān zhù rén men rú hé lǐ jiě bié rén。 mǎ kè sī zhù yì zhě huò xīn mǎ kè sī zhù yì zhě bǎ shénme dū huà zuò jiē jí dǒu zhēng。 xiàn xiàng xué jiā zhǐ shì sī kǎo dà zhòng duì xiàn shí rú hé jiàn lì zì jǐ de yì yì。 dāng gè fāng dū miàn duì xiàn shí shè huì wèn tí shí， cháng cháng zhēng lùn shuí duì shuí cuò， ér shí jì shàng huì bǎ bù tóng fāng fǎ xué jié hé。
yīn tè wǎng shì shè huì xué jiā de xīng qù suǒ zài， yuán yīn yòu sì： yī） tā shì yán jiū gōng jù。 lì rú wǎng shàng wèn juàn diào chá dài tì zhǐ zhāng wèn juàn。 èr） tā chéng wéi tǎo lùn píng tái。 sān） tā běn shēn shì yán jiū kè tí。 yīn tè wǎng de shè huì xué yán jiū wǎng shàng shè qū、 xū nǐ shè qū。 sì） yīn wéi yīn tè wǎng 'ér chǎn shēng shè huì zǔ zhì shàng de gǎi biàn， lì rú yóu gōng yè shè huì zhuǎn xíng dào zhī shí shè huì de dà xíng shè huì gǎi biàn。
shè huì xué yǔ qí tā shè huì kē xué
zài 'èr shí shì jì zǎo qī， shè huì xué jiā jí xīn lǐ xué jiā céng duì gōng yè shè huì zuò chū yán jiū， duì rén lèi xué zuò chū liǎo gòng xiàn。 yào liú yì yī diǎn de shì rén lèi xué jiā dū céng duì gōng yè shè huì zuò chū yán jiū。 jīn tiān shè huì xué jí rén lèi xué zhù yào fēn bié zài yú yán jiū bù tóng de lǐ lùn hé fāng fǎ 'ér bù shì duì xiàng。
shè huì shēng wù xué shì zōng hé shè huì xué jí shēng wù xué de yī mén xīn kē xué。 suī rán tā hěn kuài huò dé jiē shòu， dàn réng rán yòu hěn duō zhēng lùn de dì fāng yīn wéi tā cháng shì shǐ yòng jìn huà jí shēng wù guò chéng lái jiě shì shè huì xíng wéi jí jié gòu。 shè huì shēng wù xué jiā cháng bèi shè huì xué jiā pī píng guò fèn yǐ lài jī yīn duì xíng wéi de yǐng xiǎng。 shè huì shēng wù xué jiā què shuō zài zì rán zhī jiān hé bǔ yù cún zài yī gè fù zá guān xì。 gù cǐ shè huì shēng wù xué gēn rén lèi xué、 dòng wù xué、 jìn huà xīn lǐ xué yòu mìqiè guān xì。 zhè réng rán shì qí tā kē xué suǒ bù néng jiē shòu de。 yī xiē shè huì shēng wù xué jiā xiàng RichardMachalek yào qiú shǐ yòng shè huì xué lái yán jiū fēi rén lèi shè huì。
shè huì xué gēn shè huì xīn lǐ xué yòu guān xì， qián zhě guān xīn shè huì jié gòu， hòu zhě guān xīn shè huì xíng wéi。
zhù yào de shè huì xué zhù tí
qún tǐ zǔ zhì fāng miàn： jiā tíng－ shè qū héng xiāng cūn－ jí zhèn－ chéng shì－ bù luò－ mín zú－ tuán tǐ héng wén huà ..
qún tǐ yǔ zǔ zhì
chū jí shè huì qún tǐ
jiā tíng
lín lǐ
ér tóng yóu xì qún tǐ
shè huì zǔ zhì
kē céng zhì
shè huì zhì dù fāng miàn： qīn shǔ－ hūn yīn－ jīng jì－ zhèng zhì－ fǎ lǜ－ zōng jiào－ jiào yù－ wén huà－ tǐ yù ..
shè huì guò chéng fāng miàn： hé zuò－ jìng zhēng－ zhàn zhēng－ gǎi gé－ gé mìng－ shè huì yú lùn－ shè huì jià zhí guān－ shè huì yī tǐ huà ..
shè huì huà
shè huì juésè
guī fàn yǔ yuè guǐ
shè huì biàn qiān
fēn céng yǔ liú dòng
chéng shì huà
xiàn dài huà
shè huì wèn tí fāng miàn： jiù yè－ mín zú fēn liè－ fàn zuì－ huán jìng wū rǎn－ rén kǒu－ yí mín－ zhǒng zú qí shì－ bào lì héng pín kùn ..
shè huì xué zhù yào rén wù
ào gǔ sī tè · kǒng dé（ AugusteComte）
āi mǐ 'ěr · tú 'ěr gān
hè bó tè · sī bīn sài
kǎ 'ěr · mǎ kè sī
mǎ kè sī · wéi bó（ MaxWeber)
téng ní sī
qí měi 'ěr
màn hǎi mǔ
pà lěi tuō
mǎ lín nuò fū sī jī
sī jīn nà
wēi lián · sà mǔ nà (WilliamSumner)
wēi lián · tuō mǎ sī (WilliamThomas)
fú luò lǐ 'ān · cí nán ní jī (FlorianZrannecki)
pà sēn sī
mò dùn
sī méi 'ěr sè
gān sī
mǐ 'ěr sī
mǐ dé
liú yì sī · kē sài
huò màn sī
bù láo
ài mò shēng
gē fū màn
shū cí
hā luó dé · jiā fēn kè 'ěr
ā duō nuò
āi lǐ xī · fú luò mǔ
hè bó tè · mǎ 'ěr kù sài (HerbertMarcuse)
yú 'ěr gēn · hā bèi mǎ sī (JurgenHabermas)
mǐ xiē 'ěr · fú kē
lì 'ào tǎ
lǚ xī 'ān · sī fèi cí
bù dí 'è
ān dōng ní · jí dēng sī
āi lì yà sī
kè lì fú dé · gé 'ěr cí（ wén huà rén lèi xué zhě， CliffordGeertz）
fèi xiào tōng
shè huì xué lǐ lùn
shè huì yòu jī tǐ lùn
shè huì fā zhǎn lùn
shè huì gōng píng lùn
shè huì jiāo huàn lùn
shè huì hù dòng lùn
shè huì jìn huà lùn
shè huì jūn héng lùn
shè huì rèn zhī lùn
shè huì wéi míng lùn
shè huì wéi shí lùn
shè huì xué xí lùn
shè huì kòng zhì lùn
jié gòu gōng néng lùn
chōng tū xué shuō
fǎ lán kè fú xué pài
fǎ lán kè fú xué pài shì yóu dé guó de fǎ lán kè fú dà xué shè huì yán jiū suǒ gòu chéng de xué shù tuán tǐ， wú lùn cóng dài biǎo rén wù de shù liàng， hái shì cóng qí chéng yuán lǐ lùn jiàn shù de shēn dù hé guǎng dù lái kàn， tā dōushì 20 shì jì zuì dà de mǎ kè sī zhù yì liú pài， shì xī fāng rén běn zhù yì mǎ kè sī zhù yì de zhù yào liú pài zhī yī， yě shì xiàn dài xī fāng zhé xué de zhòng yào liú pài zhī yī。 kě yǐ duàn yán， bù yán jiū hé lǐ jiě fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de shè huì pī pàn lǐ lùn， bù kě néng shí fēn quán miàn yǔ shēn kè dì lǐ jiě 20 shì jì rén lèi wén huà jīng shén de yǎn jìn。
fǎ lán kè fú xué pài dài biǎo rén wù zhòng duō， zhù shù fēng fù， shè liè de lǐng yù shí fēn guǎng fàn， ér qí zhù yào dài biǎo rén wù de huó dòng nián dài yòu jīhū hán gài liǎo zhěng gè 20 shì jì。 fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de chuàng shǐ rén huò kè hǎi mò yǔ lú kǎ qí、 bù luò hè děng rén shì tóng líng rén， ér tā de dì 'èr dài zhù yào dài biǎo rén wù hā bèi mǎ sī děng rén zhì jīn yǐ jiù jiàn zài bìng shí fēn huó yuè。
1923 nián， zhèng zhí guó jì gòng chǎn zhù yì yùn dòng nèi bù yǐ lú kǎ qí、 kē 'ěr shī děng rén wéi dài biǎo de yī pī fēi zhèng tǒng de mǎ kè sī zhù yì zhě kāi shǐ chóngxīn fǎn sī wú chǎn jiē jí gé mìng de jīng yàn jiào xùn， bìng zhòng xīn rèn shí mǎ kè sī zhù yì lǐ lùn shí， dé guó de fǎ lán kè fú dà xué nèi bù jiàn lì qǐ yī gè yǐ yán jiū mǎ kè sī zhù yì wéi zōng zhǐ de shè huì yán jiū suǒ。 yán jiū suǒ chuàng bàn liǎo《 shè huì zhù yì hé gōng rén yùn dòng shǐ wén kù》 zá zhì， tā de dì yī rèn suǒ cháng yóu shǔ yú 'ào dì lì mǎ kè sī zhù yì chuán tǒng de lì shǐ xué jiā gé lǜ bó gé（ CarlCrunberg1861－ 1940） dān rèn。 gé lǜ bó gé zài mǎ kè sī zhù yì nèi bù bù tóng pài bié de zhēng lùn zhōng chí mǒu zhǒng zhōng lì de tài dù， tā duì dōng fāng zhèng tǒng mǎ kè sī zhù yì hé lú kǎ qí děng xī fāng fēi zhèng tǒng de mǎ kè sī zhù yì chí tóng yàng de tài dù。 zài mǒu zhǒng yì yì shàng， fǎ lán kè fú shè huì yán jiū suǒ chéng liǎo xī fāng hé dōng fāng mǎ kè sī zhù yì sī cháo de lián jié diǎn， tā suǒ bàn de《 shè huì zhù yì hé gōng rén yùn dòng shǐ wén kù》 duì dōng xī fāng de mǎ kè sī zhù yì wén xiàn yī shì tóng rén， jì fā biǎo xīn fā xiàn de mǎ kè sī hé 'ēn gé sī wén gǎo， fā biǎo bó 'ēn shī tǎn děng rén de wén zhāng， yě fā biǎo lú kǎ qí hé kē 'ěr shī děng rén de wén zhāng。 kě yǐ shuō， gé lǜ bó gé dān rèn suǒ cháng shí qī， shè huì yán jiū suǒ de chéng yuán shàng wèi xíng chéng wǒ men jīn tiān suǒ chēng wèi de fǎ lán kè fú xué pài。 1930 nián， huò kè hǎi mò jiē tì huàn bìng de gé lǜ bó gé dān rèn shè huì yán jiū suǒ suǒ cháng， cóng cǐ kāi shǐ yǐ shè huì pī pàn lǐ lùn 'ér zhù chēng de fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de lì shǐ。 kě yǐ fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de lì shǐ kě yǐ huàfēn wéi sān gè zhù yào jiē duàn。
1930 nián zhì 1949 nián de huàn nián jiān wéi fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de chuàng lì shí qī hé zǎo qī， cóng fǎ lán kè fú xué pài chéng yuán de huó dòng dì yù lái jiǎng， zhè yī shí qī zhù yào shì gāi xué pài de měi guó shí qī。
huò kè hǎi mò yǔ gé lǜ bó gé zuì dà de bù tóng diǎn shì tā bù bǎ shè huì yán jiū suǒ jí《 shè huì zhù yì hé gōng rén yùn dòng shǐ wén kù》 jǐn jǐn dāng zuò bù tóng de mǎ kè sī zhù yì sī cháo jiāo huì huò duì huà de chǎng suǒ， ér shì wéi shè huì yán jiū suǒ de chéng yuán què dìng liǎo míng què de yán jiū fāng xiàng， zhè jiù shì jiàn lì shè huì pī pàn lǐ lùn huò pī pàn de shè huì lǐ lùn。 huò kè hǎi mò zài jiù rèn suǒ cháng shí suǒ zuò de tí wéi《 shè huì zhé xué de xiàn zhuàng hé shè huì yán jiū suǒ de rèn wù》 de yǎn shuō zhōng， míng què tí chū， shè huì yán jiū suǒ de rèn wù shì jiàn lì yī zhǒng shè huì zhé xué， tā bù mǎn zú yú duì zī běn zhù yì shè huì jìn xíng jīng jì xué hé lì shǐ xué de shí zhèng xìng fēn xī， ér shì yǐ“ zhěng gè rén lèi de quán bù wù zhì wén huà hé jīng shén wén huà” wéi duì xiàng 'ér jiē shì hé chǎn shì“ zuò wéi shè huì chéng yuán de rén de mìng yùn”， duì zhěng gè zī běn zhù yì shè huì jìn xíng zǒng tǐ xìng de zhé xué pī pàn hé shè huì xué pī pàn。 yóu cǐ， huò kè hǎi mò yī fāng miàn yǐn rù fú luò yī dé de jīng shén fēn xī xué， jìn xíng wén huà hé yì shí xíng tài pī pàn； lìng yī fāng miàn， tā wéi zhè yī yán jiū yǐn jìn hé zǔ zhì liǎo xǔ duō zhù míng de xué zhě， rú 'ā duō 'ěr nuò、 mǎ 'ěr kù sài、 fú luò mǔ、 běn jié míng děng rén， zhè xiē rén huò shì chéng wéi fǎ lán kè fú dà xué shè huì yán jiū suǒ de chéng yuán， huò shì chéng wéi yán jiū suǒ xīn chuàng bàn de《 shè huì yán jiū zá zhì》 de zhuàn gǎo rén， yóu cǐ 'ér gòu chéng liǎo fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de qiáng dà zhèn yíng。
rán 'ér， shì gé bù jiǔ， fǎ xī sī shàng tái， fǎ lán kè fú xué pài chéng yuán dà duō shì chí jī jìn mǎ kè sī zhù yì lì chǎng de yóu tài rén， yīn 'ér wú fǎ jì xù zài dé guó huó dòng。 shè huì yán jiū suǒ bèi pò yú 1933 nián qiān wǎng měi guó， xiān hòu lì shǔ yú niǔ yuē de gē lún bǐ yà dà xué hé bó kè lì de jiā lì fú ní yà dà xué。 zài cǐ qī jiān， fǎ lán kè fú xué pài chéng yuán zhú bù fā zhǎn hé jiàn lì qǐ zì jǐ de shè huì pī pàn lǐ lùn， duì fā dá zī běn zhù yì shè huì jìn xíng quán fāng wèi de wén huà pī pàn。 qí jiān， huò kè hǎi mò yú 1937 nián fā biǎo de《 chuán tǒng lǐ lùn hé pī pàn lǐ lùn》， míng què bǎ fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de lǐ lùn gài kuò wéi pī pàn lǐ lùn。 zhè yī shí qī， fǎ lán kè fú xué pài fā biǎo liǎo xǔ duō chǎn shù pī pàn lǐ lùn de zhòng yào zhù zuò， rú huò kè hǎi mò de《 dú cái zhù yì guó jiā》、 huò kè hǎi mò hé 'ā duō 'ěr nuò de《 qǐ méng de biàn zhèng fǎ》、 fú luò mǔ de《 táo bì zì yóu》、 mǎ 'ěr kù sài de《 lǐ xìng yǔ gé mìng》 děng。
1949 nián zhì 60 nián dài mò wéi fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de zhōng qī， shì fǎ lán kè fú xué pài chéng yuán chóngxīn huí dào dé guó， zài xī dé huó dòng de shí qī， zhè shì fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de dǐng shèng shí qī huò huáng jīn shí dài。
1949 nián， yìng xī dé zhèng fǔ de yāo qǐng， huò kè hǎi mò hé 'ā duō 'ěr nuò děng rén huí guó， chóngjiàn shè huì yán jiū suǒ， èr rén fēn bié dān rèn yán jiū suǒ de zhèng、 fù suǒ cháng。 bù jiǔ， huò kè hǎi mò dān rèn fǎ lán kè fú dà xué xiào cháng， hòu yòu fù měi jiǎng xué， shí jì shàng shè huì yán jiū suǒ de gōng zuò zhù yào yóu 'ā duō 'ěr nuò zhù chí。 zhè yī shí qī， bù jǐn huò kè hǎi mò、 ā duō 'ěr nuò、 mǎ 'ěr kù sài、 fú luò mǔ děng rén（ wú lùn shì huí dào dé guó hái shì liú zài měi guó） jì xù jiàn gòu yǔ fā zhǎn fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de shè huì pī pàn lǐ lùn， ér qiě yī pī nián qīng de lǐ lùn jiā， rú hā bèi mǎ sī、 shī mì tè、 nèi gé tè děng rén kāi shǐ jué qǐ， chéng wéi fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de dì 'èr dài lǐ lùn jiā。 zài zhè yī shí qī， fǎ lán kè fú xué pài jìn yī bù fā zhǎn liǎo zì jǐ de shè huì pī pàn lǐ lùn。 tā men jìn yī bù qiáng diào biàn zhèng de fǒu dìng xìng hé gé mìng xìng， duì fā dá gōng yè shè huì jìn xíng liǎo quán fāng wèi de pī pàn， shēn kè jiē shì liǎo xiàn dài rén de yì huà hé xiàn dài shè huì de wù huà jié gòu， tè bié shì yì shí xíng tài、 jì shù lǐ xìng、 dà zhòng wén huà děng yì huà de lì liàng duì rén de shù fù hé tǒng zhì， bìng zhì dìng liǎo fā dá zī běn zhù yì tiáo jiàn xià de gé mìng zhàn lüè。 fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de jī jìn de wén huà pī pàn lǐ lùn zài 60 nián dài mò xíjuǎn 'ōu zhōu de xué shēng hé qīng nián zào fǎn yùn dòng zhōng huò dé liǎo jí gāo de shēng yù， chǎn shēng liǎo shí fēn jù dà de yǐng xiǎng。 huò kè hǎi mò、 ā duō 'ěr nuò、 mǎ 'ěr kù sài、 fú luò mǔ děng zhù yào dài biǎo rén wù yǐ chéng wéi shí fēn zhù míng、 shí fēn yòu yǐng xiǎng de shè huì sī xiǎng jiā。 dài biǎo fǎ lán kè fú xué pài zhè yī shí qī sī xiǎng de zhù yào zhù zuò yòu 'ā duō 'ěr nuò de《 fǒu dìng de biàn zhèng fǎ》、 fú luò mǔ de《 jiàn quán de shè huì》 hé《 ài yù yǔ wén míng》、 hā bèi mǎ sī de《 rèn shí yǔ xīng qù》、 shī mì tè de《 mǎ kè sī de zì rán gài niàn》 děng děng。
cóng 70 nián dài qǐ， fǎ lán kè fú xué pài jìn rù liǎo zì jǐ de fā zhǎn wǎn qī， zhè shì fǎ lán kè fú xué pài zhù yào dài biǎo rén wù xiāng jì qù shì， xué pài kāi shǐ zǒu xiàng jiě tǐ de shí qī。
60 nián dài mò xíjuǎn quán 'ōu zhōu de xué shēng yùn dòng shǐ fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de shēng yù dá dào liǎo dǐng fēng， dàn cǐ hòu fǎ lán kè fú xué pài hěn kuài kāi shǐ liǎo shuāi luò hé jiě tǐ de jìn chéng。 zào chéng zhè yī xiàn zhuàng de yuán yīn shì hěn duō fāng miàn de。 shǒu xiān， fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de dì yī dài zhù yào dài biǎo rén wù xiāng jì xiè shì， ā duō 'ěr nuò yú 1969 nián qù shì， huò kè hǎi mò yú 1973 nián qù shì， mǎ 'ěr kù sài yú 1979 nián qù shì， fú luò mǔ yú 1980 nián qù shì。 qí cì， fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de dì 'èr dài zhù yào dài biǎo rén wù hā bèi mǎ sī hé shī mì tè zhī jiān cún zài hěn dà de fēn qí， yóu cǐ dǎo zhì liǎo fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de jiě tǐ。 shī mì tè bèi shì zuò fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de zhèng tǒng jì chéng rén， tā rèn wéi fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de pī pàn lǐ lùn zài 70 nián dài de fā dá gōng yè shè huì tiáo jiàn xià yǐ jiù yòu xiào， ér hā bèi mǎ sī zé qiáng diào fǎ lán kè fú xué pài de chuán tǒng pī pàn lǐ lùn tóng xiàn dài shè huì tiáo jiàn de bù shì yìng xìng， tā kāi shǐ zhì lì yú tàn tǎo wǎn qī zī běn zhù yì de hé fǎ xìng wèn tí， zhù zhāng yǐ jiāo wǎng lǐ xìng lái qǔ dài gōng jù lǐ xìng de hé xīn dì wèi， cóng 'ér yǐ jiāo wǎng xíng dòng lǐ lùn chóngjiàn lì shǐ wéi wù zhù yì。 zhè xiē fēn qí fǎn yìng zài shī mì tè de《 lùn pī pàn lǐ lùn de sī xiǎng》、《 zuò wéi lì shǐ zhé xué de pī pàn lǐ lùn》 hé hā bèi mǎ sī de《 wǎn qī zī běn zhù yì de hé fǎ xìng wèn tí》、《 chóngjiàn lì shǐ wéi wù zhù yì》、《 jiāo wǎng yǔ shè huì jìn huà》 děng zhù zuò zhī zhōng。 lǐ lùn shàng de fēn qí pò huài liǎo fǎ lán kè fú xué pài chéng yuán jiān de hé zuò。 1969 nián， hā bèi mǎ sī dān rèn shè huì yán jiū suǒ de suǒ cháng， dàn hěn kuài， yóu yú tóng shī mì tè zhī jiān guān xì de 'è huà， hā bèi mǎ sī céng yú 1971 nián tuì chū shè huì yán jiū suǒ。 1972 nián shī mì tè kāi shǐ dān rèn yán jiū suǒ de suǒ cháng。 1983 nián hā bèi mǎ sī fǎn huí dào fǎ lán kè fú dà xué rèn jiào。 suī rán shè huì yán jiū suǒ hái yǐ rán cún zài， dàn hā bèi mǎ sī děng rén gèng duō dì shì zuò wéi dān dú de sī xiǎng jiā 'ér huó yuè yú guó jì xué shù jiè， fǎ lán kè fú xué pài zuò wéi yī gè qiáng yòu lì de xué pài de lì shǐ jī běn shàng yǐ jīng zhōng jié。
shè huì xué xué pài jí fēn zhī
lì shǐ shè huì xué pài
shè huì tǒng jì xué pài
shè huì xué fēn zhī
shè huì xué shǐ
jiào yù shè huì xué
shè huì sī xiǎng shǐ
shè huì xué fāng fǎ
shè huì diào chá fāng fǎ、 shè huì tǒng jì xué
shí yàn shè huì xué
shù lǐ shè huì xué
yìng yòng shè huì xué
zhí yè shè huì xué、 gōng yè shè huì xué、 yī xué shè huì xué、 chéng shì shè huì xué、 xiāng cūn shè huì xué、 jiā tíng shè huì xué、 huán jìng shè huì xué、 qīng nián shè huì xué、 lǎo nián shè huì xué、 fàn zuì shè huì xué、 yuè guǐ shè huì xué、 fù nǚ wèn tí、 zhǒng zú wèn tí、 shè huì wèn tí、 shè huì qún zhòng jí fēn céng wèn tí、 shè qū、 shè huì bǎo zhàng、 shè huì gōng zuò、 wēi guān shè huì xué、 zhèng zhì shè huì xué、 zōng jiào shè huì xué、 tǐ yù shè huì xué、 fā zhǎn shè huì xué、 rén kǒu shè huì xué
bǐ jiào shè huì xué
shè huì dì lǐ xué
wén huà shè huì xué
yì shù shè huì xué、 zhī shí shè huì xué、 dào dé shè huì xué
lì shǐ shè huì xué
jīng jì shè huì xué
jūn shì shè huì xué
shè huì xīn lǐ xué
shè huì xīn lǐ xué shǐ、 shí yàn shè huì xīn lǐ xué
gōng gòng guān xì xué
shè huì rén lèi xué
zǔ zhì shè huì xué
fā zhǎn shè huì xué
fú lì shè huì xué
rén kǒu xué
rén kǒu jīng jì xué、 rén kǒu shè huì xué、 rén kǒu xué shuō shǐ、 rén kǒu shǐ、 rén kǒu dì lǐ xué、 rén kǒu shēng tài xué、 qū yù rén kǒu xué、 rén kǒu xì tǒng gōng chéng、 rén kǒu yù cè xué、 rén kǒu guī huá xué、 rén kǒu zhèng cè xué、 jìhuà shēng yù xué
cān kàn：
xīn lǐ xué -- qíng bào xué -- zhèng zhì xué -- shè huì zhù yì -- shè huì fā zhǎn guī lǜ -- shè huì jié gòu -- rén cái xué
xiāng guān wén xiàn
wéi bó（ dé） ,《 shè huì xué de jī běn gài niàn》 , guǎng xī shī fàn dà xué chū bǎn shè ,2005,ISBN7563352058
yè zhì chéng，《 shè huì xué shì shénme》， yáng zhì wén huà shì yè gǔ fèn yòu xiàn gōng sī， 2005,ISBN9578187181
qiáo zhì ． ruì zé 'ěr（ měi） ,《 dāng dài shè huì xué lǐ lùn jí qí gǔ diǎn gēn yuán》 , běi jīng dà xué chū bǎn shè ,2005,ISBN7301087985
qiáo nà sēn · tè nà（ měi） ,《 shè huì xué lǐ lùn de jié gòu》 , guì guān tú shū gǔ fèn yòu xiàn gōng sī ,2001,ISBN957551498X
JohnJ.Macionis,Sociology(10thEdition),PrenticeHall,2004,ISBN0131849182
PiotrSztompka,Socjologia,Znak,2002,ISBN8324002189
StephenH.Aby,Sociology:AGuidetoReferenceandInformationSources.3rdedn.Littleton,CO,LibrariesUnlimitedInc.,2005,ISBN1563089475
AnthonyGiddens,ConversationswithAnthonyGiddens,Polity,Cambridge,1998. duì gǔ diǎn shè huì xué zuò hěn hǎo de jiè shào。
AnthonyGiddens,Sociology,Polity,Cambridge
AnthonyGiddens,HumanSocieties:IntroductionReadinginSociology
RobertA.Nisbet,TheSociologicalTradition,London,HeinemannEducationalBooks,1967,ISBN1560006676
EvanWillis,TheSociologicalQuest:Anintroductiontothestudyofsociallife,3rdedn,NewBrunswick,NJ,RutgersUniversityPress,1996,ISBN0813523672
AndreyKorotayev,ArtemyMalkov,andDariaKhaltourina,IntroductiontoSocialMacrodynamics,Moscow:URSS,2006.ISBN5-484-00414-4[6].
Sociology is starting from the community, through social relations and social behavior of social structure, function, occurrence and development of a comprehensive law subjects, migraine management. It is the last major study from the origin of human society, organizations, customs of Anthropology, tend to look into the development of modern society and social groups in the organization or sex of the subjects. In sociology, people not as individuals but as a social organization, groups or bodies exist.
Overview
Today, sociologists study society, including a series of macro to micro behavior of the structure, including race, ethnicity, class and gender, to fine individuals such as family structure, patterns of social relations. Department of Sociology, with more detailed research into the direction, including crime and divorce as, for example, in micro aspects of human relationships. Sociologists also quantitative research methods commonly used to quantify the overall structure of up to describe a society in order to study social change can be predicted and people respond to social changes in the quantitative model. This from the 拉扎斯费尔德 (Paul F. Lazarsfeld) initiated research methods, sociological research is now one of the main methodology. Sociological Research Methods is another school of qualitative research, including participant observation, depth interviews, focus group discussions and other methods of data collection, and based on grounded theory, content analysis of qualitative data analysis. Engaged in some sociologists believe that the qualitative analysis, which is a better way, because it can enhance the understanding of "discrete" nature of human society and the uniqueness. This method never find a consistent point of view, but they can appreciate each taken their own unique way and learn from each other. Mainstream view is that both quantitative and qualitative research methods are complementary, not contradictory.
History
Comte invented the word sociology. "Sociology" is a new academic areas. It is across the economic, political, anthropology, history and psychology. Its meaning is to find a mixture of the source of human knowledge and philosophy.
"Sociology" is by Comte (Auguste Comte) first, he tried to use a physical approach to unify all of the humanities - including history, psychology and economics, so as to establish the rules stand the test of science subjects, had he used "social physics" to call this new discipline. His main contribution is that he makes the last out of the Humanities and Social Sciences fields. His idea of sociology is a typical 18th century: he believes that all human activities are consistent through different historical stages, if a society can be grabbed at this stage, it can be effective for the community out patient prescription.
The first book of sociology, the subject is the mid-19th century British philosopher Herbert Spencer book. In the U.S., the University of Kansas in 1890 "Elements of Sociology" is the first course of sociology [1], [2], the University of Chicago in 1892, _set_ up by the 艾比安斯摩尔 the first independent American University College, he also created the "American Journal of Sociology" [3]. In 1895, the University of Bordeaux, France established the first European Sociology. 1904, London School of Economics and Political Science was _set_ up Britain's first Faculty of Sociology [4]. Max Weber at the University of Munich in 1919 established the first Faculty of Sociology. 1920 Florian Znaniecki in Poland established the first Faculty of Sociology.
The first occurred on the sociology of international cooperation in 1893. René Worms was _set_ up the "sociology of international small-college", and finally in 1949 with the creation of the International Association for the merger sociologist [5]. 1905 established the American Sociological Association is today the world's largest association of sociologists.
19th century to the 20th century, the rise of a group of classical sociologists, such as: Karl Marx, Ferdinand Toennies, Emile Durkheim, Pareto and Max Weber. As Comte, they will not see themselves as sociologists. Their work involves religion, education, economy, psychology, ethics, philosophy, theology and other academic areas. Of course they are very influential in the sociology of power, especially in economics, Karl Marx is important giant.
Brought out earlier by the Comte way to mimic the theory of natural science research methods, apply the same methodology to study social phenomena. Emphasis on experience, evidence and scientific methods for the solid foundation of sociology. This methodology is called positivism.
Finally, science does not actually replace the other social sciences, but rather to an emphasis on objects and methods of another form. Today, sociologists usually by comparison to the study of human organizations and social systems, especially in a complex social structure of industrial research. From 20 to 21 of view, sociological research should be the era of rapid development.
Sociology of science and mathematics
Today, the sociological study of human organizations, social groups, social interaction, etc. use a lot of comparison. The development of other scientific sociology additional demand, which is very important to the study of modern industrial society. In recent years, has been the revelation of anthropology, accelerated the multi-cultural and multi-national study.
On the other hand, sociology towards the development of micro-social structure, such as: race, social class, gender and family. Because there are a lot of crime, family problems have a lot of social pressure, needed to find a solution to sociology.
Quantitative research by sociologists to study social relations in order to predict social change. They hope that through qualitative research, such as interviews and group discussions on the functioning of society have a deeper understanding. Some sociologists are debating the balance from which to fill the gap between the two. For example: a large volume of research describing social phenomena and qualitative description of how individuals understand the large-scale social phenomena.
Major theory
With the objective of the Natural different social theorists rarely use the scientific method, and other facts and evidence and ways to prove points. Instead, they face a very large social movements at all times to use some hypotheses. However, these hypotheses require a long time to prove. This is the focus of criticism by opponents. For those of deconstruction and postmodernism, who also questioned the research and methods are all wrong inherited. In many cases, social theory has been identified as not proven.
Social Research Methods
Social Research Council experience in various methods of collecting evidence, including questionnaires, interviews, participant observation and statistical research.
Different ways the difficulties that they are based on the theoretical basis for researchers to adopt their own interpretation and understanding of the community. As a function of advocates, Ai Mill Durkheim like large-scale structure of the community to explain anything. If he is symbolic interaction, he will focus on how people understand other people. Marxist or a new Marxist class struggle to turn into anything. Scientists think the phenomenon is only the general public how to create their own meaning of reality. When the parties face the reality of social problems, often argue who is right, but in fact would combine different methodologies.
The Internet is of interest to sociologists, for four reasons: 1) it is research tools. Such as online questionnaires instead of paper questionnaires. B) a platform to discuss it. C) is a research topic itself. Sociology of the Internet, online communities, virtual communities. D) As the Internet and have social organizational changes such as transformation from industrial society to knowledge society, large-scale social change.
Sociology and other social sciences
In the early twentieth century, sociologists and psychologists had to study the industrial society, has contributed to anthropology. Must bear in mind is that anthropologists have to study the industrial society. Sociology and Anthropology major difference today is to study the different theories and methods, not objects.
Sociobiology is a synthesis of sociology and biology of a new science. Although it quickly accepted, but there are still many controversies over evolution and try to use it to explain the social behavior of biological processes and structures. Sociologists often criticize the social biologists rely too much on the impact of genes on behavior. Biologists said that in between the community and nurture the natural existence of a complex relationship. Therefore, the biological with social anthropology, zoology, evolutionary psychology is closely related. This is still unacceptable to the other sciences. Some social biologists such as Richard Machalek require the use of sociology to study the non-human society.
Sociology, social psychology has a relationship with the former concerned with social structure, which is interested in social behavior.
The main theme of Sociology
Groups of organizations: the Family - Community - Village - Towns - Cities - tribal - ethnic - groups - Cultural ..
Groups and organizations
Primary social groups
Family
Neighborhood
Children's play groups
Social organization
Bureaucracy
Social system: the family - marriage - economy - politics - Law - Religious - Education - Culture - Sports ..
Social process: the co-operation - competition - War - reform - the revolution - social media - social values - social integration ..
Socialization
Social role
Norms and Deviance
Social Change
Stratification and mobility
Urbanization
Modernization
Social issues: employment - national division - Crime - Pollution - Population - Immigration - Racial Discrimination - Violence - Poor ..
Sociology of the main characters
Auguste Comte (Auguste Comte)
Emile Durkheim
Herbert Spencer
Karl Marx
Max Weber (Max Weber)
Toennies
Simmel
Mannheim
Pareto
Malinowski
Skinner
威廉萨姆纳 (William Sumner)
William Thomas (William Thomas)
弗洛里安兹南 Nicky (Florian Zrannecki)
Parsons
Merton
Smelser
Gans
Mills
Mead
Lewis Coser
Homans
Blau
Emerson
Goffman
Schutz
哈罗德加芬 Kerr
Adorno
Erich Fromm
Herbert Marcuse (Herbert Marcuse)
Jurgen Habermas (Jurgen Habermas)
Michel Foucault
Lyotard
吕西安斯费兹
Bourdieu
Anthony Giddens
Elias
Clifford Scholz (cultural anthropologist, Clifford Geertz)
Fei Xiaotong
Sociological Theory
On the social organism
Social development of
On Social Justice
Social exchange theory
Social Interaction
Social Darwinism
On the social equilibrium
Social cognitive theory
Social nominalism
Social realism
Social learning theory
Social control theory
Structure and function of
Conflict theory
Frankfurt
Frankfurt is Germany's Frankfurt University Social Research Institute constitute the academic community, in terms of the number of representatives, or from members of the theoretical achievements of the depth and breadth of view, it is the greatest Marxist of the 20th century schools of Westerners The major schools of Marxist doctrine, is one of the important schools of modern Western philosophy one. Can say, do not study and understand the Frankfurt School of social critical theory, not a very comprehensive and profound understanding of the spirit of the 20th century the evolution of human culture.
Representative of a number of Frankfurt School, writing rich, read materials on a wide range of areas, and its main representative of the activities they cover almost the entire decade of the 20th century. Horkheimer and the Frankfurt School founder Georg Lukacs, Ernst Bloch, who is the same age, and its main representative of the second generation of Habermas and others it is still alive and very active.
In 1923, when the international communist movement inside to Lukacs, Korsch and others for a group of representatives of non-orthodox Marxist proletarian revolution began to rethink the lessons learned, and new understanding of Marxist theory, the German Frankfurt University, established an internal study for the purpose of Marxism Institute for Social Research. Founder of the "socialist and labor movement history library" magazine, its first director from the fall tradition of the Austrian Marxist historian metrical Berg (Carl Crunberg 1861-1940) served. Classical Berg Marxist debate between different factions held a neutral attitude, his Eastern Orthodox Marxism and other Western Lukacs unorthodox Marxism share the same attitude. In a sense, the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research became the western and eastern points of Marxist thought of the connection, it organized a "socialist and labor movement History Library" on the East and West equally Marxist literature, both published by the newly discovered Marx and Engels presentation, Bernstein and others published an article, also published Lukacs and Korsch et al article. Can be said that Berg served as director of the Classical period, members of the community has not yet formed the Institute of Appellation of us today the Frankfurt School. In 1930, Horkheimer succeeded as a social ill metrical Berg Director of the Institute of Critical Theory from the beginning to the community, known history of the Frankfurt School. The history of the Frankfurt School can be divided into three main stages.
From 1930 to 1949 between the magic created for the Frankfurt School and the early period, the activities of the members from the Frankfurt School in terms of area, this period is mainly the United States during the school.
Horkheimer and Classical Berg biggest difference is that he is not the Institute for Social Research and the "History of Library of socialism and the labor movement," just as the intersection of different Marxist thought or dialogue of the place, but for the community members of the Institute research identified a clear direction is the establishment of social critical theory or critical social theory. Horkheimer made at the director-time, entitled "Situation of Social Philosophy and Social Research Institute's mission," the speech, clearly, Social Research Institute's mission is to create a social philosophy, it was not enough capital Marxist society, economics and history of the empirical analysis, but to "all mankind as a whole material culture and spiritual culture" as the object reveal and explain, "as members of the human fate," the entire capitalist society in general Philosophical criticism and the sociology of criticism. Thus, Horkheimer on the one hand the introduction of Freud's psychoanalysis, cultural and ideological critique; the other hand, he introduced the study and organized a number of famous scholars such as Adorno, Malta Qusay, Fromm, Benjamin and others, these people or become a member of the University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research, or become the new founder of the Institute's "Journal of Social Research," the writer, thus constitute the Frankfurt School a strong camp.
1949 to the late 60's mid-term for the Frankfurt School, is a member of the Frankfurt School returned to Germany, a period of activity in West Germany, this is the heyday of the Frankfurt School, or Golden Age.
In 1949, the Government's invitation to be West Germany, Horkheimer and Adorno, who returned to rebuild Society Institute, two serving as the Institute and deputy director. Soon, Horkheimer as Frankfurt University, and later the United States to give lectures, practice of social work of the Institute presided over mainly by Adorno. During this period, not only Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, Fromm and others (both returned to Germany or stay in the United States) to continue construction and development of the Frankfurt School of social critical theory, and a group of young theorists such as Habermas, Schmitt, Nergert and others have begun to emerge as the second generation of Frankfurt School theorists. During this period, the Frankfurt School to further develop their own critical theory of society. They further stressed the negative dialectical and revolutionary, advanced industrial society on the all-round criticism reveals a profound alienation of modern man and the physical and chemical structure of modern society, especially the ideological, technical rationality, mass culture, the power of alienation human bondage and domination, and developed under the conditions of the developed capitalist revolution strategy. Frankfurt School of Critical Theory radical culture throughout Europe in the late 60 students and young rebel movement gained a high reputation, had a huge impact. Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, Fromm and other major representative has become a very famous, very influential social thinkers. Thinking on behalf of the Frankfurt School's major works of this period have Adorno's "Negative Dialectics", Fromm's "healthy society" and "Eros and Civilization", Habermas's "knowledge and interest," Schmidt's "Marx's Concept of Nature" and so on.
From the 70's, the Frankfurt School into their advanced stage, which is the main representative of the Frankfurt School have died, school start times to disintegration.
The late 60s student movement across all of Europe to the Frankfurt School's reputation reached its peak, but soon after the Frankfurt School began the process of decline and disintegration. Reasons for this situation is in many aspects. First, the Frankfurt School have the main representative of the first generation of die, Adorno died in 1969, died in 1973, Horkheimer, Marcuse died in 1979, Fromm's death in 1980. Second, the Frankfurt School and Habermas the main representative of the second generation there is a big difference between the Schmidt, which led to the disintegration of the Frankfurt School. Schmidt was regarded as legitimate heir to the Frankfurt School, he thought the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory in the 70's under the conditions of advanced industrial society is still valid, Habermas stresses the Frankfurt School critical theory tradition of modern social conditions are not the same adaptability, he began efforts to explore the legality of late capitalism, advocated replacing communicative rationality instrumental rationality of the heart, thus Theory of Communicative Action Reconstruction of Historical Materialism. These differences are reflected in Schmidt's "On the Critical Theory," "critical theory as a philosophy of history" and Habermas's "the legality of late capitalism", "Reconstruction of Historical Materialism", "Communication and social evolution, "among other works. Differences in theory undermine cooperation among the members of the Frankfurt School. In 1969, Habermas as director of the Institute community, but soon, due to the deterioration of relations between the same Schmidt, Habermas had quit in 1971, Institute for Social Research. Schmidt began in 1972 as director of the Institute. Habermas returned to Frankfurt in 1983, a university professor. Although there are still Institute for Social Research, Habermas and others, but more as a single thinker and active in the international academic community, the Frankfurt School as a strong history of basically the end of school.
School of Sociology and branch
Sociological history
School of social statistics
Branch of sociology
History of Sociology
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History of Social Thought
Sociological Methods
Social survey methods, social statistics
Experimental sociology
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Occupational sociology, industrial sociology, medical sociology, urban sociology, rural sociology, family sociology, environmental sociology, sociology of youth, the elderly sociology, criminal sociology, Sociology of Deviance, women's issues, racial issues, social problems, social masses and stratification, communities, social security, social work, micro-sociology, political sociology, sociology of religion, sociology, development sociology, sociology of population
Comparative Sociology
Social Geography
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Sociology of art, sociology of knowledge, moral sociology
Historical Sociology
Economic Sociology
Military Sociology
Social Psychology
History of social psychology, experimental social psychology
Public Relations
Social Anthropology
Organizational sociology
Development Sociology
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Demography
Population, economics, sociology, population, population theory of history and historical demography, population geography, population ecology, regional demography, population engineering, population predictions, study population planning, population policy studies, Family Planning
See also:
Psychology - Information Science - Politics - Socialism - the law of social development - social structure - Talent Study
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