hàn yǔ fāng yán Chinesedialects shì jiè shàng shǐ yòng rén shù zuì duō de yǔ yán。
hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn theSchemefortheChinesePhoneticAlphabet
hàn yǔ pīn yīn zì mǔ theChinesephoneticalphabet
hàn yǔ shǐ historyofChineselanguage
shì jiè zhù yào yǔ yán zhī yī。 shǔ hàn zàngyǔ xì， shì zhè gè yǔ xì lǐ zuì zhù yào de yǔ yán。 chú liǎo zhōng guó dà lù hé tái wān shěng yǐ wài， hàn yǔ hái fēn bù zài xīn jiā pō、 mǎ lái xī yà děng dì。 yǐ hàn yǔ wéi mǔ yǔ de rén dà yuē yòu １ ３ yì（３ ０００ wàn rén zuò wéi dì 'èr yǔ yán）。 hàn yǔ shì lián hé guó de gōng zuò yǔ yán zhī yī。
hàn yǔ de biāo zhǔn yǔ shì jìn jǐ bǎi nián lái yǐ běi fāng guān huà wéi jī chǔ zhú jiàn xíng chéng de。 tā de biāo zhǔn yīn shì běi jīng yīn。 hàn yǔ de biāo zhǔn yǔ zài zhōng guó dà lù chēng wéi pǔ tōng huà， zài tái wān chēng wéi guó yǔ， zài xīn jiā pō、 mǎ lái xī yà chēng wéi huá yǔ。 zài guǎng yì shàng shì zhǐ hàn zú de yǔ yán， xiá yì shàng zhǐ pǔ tōng huà， lìng wài hái yòu guó yǔ、 huá yǔ、 zhōng wén děng chēng hū dōushì zhǐ hàn yǔ。 háo wú yí wèn， hàn yǔ shì shì jiè shàng shǐ yòng rén shù zuì duō de yī zhǒng yǔ yán， shì jiè shàng dà yuē yòu 1/5 de rén shǐ yòng hàn yǔ zuò wéi mǔ yǔ。 hàn yǔ yě céng duì qí zhōu biān de guó jiā de yǔ yán wén zì chǎn shēng guò zhòng yào yǐng xiǎng。 lì rú rì yǔ、 hán yǔ、 yuè nán yǔ zhōng dū bǎo liú yòu dà liàng de hàn yǔ jiè cí yǐ jí hàn yǔ shū xiě tǐ xì wén zì。 hàn yǔ shì yī zhǒng zhōng guó yǔ wén。
hàn yǔ zuò wéi shì jiè tè yòu de xiàng xíng wén zì yǔ yán， wén zì gāo dù de tǒng yī yǔ guī fàn， xiàn dài hàn yǔ yòu tǒng yī hé guī fàn de yǔ fǎ， jìn guǎn fāng yán fā yīn chā yì tè bié dà， dàn shì shū miàn yǔ yán guī fàn， méi yòu fāng yán chā yì zào chéng de shū miàn jiāo liú zhàng 'ài。 hàn yǔ de chāo fāng yán xìng duì wéi xì zhōng huá mín zú de tǒng yī qǐ liǎo jù dà de zuò yòng。
hàn yǔ shǔ yú dú lì yǔ， fēn xī yǔ。 hàn yǔ de shū xiě fāng shì shì yī zhǒng xiàng xíng wén zì de hàn zì。 wǔ sì yùn dòng zhī qián suǒ shǐ yòng de shū miàn yǔ jiào zuò “ wén yán ”， shì yī zhǒng yǐ kǒng zǐ shí dài suǒ shǐ yòng de yǐ“ yǎ yán” wéi jī chǔ de shū miàn yǔ。 wǔ sì yùn dòng zhī hòu suǒ tuī dòng de shū miàn hàn yǔ tōng cháng bèi chēng wéi“ bái huà”， jí yǐ běi fāng huà wéi jī chǔ de xiàn dài shū miàn yǔ。 zài xiàn dài hàn yǔ de shū miàn yǔ zhōng， wén yán yǐ jīng hěn shǎo shǐ yòng liǎo。
dōushuō hàn yǔ nán xué， qí shí hàn yǔ yǔ yán shì hěn jiǎn dān de， hàn yǔ zhōng wú shí tài biàn huà， dòng cí xíng róng cí yě wú biàn huà， wú lián dú， yǔ yán jiǎn liàn， fā yīn qīng xī， yǔ sù huǎn màn。 shì hěn róng yì xué de yī zhǒng yǔ yán。 nán xué de shì hàn zì。
yǔ yīn
hàn yǔ de yīn jié kě yǐ fēn xī chéng shēng mǔ、 yùn mǔ、 shēng diào３ bù fēn。 dǎ tóu de yīn shì shēng mǔ， qí yú de bù fēn shì yùn mǔ， shēng diào shì zhěng gè yīn jié de yīn gāo。 bǎ shēng diào yě kàn chéng yīn jié de zǔ chéng bù fēn， shì yīn wéi hàn yǔ de shēng diào shì biàn yì de。 lì rú“ tānɡ、 táng、 tǎng、 tàng” ４ gè zì de shēng mǔ dōushì [tang], yùn mǔ dōushì [ang]（ fāng kuò hú lǐ shì guó jì yīn biāo， biǎo gé lǐ de guó jì yīn biāo shěng qù kuò hú）， zhǐ shì yīn wéi shēng diào bù tóng， yì yì jiù bù yī yàng， zài yǔ yán lǐ fēn bié dài biǎo４ gè bù tóng de yǔ sù， zài shū miàn shàng xiě chéng４ gè bù tóng de zì。
shēng mǔ dōushì fǔ yīn。 zuì fù zá de yùn mǔ yóu jiè yīn、 zhù yào yuán yīn hé yùn wěi 3 bù fēn zǔ chéng。 yùn wěi yòu de shì fǔ yīn， yòu de shì yuán yīn。 běi jīng yīn de fǔ yīn shēng mǔ yòu 22 gè。 jiè yīn yòu、 [u]、 [y]( tóng ü)3 gè。 fǔ yīn yùn wěi yòu [n] hé [ŋ]， yuán yīn yùn wěi yòu [] hé [u]。 zài zǔ chéng yīn jié de shēng mǔ、 jiè yīn、 zhù yào yuán yīn hé yùn wěi 4 bù fēn lǐ， zhǐ yòu zhù yào yuán yīn bù néng méi yòu， qí yú 3 bù fēn dōubù shì bì xū chū xiàn de。 zhè zhǒng qíng xíng kě yǐ cóng biǎo 1 yīn jié de chéngfèn jǔ de lì zì lǐ kàn chū lái。 běi jīng huà de shēng mǔ jiàn biǎo 2 běi jīng huà shēng mǔ， běi jīng huà de yùn mǔ jiàn biǎo 3 běi jīng huà yùn mǔ。
１ ９１ ８ nián yóu dāng shí de jiào yù bù bān bù de guó yǔ zhù yīn zì mǔ shì lì yòng hàn zì zì xíng zhì dìng de yī tào pīn yīn zì mǔ。 zhè tào zì mǔ bǎ zhù yào yuán yīn yǔ yùn wěi hé zài yī qǐ yòng yī gè fú hào biǎo shì（ lì rú： āo ＝ [au]， ＝ [an]）， tǐ xiàn liǎo chuán tǒng de shēng mǔ yùn mǔ liǎng fēn de jīng shén。 zhù yīn zì mǔ guǎng fàn liú chuán， yǐng xiǎng hěn dà。 tái wān shěng yī zhí yán yòng zhì jīn。
１９ ５８ nián gōng bù de hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn cǎi yòng lā dīng zì mǔ（ biǎo ２ běi jīng huà shēng mǔ、 biǎo３ běi jīng huà yùn mǔ）。 zì 1978 nián kāi shǐ， zhōng guó rén míng dì míng yī lǜ gǎi yòng hàn yǔ pīn yīn zì mǔ pīn xiě， qǔ dài liǎo wēi tuǒ mǎ shì děng gè zhǒng jiù pīn fǎ。
pīn yīn shì pīn dú yīn jié de guò chéng， jiù shì 'àn zhào pǔ tōng huà yīn jié de gòu chéng guī lǜ， bǎ shēng mǔ、 yùn mǔ jí sù lián xù pīn hé bìng jiā shàng shēng diào 'ér chéng wéi yī gè yīn jié。 pīn yīn de yào lǐng shì：“ qián yīn（ shēng mǔ） qīng duǎn hòu yīn（ yùn mǔ） zhòng， liǎng yīn xiāng lián měng yī pèng。” pīn yīn shí yào láo jì pǔ tōng huà shēng mǔ hé yùn mǔ de pèi hé guī lǜ：
shēng mǔ n、 l jí líng shēng mǔ yǔ kāi kǒu hū、 qí chǐ hū、 cuō kǒu hū dōuyòu pīn hé guān xì。
shēng mǔ f、 g、 k、 h、 zh、 ch、 r、 z、 c、 s zhǐ tóng kāi kǒu hū、 hé kǒu hū xiāng pīn。
shēng mǔ j、 x、 q zhǐ tóng qí chǐ hū、 cuō kǒu hū xiāng pīn。
shēng mǔ b、 p、 m、 d、 t bù tóng cuō kǒu hū xiāng pīn。
kāi kǒu hū、 hé kǒu hū yùn mǔ tóng chú qù j、 q、 x wài de qí tā shēng mǔ dōuyòu pīn hé guān xì。
cuō kǒu hū yùn mǔ zhǐ tóng j、 q、 x、 n、 l jí líng shēng mǔ yòu pīn hé guān xì。
pīn yīn shí hái yào zhù yì dú zhǔn shēng mǔ、 yùn mǔ hé shēng diào de yīn zhí。 yào dú shēng mǔ běn yīn， bù yào niàn hū dú yīn（ jiào xué zhōng， zài shēng mǔ hòu miàn pèi shàng bù tóng de yuán yīn， ér fā chū de yīn jiào hū dú yīn）； yào bǎ yùn mǔ zuò wéi yī gè zhěng tǐ lái dú， bù yào bǎ yùn tóu、 yùn fù、 yùn wěi fēn jiě kāi zài lín shí pīn hé； yào kàn qīng diào hào， dú zhǔn diào zhí。
cháng yòng de pīn dú fāng fǎ yòu yǐ xià jǐ zhǒng：
shēng yùn liǎng pīn fǎ héng héng bǎ yùn mǔ dāng zuò yī gè zhěng tǐ， ná lái gēn shēng mǔ xiāng pīn。 rú： h-ào →（ hào）。
shēng mǔ liǎng pīn fǎ héng héng xiān zhǎo zhǔn shēng mǔ fā yīn bù wèi， bǎi hǎo fā yīn de jià shì， rán hòu yī kǒu qì niàn chū yùn mǔ， pīn chéng yīn jié。 rú： pīn dú bā（ bā）， xiān bì shàng shuāng chún， biē zhù yī kǒu qì， bǎi hǎo fā b yīn de zī shì， rán hòu yī kǒu niàn chū a， chéng wéi yīn jié。
sān pīn lián dú fǎ héng héng shì bǎ dài jiè yīn de yīn jié fēn xī chéng shēng、 jiè、 yùn sān gè bù jiàn， pīn yīn shí lián dú chéng yī gè yīn jié。 rú： q-i-áng→ qiáng（ qiáng）
shēng jiè hé mǔ hé yùn mǔ lián jiē fǎ -- shì bǎ shēng mǔ hé jiè yīn（ jiè mǔ） pīn hé qǐ lái， gòu chéng yī gè pīn yīn bù jiàn， zài tóng suí hòu de yùn mǔ xiāng pīn。 rú： gu-āng→ guāng（ guāng）。
hàn yǔ pīn yīn de yóu lái
gǔ dài méi yòu pīn yīn， jiù shǐ yòng fǎnqiè， jiù shì yòng liǎng gè rèn shí huì niàn de zì， qǔ dì yī gè de shēng mǔ， qǔ dì 'èr gè de yùn mǔ， pīn hé qǐ lái jiù xíng liǎo。
gǔ dài， zhōng guó de huí zú xiōng dì bù xué hàn zì， xué xí 'ā lā bó yǔ， dàn tā men yòng 'ā lā bó wén de zì mǔ lái pīn xiě kǒu yǔ（ hàn yǔ）， suǒ yǐ zhè shì zhōng guó zuì zǎo de pīn yīn。
yuán cháo， měnggǔ tǒng zhì zhě yòng gǎi biàn liǎo de zàngwén de zì mǔ lái pīn xiě hàn yǔ děng yǔ yán， jiào bā sī bā zì。 suī rán bù shì zhuān mén pīn xiě hàn yǔ de， dàn shì， yě suàn hàn yǔ pīn yīn de yī zhǒng bā。
míng cháo， xī fāng chuán jiào shì yòng lā dīng zì mǔ pīn xiě hàn yǔ， shì zhōng guó zuì zǎo de lā dīng zì pīn yīn。
míng mò qīng chū， chū xiàn liǎo yòng jiǎn dān de gǔ zì biǎo xiàn hàn yǔ yǔ yīn de pīn yīn fāng shì。 zhōng huá mín guó nián jiān， zhèng fǔ zhì dìng liǎo“ zhù yīn zì mǔ”， jiù shì zhè gè xì tǒng de jí zhōng biǎo xiàn。 xiàn zài tái wān yǐ rán shǐ yòng。 dàn shì， tóng shí yě chū xiàn liǎo lā dīng zì de pīn yīn yùn dòng， ér qiě， gēn zuǒ yì rén shì de zhèng zhì yùn dòng jié hé hěn mìqiè。
zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó chéng lì hòu， zhèng fǔ lì jí zhì dìng liǎo“ hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn”， jiù shì xiàn zài shǐ yòng de zhè yī tào fāng 'àn。 lián hé guó yě chéng rèn de。
hàn yǔ pīn yīn shì zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó de hàn zì“ lā dīng huà” fāng 'àn， yú１９５５ héng１９５ ７ nián wén zì gǎi gé shí bèi zhōng guó wén zì gǎi gé wěi yuán huì hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn wěi yuán huì yán jiū zhì dìng。
gāi pīn yīn fāng 'àn zhù yào yòng yú hàn yǔ pǔ tōng huà dú yīn de biāo zhù， zuò wéi hàn zì de yī zhǒng pǔ tōng huà yīn biāo。１９５８ nián２ yuè１１ rì de quán guó rén mín dài biǎo dà huì pī zhǔn gōng bù gāi fāng 'àn。１９８２ nián， chéng wéi guó jì biāo zhǔn ISO7098（ zhōng wén luó mǎ zì mǔ pīn xiě fǎ）。
mù qián dà bù fēn hǎi wài huá rén dì qū rú xīn jiā pō zài hàn yǔ jiào xué zhōng cǎi yòng hàn yǔ pīn yīn。
hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn zuì zǎo kě yǐ zhuī sù dào１９０ ６ nián zhū wén xióng de《 jiāng sū xīn zì mǔ》 hé１９０８ nián liú mèng yáng de《 zhōng guó yīn biāo zì shū》， hái yòu１９２６ nián de guó yǔ luó mǎ zì hé１９３１ nián de lā dīng huà zhōng guó zì。 suǒ yòu zhè xiē hàn zì lā dīng huà fāng 'àn dū wéi hàn yǔ pīn yīn de zhì dìng tí gōng liǎo jī chǔ。
１９４９ nián， wú yù zhāng gěi máo zé dōng xiě xìn， tí chū wèile yòu xiào de sǎo chú wén máng， xū yào xùn sù jìn xíng wén zì gǎi gé。 máo zé dōng bǎ xìn pī fù gěi guō mò ruò、 máo dùn děng rén yán jiū， yú１９４９ nián１０ yuè chéng lì zhōng guó wén zì gǎi gé xié huì， qí zhōng yī xiàng rèn wù jiù shì yán jiū hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn。
１９５４ nián， zhōng guó wén zì gǎi gé xié huì gǎi wéi guó wù yuàn zhí shǔ de zhōng guó wén zì gǎi gé wěi yuán huì， qí jiān shōu dào gè zhǒng hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn１６００ duō gè。 dà zhì yòu zhè yàng jǐ zhǒng xíng shì：
hàn zì bǐ huà shì
lā dīng zì mǔ shì
sī lā fū zì mǔ shì
jǐ zhǒng zì mǔ de hùn hé xíng shì
sù jì shì
tú 'àn shì
shù zì xíng shì
ér zuì hòu jué dìng cǎi yòng lā dīng zì mǔ zuò wéi hàn yǔ pīn yīn de fú hào xì tǒng， yǐ biàn yú guó jì jiān de jiāo liú hé hé zuò。
【 pīn yīn de yóu lái】
jīn ní gé， zì sì biǎo， yuán míng ní gǔ lā · tè lǐ gē，１５７７ nián３ yuè３ rì shēng yú jīn fǎ guó de dù 'āi chéng， dāng shí wéi bǐ lì shí lǐng tǔ， gù jīn ní gé zì chēng bǐ lì shí rén， ér chén yuán děng rén yì chēng qí wéi“ bǐ lì shí rén”。１５９４ nián１１ yuè９ rì rù yé sū huì。１６０７ nián wǎng yuǎn dōng chuán jiào，１６１０ nián（ wàn lì sān shí bā nián， jí lì mǎ dòu zú nián） qiū dǐ 'ào mén， yì nián chūn yì jīn líng。 suí guō jū jìng、 gāo yī zhì 'èr shén fù xué xí huá yǔ（ lìng yī shuō cóng guō jū jìng jí wáng fēng sù）。 guō jū jìng shén fù dào háng zhōu kāi jiào， tā yì tóng xíng。 hòu wǎng běi jīng bào gào nán fāng de jiào wù， shēn dé lóng huá mín de shǎng shí。１６１３ nián qù luó mǎ xiàng jiào huáng bǎo luó wǔ shì“ zòu chén jiào wù， bìng qǐng zhǔn fān yì jīng diǎn， sī duó yòng huá yán xíng shèng jì， sòng rì kè， jiào zōng yī yī yǔn zhǔn”， dàn yīn kè guān qíng kuàng wèi shí xíng。 dàn tā shì“ dì yī gè xiàng jiào tíng qǐng zhǔn yǐ zhōng wén jǔ xíng mí sǎ， xíng qí tā shèng shì， yǐ jí sòng niàn ‘ rì kè ’ de”。
jīn ní gé“ jí lì mǎ dòu bǐ jì wéi là dǐng wén zhōng guó kāi jiào shǐ” jí《 jī dū jiào yuǎn zhēng zhōng guó shǐ》，１６１５ nián１ yuè１４ rì chū bǎn（ yī shuō１６１５ nián２ yuè chū bǎn）。 cǐ shū quán bù xù shù shì wéi 'ōu zhōu rén zhuàn xiě de。 jīn ní gé kān xíng《 jī dū jiào yuǎn zhēng zhōng guó shǐ》， tí xiàn jiào huáng， dào“ shū zhōng chū cì jīng què dì、 zhōng shí dì miáo shù liǎo zhōng guó de cháo tíng、 fēng sú、 fǎ lǜ、 zhì dù yǐ jí xīn de jiào wù wèn tí”， shì wéi 'ōu zhōu rén xù shù zhōng guó bǐ jiào wán bèi wú 'é zhī dì yī bù shū， yì kě shuō shì dì yī bù chēng dé qǐ“ hàn xué” de zhù zuò， dāng shí pō jù shēng yù。 shì shū yuán wéi lì mǎ dòu shén fǔ de yì dà lì wén jì lù， jīng jīn ní gé yì wéi lā dīng wén， bìng zēng jiā liǎo liǎng zhāng， xù shù mǎ dòu zhī bìng gù jí bìn zàng de shì。
lì mǎ dòu１５８３ nián lái dào zhōng guó，１６０５ nián zài běi jīng chū bǎn liǎo《 xī zì qí jì》， qí zhōng yòu《 xìn 'ér bù hǎi， yí 'ér jí chén》 děng４ piān hàn zì wén zhāng jiā liǎo lā dīng zì mǔ de zhù yīn。 luó cháng péi gēn jù wén zhāng de hàn zì yǔ lā dīng wén duì zhào de yì wén， zhěng lǐ chū yī gè bāo kuò２６ gè shēng mǔ hé４４ gè yùn mǔ de hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn。 zhè shì zuì zǎo yòng lā dīng zì mǔ gěi hàn zì zhù yīn de chū bǎn wù， bǐ“ xiǎo jīng” yòng 'ā lā bó zì mǔ gěi hàn zì pīn yīn shāo wǎn，“ xiǎo jīng” dà gài shì zuì zǎo yòng zì mǔ wén zì gěi hàn zì pīn yīn de cháng shì。《 xī zì qí jì》 yuán shū yǐ bù róng yì zhǎo dào， jù shuō， fàn dì gāng tú shū guǎn shàng yòu cáng běn。
jīn ní gé huí 'ōu zhōu hòu， yǎn jiǎng zhāo mù qù zhōng guó chuán jiào zhī rén， zhòng rén bèi qí jí fù mèi lì de gǔ dòng suǒ xī yǐn， zhēng xiān kǒng hòu， yǐ zhì yú dāng dì jiào huì bù dé bù chū miàn wǎn yán quàn zǔ。 jīn ní gé zài xī yǐn hé xuǎn zé rén cái fāng miàn， kě wèi gōng bù kě méi。 tóng shí wéi zài zhōng guó de jiào huì tú shū guǎn mù jí tú shū， dài lái jiào huáng suǒ cì zhī xī shū qī qiān duō bù（《 yuǎn xī qí qì tú shuō》 yuán zuò biàn shì jīn ní gé dài lái de qī qiān bù shū zhōng zhī yī）。
１６１９ nián， jīn ní gé zài cì dǐ dá 'ào mén。１６２１ nián chūn jīn ní gé“ wǎng nán chāng， xuán yòu fù jiàn chāng sháo zhōu， shì chá jiào wù。 yì nián fù háng zhōu bèi nán； yī liù 'èr sān nián， wǎng hé nán kāi fēng kāi jiào， yì nián wǎng shān xī”， 1625 nián fù shǎn xī。１６２６ nián zài wáng zhǐ de xié zhù xià， wán chéng《 xī rú 'ěr mù zī》 sān juàn。《 xī rú 'ěr mù zī》 de mùdì， jù tā zì shù，“ zài shǐ zhōng guó rén néng zài sān tiān nèi tōng xiǎo xī fāng wén zì tǐ xì”。
《 xī rú 'ěr mù zī》 zuò yú１６２５ nián，１６２６ nián zài háng zhōu chū bǎn， zì chēng yán xí lì mǎ dòu suǒ chuàng tǐ zhì， jí yòng lì mǎ dòu 'èr shí wǔ zì mǔ“ hù xiāng jié hé， shàng jiā wǔ gè zì diào jì hào， lái pīn qiē yī qiē hàn zì de dú yīn。 zhè shì yī běn yòng lā dīng zì mǔ gěi hàn zì zhù yīn de zì huì , yě shì yī bù zuì zǎo yòng yīn sù zì mǔ gěi hàn zì zhù yīn de zì huì。 zhù yīn suǒ yòng de fāng 'àn shì zài lì mǎ dòu fāng 'àn de jī chǔ shàng xiū gǎi de， rén chēng“ lì、 jīn fāng 'àn”。
“ lì、 jīn fāng 'àn” de chū xiàn duì dāng shí zhōng guó de yīn yùn xué zhě yòu hěn dà de qǐ fā。 zhè liǎng gè fāng 'àn shì zuì zǎo de hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn， shì yǐ“ guān huà dú shū yīn” wéi biāo zhǔn xiě de， shì hé yú pīn xiě běi jīng yīn。 yú shì hàn zì dú yīn jiù xiǎn dé jí qí jiǎn dān， jí qí yòu tiáo lǐ， bù dàn bǎ xiàng lái bèi rén rèn wéi fán zá de fǎnqiè， kāi liǎo yī tiáo suǒ wèi‘ bù qī fǎn 'ér fǎn， bù qī qiē 'ér qiē’ de jiǎn yì tú jìng， bìng qiě lì kè yǐn qǐ liǎo zhōng guó hǎo xiē yīn yùn xué jiā duì yú zhè zhǒng jiǎn yì de pīn yīn wén zì xiàng wǎng de rè chén”。 zhè zhǒng xīn yíng de pīn yīn fāng fǎ gěi zhōng guó xué zhě yǐ hěn dà de qǐ dí。 míng mò yīn yùn xué jiā fāng yǐ zhì shuō：“ zì zhī fēn yě， jí yuán tōng yǔ jiè 'ěr。 ruò shì shǔ yī zì， zì gè yī yì， rú yuǎn xī yīn shì nǎi hé yīn。 yīn yīn 'ér chéng zì， bù zhòng bù gòng， bù yóu yù hū？” qīng cháo xué zhě yáng xuǎn qǐ shuō：“ xīn mǎo hù hú kǒu jiù jīn wú qī wēng jiā， qí yóu zǐ yún zhāng， yī rì chū《 xī rú 'ěr mù zī》 yǐ shì yú， yú yuè wèi zhōng juàn， dùn wù qiē zì yòu yī dìng zhī lǐ， yīn kě wéi yī dìng zhī fǎ”。 dàn shì， zài liǎng sān bǎi nián jiān， lì mǎ dòu hé jīn ní gé de fāng 'àn zhǐ shì zài wài guó chuán jiào shì zhōng shǐ yòng， méi yòu zài zhōng guó rén dāng zhōng guǎng wéi chuán bō。
fāng mì zhī（ yǐ zhì）《 tōng yǎ》 chéng yú１６３９ nián， shū zhōng zài sān chēng yǐn《 xī rú 'ěr mù zī》， rú shuō“ xī yù yīn duō， zhōng yuán duō bù yòng yě， dāng hé xī tán děng zǐ yǔ dà xī《 ěr mù zī》 tōng zhī”，“ zì zhī fēn yě， jí yuán tōng yǔ jiè 'ěr。 ruò shì shǔ yī zì， zì gè yī yì， rú yuǎn xī yīn shì nǎi hé yīn， yīn yīn 'ér chéng zì， bù zhòng bù gòng， bù yóu yù hū？” shèn zhì tí chū“ yīn shì nǎi hé yīn， yīn yīn 'ér chéng zì”（ cǐ jí hàn zì pīn yīn huà zhù zhāng de méng yá）。 chuán jiào shì de fāng fǎ zhèn dòng liǎo zhōng guó yīn yùn xué jiā， zhí jiē qǐ shì tā men zài xī fāng pīn yīn wén zì bāng zhù xià xún qiú duì hàn zì jì yīn xì tǒng gèng wán shàn de miáo xiě。 shāo hòu liú xiàn tíng（ jì zhuāng） de《 xīn yùn pǔ》 jí zài zhè zhǒng cì jī xià zhuàn chéng， qián xuán tóng shuō liú shì yǐ qīng chǔ rèn shí dào“ bì xū yòng liǎo yīn biāo， fāng néng fēn xī yīn sù， fāng néng biǎo zhù rèn hé dì fāng zhī yīn”， luó cháng péi《 liú jì zhuāng de yīn yùn xué》 yī wén zé rèn wéi gāi shū zhòng diǎn jiù shì“ zhuóyǎn yú tǒng yī guó yǔ yǔ diào chá fāng yán”。 qián xuán tóng shèn zhì rèn wéi，《 xīn yùn pǔ》 chéng shū zhī nián（１６９２） shí kě zuò wéi“ guó yǔ yùn dòng” de jì yuán。
１６２７ nián， zài dù bèi zhào huí háng zhōu， cóng cǐ jiù zài háng zhōu zhuān xīn chuán jiào hé zhù shù。“ huá rén céng yán yán cí lǐ wén bǐ zhī yōu， ōu luó bā zhū sī duó zhōng dài wú néng jí zhě。 qí yuǎn fēi cháng rén suǒ néng jí zhī jì yì lì， qí hàoxué bù juàn， suī jí bìng 'ér bù chuò， qí shí cháng cóng shì zhī yì yè， huò yì lā dīng wén wéi hàn wén， huò yì hàn wén wéi lā dīng wén， shǐ zhī 'ān liàn yǔ yán wén zì， gù yán tán xiě zuò jūn jiā， wú lùn wén yán huò lǐ yǔ yě”。 tā dà bù fēn de zhù zuò wéi lā dīng wén， xiě chéng zhōng wén de jí zài shǎn xī de《 xī rú 'ěr mù zī》 yī shū。
jīn ní gé dì 'èr cì lái huá shí hái dài lái dà liàng wài wén shū jí。 zhè bù jǐn yīn wéi tā gè rén rè 'ài shū jí， zūn xún lì mǎ dòu kāi chuàng de xué shù chuán jiào zhī lù， ér qiě yīn wéi jīn ní gé zài fǎn huí xī 'ōu qián jiē shòu liǎo zài huá chuán jiào huì ràng qí zài 'ōu zhōu guǎng fàn mù jí tú shū， cóng 'ér zài běi jīng děng dì jiàn lì jiào huì tú shū guǎn de rèn wù。 tā zhè cì qián lái， bù zhǐ dài lái liǎo zhè xiē xī xué rén cái， ràng hòu rén gǎn xīng qù， tā hái wéi zhōng guó dài lái liǎo zhěng zhěng yī gè tú shū guǎn de shū jí。 jù shuō， zhè xiē shū dū shì jīng zhuāng běn， wú yīchóng fù， náng kuò 'ōu zhōu gǔ diǎn míng zhù hé wén yì fù xīng yùn dòng yǐ hòu de shén xué、 zhé xué、 kē xué、 wén xué yì shù děng fāng miàn de zuì xīn chéng jiù。 wèile mù jí xīn shū hé yí qì， jīn ní gé màn yóu yì dà lì、 fǎ guó、 dé guó、 bǐ lì shí、 xī bān yá、 pú táo yá děng guó， zhōng yú shōu jí liǎo jīng zhuāng tú shū７０００ yú bù。 jīn shì běn rén gū jì suǒ shōu shū jí hé yí qì zài lí 'ōu shí jià zhí１ wàn jīn bì。 wèicǐ， jīn ní gé nǐ dìng liǎo yī gè páng dà de fān yì jìhuà， lián luò liǎo 'ài rú lüè、 xú guāng qǐ、 yáng tíng yún、 lǐ zhī zǎo、 wáng zhǐ、 lǐ tiān jīng děng zhōng wài rén shì gòng tóng fān yì chū bǎn zhè xiē shū jí。 xiàng dá xiān shēng chēng zhè yī jǔ dòng：“ bǐ zhī xuán zàng qiú jīng xī zhú， gài bù duō ràng”。 bù xìng de shì，１６２９ nián１１ yuè１４ rì zài háng zhōu shì shì（ zàng yú chéng wài dà fāng jǐng yé sū huì sī duó gōng mù， jí jīn háng zhōu shì xī hú qū liú xià zhèn táo yuán lǐng cūn），“ xī shū qī qiān bù” jiè shào gěi zhōng guó zhī shí jiè de jìhuà liú chǎn。 hòu lái， lǐ zhī zǎo hé wáng zhǐ děng rén líng xīng fān yì liǎo qí zhōng yī xiē zhù zuò， dà bù fēn shū jí méng shàng chén 'āi， mò mò dì liú shī。 1938 nián， běi píng tiān zhù jiào táng zhěng lǐ cáng shū lóu shí fā xiàn liǎo“ qī qiān bù” zhōng cán yú de shù bǎi bù， qí zhōng yòu gē bái ní de《 tiān tǐ yùn xíng lùn》 hé kāi pǔ lè de《 gē bái ní tiān wén xué gài yào》 děng zhòng yào de kē xué diǎn jí。
yī、 cóng jiǎn lüè de huí gù zhōng， chǎn míng cóng１９ shì jì mò fā zhǎn qǐ lái de hàn yǔ pīn yīn yùn dòng yī kāi shǐ jiù shì yǔ yǔ yán de tǒng yī、 shè huì de fā zhǎn、 mín zú de tuán jié jǐn mì jié hé zài yī qǐ de。 lì shǐ shì shí bù zhǐ yī cì de zhèng míng， wú lùn nǎ yī zhǒng pīn yīn shè jì， wéi bèi liǎo hàn mín zú gòng tóng yǔ tǒng yī de fā zhǎn qū shì， zhù dìng huì yǐ shī bài gào zhōng。 èr、 tōng guò zhù yīn fú hào、 guó luó、 běi lā hé hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn de lì shǐ yuān yuán guān xì， jù tǐ shuō míng fāng 'àn zài nǎ jǐ fāng miàn jì chéng hé fā zhǎn liǎo zhè jǐ zhǒng pīn yīn de zhù yào yōu diǎn bìng jiā yǐ chuàng xīn， cóng 'ér zǒng jié liǎo 'èr shí shì jì qián liù shí duō nián lái zhōng guó rén mín chuàng zhì lā dīng huà pīn yīn fāng 'àn de lì shǐ jīng yàn。 sān、 tōng guò duì tái wān tōng yòng pīn yīn yǔ hàn yǔ pīn yīn zhī zhēng de fēn xī， jiē shì yǐn cáng zài zhè chǎng fā shēng zài tái wān de jī liè lùn zhàn de bèi hòu， qí shí zhì xìng wèn tí shì shénme。
yī、 hàn yǔ pīn yīn yùn dòng yǔ guó yǔ hé pǔ tōng huà
hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn shì pīn xiě hàn mín zú biāo zhǔn yǔ de pīn yīn fāng 'àn。
hàn mín zú biāo zhǔn yǔ shì zài shí jiǔ shì jì mò qī xīng qǐ de duì zhōng huá mín zú de shè huì、 kē xué wén huà de fā zhǎn chǎn shēng guò jù dà yǐng xiǎng de yǔ wén xiàn dài huà yùn dòng zhōng zhú jiàn jiàn lì qǐ lái de。 yǔ wén xiàn dài huà yùn dòng zuì chū zhǐ de shì hàn yǔ pīn yīn yùn dòng（ dāng shí jiào“ qièyīn zì yùn dòng、 jiǎn zì yùn dòng”）、 guó yǔ yùn dòng hé bái huà wén yùn dòng。 qīng mò mín chū de sān dà yǔ wén yùn dòng yòu yī gè gòng tóng de mù biāo， nà jiù shì tōng guò gǎi gé yǔ yán wén zì， pǔ jí jiào yù， yǐ shì yìng dāng shí shè huì fā zhǎn hé kē xué wén huà fā zhǎn de xū yào， rán hòu fù guó qiáng bīng， zhèn xīng zhōng huá mín zú。 guó yǔ yùn dòng shì jiàn lì hé tuī guǎng hàn mín zú biāo zhǔn yǔ kǒu yǔ de yùn dòng， ér bái huà wén yùn dòng zé shì tí chàng yòng néng gòu biǎo dá kǒu yǔ de bái huà wén qǔ dài wén yán wén zuò wéi zhèng shì shū miàn yǔ de yùn dòng。 sān gè yùn dòng gè yòu zì jǐ de zhuī qiú mù biāo， dàn nèi zài guān xì què shí fēn mìqiè。 jiù lì shǐ yuān yuán guān xì shuō， qièyīn zì yùn dòng fā shēng zuì zǎo bìng yǐn fā liǎo guó yǔ yùn dòng。 qí hòu， guó yǔ biāo zhǔn yīn díquè lì， zhù yīn zì mǔ de zhì dìng， yī zhí dào 'èr shí shì jì wǔ shí nián dài de hàn yǔ guī fàn huà yùn dòng， hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn de chǎn shēng， dōushì yóu cǐ yī mài xiāng chéng， xiāng fǔ xiāng chéng de。 suǒ yǐ， wǒ men de lùn shù yě yóu cǐ rù shǒu。
hàn yǔ pīn yīn yùn dòng de lì shǐ qián zòu kě yǐ yuǎn sù zhì míng mò， dàn shì dǎo zhì zhōng guó shè huì chǎn shēng shēng shì hào dà de hàn yǔ pīn yīn yùn dòng， qí zhí jiē yuán yīn shì zhōng guó rén zhì jīn míng xīn kè gǔ de“ jiá wǔ” guó chǐ。 zhè yī diǎn qián xuán tóng zài《 zhù yīn zì mǔ hé xiàn dài guó yīn》（１９２９） yī wén zhōng shuō dé hěn qīng chǔ：“１８９４ nián（ jiá wǔ）， zhōng guó gěi rì běn dǎ liǎo yī cì bài zhàng， yú shì guó zhōng yòu shí zhī shì， zhī dào fēi gǎi gé zhèng zhì， pǔ jí jiào yù， bù zú yǐ zì cún yú shì jiè， dàn shì tí dào pǔ jí jiào yù， jí yòu yī gè wèn tí fā shēng， zé hàn zì xíng tǐ zhī nán shí， nán xiě shì yě。 yào jiě jué zhè gè wèn tí， jiù fēi lìng zhì pīn yīn xīn zì bù kě ……”。 yú shì，“ tuī xíng jiǎn zì yǐ móu qiú pǔ jí jiào yù de yùn dòng， rì shèng yī rì……”。 qí shí， wén zì lǐng yù zhōng de sī xiǎng gé xīn zài cǐ zhī qián yǐ jīng kāi shǐ， hàn zì jǐ qiān nián lái shén shèng bù kě qīn fàn de chóng gāo dì wèi yǐ jīng fā shēng dòng yáo。 jiá wǔ zhàn zhēng hòu， qīng zhèng fǔ zài rì běn mǎ guān qiān dìng liǎo sàng quán rǔ guó de“ mǎ guān tiáo yuē”， chú liǎo péi cháng jù 'é jūn fèi zhī wài， hái gē ràng liǎo tái wān hé péng hú děng dì。 qí shí， cháo yě zhèn jīng， jī fā liǎo shè huì mín zhòng， tè bié shì yòu jìn qǔ jīng shén de zhī shí jiē céng de 'ài guó tiān liáng， dà jiā tuī jiū zhōng guó shī bài de yuán yīn， yī zhì rèn wéi“ hàn zì bù gé mìng， zé jiào yù jué bù néng pǔ jí， guó jiā duàn bù néng fù qiáng。” dāng shí， bèi chēng wéi“ sī xiǎng jiè zhī huì xīng” de tán sì tóng jiù shǒu xiān dài tóu hūyù fèi chú hàn zì， gǎi yòng pīn yīn wén zì。 gè jiè rén shì qún qǐ xiǎng yìng， fēn fēn qǐ lái chuàng zhì jiǎn dān yì xué de“ qièyīn xīn zì。” qīng mò de qiē yīn zì yùn dòng， yě jiù shì hàn yǔ pīn yīn yùn dòng jiù zhè yàng rú huǒ rú shū dì kāi zhǎn qǐ lái liǎo。
jù tǒng jì， qīng mò zuì hòu shí nián zhōng， zhì jīn yóu yòu 'àn kě chá de gè zhǒng pīn yīn fāng 'àn jiù duō dá 'èr shí qī zhǒng。 zhè yī shí qī de pīn yīn fāng 'àn dà duō wéi pīn xiě mǒu zhǒng fāng yán 'ér shè jì de， dàn pīn yīn wén zì bì jìng shì yī zhǒng pīn xiě yǔ yán shēng yīn de wén zì， suǒ yǐ yī kāi shǐ jiù chù jí liǎo hàn mín zú yǔ yán de tǒng yī wèn tí。 bèi dāng shí chēng zhī wéi“ cóng shì qièyīn yùn dòng dì yī rén” de lú gàng zhāng， zài tā de《 qièyīn xīn zì xù》（１８９２） zhōng jiù tí chū zhì dìng pīn yīn zì mǔ de liǎng gè jī běn yuán zé：“ zì huà yī lǜ” hé“ zì huà jiǎn yì”， yě jiù shì wén zì biǎo dá huà yīn， zì xíng jiǎn dān yì xiě。 tóng shí， yòu chàng yì yǐ nán jīng huà wéi“ gè shěng zhī zhèng yīn”， zhè yàng quán guó“ yǔ yán wén zì jì cóng yī lǜ， wén huà jiē xiāng tōng， zhōng guó suī dà， yóu rú yī jiā。 fēi rú xiàng zhě zhī gè shǒu jiāng jiè， gè cāo tǔ yīn zhī duì miàn 'ér wú yán yě。” zhè xiē huà xiǎn rán yǐ chāo chū liǎo chún cuì de wén zì gǎi gé de fàn wéi， shè jí mín zú yǔ yán de tǒng yī hé fā zhǎn liǎo。
dàn shì， lú gàng zhāng shè jì de gè zhǒng lā dīng huà pīn yīn fāng 'àn réng rán shì yǐ pīn xiě mǐn guǎng fāng yán wéi zhù de。 tā hòu lái xiàng qīng zhèng fǔ xué bù chéng jiāo de《 zhōng guó qièyīn zì mǔ》 yě jiù yīn cǐ bèi rèn wéi“ bù néng tōng xíng gè shěng”，“ bù zú yǐ tǒng yī gè shěng zhī fāng yán” ér pī bó liǎo。 zhī hòu bù jiǔ， yī zhǒng tǐ xiàn mín zú gòng tóng yǔ fā zhǎn qū xiàng de qièyīn fāng 'àn héng － wáng zhào de《 guān huà hé shēng zì mǔ》 lì kè tuō yíng 'ér chū liǎo。 tā pīn xiě de shì dāng shí yǐng xiǎng zuì dà de“ jīng yīn guān huà”， zì mǔ xíng shì wán quán cǎi yòng hàn zì de piān bàng。《 guān huà hé shēng zì mǔ》 tōng xíng jí guǎng， biàn jí dà bàn gè zhōng guó，“ yóu jīng jīn 'ér fèng tiān， ér nán jīng， guān huà zì mǔ biàn jí shí sān gè shěng。” wáng zhào běn rén kě wèi wán quán bǎ wò liǎo dāng shí mín zú yǔ yán de fā zhǎn qū xiàng， tā zài《 guān huà hé shēng zì mǔ》 xù zhōng jiù míng què xuān chēng：“ yǔ yán bì guī huàyī， yí qǔ jīng huà…… jīng huà tuī guǎng zuì biàn， gù yuē guān huà。 guān zhě gōng yě， gōng yòng zhī huà， zì yí zé qí zhàn fú yuán rén shù duō zhě。” yě zhèng yīn wéi rú cǐ， tā de《 guān huà hé shēng zì mǔ》 dé dào liǎo jīng shī dà xué táng（ běi jīng dà xué qián shēn） zǒng jiào xí wú rǔ lún de zhī chí bìng gēn zhāng zhī dòng yǐ jí guǎn xué dà chén zhāng bǎi xī yī qǐ zòu qǐng cháo tíng zài“ xué táng zhāng chéng” zhōng guī dìng“ yú guó wén yī kē nèi， fù rù guān huà yī mén”， lǐ yóu shì“ gè guó yǔ yán jiē guī yī zhì”， qīng cháo yě yìng“ yǐ guān yīn tǒng yī tiān xià zhī yǔ yán”。 tā men de zòu qǐng hěn kuài dé dào cháo tíng de pī zhǔn。 yú shì， hàn yǔ pīn yīn yùn dòng zài yǐn fā liǎo guó yǔ tǒng yī yùn dòng， bìng yǔ guó yǔ tǒng yī yùn dòng hé 'ér wéi yī de tóng shí， dé yǐ cóng mín jiān jī shēn zhèng fǔ。 zhī hòu， qīng zhèng fǔ xué bù zài“ guó yǔ jiào yù shì yè”（１９１１） zhōng guī dìng pīn yīn“ jiǎn zì” de yòng tú yòu 'èr： yī shì pīn hé guó yǔ， èr shì fàn zhèng hàn zì dú yīn， bìng tōng guò liǎo yī gè“ tǒng yī guó yǔ bàn fǎ 'àn”， guī dìng zài xuān tǒng bā nián（１９１６） pǔ jí guó yǔ。 méi xiǎng dào jiù zài zhè yī nián shí yuè， wǔ chāng qǐ yì， xīn hài gé mìng bào fā， qīng zhèng fǔ bèi tuī fān。 yú shì， jīng gōng jué bìng tōng guò de“ tǒng yī guó yǔ bàn fǎ 'àn” yě jiù chéng liǎo yī zhǐ kōng wén。 què dìng guó yīn， zhì dìng zì mǔ， tǒng yī guó yǔ de yùn dòng， shí jì shì yóu xià yī gè shè huì hé guó mín zhèng fǔ kāi zhǎn qǐ lái de。
cóng shàng miàn jiǎn lüè de huí gù zhōng， wǒ men kě yǐ kàn dào， cóng shí jiǔ shì jì mò fā zhǎn qǐ lái de hàn yǔ pīn yīn yùn dòng， cóng yī kāi shǐ jiù shì yǔ yǔ yán de tǒng yī， shè huì de fā zhǎn， mín zú de tuán jié jǐn mì jié hé zài yī qǐ de。 lì shǐ shì shí bù zhǐ yī cì de zhèng míng， wú lùn nǎ yī zhǒng pīn yīn shè jì， wéi bèi liǎo yǔ yán tǒng yī de fā zhǎn qū shì， zhù dìng huì yǐ shī bài gào zhōng。 lú gàng zhāng shè zhì de dì yī gè lā dīng huà pīn yīn fāng 'àn， yǐ pīn xiě mǐn guǎng fāng yán wéi zhù de《 zhōng guó qièyīn zì mǔ》， yīn“ bù néng tōng xíng gè shěng”，“ bù zú yǐ tǒng yī gè shěng zhī fāng yán” bèi pī bó liǎo。 qí hòu， yòu yòu tóng zhì jìn shì， cháo tíng mìng guān láo nǎi xuān shè jì liǎo jīhū kě yǐ shǐ yòng yú gè shěng zhù yào fāng yán de《 jiǎn zì quán pǔ》（ yī zhǒng hàn zì bǐ huà shì de pīn yīn wén zì），“ quán pǔ” bāo kuò《 jīng yīn pǔ》，《 níng yīn pǔ》（ nán jīng huà）、《 wú yīn pǔ》、《 mǐn guǎng pǔ》 děng， jīhū hán gài liǎo dà bù fēn fāng yán， ér qiě tā hái tí chū liǎo“ yǐn nán guī běi” de zhù zhāng：“ nán rén xiān jiù nán yīn gè pǔ xué xí， yǐ biàn yìng yòng， xué chéng zhī hòu， zài xué jīng yīn， yǐ guī tǒng yī。” láo nǎi xuān běn rén céng dé dào cí xǐ zhào jiàn， tā jìn chéng de《 jiǎn zì pǔ lù》 yě dé dào yù pī， ràng“ xué bù yì zòu”。 jí biàn rú cǐ， qīng zhèng fǔ xué bù yě réng rán yīn“ fēn liè yǔ yán， yòu 'ài tǒng yī”， shǐ zhōng gē zhì gāo gé， bù yì bù zòu， ér shè huì shàng yě duì tā tí chū liǎo jiān ruì de zhǐ zé， rèn wéi zhào tā de bàn fǎ，“ jiāng shǐ zhōng guó yù yuǎn tóng wén zhī zhì，” mà tā shì“ fēn liè yǔ yán wén zì de zuì kuí”。 duì zhào qīng mò qièyīn zì yùn dòng zhōng chàng zhùjué de lú gàng zhāng、 láo nǎi xuān、 wáng zhào sān dà jiā， tè bié shì láo nǎi xuān hé yīn cān jiā liǎo“ bǎi rì wéi xīn” ér shòu dào tōng jī de“ qīn fàn” wáng zhào tā men liǎng rén de pīn yīn fāng 'àn de mìng yùn， shí zài shì zú yǐ fā rén shēn shěng de。
èr、 hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn yǔ zhù yīn fú hào、 guó luó、 běi lā de lì shǐ yuān yuán guān xì
１９１２ nián， mín guó chéng lì hòu， zhèng fǔ jì xù tuī xíng guó yǔ。 zài tuī xíng guó yǔ de rè cháo zhōng， guó yǔ biāo zhǔn yīn jīng guò“ jīng（ yīn） guó（ yīn） wèn tí” dà biàn lùn， yóu“ yǐ jīng yīn wéi zhù， jiān gù nán běi” xiū zhèng wéi chún yǐ jīng yīn wéi zhǔn de xīn guó yīn， qí hòu zhù yīn zì mǔ yě gēngmíng wéi zhù yīn fú hào， bìng chéng wéi tuī xíng guó yǔ de lì qì， shǐ guó yǔ jìn rù shī fàn jí xiǎo xué yǔ wén jiào xué zhōng， zài diàn tái guǎng bō、 diàn yǐng、 huà jù děng lǐng yù zhōng jiàn lì liǎo láo gù de zhèn dì。
mín guó shí qī， cóng guān huà dào guó yǔ， cóng lǎo guó yīn dào xīn guó yīn， guó yǔ yùn dòng zuì zhòng yào de yī tiáo lì shǐ jīng yàn jiù shì yào shǐ zì rán xíng chéng de méi yòu míng què biāo zhǔn de chū jí xíng shì de mín zú gòng tóng yǔ（ guān huà） chéng wéi yòu míng què guī fàn de gāo jí xíng shì de mín zú gòng tóng yǔ（ guó yǔ hé pǔ tōng huà）， bì xū xuǎn zé yī zhǒng zì rán yǔ yán， zuò wéi zì shēn cún zài hé fā zhǎn de jī chǔ。 guó yǔ yùn dòng zài cháng qī de shí jiàn zhōng zhōng yú zhǎo dào liǎo“ zhōng guó yǔ yán de xīn”（ liú fù yǔ）， míng què xuān bù yǐ běi jīng（ xì） zuò wéi tǒng yī quán guó yǔ yán de biāo zhǔn yīn（ jiàn《 quán guó guó yǔ yùn dòng dà huì xuān yán》）。 zhè shì tā zuì dà de lì shǐ gōng jì， tā wéi１９４９ nián xīn zhōng guó chéng lì yǐ hòu suǒ kāi zhǎn de hàn yǔ guī fàn huà yùn dòng、 tuī guǎng pǔ tōng huà hé hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn de zhì dìng， diàn dìng liǎo jī chǔ。
cóng xué shù fā zhǎn de jiǎo dù kàn， zài hàn yǔ pīn yīn yùn dòng bù tóng lì shǐ shí qī chū xiàn de guó yǔ zhù yīn fú hào、 guó yǔ luó mǎ zì、 běi fāng huà lā dīng huà xīn wén zì， zhí zhì wǔ shí nián dài hòu qī de hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn， xiǎn rán shì yī mài xiāng chéng de jì chéng fā zhǎn guān xì。 hàn yǔ pīn yīn fāng 'àn de shè jì chōng fēn xī shōu liǎo guò qù xǔ duō pīn yīn shè jì， tè bié shì guó luó hé běi lā de xǔ duō bǎo guì jīng yàn， bìng guǎng fàn dì tīng qǔ liǎo gè fāng miàn de yì jiàn。 fāng 'àn gù rán yòu tā jiàng xīn dú yùn zhī chù。 dàn gèng duō de shì xī qǔ bìng fā zhǎn liǎo lì shǐ shàng xǔ duō pīn yīn shè jì de cháng chù。
yǔ fǎ
hàn yǔ de yǔ sù jué dà bù fēn shì dān yīn jié de（ shǒu │ xǐ│ mín│ shī）。 yǔ sù hé yǔ sù kě yǐ zǔ hé chéng cí（ mǎ ＋ lù→ mǎ lù│ kāi＋ guān→ kāi guān）。 yòu de yǔ sù běn shēn jiù shì cí（ shǒu、 xǐ）， yòu de yǔ sù běn shēn bù shì cí , zhǐ néng gēn bié de yǔ sù yī qǐ zǔ chéng fù hé cí（ mín→ rén mín│ shī→ sàng shī）。 xiàn dài hàn yǔ lǐ shuāng yīn jié cí zhàn de bǐ zhòng zuì dà。 dà bù fēn shuāng yīn cí dōushì 'àn zhào shàng miàn tí dào de fù hé fāng shì zào chéng de。
wén zì
cóng mù qián wǒ men néng kàn dào de zuì zǎo de chéng pī de wén zì zī liào ── shāng cháo jiá gǔ wén zì suàn qǐ， hàn zì yǐ yòu３０００ nián de lì shǐ。 yóu yú jiá gǔ wén zì yǐ jīng shì xiāng dāng chéng shú de wén zì tǐ xì， wǒ men kě yǐ tuī duàn hàn zì de fā shēng yī dìng yuǎn zài３０００ nián yǐ qián。 hàn zì de fā zhǎn kě yǐ huàfēn wéi liǎng gè dà jiē duàn。 cóng jiá gǔ wén dào xiǎo zhuàn shì yī gè jiē duàn； cóng qín hàn shí dài de lì shū yǐ xià shì lìng yī gè jiē duàn。 qián zhě shǔ yú gǔ wén zì de fàn chóu， hòu zhě shǔ yú jìn dài wén zì de fàn chóu。 dà tǐ shuō lái， cóng lì shū dào jīn tiān shǐ yòng de xiàn dài hàn zì xíng tǐ shàng méi yòu tài dà de biàn huà。
cóng hàn zì gēn hàn yǔ de guān xì kàn， hàn zì shì yī zhǒng yǔ sù wén zì。 cóng hàn zì běn shēn de gòu zào kàn， hàn zì shì yóu biǎo yì、 biǎo yīn de piān bàng（ xíng bàng、 shēng bàng） hé jì bù biǎo yì yě bù biǎo yīn de jì hào zǔ chéng de wén zì tǐ xì。
hàn zì qǐ yuán yú tú huà。 zài hàn zì chǎn shēng de zǎo qī jiē duàn， xiàng xíng zì de zì xíng gēn tā suǒ dài biǎo de yǔ sù de yì yì zhí jiē fā shēng lián xì。 suī rán měi gè zì yědōu yòu zì jǐ gù dìng de dú yīn， dàn shì zì xíng běn shēn bù shì biǎo yīn de fú hào， gēn pīn yīn wén zì de zì mǔ de xìng zhì bù tóng。 xiàng xíng zì de dú yīn shì tā suǒ dài biǎo de yǔ sù zhuǎn jià gěi tā de。 suí zhe zì xíng de yǎn biàn， xiàng xíng zì biàn dé yuè lái yuè bù xiàng xíng。 jiēguǒ shì zì xíng gēn tā suǒ dài biǎo de yǔ sù zài yì yì shàng yě shī qù liǎo yuán yòu de lián xì。 zhè gè shí hòu， zì xíng běn shēn jì bù biǎo yīn， yě bù biǎo yì， biàn chéng liǎo chōu xiàng de jì hào。 rú guǒ hàn yǔ lǐ suǒ yòu de yǔ sù dōushì yóu zhè zhǒng jì bù biǎo yīn yě bù biǎo yì de jì hào dài biǎo de， nà me hàn zì kě yǐ shuō shì yī zhǒng chún jì hào wén zì。 bù guò shì shí bìng fēi rú cǐ。 hàn zì yòu dú tǐ zì yǔ hé tǐ zì de qū bié。 zhǐ yòu dú tǐ zì cái shì chún cuì de jì hào wén zì。 hé tǐ zì shì yóu dú tǐ zì zǔ hé zào chéng de。 cóng gòu zào shàng shuō， hé tǐ zì bǐ dú tǐ zì gāo yī gè céng cì。 yīn wéi zǔ chéng hé tǐ zì de dú tǐ zì běn shēn suī rán yě shì jì hào， kě shì dāng tā zuò wéi hé tǐ zì de zǔ chéng chéng fēn shí， tā shì yǐ yòu yīn yòu yì de“ zì” de shēn fèn cān jiā de。 hé tǐ zì kě yǐ fēn chéng yǐ xià３ lèi：
① xíng shēng zì。 xíng shēng zì yóu biǎo shì yì yì de xíng bàng hé biǎo shì dú yīn de shēng bàng liǎng bù fēn zǔ chéng。 ná gòu zào zuì jiǎn dān de xíng shēng zì lái shuō， xíng bàng hé shēng bàng dōushì yóu dú tǐ zì chōng dāng de。 zuò wéi xíng shēng zì de zǔ chéng bù fēn， zhè xiē dú tǐ zì dōushì yòu yīn yòu yì de zì。 bù guò xíng bàng zhǐ qǔ qí yì， bù qǔ qí yīn， lì rú“ jiū” zì de piān bàng“ niǎo”； shēng bàng zé zhǐ qǔ qí yīn， bù qǔ qí yì， lì rú“ jiū” zì de piān bàng“ jiǔ”。 yóu yú zì yì hé zì yīn de yǎn biàn， yòu xiē xíng shēng zì de xíng bàng huò shēng bàng xiàn zài yǐ shī qù liǎo biǎo yì huò biǎo yīn de gōng néng。 lì rú“ qiú” běn lái shì yī zhǒng yù de míng chēng， suǒ yǐ yǐ“ yù” wéi xíng bàng。 xiàn zài“ qiú” zì bù zài zhǐ yù， zhè gè xíng bàng jiù méi yòu zuò yòng liǎo。 zài rú“ hǎi” zì běn lái yǐ“ měi” wéi shēng bàng。 yóu yú zì yīn de biàn huà， xiàn zài“ hǎi” hé“ měi” de dú yīn xiāng qù shèn yuǎn， shēng bàng“ měi” yě jiù bù qǐ zuò yòng liǎo。 yòu de shí hòu， xíng bàng hé shēng bàng dū sàng shī liǎo yuán lái de gōng néng， lì rú“ gěi、 děng、 duǎn”。 zhè yī lèi zì yǐ jīng bù néng zài zuò wéi xíng shēng zì kàn dài liǎo。
xíng shēng zì hé fēi xíng shēng zì zhī jiān bìng méi yòu míng què de jiè xiàn。 zào zì zhī chū， xíng shēng zì hé tā de shēng bàng de dú yīn běn lái jiù bù yī dìng mì hé。 fā zhǎn dào xiàn dài hàn zì， chū rù jiù gèng dà liǎo。 yòu rén ná７５００ duō gè xiàn dài hé tǐ hàn zì jìn xíng tǒng jì。 jiù pǔ tōng huà dú yīn lái shuō， hé tǐ zì gēn shēng bàng wán quán tóng yīn（ shēng mǔ、 yùn mǔ、 shēng diào quán tóng） de bù dào５ ％。 shēng mǔ、 yùn mǔ xiāng tóng 'ér shēng diào bù tóng de yuē zhàn１０％。 zhǐ yòu yùn mǔ yī xiàng xiāng tóng de yuē zhàn２０％。 rú guǒ wǒ men zhǐ bǎ qián liǎng lèi kàn zuò xíng shēng zì， nà me xíng shēng zì dà gài zhǐ zhàn tōng xíng hàn zì de１５％。 rú guǒ bǎ yǐ shàng sān lèi quán kàn zuò xíng shēng zì， xíng shēng zì dà gài huì zhàn tōng xíng hàn zì３５％ de yàng zǐ。 yào shì bǎ biāo zhǔn zài fàng kuān huò zhě wán quán gēn jù lái lì què dìng xíng shēng zì， nà me tōng xíng hàn zì zhōng xíng shēng zì de bǎi fēn bǐ hái yào gāo dé duō。
② hé tǐ huì yì zì。 gǔ rén shuō“ zhǐ gē wéi wǔ”，“ rén yán wéi xìn”。 duì yú“ wǔ”、“ xìn” liǎng gè zì lái shuō， zhè zhǒng jiě shì shì cuò wù de。 bù guò hàn zì tǐ xì lǐ què shí yòu 'àn zhào zhè zhǒng fāng shì zào chéng de zì， lì rú“ bù zhèng wéi wāi”，“ bù hǎo wéi nāo”。 zhè yī lèi zì de tè diǎn shì huì hé piān bàng de zì yì lái biǎo xiàn zhěng gè hé tǐ zì de yì yì。 zhè zhǒng zì wéi shù hěn shǎo， zhǐ yòu gè bié de lì zǐ。
yǐ shàng liǎng lèi hé tǐ zì lǐ de piān bàng yòu de yòu biǎo yì zuò yòng， yòu de yòu biǎo yīn zuò yòng。 xià biān yī lèi de qíng xíng bù tóng。 ③ hé tǐ jì hào zì。 zhè yī lèi hé tǐ zì de piān bàng jì bù biǎo yì， yě bù biǎo yīn。 zhè zhù yào yòu liǎng zhǒng qíng xíng。 yī shì yóu yú zì yīn hé zì yì de biàn huà , yuán lái de shēng bàng hé xíng bàng yǐ jīng bù zài biǎo yīn、 biǎo yì liǎo。 lì rú shàng wén jǔ guò de“ gěi、 děng、 duǎn” yī lèi zì。 lìng yī zhǒng qíng xíng kě yǐ jǔ“ zhāng” zì wéi lì。 àn zhào hàn cháo xǔ shèn《 shuō wén jiě zì》 de fēn xī，“ zhāng” zì cóng“ yīn” cóng“ shí”。 kě shì xiàn zài yī bān rén shuō“ lì zǎo zhāng”（ yǐ qū bié yú“ gōng cháng zhāng”） de shí hòu， shì bǎ tā fēn xī chéng“ lì” hé“ zǎo” liǎng bù fēn。 qí shí cóng gǔ wén zì kàn，“ zhāng” běn lái shì yī gè dú tǐ xiàng xíng zì， gēn“ yīn、 shí、 lì、 zǎo” dōuméi yòu guān xì。
hàn zì yòng lái jì lù hàn yǔ yǐ jīng yòu３０００ nián yǐ shàng de lì shǐ， yī zhí yán yòng dào jīn tiān， méi yòu zhōng duàn guò。 zài rú cǐ cháng de lì shǐ shí qī lǐ， hàn zì bù jǐn wéi rén men de xiàn shí shēng huó fú wù， ér qiě jì lù xià jí qí fēng fù de wén huà zī liào； shèn zhì kuà yuè guó jiè， bèi rì běn、 cháo xiān、 yuè nán děng lín guó jiè qù jì lù fēi hàn yǔ yǔ yán。
lìng yī fāng miàn， cháng qī yǐ lái yě bù duàn yòu rén pī píng hàn zì de quē diǎn， zhù yào shì shuō hàn zì nán rèn、 nán xiě、 nán yú jī xiè huà（ yìn shuà pái bǎn、 dǎ zì děng）。 yīn cǐ zài sǎo máng、 ér tóng shí zì jiào yù、 wén huà chuán bō děng fāng miàn， dōubù rú pīn yīn wén zì xiàolǜ gāo。
gēn pīn yīn wén zì bǐ jiào qǐ lái， hàn zì yòu tā de duǎn chù， dàn shì yě yòu tā de cháng chù。 hàn zì zuì dà de cháng chù jiù shì néng gòu chāo yuè kōng jiān hé shí jiān de xiàn zhì。 gǔ jīn hàn yǔ zì yīn de chā bié hěn dà。 dàn yóu yú２０００ nián lái zì xíng xiāng dāng wěn dìng， méi yòu tài dà biàn huà， zì yì de biàn huà bǐ jiào xiǎo， suǒ yǐ xiān qín liǎng hàn de gǔ shū jīn tiān yī bān rén hái néng bù fēn kàn dǒng。 rú guǒ gǔ shū shì yòng pīn yīn wén zì xiě de， xiàn dài rén jiù gēn běn wú fǎ lǐ jiě liǎo。 yòu xiē fāng yán yǔ yīn chā bié yě hěn dà， bǐ cǐ bù néng jiāo tán， kě shì xiě chéng hàn zì， jiù néng hù xiāng liǎo jiě， dào lǐ yě shì yī yàng de。
５０ nián dài kāi shǐ jìn xíng jiǎn huà hàn zì de gōng zuò。１９８６ nián chóngxīn gōng bù de《 jiǎn huà zì zǒng biǎo》 guī dìng liǎo２０００ duō gè jiǎn huà zì（ bāo kuò yòng jiǎn huà piān bàng lèi tuī de zì）。 zhè xiàng gōng zuò mù qián yǐ gào yī duàn luò， jīn hòu zài yī gè shí qī nèi jiāng bǎo chí wěn dìng， bù jì xù jiǎn huà。 yīn wéi bù duàn jiǎn huà huì pò huài wén zì de wěn dìng xìng， ér qiě jiǎn huà yī pī zì yǐ hòu， yuán lái de fán tǐ zì bìng bù néng fèi chú。 jiēguǒ shì hàn zì de zǒng shù yòu zēng wú jiǎn， fǎn 'ér jiā zhòng liǎo xué xí hé shǐ yòng de rén de fù dān。
guān yú wén zì pīn yīn huà wèn tí， cháng qī yǐ lái yī zhí yòu zhēng lùn。 cóng lǐ lùn shàng shuō， rèn hé zì rán yǔ yán dōukě yǐ yòng pīn yīn wén zì jì lù。 dàn shì yóu yú hàn yǔ fāng yán fēn qí， zài tuī guǎng pǔ tōng huà de gōng zuò méi yòu qǔ dé guǎng fàn、 qièshí de chéng xiào yǐ qián， gǎi yòng pīn yīn wén zì huì gěi fāng yán qū de rén dài lái hěn dà de kùn nán。 cǐ wài， yóu yú hàn zì lì shǐ yōu jiǔ， dà liàng de wén xiàn dōushì yòng hàn zì jì lù de。 yī dàn gǎi xián yì zhé， shì bì zài wén xiàn de guǎng fàn lì yòng shàng zào chéng yī dìng kùn nán， zài shè huì xīn lǐ hé mín zú gǎn qíng shàng yě kě néng yǐn qǐ bō dòng。 shì shí shàng， yóu yú cháng shí jiànshǐ yòng hàn zì zhè yī kě yǐ biǎo yì de shū xiě xì tǒng， hàn yǔ zhōng kě yǐ cún zài dà liàng tóng yīn zì cí， ér qiě zhè gè xiàn xiàng què shí fā shēng liǎo， xiàn zài yī gè yīn jié zuì duō kě yǐ duì yìng jǐ shí shàng bǎi gè hàn zì， rú guǒ shǐ yòng pīn yīn lái jìzǎi yǔ yīn， huì chū xiàn bù dú chū lái jiù kàn bù dǒng de xiàn xiàng， jí shǐ jīng guò cháng shí jiān de xùn liàn yě wú fǎ chè dǐ jiě jué zhè gè wèn tí， yīn cǐ rú guǒ zhēn yào jìn xíng hàn zì lā dīng huà de gōng zuò， jué bù shì yīzhāoyīxī néng gòu wán chéng de， zài hàn yǔ fā zhǎn dào hé shì de chéng dù yǐ qián， zuì hǎo gē zhì lā dīng huà de jìhuà。
lì rú， lǔ xùn xiān shēng de zhù zuò《 ā zhèng chuán》 shū míng zhōng de“ ” zì， jù lǔ xùn zì jǐ shuō， yě shì shòu lā dīng huà de yǐng xiǎng。
hàn yǔ bù néng lā dīng huà de yòu lì zhèng jù
《 shī shì shí shī shǐ》 zhào yuán rèn
shí shì shī shì shī shì， shì shī， shì shí shí shī。
shì shí shí shì shì shì shī。
shí shí， shì shí shī shì shì。
shì shí， shì shī shì shì shì。
shì shì shì shí shī， shì shǐ shì， shǐ shì shí shī shì shì。
shì shí shì shí shī shī， shì shí shì。
shí shì shī， shì shǐ shì shì shí shì。
shí shì shì， shì shǐ shì shí shì shí shī。
shí shí， shǐ shí shì shí shī， shí shí shí shī shī。
shì shì shì shì。
bèi zhù
shī shì shí shī shǐ shì yī piān yóu zhào yuán rèn suǒ xiě de shè xiàn wén zhāng。 quán wén gòng jiǔ shí 'èr zì， měi zì de pǔ tōng huà fā yīn dōushìｓ ｈ ｉ。 zhè piān wén yán zuò pǐn zài yuè dú shí bìng méi yòu wèn tí， dàn dāng yòng pǔ tōng huà lǎng dú huò zhě lā dīng huà zuò pǐn shí， wèn tí biàn chū xiàn liǎo。 zhè shì gǔ wén tóng yīn zì duō de yuán gù。 zhè piān duǎn wén dōunéng kàn dǒng， kě shì rú guǒ nǐ dú gěi bié rén tīng， tā shì wú lùn rú hé yě tīng bù dǒng de！
fāng yán
zhōng guó fú yuán liáo kuò， rén kǒu zhòng duō， fāng yán qíng kuàng fù zá。 xià biān bǎ hàn yǔ fāng yán cū fēn wéi guān huà hé fēi guān huà liǎng dà lèi lái shuō míng。 guān huà fēn bù zài cháng jiāng yǐ běi dì qū hé cháng jiāng nán 'àn jiǔ jiāng yǔ zhèn jiāng zhī jiān yán jiāng dì dài yǐ jí hú běi、 sì chuān、 yún nán、 guì zhōu４ shěng， bāo kuò běi fāng guān huà、 jiāng huái guān huà、 xī nán guān huà jǐ gè fāng yán qū。 guān huà qū yù de miàn jī zhàn quán guó３ ／４， rén kǒu zhàn quán guó２／３。 guān huà fāng yán nèi bù de yī zhì chéng dù bǐ jiào gāo。 cóng hā 'ěr bīn dào kūn míng， xiāng jù３０００ gōng lǐ， liǎng dì de rén tōng huà méi yòu duō dà kùn nán。 fēi guān huà fāng yán zhù yào fēn bù zài zhōng guó dōng nán bù， bāo kuò wú fāng yán（ jiāng sū nán bù， zhè jiāng dà bù）、 gàn fāng yán（ jiāng xī dà bù， hú nán dōng bù， fú jiàn xī běi bù， hú běi dōng nán bù， ān huī xī nán bù）、 xiāng fāng yán（ hú nán dà bù， guǎng xī zhuàng zú zì zhì qū běi bù）、 yuè fāng yán（ guǎng dōng dà bù， guǎng xī zhuàng zú zì zhì qū dōng nán bù）、 mǐn fāng yán（ fú jiàn， tái wān， guǎng dōng de cháo zhōu、 shàn tóu， hǎi nán）、 kè jiā fāng yán（ guǎng dōng shěng dōng bù hé běi bù， fú jiàn xī bù， jiāng xī nán bù， tái wān）。 fēi guān huà qū yù bǐ guān huà qū yù miàn jī xiǎo， kě shì fāng yán chā bié dà， bǐ cǐ yī bān bù néng tōng huà， shèn zhì zài tóng yī gè fāng yán qū nèi bù（ lì rú zhè nán wú fāng yán yǔ sū nán wú fāng yán zhī jiān、 fú zhōu huà hé xiàmén huà zhī jiān）， jiāo tán dōuyòu kùn nán。 hàn yǔ fāng yán zhī jiān yǔ yīn shàng de chā bié zuì dà， cí huì cì zhī， yǔ fǎ fāng miàn de chā bié zuì xiǎo。 yǔ yīn de chā bié zài shēng mǔ de fán jiǎn、 fǔ yīn yùn wěi de duō guǎ yǐ jí diào lèi de qū fēn shàng biǎo xiàn dé tè bié míng xiǎn。 lì rú wú fāng yán sèyīn shēng mǔ yòu zhuó sèyīn [b、 d、 g]、 bù sòng qì qīng sèyīn [p、 t、 k] hé sòng qì qīng sèyīn [pʻ、 tʻ、 kʻ]３ tào， guān huà fāng yán zhǐ yòu hòu２ tào。 guǎng zhōu huà fǔ yīn yùn wěi yòu [m、 n、 ŋ、 p、 t、 k]６ gè， sū zhōu huà zhǐ yòu [n、 ŋ、 ?]３ gè， běi jīng huà zhǐ yòu [n、 ŋ]2 gè。 guǎng zhōu huà yòu yīn píng、 yáng píng、 yīn shàng、 yáng shàng、 yīn qù、 yáng qù、 shàng yīn rù、 zhōng yīn rù、 yáng rù９ gè diào lèi。 běi jīng huà yòu yīn píng、 yáng píng、 shàng shēng、 qù shēng４ gè diào lèi。 yān tái huà píng shēng bù fēn yīn yáng， suǒ yǐ zhǐ yòu píng shēng、 shàng shēng、 qù shēng３ gè diào lèi， shì shēng diào xì tǒng zuì jiǎn dān de fāng yán zhī yī。
yóu yú xiàn dài fāng yán de diào lèi yǔ gǔ diào lèi zhī jiān yòu xiāng dāng zhěng qí de duì yìng guān xì， suǒ yǐ tōng cháng jiù yòng píng、 shàng、 qù、 rù děng gǔ diào lèi de míng chēng lái biāo jì xiàn dài fāng yán diào lèi。 yào zhù yì de shì fāng yán de diào lèi míng chēng xiāng tóng， bìng bù biǎo shì diào zhí xiāng tóng。 lì rú běi jīng huà de yáng píng shì shēng diào（３５）， tiān jīn huà de yáng píng shì gāo píng diào（５５）， ér hàn kǒu huà de yáng píng zé shì qū zhé diào（２１４）。
shàng wén shuō hàn yǔ fāng yán yǔ yīn de chā bié dà， cí huì hé yǔ fǎ de chā bié xiǎo。 zhè shì cóng dà tǐ shàng shuō de。 cóng xì chù kàn， cí huì hé yǔ fǎ shàng xiāng yì zhī chù yě bìng bù shǎo。 ná cí huì lái shuō， zhèng zhì、 wén huà、 kē xué fāng miàn de cí shì quán guó xìng de， kě shì rì cháng shēng huó lǐ yòng de cí yòu xǔ duō shì dì fāng xìng de， yīn fāng yán 'ér yì。 ná yǔ fǎ lái shuō， fāng yán zhī jiān zài cí fǎ fāng miàn de chā yì bǐ jiào míng xiǎn。 lì rú rén chēng dài cí hé zhǐ shì dài cí de xíng shì、 xíng róng cí de hòu zhuì、 dòng cí hé xíng róng cí de chóngdié shì、 xiàng shēng cí de gòu zào yǐ jí míng cí hòu zhuì“ zǐ” hé“ ér” de biǎo shì fāng shì（ lì rú“ ér” háng zhōu huà yòng chéng yīn jié de yǔ sù biǎo shì， ér guǎng zhōu huà hé wēn lǐng huà yòng biàn diào biǎo shì） děng děng zài bù tóng fāng yán lǐ yòu shí yòu xiāng dāng dà de chā bié。
fāng yán zhī jiān jù fǎ shàng de chā bié kě yǐ jǔ“ bǎ” zì jù hé fǎn fù wèn jù wéi lì。“ bǎ” zì jù shì guān huà qū fāng yán lǐ shí fēn zhòng yào de yī zhǒng jù shì， kě shì yuè fāng yán hé wú fāng yán dōuméi yòu zhè zhǒng jù shì。 lì rú běi jīng huà yòng“ bǎ” zì de jù zǐ（ bǎ yī fú xǐ gān jìng）， guǎng zhōu huà wǎng wǎng yào yòng“ dòng cí＋ bīn yǔ” de shuō fǎ（ xǐ gān jìng jiàn shān）。 zài dà bù fēn guān huà fāng yán lǐ， fǎn fù wèn jù de xíng shì shì“ V bù V”（ V dài biǎo dòng cí， lì rú： qù bù qù│ rèn dé bù rèn dé）。 kě shì zài mǒu xiē jiāng huái guān huà hé xī nán guān huà ( lì rú kūn míng huà ) yǐ jí yī bù fēn wú fāng yán（ lì rú sū zhōu huà） lǐ， fǎn fù wèn jù de xíng shì shì“ kě V”（ kě qù│ kě rèn dé）。
hàn yǔ de fēn zhī
hàn yǔ suǒ bāo hán de yǔ yán zhǒng lèi wèn tí， zài yǔ yán xué jiè pō yòu zhēng yì。 mù qián yòu liǎng zhǒng bù tóng de guān diǎn： yī zhǒng guān diǎn rèn wéi hàn yǔ zhǐ bāo kuò hàn yǔ yī zhǒng yǔ yán； lìng yī zhǒng rèn wéi hàn yǔ bāo kuò mǐn yǔ、 yuè yǔ、 kè yǔ、 wú yǔ、 gàn yǔ、 xiāng yǔ děng yǔ yán。 zhōng guó guó nèi de xué zhě duō shù zhī chí qián zhě， ér zhōng guó yǐ wài yóu qí xī fāng duō shù xué zhě cóng yǔ yán xué de jiǎo dù zhī chí hòu zhě。 zhī chí hòu yī zhǒng guān diǎn de rén rèn wéi hàn yǔ bù shì yī zhǒng dān yī de yǔ yán， ér shì yī cù xiāng hù guān lián de yòu qīn shǔ guān xì de bù tóng yǔ yán。 zhī chí qián yī zhǒng guān diǎn de rén zé jiāng mǐn yǔ、 yuè yǔ、 kè yǔ、 wú yǔ、 gàn yǔ、 xiāng yǔ děng liè wéi hàn yǔ fāng yán， lì rú zhào yuán rèn rèn wéi biāo zhǔn yǔ（ pǔ tōng huà） shì fāng yán， mǐn yǔ、 yuè yǔ děng yě shì fāng yán。 rán 'ér shí jì shàng， xí guàn shàng suǒ chēng de“ hàn yǔ fāng yán” xiāng hù zhī jiān huò yǔ biāo zhǔn hàn yǔ zhī jiān wú fǎ hù tōng， yǔ yán jù lí wǎng wǎng bǐ 'ōu zhōu tóng yī yǔ xì zhī xià de gè zhǒng yǔ yán zhī jiān hái yào yuǎn。 lì rú yī gè zhǐ huì xī bān yá yǔ de rén kě néng kě yǐ shǐ yòng xī bān yá yǔ hé lìng yī wèi zhǐ huì pú táo yá yǔ de rén dá chéng gōu tōng， dàn yī gè zhǐ huì yuè yǔ de rén hé yī wèi zhǐ huì mǐn yǔ de rén duì tán shí， shì wán quán tīng bù dǒng duì fāng zài shuō shí me de。
zhōng guó guó nèi yǔ yán xué jiā gēn jù hàn yǔ fēn zhī de bù tóng tè diǎn， bǎ hàn yǔ huàfēn wéi chuán tǒng de qī dà fāng yán。 zài zhè qī dà fāng yán nèi bù， réng cún zài bù tóng de cì fāng yán qū。 yòu shí zhè xiē cì fāng yán qū nèi de shǐ yòng zhě yě bù néng xiāng hù lǐ jiě。 zài bù tóng de fāng yán qū de rén de yǔ yán yì shí yě yòu yī dìng de qū bié。 lì rú， yī gè shǐ yòng yuè fāng yán de xiāng gǎng rén kě néng huì gǎn dào yǔ cāo tái shān huà de guǎng dōng rén yòu hěn duō gòng tóng diǎn， suī rán tā men kě néng bù néng xiāng hù lǐ jiě。
zài dì lǐ shàng de fāng yán fēn qí yě shì hěn míng xiǎn de。 zài huá běi guān huà、 xī běi guān huà huò zhě xī nán fāng huà dì qū， xiāng gé jǐ bǎi gōng lǐ de rén yī bān kě yǐ xiāng hù kǒu tóu jiāo liú， dàn mǒu xiē dì qū yǔ yīn hé cí huì de biàn huà yě shì hěn dà de； rán 'ér zài zhōng guó nán fāng de xǔ duō dì qū， yóu qí shì shān qū， jiào xiǎo dì lǐ fàn wéi nèi kě néng cún zài xiāng hù kǒu yǔ jiāo liú kùn nán de fāng yán。 jǔ yī gè jí duān de lì zǐ， rú fú jiàn mǒu dì， xiāng gé zhǐ yòu shí gōng lǐ de dāng dì jū mín yě xǔ yǐ jīng bù néng zì rú kǒu tóu jiāo liú liǎo。
hàn yǔ fāng yán guān huà， huò chēng guān huà fāng yán děng： zhǐ huá běi、 dōng běi jí xī běi dì qū、 hú běi dà bù、 sì chuān、 chóngqìng、 yún nán、 guì zhōu、 hú nán běi bù、 jiāng xī yán jiāng dì qū、 ān huī zhōng běi bù、 jiāng sū zhōng běi bù suǒ shǐ yòng de mǔ yǔ fāng yán。 guān huà dà zhì fēn wéi huá běi guān huà、 xī běi guān huà、 xī nán guān huà、 jiāng huái guān huà， huá běi guān huà fēn bù zài běi fāng dōng bù， yǐ běi jīng huà wéi dài biǎo， xī běi guān huà fēn bù zài běi fāng xī bù， yǐ xī 'ān huà wéi dài biǎo， xī nán guān huà fēn bù zài nán fāng xī bù， yǐ chéng dū huà wéi dài biǎo， jiāng huái guān huà fēn bù zài nán fāng dōng bù， yǐ yáng zhōu huà wéi jiāng huái huà de dài biǎo。 shàng gǔ shí qī de zhōng yuán yǎ yīn zài wǔ hú luàn huá、 yī guān nán dù hòu， fēn huà chéng wéi zhōng gǔ hàn yǔ yǔ yīn。 ér xiàn dài“ guān huà fāng yán”， zhù yào xíng chéng yú sòng yuán shí qī。 guān huà zài xíng chéng zhī hòu， zài nán běi fāng fēn bié fā zhǎn， yóu fēn huà chéng liǎo nán fāng guān huà hé běi fāng guān huà， wéi yǐ hòu zhōng guó gè dài de guān fāng yǔ yán， běi fāng guān huà zhì jīn shì xiàn dài biāo zhǔn hàn yǔ de jī chǔ（ dà lù chēng wéi pǔ tōng huà， tái wān chēng wéi guó yǔ）。 shǐ yòng zhè yī fāng yán de rén zhàn zhōng guó rén kǒu de７０％。
xū yào zhǐ chū de shì，“ guān huà fāng yán”， guò qù céng jīng chēng wéi“ běi fāng fāng yán”， bìng bù jú xiàn yú zhōng guó běi fāng。 xiāng fǎn， zhōng guó xī nán dì qū hé jiāng huái dì qū de nán fāng fāng yán yě shǔ yú guān huà fāng yán。
guān huà de míng xiǎn tè diǎn bāo kuò： shī luò liǎo quán bù zhōng gǔ rù shēng， zhōng gǔ hàn yǔ zhōng de“ -p， -t， -k， -m， -n， -ng” yùn wěi xiàn zài zhǐ shèng xià“ -n， -ng”， dàn chū xiàn liǎo dà liàng 'ér huà yùn“ -r” yùn wěi。 yuán běn lián jiē“ i， ü” yùn mǔ de“ g， k， h” shēng mǔ yǐ bèi 'è yīn huà chéng“ j， q， x” shēng mǔ。 guān huà huà zài shī qù qīng zhuó duì lì de guò chéng zhōng， méi yòu jīng guò jù liè de shēng diào fēn huà， dàn chū xiàn liǎo zhōng gǔ píng shàng qù rù yǐ wài de qīng shēng。 yīn cǐ， guān huà fāng yán bāo hán liǎo dà liàng de tóng yīn zì yǐ jí xiāng yìng chǎn shēng de fù hé cí。 shàng shù xiàn xiàng zài qí tā fāng yán zhōng bǐ jiào shǎo jiàn。
wú yǔ， huò chēng wú fāng yán： zài zhōng guó jiāng sū nán bù、 ān huī nán bù、 shàng hǎi hé zhè jiāng dà bù fēn dì qū shǐ yòng。 diǎn xíng de wú yǔ yǐ sū zhōu huà wéi dài biǎo。 qí zhōng 'ān huī xī nán bù shòu gàn yǔ yǐng xiǎng， zhè jiāng nán bù bǎo liú liǎo jiào duō gǔ dài bǎi yuè huà tè zhēng， yǐ zhì bù néng hé zuò wéi diǎn xíng wú yǔ de tài hú piàn wú yǔ tōng huà。 shǐ yòng rén shù dà yuē wéi zǒng rén kǒu de８ ．４％。 zhè zhǒng fāng yán de duì qīng zhuó fǔ yīn de qū fēn shì yī gè hěn míng xiǎn de tè diǎn。 dàn wú yǔ bǎo liú liǎo zhōng gǔ hàn yǔ de mó hú rù shēng。
kè jiā huà， huò chēng kè yǔ： zài zhōng guó nán fāng de kè jiā rén hé jué dà duō shù shē zú rén zhōng guǎng fàn shǐ yòng， bāo kuò guǎng dōng dōng bù、 běi bù、 fú jiàn xī bù、 jiāng xī nán bù、 guǎng xī dōng nán bù děng dì， yǐ méi xiàn huà wéi dài biǎo。 suī rán shì yī zhǒng nán fāng fāng yán， dàn kè jiā huà shì zài běi fāng yí mín nán xià yǐng xiǎng zhōng xíng chéng de。 kè jiā huà yīn 'ér bǎo liú liǎo yī xiē zhōng gǔ zhōng yuán huà de tè diǎn。 shǐ yòng kè jiā huà de rén kǒu dà yuē zhàn zǒng rén kǒu de５％。 kè jiā fāng yán de tè diǎn shì píng shēng， shàng shēng bù fēn yīn yáng， dàn rù shēng， qù shēng fēn yīn yáng。
mǐn yǔ， huò chēng mǐn fāng yán： zài fú jiàn、 hǎi nán、 guǎng dōng dōng bù、 tái wān、 fěi lǜ bīn、 xīn jiā pō、 mǎ lái xī yà hái yòu qí tā hǎi wài de yī xiē huá rén zhōng shǐ yòng。 yóu yú mǐn yǔ de nèi bù fēn qí bǐ jiào dà， tōng cháng fēn wéi mǐn nán fāng yán（ yǐ xiàmén huà wéi dài biǎo）、 mǐn běi huà、 mǐn dōng huà（ yǐ fú zhōu huà wéi dài biǎo）、 pú xiān fāng yán hé mǐn zhōng fāng yán。 mǐn yǔ shì suǒ yòu fāng yán zhōng， wéi yī bù wán quán yǔ zhōng gǔ hàn yǔ yùn shū cún zài zhí jiē duì yìng de fāng yán， qí zhōng yǐ mǐn nán yǔ zuì jù yǐng xiǎng。 dàn shì， gēn jù xiàn yòu de yǔ yīn xué yán jiū， mǐn yǔ de yīn xì xiāng dāng jiē jìn shàng gǔ hàn yǔ de yīn xì。
mǐn nán yǔ（ xiá yì de， jí mǐn tái piàn mǐn nán huà） gòng yòu“ -m， -n， -ng， -p， -t， -k， -ʔ”（ mào sì wèn hào de guó jì yīn biāo shì jǐn hóu yīn。） zài rù shēng [-p/-t/-k] xiāo shī zhī qián， xiān fā shēng‘ rù shēng ruò huà’， [-p/-t/-k] quán bù biàn chéng ʔ。 shān xī fāng yán réng bǎo yòu zhè zhǒng ruò huà rù shēng）” qī zhǒng fǔ yīn yùn wěi。 mǐn nán yǔ shì hàn yǔ zhōng shēng diào jiào fù zá de fāng yán zhī yī， quán zhōu yīn yòu８ gè shēng diào（ bù hán qīng shēng）， zhāng zhōu yīn、 xiàmén yīn、 tóng 'ān yīn、 tái wān yīn tōng cháng yòu qī gè shēng diào（ bù hán qīng shēng）。 tóng shí， mǐn nán yǔ yě shì bǎo liú zhōng gǔ hàn yǔ zuì wán zhěng de fāng yán zhī yī。 quán zhōu yīn hé zhāng zhōu yīn shì qí tā zhī xì de mǔ yǔ， mǐn（ nán） tái piàn de mǐn nán yǔ nèi bù jiào wéi yī zhì。 guǎng yì de mǐn nán fāng yán hái bāo kuò hǎi nán huà、 cháo zhōu huà、 zhè nán mǐn yǔ děng， shǐ yòng mǐn nán yǔ de rén kǒu dà yuē wéi zǒng shù de４．２％。
yuè yǔ： yǐ guǎng zhōu huà wéi dài biǎo， zài guǎng dōng guǎng xī de bù fēn dì qū、 xiāng gǎng、 ào mén hé hǎi wài huá rén zhōng bèi shǐ yòng。 yuè fāng yán shì hàn yǔ zhōng shēng diào zuì fù zá de fāng yán zhī yī， yòu jiǔ gè shēng diào（ guì nán gòu lòu piàn yòu shí gè shēng diào）。 tóng shí yě shì bǎo liú zhōng gǔ hàn yǔ zuì wán zhěng de fāng yán zhī yī。 yuè yǔ bāo hán liǎo p， t， k， m， n， ng liù zhǒng fǔ yīn yùn wěi。 yuè yǔ nèi bù de fēn qí bù dà。 shǐ yòng yuè yǔ de rén kǒu dà yuē wéi zǒng shù de５％。 dàn shì yuè yǔ zhōng méi yòu hùn hé rù shēng， kě yǐ rèn wéi yuè yǔ zhōng bǎo liú de gǔ hàn yǔ chéngfèn yào zǎo yú wú yǔ， dàn wǎn yú mǐn yǔ。
xiāng yǔ， huò chēng xiāng fāng yán： zài hú nán shǐ yòng。 àn shì fǒu bǎo liú zhuó shēng mǔ fēn lèi， kě fēn wéi lǎo xiāng hé xīn xiāng liǎng lèi， qí zhōng zhuó shēng mǔ yǐ quán bù qīng huà de xīn xiāng yǔ xiāng duì jiē jìn xī nán guān huà。 fēn bié yǐ cháng shā huà（ xīn） jí shuāng fēng huà（ lǎo） wéi dài biǎo， shǐ yòng zhě yuē zhàn zǒng rén kǒu de５％。 lì shǐ shàng hú nán hú běi liǎng shěng shòu dào běi fāng wén huà de qiáng liè yǐng xiǎng， gù xiāng yǔ nèi bù chā yì bǐ jiào dà。 bìng qiě yòu duō gè shí qī gǔ hàn yǔ yǔ yīn tè zhēng zhī chóngdié。
gàn yǔ， yǐ nán chāng huà wéi dài biǎo， yòu chēng gàn fāng yán， gǔ chēng xī yǔ。 shǔ hàn zàngyǔ xì hàn yǔ， zhù yào yòng yú jiāng xī dà bù、 hú nán dōng bù， ān huī xī nán bù děng dì。 shǐ yòng rén shù yuē wéi shǐ yòng rén kǒu yuē 5148 wàn（ xiáng qíng jiàn tú， zǎo xiān 3000 wàn de shù jù shì bù gòu zhǔn què de）， shì hàn yǔ qī dà fāng yán qū zhī yī。 gàn yǔ
http://baike.baidu.com/view/775972.htm
xià miàn de jǐ zhǒng fāng yán shì fǒu gòu chéng dú lì de dà fāng yán qū， xiàn zài shàng yòu zhēng yì：
jìn yǔ： zài shān xī jué dà bù fēn yǐ jí shǎn xī běi bù、 hé běi xī bù、 hé nán xī běi bù、 nèimēng gǔ hé tào dì qū děng dì shǐ yòng， yǐ tài yuán huà wéi dài biǎo， yòu rù shēng yùn－－ [-ʔ]（ zhè mào sì wèn hào de guó jì yīn biāo shì jǐn hóu yīn。 zài rù shēng [-p/-t/-k] xiāo shī zhī qián， xiān fā shēng‘ rù shēng ruò huà’， [-p/-t/-k] quán bù biàn chéng [-ʔ]）。 qí bái dú xì tǒng yǔ guān huà jié rán bù tóng。 yǐ qián（ jí xiàn zài de bù shǎo yǔ yán xué xué zhě） jiāng qí guī yú guān huà。
píng huà： zài guǎng xī de bù fēn dì qū shǐ yòng。 chuán tǒng shàngjiàng guì nán píng huà guī yú yuè yǔ， jìn nián lái yòu rén zhù zhāng jiāng guì běi píng huà dàngchéng gū lì de tǔ yǔ cún zài。
huī yǔ： zài 'ān huī nán bù jí gàn zhè sū bù fēn pí lín dì qū shǐ yòng。 yǐ qián（ jí xiàn zài de bù fēn yǔ yán xué xué zhě） jiāng qí guī yú wú yǔ。
lì shǐ
hàn yǔ shì shì jiè shàng zuì gǔ lǎo de yǔ yán zhī yī， shì zhì jīn tōng yòng yǔ yán shí jiān zuì cháng de yǔ yán zhī yī。 hàn yǔ de lì shǐ yǎn biàn shì yī gè hěn yòu qù de wèn tí。 hàn yǔ de shū xiě xì tǒng héng héng hàn zì， fēi biǎo yīn wén zì， bù néng rú biǎo yīn wén zì nà yàng zhí jiē zhī dào tóng yī gè zì lì shǐ shàng de fā yīn。 xìng yùn de shì， zài hàn zì（ tè bié shì xíng shēng zì）、 shī gē de yùn lǜ yǐ jí duì wài guó rén míng de fān yì zhōng kě yǐ zhǎo dào yòu xiào de xìn xī。
shàng gǔ hàn yǔ
xiāng chuán huáng dì shí zhōng yuán yòu“ wàn guó”， xià cháo shí hái yòu sān qiān guó， zhōu chū fēn fēng bā bǎi zhū hóu， ér“ wǔ fāng zhī mín， yán yǔ bù tōng”（《 lǐ jì · wáng zhì》）。
shàng gǔ hàn yǔ cún zài yú zhōu cháo qián qī hé zhōng qī（ gōng yuán qián１１ dào qián７ shì jì）， wén zì jì lù yòu qīng tóng qì shàng de kè míng、《 shī jīng》、 lì shǐ shū shū jīng yǐ jí bù fēn《 yì jīng》。
jù《 lǐ jì · zhōng yōng》 dì 'èr shí bā zhāng jìzǎi：“ jīn tiān xià chē tóng guǐ， shū tóng wén， xíng tóng lún”。 kě jiàn zhōu cháo jiàn lì shí qī jiù kāi shǐ shí xíng yǔ yán wén zì de tǒng yī。
chūn qiū chū qī， jiàn yú jìzǎi de zhū hóu guó hái yòu１７０ duō gè。 zhì zhàn guó shí qī， xíng chéng“ qī xióng”，“ zhū hóu lì zhèng， bù tǒng yú wáng，…… yán yǔ yì shēng， wén zì yì xíng”（《 shuō wén jiě zì · xù》）。
xiān qín zhū zǐ bǎi jiā zài zhù zuò zhōng shǐ yòng bèi chēng wéi“ yǎ yán” de gòng tóng yǔ。“ zǐ suǒ yǎ yán，《 shī》、《 shū》、 zhí lǐ， jiē yǎ yán yě。”（《 lùn yǔ · shù 'ér》）
qín cháo chóngxīn tǒng yī zhī hòu， jìn yī bù guī fàn liǎo wén zì， yǐ xiǎo zhuàn zuò wéi zhèng shì guān fāng wén zì。
zhōng gǔ hàn yǔ
zhè zhǒng hàn yǔ shǐ yòng yú suí cháo、 táng cháo hé sòng cháo（ gōng yuán７ shì jì dào１０ shì jì）， kě yǐ fēn wéi《 qiē yùn》（ gōng yuán６０１ nián） shè jí dào de zǎo qī yǐ jí《 guǎng yùn》（ gōng yuán１０ shì jì） suǒ fǎn yìng de wǎn qī。 gāo běn hàn bǎ zhè gè jiē duàn chēng wéi“ gǔ dài hàn yǔ”。
yǔ yán xué jiā yǐ néng jiào zì xìn dì zhòng gòu zhōng gǔ hàn yǔ de yǔ yīn xì tǒng。 zhè zhǒng zhèng jù lái zì jǐ gè fāng miàn： duō yàng de xiàn dài fāng yán、 yùn shū yǐ jí duì wài yǔ de fān yì。
zhèng rú yìn 'ōu yǔ xì de yǔ yán kě yǐ yóu xiàn dài yìn 'ōu yǔ yán zhòng gòu yī yàng， zhōng gǔ hàn yǔ yě kě yǐ yóu fāng yán chóngjiàn。 lìng wài， zhōng guó gǔ dài de wén xué jiā huā fèi liǎo hěn dà de jīng lì lái zǒng jié hàn yǔ de yǔ yīn tǐ xì， zhè xiē zī liào réng rán shì xiàn dài yǔ yán xué jiā gōng zuò de jī chǔ。 zuì hòu， hàn yǔ de yǔ yīn kě yǐ cóng duì wài guó yǔ yán de fān yì zhōng liǎo jiě dào。
jìn dài hàn yǔ
jìn dài hàn yǔ shì gǔ dài hàn yǔ yǔ xiàn dài hàn yǔ zhī jiān yǐ zǎo qī bái huà wén xiàn wéi dài biǎo de hàn yǔ。
xiàn dài hàn yǔ
xiàn dài hàn yǔ shì yǐ běi fāng huà wéi jī chǔ fāng yán， yǐ diǎn fàn de xiàn dài bái huà wén zhù zuò wéi yǔ fǎ guī fàn de hàn yǔ。
shū miàn yǔ hé kǒu yǔ
shū miàn yǔ hé kǒu yǔ de chā bié yī zhí xiāng dāng dà。 zài“ wǔ sì” shí qī bái huà wén yùn dòng yǐ qián， shū miàn yǔ hé kǒu yǔ de qū bié shí jì shàng shì gǔ jīn yǔ de qū bié。 yǐ táng sòng shí dài wéi lì， dāng shí rén kǒu lǐ shuō de shì bái huà， bǐ xià xiě de shì wén yán， jí yǐ xiān qín zhū zǐ hé《 zuǒzhuàn》《 shǐ jì》 děng guǎng fàn chuán sòng de míng piān wéi fàn běn de gǔ wén wén tǐ。 zhè zhǒng qíng xíng wǎng shàng dà gài kě yǐ tuī dào liǎng hàn shí qī。 wǎng xià yī zhí yán xù dào２０ shì jì chū yè。 sūn zhōng shān１９２５ nián lì de yí zhǔ jiù hái shì yòng wén yán xiě de。 bù guò２０００ nián lái zuò wéi shū miàn yǔ de wén yán běn shēn yě zài biàn huà。 fǎng gǔ zhōng guī nán yǐ luàn zhēn， hòu shì rén mó fǎng gǔ yǔ bù kě néng bù shòu dāng shí kǒu yǔ de yǐng xiǎng。 yòu rén zhǐ chū hán yù de wén zhāng lǐ jiù yòu míng xiǎn de bù hé xiān qín yǔ fǎ de dì fāng。 qīng dài tóng chéng pài gǔ wén jiā mó fǎng xiān qín wén hé táng sòng gǔ wén jiā de wén zhāng， jiēguǒ dāng rán gèng wéi bó zá。 qīng mò liáng qǐ chāo yòng yī zhǒng qiǎn xiǎn de wén yán wén xiě zhèng lùn wén zhāng。 yóu yú tōng sú yì dǒng， fēng xíng yī shí， wéi bào zhāng zá zhì suǒ guǎng fàn cǎi yòng。 mù qián tái wān、 xiāng gǎng yǐ jí hǎi wài zhōng wén bào kān duō shù réng jiù yán yòng zhè zhǒng wén tǐ。 wǔ sì yùn dòng shí qī kāi zhǎn de wén xué gé mìng tí chū liǎo fǎn duì wén yán wén、 tí chàng bái huà wén de zhù zhāng。 zhè chǎng yùn dòng xíjuǎn quán guó， yǐng xiǎng shēn yuǎn。 duǎn duǎn jǐ nián zhī jiān， bái huà wén xué jiù zhàn wěn liǎo jiǎo gēn。 bù guò zhè zhǒng bái huà wén xué zuò pǐn de yǔ yán bìng bù shì zhēn zhèng de kǒu yǔ， ér shì ná běi fāng guān huà zuò dǐ zǐ， yòu shòu dào míng qīng bái huà xiǎo shuō xiāng dāng dà de yǐng xiǎng， hái dài zhe bù tóng chéng dù de fāng yán chéngfèn yǐ jí bù shǎo xīn xīng cí huì hé 'ōu huà jù fǎ de hùn hé de wén tǐ。 lǔ xùn de zuò pǐn kě yǐ zuò wéi zhè zhǒng wén tǐ de diǎn xíng de dài biǎo。
yǐ shàng shuō de shì wén xué zuò pǐn。 zhì yú xīn wén bào dào、 zhèng fǔ wén gào、 gōng wén、 shāng yè hé tóng、 shèn zhì sī rén xìn jiàn , wǎng wǎng hái shì yòng de wén yán。 zhè yī fāng miàn shì chuán tǒng xí guàn shǐ rán， lìng yī fāng miàn yě shì yīn wéi wén yán wén yòu jiǎn kuò de yōu diǎn。 zhè zhǒng qíng xíng， jiù quán guó fàn wéi lái shuō， yī zhí yán xù dào４０ nián dài mò。１９４９ nián zhōng huá rén mín gòng hé guó jiàn lì yǐ hòu， wén yán wén cái wán quán ràng wèi gěi bái huà wén。 chú liǎo dǎ diàn bào hé yòu yì nǐ gǔ yǐ wài， méi yòu rén zài xiě wén yán liǎo。
shàng wén zhǐ chū， xiàn dài shū miàn hàn yǔ shì bāo hán xǔ duō bù tóng céng cì de yǔ yán chéngfèn de hùn hé tǐ。 wú lùn cóng jù fǎ shàng huò cí huì shàng kàn dōushì rú cǐ。 ná jù fǎ lái shuō， shū miàn yǔ jù shì chú liǎo gēn kǒu yǔ xiāng tóng de nà yī bù fēn zhī wài， yòu de shì cóng wén yán lái de , hòu lái jiàn jiàn róng huà zài shū miàn yǔ lǐ , chéng wéi shū miàn yǔ jù shì de yī bù fēn。 lì rú“ jìn xíng、 jiā yǐ、 yú yǐ、 jǐyǔ” shì shū miàn yǔ yòng dé shí fēn pín fán de jǐ gè dòng cí。 zhè xiē dòng cí yuán lái de yì yì yǐ jīng xū huà， zhù yào de gōng néng shì fàng zài shuāng yīn dòng cí qián biān yǐ shì yìng jù fǎ hé jié zòu shàng de yào qiú。 zhè zhǒng jù fǎ gòu zào lái yuán yú wén yán。“ jìn xíng” de qián shēn shì“ xíng”（ lìng xíng yì chù），“ jiā yǐ” de qián shēn shì“ jiā”（ yán jiā guǎn shù），“ yú yǐ” hé“ jǐyǔ” de qián shēn shì“ yú”（ bù yú zhuī jiū）。 zài wén yán jù fǎ lǐ，“ xíng、 jiā、 yú” qián biān bì xū gēn yī gè dān yīn fù cí pèi hé， zào chéng shuāng yīn jié gòu zào， hòu biān de dòng cí yě bì xū shì shuāng yīn jié de。 zài xiàn dài shū miàn yǔ lǐ， zhè jǐ gè dòng cí dū shuāng yīn jié huà liǎo， hòu biān hái shì yào qiú gēn shuāng yīn jié de dòng cí， yǔ fǎ shàng de zhì yuē shì yī mài xiāng chéng de。
xiàn dài shū miàn yǔ kāi shǐ xíng chéng de shí hòu， céng jīng cóng jiù bái huà xiǎo shuō de yǔ yán lǐ jì chéng liǎo yī xiē jù shì。 zhè gè jiē duàn xiàn zài yǐ jīng jié shù。 wǒ men néng kàn dào de zhǐ shì yī xiē yí jì。 lì rú“ zài＋ chù suǒ cí” de gòu zào kě yǐ fàng zài dòng cí qián tóu（“ zài tái shàng zuò zhe”）， yě kě yǐ fàng zài dòng cí hòu tóu（“ zuò zài tái shàng”）。 zài běi jīng huà lǐ， qián zhì de“ zài” yòng“ gēn”、 yòng [āi] huò shì [tǎi]， hòu zhì de“ zài” yòng [·tə]， dōubù yòng“ zài”。 yòng“ zài” de shuō fǎ shì cóng jiù bái huà xiǎo shuō lǐ jì chéng xià lái de。
yòu xiē shū miàn yǔ jù shì shì shòu wài guó yǔ（ yīng yǔ、 rì yǔ、 é yǔ děng） de zhí jiē huò jiànjiē（ tōng guò fān yì zuò pǐn） de yǐng xiǎng chǎn shēng de。 zài zhè fāng miàn kě yǐ jǔ yī gè yǐng xiǎng quán bù shū miàn yǔ jù shì de zhòng yào yǔ fǎ xiàn xiàng zuò wéi lì zhèng。 shàng wén céng jīng tí dào， hàn yǔ lǐ zhù yǔ hé wèi yǔ guān xì sōng sàn。 jù zǐ de zhù yǔ wǎng wǎng kě yǐ bù shuō chū lái。 yòu xiē jù zǐ shèn zhì gēn běn méi yòu zhù yǔ。 xiàn dài kǒu yǔ hé gǔ hàn yǔ dōushì rú cǐ。 kě shì xiàn dài shū miàn yǔ yào qiú jù zǐ zài xíng shì shàng dōuyào yòu zhù yǔ。 rú guǒ méi yòu， jiù huì gǎn dào jié gòu bù wán zhěng， luó ji shàng bù zhōu mì。 zhè xiǎn rán shì shòu liǎo yìn 'ōu yǔ de yǐng xiǎng。
shū miàn yǔ zài cí huì fāng miàn de tè diǎn shì shuāng yīn cí de bǐ zhòng dà。 shū miàn yǔ shuāng yīn cí chú liǎo cóng wén yán lǐ jì chéng xià lái de yī bù fēn yǐ wài， dà dū shì１９ shì jì mò yè yǐ lái１００ duō nián jiān xīn chū xiàn de。 qí zhōng yī bù fēn shì cóng rì wén zhuǎn jiè guò lái de， lìng yī bù fēn shì xīn zào de。 xīn chuàng zào de cí dà dū shì lì yòng yuán yòu de yǔ sù（ shū miàn shàng jiù shì hàn zì） zào chéng de fù hé cí。 zhè zhǒng gòu cí fāng shì shì néng chǎn de， shēng mìng lì hěn qiáng。
hàn yǔ shì jīng què de。 jì dé zài běn rén zǎo nián dú shū de shí hòu， yǔ wén kè běn shàng táng 'ér huáng zhī dì xiě zhe：“ zǒu pīn yīn huà dào lù shì hàn yǔ de bì rán qū shì。” qí zhōng zuì zhù yào de yī tiáo lǐ yóu biàn shì， yīng wén kě yǐ dǎ zì， ér hàn yǔ bù néng。 suí zhe jì suàn jī jì shù de fā zhǎn， hàn zì de jiàn pán shū rù sù dù yǐ yuǎn yuǎn chāo guò yīng wén， ér qiě sù dù hái zài bù duàn kuài sù tí gāo。 kě yīng wén shū rù ní？ què sì hū zhì bù bù qián liǎo。
hàn yǔ de fā zhǎn
hàn zì de gòu cí fǎ qiǎo duó tiān gōng。 cí tóu qián zhuì、 cí wěi hòu zhuì shì yīng wén cháng yòng de gòu cí fǎ。
Saccharose( táng jīng ) hé Saccharomycetes( jiào mǔ jūn ) yòu xiāng tóng de lā dīng cí tóu， dàn jì zhù tā men jí biàn duì yīng měi rén shì yě fēi yì shì， zhì shǎo wǒ cè shì guò de jǐ gè mǔ yǔ shì yīng wén de gōng kē yán jiū shēng shì zhè yàng。 yī wéi de chuàn zhuàng jié gòu shì dǎo zhì qí bù xǐng mù bù míng liǎo de zhí jiē yuán yīn。 shì wèn dú shū zhì yán jiū shēng， lián jiào mǔ jūn yǔ táng jīng dōubù zhī dào， yòu gāi jiào rén zuò hé gǎn xiǎng ní？
yòng hàn zì zǔ cí miáo shù qǐ lái jiǎn jié míng liǎo。 jí biàn shì méi chī guò táng jīng、 méi yòng guò jiào mǔ jūn de méi shòu guò jiào yù de zhōng guó rén， tā yě míng bái táng jīng kě néng shì táng de“ jīng liàn bù fēn”， bǐ táng gèng tián ( jìn guǎn zhè bù què qiē )； jiào mǔ jūn shì“ yī zhǒng néng yǐn qǐ fā jiào de xì jūn”。 dàn yīng wén jiù bù néng rú cǐ jiǎn dān dì zǔ cí， jí biàn zǔ chū lái yě kǒng pà lìng rén nán yǐ jiē shòu： táng jīng =Sugessece="Sugar"+"Essence"(“ táng” yǔ“ jīng” hé qǐ lái )， jiào mǔ jūn =Yeabacteria="Yeast"+"Bacteria"(“ fā jiào” yǔ“ xì jūn” hé qǐ lái )。 zhè qǐ bù shì tài bù xiàng huà liǎo？
yǔ pīn yīn wén zì yī wéi chuàn zhuàng qián hòu zhuì gòu cí fǎ bù tóng， hàn zì shì tōng guò 'èr wéi fāng shì gòu zì de。 lì rú：
“ rén” zài wú mén de sì dǔ qiáng nèi biàn chéng liǎo“ qiú”；
“ mù” zài wú mén de sì dǔ qiáng nèi yào shòu“ kùn”；
“ lù” -- xià“ yǔ” tiān zài dà mǎ“ lù” shàng yào bào“ lù” zài yǔ shuǐ zhī xià liǎo；
“ mǐ” ( yǔ liáng shí yòu guān )“ táng” ( biǎo shēng )=“ táng”；
chái“ hé” shàng cháng“ cǎo” =“ jūn”；
“ mù”“ lín”“ sēn” héng héng fēn bié shì tree、 woods hé forest de yì sī， dàn bǐ jiào zhī xià nǎ yī zhǒng gòu cí fǎ gèng hǎo？ dá 'àn yī mù liǎo rán。
zài dāng jīn de yīng yǔ shè huì， zǎo qī yīng wén zào zì suǒ zūn xún de lā dīng cí gēn zǎo zì fǎ yě yǐ zhú jiàn bèi shuǎi kāi liǎo， lèi sì yǐ shàng zào de Sugessece， Yeabacteria kě yī diǎn dōubù shì xiào huà， rì cháng shēng huó zhōng tiān tiān dōuyòu。 shāng diàn lǐ bù tóng pǐn pái de qiǎo kè lì、 táng guǒ zǒng huì yòu bù tóng de míng zì， yòu xiē míng zì zài zì diǎn lǐ zhǎo bù dào， tā men huì suí mǒu gè chǎng jiā de mǒu zhǒng qiǎo kè lì táng de chǎn shēng 'ér chǎn shēng， xiāo wáng 'ér xiāo wáng。 dāng yī gè 'ào dà lì yà rén dú dào zhè gè cí shí， tā bù huì yì shí dào zhè shì běi měi mǒu gè dì qū de hěn shòu huān yíng de yī zhǒng táng guǒ， duō bàn zhǐ néng hé zhōng guó rén yī yàng yáo yáo tóu bà liǎo。
xìn xī kē jì shí dài piān 'ài hàn zì。 bù zhī nín shì fǒu liǎo jiě《 mó hú shù xué》、《 mó hú kòng zhì》 huò《 shén jīng wǎng luò》 děng xīn xué kē lǐng yù？ rú guǒ jiē chù guò， nín biàn huì lǐ jiě rén lèi de yì shù、 zhé xué、 gǎn jué kàn sì bù“ jīng què”， dàn shí wéi mù qián tā men chāo yuè liǎo dāng jīn rén lèi de zhī shí shuǐ píng suǒ néng jīng què miáo shù de fàn wéi。 suí zhe rén lèi rèn shí néng lì de tí gāo， tā men zhú jiàn huì bèi rén lèi yǐ quán xīn de zhī shí jié gòu suǒ jīng què dì bǎ wò， yǐ shàng suǒ jǔ de xīn xué kē zhǐ shì zhè yī xīn zhī shí jié gòu xù mù de xiǎo chāqǔ。 hàn zì jí zhōng tǐ xiàn liǎo dōng fāng yì shù zhé xué， shì zhōng huá mín zú de wén huà dǐ yùn zhī suǒ zài。 xiàn yú mù qián de kē jì shuǐ píng， tā de zhì huì wǒ men shàng bù néng wán quán rèn shí， duì tā de fā jué fāng xīng wèi 'ài。 zhè zhǒng shuō fǎ bù shì méi yòu gēn jù dídí， bì jìng 15 nián qián yě méi yòu rén yì shí dào chuán tǒng hàn zì chū bǎn yè yào bèi táo tài； 10 nián qián de rén méi yòu liào dào hàn zì de shū rù huì bǐ yīng wén kuài， ér qiě hái huì gèng kuài； 5 nián qián de rén méi yòu xiǎng dào chuán tǒng de bào yè méi tǐ huì bèi zhú jiàn táo tài，《 nán fāng dū shì bào》 huì yǔ bǎi nián lǎo bào《 dà gōng bào》 zhàn zài tóng yī qǐ páo xiàn shàng， zài hù lián wǎng shàng qiǎng mǎ zì xīn wén。 shuí yòu bù gǎn duàn yán ruò gān nián zhī hòu hàn zì biān chéng bù kě néng huò bù rú yīng wén ní？
hàn zì shì líng huó de， dàn xū yào líng huó de rén shǐ yòng； hàn zì shì cōng míng de， dàn yòu lài yú cōng míng rén de kāi fā； hàn zì shì chōng mǎn zhì huì de， xū yào yòu zhì huì de rén rèn shí dào tā de jià zhí。 wéi hàn yǔ jiāo 'ào！ gèng wéi jiān xìn hàn yǔ shí dài jí jiāng dào lái de zhōng guó rén de rè qíng yǔ xìn xīn 'ér huān hū！
Chinese Dialects Chinese dialects in the world to use the largest number of languages.
Chinese Phonetic Alphabet the Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet
Phonetic alphabet the Chinese phonetic alphabet
History of Chinese language Chinese history
One of the world's major languages. Is a Sino-Tibetan language, is the most important language in the language. In addition to outside the Chinese mainland and Taiwan, Chinese is also located in Singapore and Malaysia. Native Chinese National People's Congress to about 13 billion (3000 million as a second language). Chinese is one of the working languages of the United Nations.
Chinese as the world's unique hieroglyphic language, writing a high degree of unification and standardization, there is uniformity and standardization of modern Chinese grammar, although particularly large differences in dialect pronunciation, but the written language norms, there is no difference in dialect written communication barriers caused. Super dialects of Chinese on maintaining the unity of the Chinese nation has played a huge role.
Chinese is an independent language of English. Chinese way is a kind of hieroglyphic writing Chinese characters. 54 written language used before exercise is called "classical" is a kind of Confucius used to "elegant language" based on written language. Fourth Movement promoted after the written Chinese is often referred to as "vernacular," that is based on the North, then the modern written language. Written in modern Chinese, classical Chinese is rarely used.
Said Chinese difficult to learn, in fact, the Chinese language is very simple, no tenses in Chinese, verbs adjectives have no change, no tonal language concise, articulate, talks slowly. Is easy to learn language. Difficult to learn Chinese characters.
Voice
Chinese syllables can be analyzed into consonants, vowels, tones part 3. Heading is a consonant sound, the rest are vowels and tones is the pitch of the syllable. The tone is also seen as an integral part of the syllable, because Chinese is righteous tone is identified. Such as "soup, sugar, lying, hot," four words consonants are [tang], vowels are [ang] (square brackets is the IPA, the IPA table in brackets omitted), because the tone is different, meaning not the same language in representing four different morpheme, in writing, written in four different characters.
Initials are consonants. The most complex vowel sound by the medium, the main vowel and coda three parts. Some coda consonants, some vowels. Beijing consonant consonant sounds 22. Medials there, [u], [y] (with ü) 3 个. Final consonants are [n] and [ŋ], Yuan Endings are [] and [u]. In the composition of syllables, medium tone, the main vowel, and coda Part 4, only the main vowel can not do without, and the remaining three parts must not occur. This situation can give the composition in Table 1 syllable word in the cases seen. Beijing dialect of consonants in Table 2 Initials, Finals mother Beijing, Beijing, Beijing, then the finals in Table 3 Vowels.
1918 issued by the then Ministry of Education, is the use of Chinese Characters in Mandarin phonetic alphabet developed a _set_ of phonetic alphabets. The letter to the main vowel and coda together with a symbol (for example: ㄠ = [au], ㄢ = [an]), embodies the traditional spirit of consonant vowel two points. Phonetic alphabet widespread significant influence. Taiwan has been in use ever since.
Published in 1958, using the Latin alphabet Pinyin (Initials, Finals mother Beijing Table 2, Table 3 of the Beijing dialect vowel). Since 1978, Chinese names all use phonetic alphabet spelling of place names, place of Wade and other old-style spelling.
Phonetic spelling syllable is the process of composition is in accordance with the laws of Mandarin syllables, the consonants, vowels combined with rapid continuous tone and fight a syllable. Pinyin is the gist: "before the sound (consonant) tone light and short (vowels) re, the two connected fierce slightest sound." Pinyin Mandarin to keep in mind when matching initial and final rule:
Consonants n, l and the zero consonant with the opening call, Sarkozy call teeth, Cuokou call has put together relationship.
Consonant f, g, k, h, zh, ch, r, z, c, s only with the open call, hekou call juxtaposition.
Consonants j, x, q only teeth with Sarkozy calls, Cuokou call juxtaposition.
Consonants b, p, m, d, t call juxtaposition of different Cuokou.
Open call, hekou call finals with removing j, q, x outside the relationship between other consonants are put together.
Cuokou call finals only with j, q, x, n, l and the relationship between the zero on_set_ has put together.
Note also that time when the quasi-phonetic consonants, vowels and tones of the tone value. To read initials of the sound, do not read call pronunciation (teaching, in the back with a different consonant vowel sound called the call issued in pronunciation); make finals as a whole to read, not to rhyme head rhyme abdomen, coda decomposition and then open the temporary flattening; to see the transfer number, pronunciation tones.
Spelling commonly used methods of the following:
Rhyme two spellings - the finals as a whole, brought juxtaposition with consonants. Such as: h-ào → (Ho).
Initial two spellings - first identify the initials of articulation, pronunciation posture gracefully, and then read the finals breath, makes up syllables. Such as: spelling bā (Pakistan), first shut lips, Biezhu breath, gracefully made b sound position, and a read out of a, a syllable.
Three fight tonal method - is referred to with the syllables of sound into the sound, shellfish, and rhyme of three components, when running words into a phonetic syllable. Such as: qi-áng → qiáng (strong)
Mediated co-parent and vowel sound connection method - is the initial and medium tone (referred mother) put together, which form a phonetic component, and then with the following vowel juxtaposition. Such as: gu-āng → guāng (light).
Origin of Chinese Phonetic Alphabet
No ancient alphabet, the use of tangent, that is, knowledge will be read with two words, take the first consonant, taking second in the finals, put together up on the line.
Ancient China's Muslim Brothers do not learn Chinese, learn Arabic, but they used Arabic letters to spell spoken (Mandarin), so this is the first alphabet.
Yuan Dynasty, Mongolia, the Tibetan ruler used to change the letters to spell Chinese and other languages, called pa Script. Although not specifically spelled in Chinese, but it is also considered a Chinese phonetic alphabet.
Ming Dynasty, the Western missionary with the Latin alphabet spelling of Chinese, is the first Latin alphabet characters.
Late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the ancient emergence of the word with a simple phonetic way of the performance of Chinese speech. Republic of China, the government formulated the "phonetic alphabet" is the concentrated expression of the system. Now Taiwan is still used. However, there has also been the Latin word spelling exercise, and, with the combination of left-wing political movement is very close.
The People's Republic of China was established, the government immediately develop a "Chinese Phonetic Alphabet", is now using this package. The United Nations also recognized.
Pinyin is the Chinese People's Republic, "Latin" of the program, written in 1955-1957 on the reform of the Chinese Pinyin characters Reform Commission, the Commission of the development.
The program is mainly used for Mandarin phonetic pronunciation of the mark, as a Mandarin Chinese phonetic symbols. February 11, 1958 of the National People's Congress approved the program announced. In 1982, an international standard ISO 7098 (Chinese spelling of the Roman alphabet).
At present, most overseas Chinese communities, such as Singapore, the use of Pinyin in Chinese language teaching.
Chinese Phonetic Alphabet can be traced back as early as 1906, Zhu Wen Xiong's "Jiangsu letters" and 1908 Liu Mengyang "Chinese phonetic character book", as well as the national language of Rome in 1926 and 1931 the Latin word of Chinese characters. All of these characters are for the Hanyu Pinyin romanization scheme provides the basis for the development.
In 1949, Wu Yuzhang letter to Mao Zedong proposed to be effective literacy, language reform swiftly. Letter of approval to the Guo Mao Zedong, Mao and others study, in October 1949 _set_ up the reform of Chinese characters Association, one of the tasks is to study the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet.
1954, The Association of Chinese characters into Chinese characters directly under the State Council Reform Commission, during which all received more than 1600 Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. Generally have such forms:
Chinese Character Type
Latin-style
Slavic alphabet style
Mixed form of several letters
Shorthand style
Design style
Digital form
The final decision to adopt the Latin alphabet as the Hanyu Pinyin system of signs to facilitate the international exchange and cooperation.
【Origin】 Pinyin
1583 Matteo Ricci came to China in Beijing in 1605 published "The West the word miracle," including "the letter and further sea, doubt that Shen" and four characters plus the Latin alphabet of phonetic article. Luo C under article characters contrast with the Latin translation of an order includes 26 consonants and 44 vowels of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet. This is the first to use the Latin alphabet to the phonetic character of the publication, than the "small by" using the Arabic alphabet to the Chinese Pinyin later, "Little by" writing letters about the first attempts to Pinyin. "Western word miracle" of the original book is no longer easy to find, said the Vatican Library there collection.
Kinney Court back to Europe, the speech to the Chinese mission to recruit the person, everyone is encouraged glamor attracted to vie with each other, so that the local church felt compelled to politely discouraged. Kinney Court in attracting and _select_ing talented people, has made undeniable contributions. At the same time the church library in China to collect books and bring the Pope is giving the book more than 7000 West Division ("Far West, said device map" is the original Kinney Court's 7000 book, bring one).
In 1619, Kinney Court once again arrived in Macau. Kinney Spring 1621 cabinet "to Nanchang, Xuan You go Jianchang Shaozhou, visit the Senate. The following year went to Hangzhou to be difficult; in 1623, Kaifeng, Henan Province opened to teach the following year to the Shanxi", in 1625 went to Shaanxi. Wang Zheng, 1626 in assistance to complete the "Western Scholars" in three volumes. "Western Scholars" The purpose, according to his own account, "the Chinese people in three days proficient in Western writing systems."
"Western Scholars" as in 1625, published in 1626 in Hangzhou, claiming to follow the system created by Matteo Ricci, the Ricci 25 with the letter "combination with each other, adding five words tone marks to spell all All the pronunciation of Chinese characters. This is a character with the Latin alphabet to the phonetic vocabulary, but also the first with a letter to the Chinese phonetic sounds of words. phonetic scheme used is based on Ricci modified program, called "Lee , the fellowship program. "
"Lee, the fellowship program," The emergence of China was greatly inspired by phonological scholars. These two programs are the first Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is "studying Mandarin tone" as the standard written for spelling Beijing sound. So Pronunciation becomes very simple, very structured, not only to always been regarded as the tangent complex, opened a so-called 'anti-unexpected but, unexpectedly, cut and cut' the easy way, and immediately got the Chinese better phonology home yearning for such a simple phonetic system of enthusiasm. "spelling of this novel approach to the Chinese scholars to a great inspiration. phonology scientist Fang Yi Ming said:" The word of the divergent also, that margin through and by ear . If something is a word, a meaning of each word, such as the Far West because the incident is the chorus. Sound made by the word, not weight not total, not View more Down? "Yang Qing scholars _select_ed Qi said:" Xin Mao families make ends meet on the Disparity of the old Kingo, the Jewish son of Yun Zhang, day out, "Western Scholars" to show I, I did not read the final volume, all words have a certain insight of the reason, because for some of the Act. "However, in two or three hundred years, Ricci and Kinney Court program is the use of foreign missionaries, not widely disseminated among the Chinese people.
Party secrets (in Chile), "Elegance" as in 1639, the book said repeatedly cited "Western Scholars", such as saying "sound more Western, Central Plains and more do not have, when combined with the Atlantic such sub Siddham" eyes and ears capital "through the" "character of the divergent also, that margin through and by ear. If the matter is the word, one meaning of each word, such as the Far West because the incident is a chorus, sounds made by words, not weight not total, In particular, almost no more? "or that" because the incident is vocals, sound made by the word "(that is, advocates of the burgeoning Chinese Characters). Missionary approach shocked the Chinese phonology scientist, direct revelation they seek the help of the Western alphabetic character recorded sound system better description. Later Liu Xianting (after Zhuang) "new rhyme spectrum" that is, in this stimulation Zhuancheng, said Liu Qian Xuantong clearly recognized that "must be a phonetic analysis can only phonemes before they can form anywhere in the note sound ", Luo C," Ji-village in phonology, "an updated version of that book focused on is the" focus on the unity of the investigation Mandarin dialect. " Qian Xuantong even think that the "new rhyme spectrum," a book of the year (1692) Solid as a "National Language Movement" of the era.
1627, was again recalled, Hangzhou, Hangzhou from this focus on mission and in writing. "Chinese language has made reasonable writing style is superior, the Europa Almost all priests in the incompetent and those who. Its far, people all over the memory, their willingness to learn, though the disease stopped working, its always in the translation industry, or the translation of the Latin Writing for Science, or Science for the Latin translation, so proficient language, so conversations are good writing, whether classical or slang it. " Most of his work as a Latin, written in Chinese that is, in Shaanxi, "Western Scholars," a book.
Kinney Court the second time China has brought a lot of foreign language books Shihai. Not only because of his personal love of books, follow the missionary Matteo Ricci, the road to create an academic, but also because Kinney House before returning to Western Europe, accepted the mission in China will make its extensive in Europe to collect books and to build churches and other places in Beijing Books Museum of the task. He came to this not only brought these Western people, so that future generations might be interested, he also has brought a whole library of books. It is said that these books are hardcover, without a repeat, include classic and Renaissance Europe, after theology, philosophy, science, literature and arts of the latest achievements. In order to collect new books and equipment, Kinney House Tour of Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal and other countries, and finally collected the remnants of 7,000 hardcover books. I estimate the Guinness Book of books and equipment received from Europe in the time value of 10,000 gold coins. To this end, Kinney Court developed a huge translation program, contact the Aleni, Xu Guangqi, Yangting Jun, Li Zao, Wang Zheng, Tian and other Chinese and foreign joint translation by the publication of these books. Mr. Xiang Da, said the move: "Xuan Zang than the demand by Xi Zhu, cover much so." Unfortunately, November 14, 1629 in Hangzhou death (buried outside of generous well Jesuit priests Cemetery, term of the present town of Hangzhou West Lake District, Taoyuan Village left), "West 7000 book" Introduction to the Chinese intellectuals program abortion. Later, Li and Wang Zheng, who algae sporadic translation of some of the works, most of the books covered with dust, quietly lost. In 1938, Beijing Catholic order library building and found a "7000" in the remnants of hundreds, including Copernicus's "Celestial Bodies" and about the Kepler's "Copernican astronomy Summary" and other important science books.
1, movement and Mandarin and Mandarin Chinese Pinyin
Pinyin spelling of Chinese national standard language is a phonetic program.
Chinese national standard language in the late nineteenth century, the rise of the Chinese nation's social, scientific and cultural development of language exerted great influence in the modernization movement gradually built up. Language modernization movement initially refers to Hanyu Pinyin movement (then called "invented a character campaign, Simplified movement"), National Language Movement and the vernacular movement. Late Qing movement of the three languages of a common goal, that is by reforming language, education, social development and to meet the time needs of the development of science and culture, and then Enriching and revitalize the Chinese nation. Mandarin is the establishment and promotion of Chinese national standard spoken language of the sport, promote the use of the vernacular movement is able to replace the classical expression of the vernacular spoken as the official written language of the campaign. Three sports have their own pursuits, but the internal relations are very close. From an historical relationship that invented a word and led the first movement occurred Mandarin. Since then, the establishment of standard pronunciation in Mandarin, phonetic alphabet of the development, until the twentieth century Chinese fifties Standardization, Pinyin generation, are thus the same strain, complement each other. Therefore, our discussion has thus start.
Pinyin movement as a prelude to going back to the late Ming, but led to massive Chinese Pinyin Chinese society movement, the direct reason is that Chinese people are still Mingxinkegu the "Sino-Japanese" national disgrace. Qian Xuan Tong that the "phonetic alphabet and the sounds of modern China" (1929) stated very clearly in the article: "1894 (Sino-Japanese War), China to Japan fought a battle, so junior insight, that non-reform politics, education, not self-existence in the world, but that universal education, that is, a problem occurs, then the difficulty of Chinese characters know, writing is also difficult. To solve this problem, another system of non-phonetic words is not new ... .... " Thus, "The implementation of simple words to search for universal education movement, the increasing prevalence of day ... ...." In fact, the text in the field of innovative thinking before this started thousands of years, sacred and inviolable character of high status has been shaken. Sino-Japanese War, the Qing government signed in Shimonoseki, Japan humiliating "Treaty of Shimonoseki," in addition to huge military compensation in addition to ceding Taiwan and Penghu. The time, government and shocked, inspired the community people, particularly the aggressive 精神 intellectual community, whose patriotic conscience is Dajia standpoint of scientific China causes of failure, agreed that "the revolution of Chinese characters, then Education must not be Puji, Guo Jia Duan Buneng prosperous." At that time , known as the "thinkers of the comet," the Tan on the first lead in calling for abolition of characters, use alphabetic writing. All walks of life rallied together to respond to, one after another up and create easy to learn, "invented a new word." Invented a word campaign late Qing Dynasty, Hanyu Pinyin is carried out campaigns in full swing this way again.
However, Lu Zhang stupid design of the various Latin alphabet spelling program is still based mainly in Fujian dialect widely. He later submitted to the Faculty of the Qing government "China invented a letter" will therefore be considered "can not access the provinces," "unity of the provinces not dialect" and refuted. Soon after, a reflection of national trends invented a common language development program - Wang Chao's "Mandarin chorus letter" immediately stood out was. It was the most influential spelling "Beijing Mandarin tone", the letters form complete with Chinese characters radical. "Mandarin chorus letter" wide passage, over half in China, "by Beijing and Tianjin and Mukden, and Nanjing, Mandarin characters throughout 13 provinces." Wang Zhao himself has fully grasped the trend was the development of national language, he "Mandarin chorus letter" in the Preface clearly stated: "Language will go flat, should take to Beijing, then ... ... Beijing, then promote the most will be, twenty years before and Mandarin. officials are public and also, the public of the case, since the appropriate choice of its total size size more persons. "because of this, his" Mandarin chorus letter "was Peking Imperial University (the predecessor of Beijing University) chief teacher Wu Rulun the support and management science with Minister Zhang and Zhang Baixi petitioned the court with the" charter school "specified" in Chinese within a Division, attached into the Mandarin one, "because" States are owned by the same language ", the Qing Dynasty should be the" official language of the world sound unified. " They quickly petitioned the court's approval. Thus, Pinyin Mandarin unification movement led movement, and merged with the Mandarin, while the Unity Movement, to the government from the private ranks. After the Qing government in the Faculty of the "national language education" (1911), the provisions of Pinyin "simple words" used for two purposes: First, put together in Mandarin, the pronunciation of second Fanzheng Han, and adopted a "unified national language means the case" to require in Xuantong eight (1916) popular Mandarin. Did not expect this year in October, the Wuchang Uprising, 1911 Revolution broke out, the Qing government was overthrown. Thus, by referendum and adopted the "unified national language approach case" will become a dead letter. Determine the country sound, the development of alphabets, unified national language of movement, actually is the next national government in society and up.
From the brief review of the above, we can see from the Chinese phonetic alphabet developed in the late nineteenth century movement, from the beginning and the unity of language, social development, national unity and close together. Proof of historical facts more than once, no matter what kind of alphabet designs, contrary to the language uniform trend is destined to fail. Zhang Lu stupid the first Latin based system of Romanization to spell Fujian dialect widely based "China invented a letter," because the "can not access the provinces," "unity of the provinces not dialect" is refuted. Subsequently, there Tongzhi jinshi Zhaotingmingguan Lao Nai designed almost all provinces the main dialect used in "Simplified Chinese full spectrum" (a Chinese-style phonetic strokes), "full spectrum" includes "Beijing Sound Spectrum" , "I would rather sound spectrum" (Nanjing dialect), "Wu sound spectrum", "Min broad-spectrum", etc., almost covering most of the dialect, and he also proposed a "go north south cited" idea: "Southern Man first on South Sound the spectrum of learning for application after your studies, then science Beijing sound to return and integration. "labor is declared Empress I have been summoned, he was into the" Simplified spectral record, "also received Royal Assent, allowing the" Faculty meeting played. " Even so, the Qing government still Faculty for "split language is not conducive to unity", and always hold the shelf, no discussion is not playing, but the community also his sharp criticism, that according to his means, "will make China more well with the text of the rule, "calling him the" chief culprit in splitting the language. " He invented a character movement control play a leading role Qing Lu stupid chapter, Lao Nai Wang Chiu three of us, especially labor is declared and for participating in the "Hundred Days Reform" being wanted "Qin Fan," the king of the alphabet according to their program of two fate, it is sobering enough.
Second, Chinese Phonetic Alphabet and phonetic symbols, the National Law, relations between North and Latin America history
In 1912, after the founding of the Republic, the Government continued to promote Mandarin. Upsurge in the implementation of Mandarin, Mandarin Accent through the "Beijing (Music) Country (Music) problem" great debate, from the "Beijing-based sound, both north and south" to the pure tone subject to Beijing's new country sound, its also renamed after the phonetic alphabet phonetic symbol and tool for introducing Mandarin to Mandarin into the normal and primary school language teaching, in a radio broadcast, film, drama and other fields to establish a solid position.
From the perspective of academic development, in Pinyin movement emerged in different historical periods Mandarin phonetic symbols, Mandarin Romanization, so north of the new Latin words, until the late fifties the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is clearly the development of relations between the succession line of succession. Chinese Phonetic Alphabet design fully absorbed in the past many phonetic design, especially Romania and North and Latin America countries valuable experience, and have listened to the views of all sides. While the program has its Unique Perspective of the Department. But more is learned and developed many of the history of phonetic design strengths.
Grammar
Most of Chinese monosyllabic morpheme (wash hands │ │ China │ loss). Morpheme and the morpheme can be combined into words (Ma + Road → Open + road │ → switch off). Some morpheme itself is the word (hand washing), some morpheme is not a word, morpheme can only together with the other composed of compound words (people → people → │ lose loss). Two-syllable words in modern Chinese accounted for the most. Most are two-syllable word in accordance with the above-mentioned result of complex ways.
Writing
From the moment we can see the first batch of text information ─ ─ counting the Shang oracle bone inscriptions, Chinese have 3,000 years of history. Because Oracle has a very mature character writing system, we can infer the occurrence of certain characters well years ago in 3000. The development of Chinese characters can be divided into two major phases. From Oracle to Xiaozhuan is a stage; of Han Dynasty official script from the following is another stage. The former is the scope of ancient writing, which belongs to the category of modern language. Generally speaking, from the official script to use today on modern Chinese characters did not change significantly.
Chinese characters with Chinese relations, Chinese character is a morpheme words. From the structure of Chinese characters themselves look Chinese is ideographic, phonetic radical with (shape next to the sound side), and neither intended nor phonetic form of the sign language system consisting of.
Origin of Chinese Characters in the picture. Produced in the early stages of Chinese characters, pictograms of the shape of the morpheme with the meaning it represents a direct contact occurs. Although every word has its own fixed pronunciation, but the shape itself is not phonetic symbols, alphabetic letters with different nature. Pictographic character is that it represents the pronunciation of morpheme onto it. With the evolution of shape, becoming less and less pictographic hieroglyphs. The result is shaped with the morpheme it represents lost in the original sense of the link. This time, shaped itself is neither phonetic nor semantic, into abstract sign. If the Chinese word for all this not by morpheme phonetic meaning of the sign is not representative of the table, then the character can be said to mark a kind of pure text. But is not the case. Chinese characters have unique characters and compound characters of distinction. Only single characters is a sign of pure text. Compound characters are combined by the result of independent characters. From the structure, said compound characters than a single high-level characters. Because of the unique composition of compound characters characters themselves though are marked, but when it is a fit composition of the word, it is a sound a sense of "character" of the capacity of. Compound characters can be divided into the following three categories:
② fit Associative. The ancients said, "just as Wu Ge," "hide the letter." For the "Wu" and "trust" the word, this interpretation is wrong. However, inside the Chinese system has caused in this way the word, such as "straight for the crooked," "bad for the Nao." This class is characterized by the word convergence is identical to the meaning of words to express the meaning of the compound characters. Very few such words, only individual examples.
Chinese characters have been used to record more than 3,000 years of history, has been in use to this day, never stopped. In such a long period of time, the Chinese people's real life, not only for the service, and record the rich cultural information; even across national boundaries, are Japan, Korea, Vietnam and other neighboring countries to records by non-Chinese language.
On the other hand, has long been criticism of Chinese characters are also disadvantages, the main character is that hard to believe, hard to write, difficult to mechanization (print layout, typing, etc.). Therefore, literacy, child literacy, education, culture, communication and so on, are not as phonetic and high efficiency.
Compared with alphabetic writing, Chinese characters has its weaknesses, but also has its strengths. Chinese greatest strengths is the ability to transcend space and time constraints. Ancient and modern Chinese pronunciation is a lot different. However, to shape fairly stable in 2000, did not change much, meaning the change is relatively small, so an old Qin and Han people today can read part. If the ancient books is written with alphabetic writing, modern people would simply not understand. Some dialect differences are large, they can not talk, but written in Chinese characters, will be able to understand each other, the reason is the same.
Simplified Chinese characters began 50 years of work. 1986 re-released "Master List of Simplified Chinese Characters" provides more than 2000 Simplified Chinese (including simplified radical analogy with words). This work has now come to an end, the future will remain stable within a period not to simplify. Been simplified because the text would undermine the stability, and simplify the number of characters after the original complex characters and not be abolished. The result is ever-increasing number of Chinese characters, instead of increasing the learning and use of the burden.
Pinyin on the text of the question, has long been controversial. In theory, any natural language can be used phonetic records. However, due to dialect differences, in the promotion of Putonghua is not broad, practical results before use phonetic dialect area will bring great difficulties. In addition, Chinese long history and a large number of documents are recorded in Chinese characters. Once the change course, bound to the extensive use of in the literature have created some difficulty in social psychology and may cause fluctuations in national sentiment. In fact, prolonged use of Chinese characters that can be ideographic writing system, there can be a large number of homonyms in Chinese words, and this phenomenon does occur, and now corresponds to a syllable up to tens of hundreds of Chinese characters, if you use pinyin to record voice, there will not read them I can not understand the phenomenon, even after a long period of training can not completely solve this problem, so if you really want to work for Romanization, can not be completed overnight, in the Chinese developed to fit extent before, the best Latin-based program on hold.
For instance, Mr. Lu's book "The Story of Ah Q" in the title of "Q" word, according to Lu Xun said to himself, but also by the influence of Latin.
Latin Chinese can not be strong evidence of
"Shi's History of Food Lion," Chao
Shishi Shi Shi Shi Shi, L. Lion, vowed to eat ten lions.
He often as the Lion City.
10 o'clock, ten lions at the market.
Is when the city of Shi happened.
He looked at those 10 lions, the use of arrows, so that is the ten lions to die.
He bundled up the 10 lion carcasses stone chamber.
Shishi wet, so that paternity swab's stone chamber.
Shishi Shi, he then tried to eat those ten lions.
Food when he realized that those ten lions were in fact ten stone lion corpses.
Interpreting is a matter of.
Notes
Sterling is a food lion history written by the Chao restrictions article. The full text is 90 words, each word of Mandarin pronunciation is shi. This classical works and no problems in reading, but when read in Mandarin or Latin-based works, the problem appeared. This is a classical Chinese homophone many. This essay can be read, but if you read to someone else, he is in any case did not understand!
Dialect
China's vast territory, large population and complicated dialects. Below the thick dialect into Mandarin Chinese and non-Mandarin to illustrate the two categories. Mandarin located in the south bank of the Yangtze River and Yangtze River areas north of Jiujiang and Zhenjiang area between the river and Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou four provinces, including northern Mandarin, JAC Mandarin, Southwestern Mandarin dialect area a few. Mandarin area of the region accounts for 3 / 4 of the population accounts for 2 / 3. Mandarin dialect relatively high degree of internal consistency. From Harbin to Kunming, 3,000 km apart, the two people who talk without major difficulty. Non-Mandarin dialects are mainly distributed in southeastern China, including Wu dialect (southern Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang most), Gan dialect (most of Jiangxi, Hunan, eastern, north-western Fujian, southeastern Hubei, Anhui, south-west), Hunan dialect (in Hunan Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region North), Cantonese (Guangdong most, southeast Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), Min dialects (Fujian, Taiwan, Guangdong, Chaozhou, Shantou and Hainan), Hakka dialects (the eastern and northern Guangdong Province, western Fujian, southern Jiangxi, Taiwan). Non-Mandarin Mandarin area than the area of the region is small, but large differences in dialect, generally can not talk to each other, even within the same dialect area (eg southern Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu Wu dialect Wu dialect, between Fuzhou and Xiamen words between words), conversation are difficult. Chinese dialect differences between the voice on the largest, followed by vocabulary, grammar, the differences in the minimum. Voice of the difference in the on_set_ of the simplified, the size of final consonants, and tone class distinction was especially evident on. For example, Wu dialect plosive consonants are voiced stops [b, d, g], unaspirated voiceless stop [p, t, k] and aspirated voiceless stop [p, t, k] 3 _set_s, and Mandarin after only 2 _set_s. Cantonese final consonants are [m, n, ŋ, p, t, k] 6 个, Suzhou dialect only [n, ŋ,?] 3 个, Beijing dialect only [n, ŋ] 2 个. There Cantonese Tones Yangping, IIA, IIB, IIIA and IIIB, the IVA, the IVA and IVB nine tones. Beijing dialect has Tones IB and IIIA from mid falling tone 4 tone. Yantai, then level tone, regardless of yin and yang, only a level tone, rising tone, falling tone three tone classes is a tone system, one of the most simple dialect.
As the modern and the ancient dialect of the Tones Tones very neat correspondence between the relations, so usually use the flat, on the go, enter the name of such ancient tones to mark the modern dialect tone. Note that the name of the Tones of the same dialect, does not mean that the same tone value. Such as Beijing, then the second tone is rising tone (35), Tianjin, then the second tone is a high level tone (55), and Hankou, then the second tone is tortuous tune (214).
Syntactic differences between dialects can give "Ba" and repeated questions as an example. "Ba" is the Mandarin dialects very important area of a sentence, but the Wu dialect Cantonese and no such sentence. For example, Beijing would use "the" word of the sentence (clean clothes), Cantonese is often to use "verb + object" to say (clean piece of clothing). In most of the Mandarin dialect, the repeated questions of the form "V is not V" (V on behalf of the verb, such as: go or not │ recognize not recognize). However, in some of the JAC and the Southwest Mandarin Mandarin (for example, if Kunming), and part of the Wu dialect (such as Suzhou dialect), the repeated questions of the form "can be V" (to go │ can recognize).
Chinese branch
Chinese language contained in the issue, controversial in linguistics. There are two different views: One view is that Chinese and only Chinese language; the other that the Chinese, including Min, and Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Gan, Xiang and other languages. Most scholars in China to support the former, while the majority of scholars outside of China, particularly in the West to support the latter from a linguistic point of view. Support the latter view argued that not a single Chinese language, but a cluster of interrelated relatives in different languages. Those who support the former view will be Min, Cantonese, Hakka, Wu, Gan, Xiang Chinese dialects such as, for example, Chao considered the standard language (Mandarin) is a dialect, Min, Cantonese and other dialects also. However, in practice, customarily called "dialect" with each other or with the standard can not communicate between the Chinese language more often than from the same language under the European languages but also far between. For example, a person will only be available in Spanish Spanish and Portuguese, another person will reach a communication, but one can only Cantonese and one can only shed light on when people are totally deaf understand what each other said.
China under the Chinese branch of the different linguistic characteristics of the Chinese dialects is divided into the traditional seven. Within seven dialects in this, there are still areas of different sub-dialects. Sometimes these sub-dialects in the region of the user can not understand each other. Different dialect areas in the language of human consciousness is quite different. For example, one may use the Cantonese dialect of Hong Kong people feel and speak the Taishan dialect of Cantonese have a lot in common, although they may not understand each other.
Geographical differences in the dialect is also very obvious. Mandarin in the north, northwest or southwest, then Mandarin area, several hundred kilometers apart from each other and the general oral communication, but certain parts of speech and vocabulary is also a great change; However, in many parts of southern China, especially in mountainous areas, may exist within the geographical scale oral communication difficulties between the dialects. Give an extreme example, such as Fujian province, the gap is only 10 km of local residents may have can not be freely exchanged verbal.
Chinese dialects Mandarin, or Mandarin dialects: that of North China, Northeast and Northwest regions, most of Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, northern Jiangxi Province along the Yangtze River, north-central Anhui, Jiangsu and north-central dialect language used. Mandarin can be divided into North Mandarin, Northwest Mandarin, Southwestern Mandarin, JAC Mandarin, North Mandarin located in the north east of Beijing, then to represent the northwest Mandarin located in the north west to Xi'an, then to represent the southwest Mandarin located in the south west, If the representative of Chengdu, located in the south of Jianghuai Mandarin east of Yangzhou, then if the JAC representatives. Ya sound ancient period in the Central Plains of China in the five casually, dressed crossed, the differentiation into Middle Chinese voice. The modern "Mandarin dialect," formed in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Mandarin in the formation of later, North and South 分别 of development, and differentiated into South Mandarin and northern Mandarin for future Chinese generations of official language, the North Mandarin has a Modern Standard Base (continents, as Mandarin, Taiwan, known as Mandarin) . Use of this dialect accounts for 70% of China's population.
Be pointed out that "Mandarin dialect", in the past referred to as "northern dialect," not confined to northern China. On the contrary, in southwest China and the Huaihe region belong to the Southern dialect Mandarin dialect.
Mandarin obvious features include: loss of all the MC Entering, Middle Chinese in "- p,-t,-k,-m,-n,-ng" coda is left "-n,-ng", but emergence of a large number of children of Rhyme "-r" coda. The original connection "i, ü" and finals "g, k, h" has been palatalized consonant into "j, q, x" initials. Mandarin words in the loss of voicing opposition in the process of differentiation has not been dramatic tone, but there up into the square outside the Middle softly. Therefore, the Mandarin dialects contain a large number of homonyms and the corresponding compounds produced. The phenomenon is relatively rare in other dialects.
Wu, or Wu dialect: in southern Jiangsu, southern Anhui, Shanghai and Zhejiang, the majority of regions. Typically represented by Wu in Suzhou dialect. Southwest of Anhui Province is affected by the Gan language, southern Zhejiang, if retained more features of the ancient Bai Yue, and even can not, and as typical of the Taihu Wu Wu calls. The number of users is about 8.4% of the total population. This dialect of consonants on the voicing distinction is a very distinctive features. But Wu retained fuzzy Middle Chinese entering tone.
Hakka, or Hakka: Hakka in southern China and most widely used among She, including Guangdong, eastern, northern, western Fujian, southern Jiangxi, Guangxi, south-east and other places to Meixian it represented. Although a Southern dialect, but the Hakka immigrants moving south in the north formed. Hakka and thus retained some characteristics of medieval Central Plains words. Using the Hakka population of about 5% of the total population. Hakka dialect is characterized by level tone, rising tone, regardless of yin and yang, but the entering tone, falling tone Yin and Yang.
Min, Min dialect, or: in Fujian, Hainan, Guangdong, eastern Taiwan, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, a number of other overseas Chinese to use. Min's internal divisions as larger, usually divided into Minnan dialect (in Xiamen, then as the representative) and the Northern words, if Fujian (Fuzhou, then as the representative), and central Fujian Putian and dialects. Min of all dialects, the only incomplete and there is a direct correspondence Rhyming Dictionary of Medieval Chinese dialects, of which the most influential Taiwanese. However, according to research existing voice, sound system very close to the Min Ancient Chinese phonology.
Cantonese: Cantonese as representative of some areas in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macao and overseas Chinese has been used. Cantonese is the Chinese dialect in the tone one of the most complex, has nine tones (there are 10 pieces Guinan goulou tone). Also to retain the most complete medieval dialect of Chinese. Cantonese contains p, t, k, m, n, ng six final consonants. Differences within the little Cantonese. Using the Cantonese population of about 5% of the total. However, there is no mixing Cantonese Tone can be considered to retain the ancient Chinese Cantonese ingredients to early Wu, but later in the Min.
Xiang, or Hunan dialect: in Hunan use. Classified according to whether to retain voiced initials, can be divided into two types of old Xiang Xiang and the new, which have been voiced initials Xiang Qinghua relatively close to the new Southwest Mandarin. Changsha, respectively, then (the new) and Twin Peaks, then (the old) to represent the user about 5% of the total population. The history of Hunan and Hubei provinces strongly influenced by northern cultures, so Xiang larger internal differences. And multiple periods of overlapping speech features in ancient Chinese.
Gan, Nanchang, then as the representative, also known dialect, called as servant language. Sino-Tibetan languages are Chinese, mainly used for most of Jiangxi, Hunan, eastern, southwestern Anhui and other places. The number of users is about to use a population of about 51.48 million (see chart, previous data on 30 million is inaccurate), is the seven major dialect of Chinese. Gan language
http://baike.baidu.com/view/775972.htm
The following are several dialects constitute separate major dialect areas, are still controversial:
Jin Language: Most of Shanxi and Shaanxi in the north west of Hebei, Henan, northwestern region of Inner Loop and other places used as the representative of Taiyuan, then there into the Finals - [-ʔ] (which looks like a question mark in the International Phonetic Alphabet is tight guttural. In Tone [-p/-t/-k] disappear before occurrence of 'entering tone weakening', [-p/-t/-k] all became [-ʔ]). The Mandarin pronunciation system and different. Previous (and now many linguistic scholars) to its attributed Mandarin.
Ping words: use in some parts of Guangxi. Pinghua traditionally attributed to Cantonese, Guangxi Beijing in recent years been advocated as an isolated dialect words there.
Hui words: southern Anhui, and Jiangxi and Zhejiang in the Soviet part of the adjacent regions. Previous (and now part of the linguistic scholars) to attributed Wu.
History
Chinese is the language of the world's most ancient one, is by far the longest common language for one of the languages. The evolution of Chinese history is a very interesting question. Chinese writing system - characters, non-phonetic, not as phonetic as directly aware of the history of a word with the pronunciation. Fortunately, the characters (especially the form of sound words), poetry, rhythm and the translation of foreign names can be found in effective information.
Ancient Chinese
According to legend, when the Yellow Emperor in the original "nations", Xia country when there are 3000, 800 weekly feudal lords, and the "five-party of the people speak the same language" ("Book of North Song").
Exist in the early Zhou Dynasty Ancient Chinese and medium-term (11 to the first 7 century BC), written records of the Inscriptions on the bronzes, "The Book of Songs," written by and part history book, "Book of Changes."
According to "Book of Mean" twenty-eight chapters it reads: "Today got off with the track, and the writing, line homotopy." Can be seen during the Zhou dynasty began to implement a unified language.
The early spring, found in the vassal state also recorded more than 170. To the Warring States period, the formation of "Minao", "Zhu Hou Lizheng, no unification on the King, ... ... words sound different, special forms of writing" ("Origin of Chinese Characters Syria").
100 in the writings of philosophers used to be called "elegant language" in common language. "Ya Yan," Poetry "," book ", the Executive ceremony, are also elegant language." ("The Analects of Confucius described the")
After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, to further standardize the text to Xiaozhuan official language as an official.
Middle Chinese
This Chinese language used in Sui, Tang and Song Dynasty (7th century to 10th century), can be divided into "Qieyun" (AD 601) involved early, and "Rhyme" (10th century) reflected late. Karlgren this stage, known as "Ancient Chinese."
Linguists have been able to reconstruct a more self-confident voice of Middle Chinese system. This evidence comes from several sources: a variety of modern dialects, phonology, and foreign language translation.
As the Indo-European languages can be reconstructed from the modern Indo-European languages, as well as by Middle Chinese dialect reconstruction. In addition, the ancient Chinese writers spent a great deal of effort to sum up the Chinese language voice system, the information is still the basis for the work of modern linguists. Finally, the Chinese voice from the translation of foreign languages learned.
Modern Chinese
Modern Chinese is among the ancient Chinese and modern Chinese literature in the vernacular, represented by the early Chinese.
Modern Chinese
Modern Chinese dialects are based on the North, then to a model of modern Chinese writings for the syntax of Chinese.
Written and spoken
The difference between written and spoken language has been considerable. In the "54" period before the Vernacular Movement, the distinction between written and spoken language is in fact the distinction between ancient and modern languages. Case Study of the Tang and Song era, when the population of the vernacular that is they wrote the classical Chinese, that is, philosophers and "Zuo Zhuan", "Historical Records" and a wide range widely read poem in classical style for the template. This situation can probably push up to the Han Dynasty. Down lasted until the early 20th century. Wills 1925, Sun Yat-sen on or use of classical Chinese writing. However, in 2000 as the classical Chinese written language itself is also changing. Antique difficult after all the real thing, not after the people of the world can not imitate the old saying was spoken of. Han Yu's article was that there is significant parts of sub-Qin syntax. Qin Tong Cheng Qing prose writer in imitation of the text and prose writer of the article in the Tang and Song, the result will certainly be more heterogeneous. Liang Qing Dynasty classical Chinese written in a plain political essays. As easy to understand, all the rage, as newspapers and magazines are widely used. At present, Taiwan, Hong Kong and overseas Chinese newspapers still follow most of this style. May 4th Movement carried out against the classical Chinese literary revolution raised to promote the idea of the vernacular. The movement swept the country, far-reaching. Few years, the vernacular literature on hold. But this vernacular literature is not really speaking the language, but do take the North Mandarin base and, with the Ming and Qing vernacular fiction considerable influence, also with varying degrees of Dialect and the number of new vocabulary and syntax Europeanization mixed style. Lu Xun's works can be used as such a style typical example.
Above that the literature. As news reports, a government statement, documents, business contracts, and even private letters, often still use the classical. That was the traditional custom dictates, on the other hand also because of the advantages of classical Chinese has a nutshell. This case, the whole country, has been extended to the 40 end of the decade. 1949 The People's Republic of China is established, the classical Chinese was fully gave way to the vernacular. In addition to cable and other interested in archaism, no one had to write classical Chinese.
As noted above, modern written Chinese is the language that contains many different levels of mixture components. In terms of syntax or vocabulary point of view it was. Take syntax, the written language with spoken language in addition to the same sentence that part, and some come from the classical Chinese, and later gradually melt in the written language, the part of a written sentence. Such as "conduct, to be given" is used quite frequently written a few verbs. The original meaning of these verbs have been empty, and the main function is to be placed in front of two-tone verb to suit the requirements of syntax and rhythm. This syntactic structure derived from the classical Chinese. "Conduct" of the formerly "OK" (further proposed office), "to" the formerly "plus" (strict control), "be" and "give" the formerly "I" (not prosecuted). In the classical syntax, the "line, plus, to the" front of the adverb must be followed with a single tone, resulting in two-syllable structure, the verb must also be behind the two-syllable. In the modern written language, the these verbs disyllabism, and back or a request with the two-syllable verbs, grammatical constraints is the same strain.
Modern written language began to take shape when the novel was from the old vernacular language in inherited some sentences. This phase is now over. We can see only some ruins. Such as "word in + location" in the structure can be placed in front of the verb ("sitting at the table"), also can be placed behind the verb ("sitting on the stage"). In the Beijing dialect, the prefix "in" use "with" use [āi] or [tǎi], post-"in" with [· tə], are not "the." Use "in" argument is from the old vernacular novel inherited.
Some written sentence is subject to foreign language (English, Japanese, Russian, etc.) directly or indirectly (through translations) of elections. In this context can give an important influence all written sentences grammatical phenomena as an example. Mentioned above, Chinese in the loose relationship between subject and predicate. Sentence is often the subject may not say so. Some sentences or no subject. Modern and Ancient Chinese spoken true. But the demands of modern written form should have a subject in a sentence. If no, would feel the structure is not complete, the logic is not careful. This is obviously affected by the Indo-European influence.
The characteristics of written language in the vocabulary is a two-syllable word in the proportion. Two-syllable words written in addition to classical inherited from the outside part, are 19th century the 100 years since the new emerging. Some of them come from the Japanese lend, and the other is a new creation. The new words are mostly used to create the original morpheme (writing Chinese characters is) caused by compound words. Impetuous is Nengchan, and strong vitality.
Chinese is accurate. I remember in my early school days, openly language textbook was written: "Walking the road is the Chinese pinyin inevitable trend." The most important one reason is that English can be typing, but Chinese can not. With the development of computer technology, keyboard input of Chinese characters has been far more than the English rate, and speed also been rapidly increasing. Can enter it in English? Seems not to be moved further delay.
The development of Chinese
Character of word formation wonderful workmanship. Prefix prefix, suffix suffix is commonly used in English word formation.
Saccharose (saccharin) and Saccharomycetes (yeast) have the same Latin prefix, but remember they are not easy, even on the American people, at least I've tested a few speakers of English engineering graduate is the case. One-dimensional string-like structure is not eye-catching lead to a direct cause is unknown. How to graduate school, and even yeast and saccharin are not aware that someone is Jiaoren think?
Group of words with Chinese characters to describe it concise. Even without eating saccharin, never used yeast uneducated Chinese, he also understand that saccharin may be sugar, "refining part of the" sweeter than sugar (although it inaccurate); yeast is "a can cause fermentation of the bacteria. " But the English can not be so simple group of words, even if the group am not unacceptable: saccharin = Sugessece = "Sugar" + "Essence" ("Sugar" and "spirit" together), yeast = Yeabacteria = "Yeast "+" Bacteria "(" fermentation "and" bacteria "together). Would that not be too much for it?
One-dimensional string-like with phonetic word formation before the suffix is different from two-dimensional character through the way of configuration. For example:
"Person" in nowhere in the four walls become "prisoners";
"Wood" in nowhere to be within the four walls of "difficulties";
"Lucy" - under the "Rain" days in Malaysia, "Road" to violence, "Lucy" in the rain under a;
"M" (food-related) "Don" (Table Voice) = "sugar";
CHAI "rice" on the long "grass" = "bacteria";
"Wood" "forest" "forest" - are the tree, woods and forest means, but what kind of comparison Morphology better? Answer at a glance.
In today's English Society, followed by the early English Characters and Latin roots as early as the word, has been gradually pulling away, similar to the above made Sugessece, Yeabacteria not be a little joke, daily life every day. Stores of different brands of chocolate, candy will always have different names, some names not found in the dictionary, they will with a factory production and generate some kind of chocolate, die die. When an Australian read the word, he does not realize that this is an area very popular in North America as a candy, as most Chinese people can only shook his head Bale.
Preference information technology era character. I do not know whether you understand the "fuzzy math", "fuzzy control" or "neural networks" and other new disciplines? If you come into contact with, you will understand the human art, philosophy, sense of seemingly "precise", but actually they are beyond the current level of knowledge of mankind today can accurately describe the scope. With the ability to increase human knowledge, they gradually will be a whole new knowledge of human structure accurately grasp new subject cited above is the new knowledge structure off the episode. Oriental Art Chinese character embodies the philosophy of the Chinese nation's culture lies. Limited to the current technological level, it's wisdom we are still not fully understanding its excavation in the ascendant. This claim is not unfounded, after all, no one realized that 15 years ago, traditional Chinese publishing industry to be eliminated; 10 years ago people did not expect the input Chinese characters faster than the English, but also faster; 5 years before the press did not think the traditional media will be gradually phased out, "Nanfang Dushi Bao" with the century-old newspaper "Ta Kung Pao" stand on the same starting line, the Internet news rush codeword. Character who does not venture to assert, after a number of years program is not possible or not as good as English?
Chinese characters are flexible, but need flexible people to use; character is smart, but depends on the development of smart people; character is full of wisdom, intelligent people need to realize her value. Pride for the Chinese! More convinced that the coming era of Chinese people's enthusiasm and confidence of Chinese cheered!
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