体育虽然有悠久的历史，然而“体育”一词却出现得较晚。在“体育”一词出现前，世界各国对体育这一活动过程的称谓都不相同。
体育一词，其英文本是physical education，指的是以身体活动为手段的教育，直译为身体的教育，简称为体育。在古希腊，游戏、角力、体操等曾被列为教育内容。17～18世纪，在西方的教育中也加进了打猎、游泳、爬山、赛跑、跳跃等项活动， 只是尚无统一的名称。18世纪末，德国的J．C．F．古茨穆茨曾把这些活动分类、综合，统称为“体操”。进入19世纪，一方面是德国形成了新的体操体系，并广泛传播于欧美各国；另一方面是相继出现了多种新的运动项目。在学校也逐渐开展了超出原来体操范围的更多的运动项目，建立起“体育是以身体活动为手段的教育”这一新概念。于是，在相当的一段时间里，“体操”和“体育”两个词并存，相互混用，直到20世纪初才逐渐在世界范围内统一称为“体育”。
我国体育历史悠久，但“体育”却是一个外来词。它最早见于20世纪初的清末，当时，我国有大批留学生东渡去日本求学，仅1901年至1906年间，就有13000多人，其中，学体育的就有很多，回国后，他们将“体育”一词引进到中国。
在我国，“体育”这个词最早见于1904年，在湖北幼稚园开办章程中提到对幼儿进行全面教育时说：“保全身体之健旺，体育发达基地。”在1905年《湖南蒙养院教课说略》上也提到：“体育功夫，体操发达其表，乐歌发达其里。”
在我国，最早创办的体育团体是1906年上海的“沪西士商体育会”。1907年我国著名女革命家秋瑾在绍兴也创办了体育会。同年，清皇朝学部的奏折中也开始有“体育”这个词。辛亥革命以后，“体育”一词就逐渐运用开来
1762年，卢梭在法国出版了《爱弥尔》一书。他使用“体育”一词来描述对爱弥尔进行身体的养护、培养和训练等身体教育过程。由于这本书激烈地批判了当时的教会教育，而在世界引起很大反响，因此“体育”一词同时也在世界各国流传开来。从这里我们可以清楚地看到，“体育”一词的最初产生是起自于“教育”一词，它最早的含意是指教育体系中的一个专门领域。到19世纪，世界上教育发达国家都普遍使用了“体育”一词。而我国由于闭关自守，直到19世纪中叶，德国和瑞典的体操传入我国，随后清政府在兴办的“洋学堂” 中设置了“体操球”。1902年左右，一些在日本留学的学生从日本传来了“体育”这一术语。随着西方文化不断涌入我国，学校体育的内容也从单一的体操向多元化发展，课堂上出现了篮球、田径、足球等。许多有识之士提出不能把学校体育课称体操课了，必须理清概念层次。1923年，在《中小学课程纲要草案》中，正式把“体操科”改为“体育课”。
从此“体育”一词成了标记学校中身体教育的专门术语。
“体育”一词在含义上也有一个演化过程。它刚传入我国时，是指身体的教育，作为教育的一部分出现的，是一种与维持和发展身体的各种活动有关联的一种教育过程，与国际上理解的“体育”（phyical education）是一致的。随着社会的进步和体育事业的不断发展，其目的和内容都大大超出了原来“体育”的范畴，体育的概念也出现了“广义”与“狭义 ”解释。当用于广义时，一般是指体育运动，其中包括了体育教育、竞技运动和身体锻炼三个方面；用于狭义时，一般是指体育教育。近年来，不少学者对“体育”的概念提出了一些解释，但比较趋于一致的解释为：“体育是以身体活动为媒介，以谋求个体身心健康、全面发展为直接目的，并以培养完善的社会公民为终极目标的一种社会文化现象或教育过程”。体育的这一定义既说明了它的本质属性，又指出了它的归属范畴，同时也把自身从与其邻近或相似的社会现象中区别出来。但是，体育的概念并非是一成不变的，随着社会的发展和进步，对体育的认识也将有所发展。
【意义和概念】
体育是人类社会发展中，根据生产和生活的需要，遵循人体身心的发展规律，以身体练习为基本手段，达到增强体质，提高运动技术水平，进行思想品德教育，丰富社会文化生活而进行的一种有目的、有意识、有组织的社会活动，是伴随人类社会的发展而逐步建立和发展起来的一个专门的科学领域。体育的概念有广义和狭义之分。
1．体育的广义概念(亦称体育运动)。是指以身体练习为基本手段，以增强人的体质，促进入的全面发展，丰富社会文化生活和促进精神文明为目的的一种有意识、有组织的社会活动。它是社会总文化的一部分，其发展受一定社会的政治和经济的制约，并为一定社会的政治和经济服务。
2．体育的狭义概念(亦称体育教育)。是一个发展身体，增强体质，传授锻炼身体的知识、技能，培养道德和意志品质的教育过程；是对人体进行培育和塑造的过程；是教育的重要组成部分；是培养全面发展的人的一个重要方面。
3．竞技运动亦称“竞技体育”。指为了战胜对手，取得优异运动成绩，最大限度地发挥和提高个人、集体在体格、体能、心理及运动能力等方面的潜力所进行的科学的、系统的训练和竞赛。含运动训练和运动竞赛两种形式。特点是：
1)充分调动和发挥运动员的体力、智力、心理等方面的潜力；
2)激烈的对抗性和竞赛性；
3)参加者有充沛的体力和高超的技艺；
4)按照统一的规则竞赛，具有国际性，成绩具有公认性；
5)娱乐性。当今世界所开展的竞技运动项目是社会历史的产物。远在公元前700多年的古希腊时代，就出现了赛跑、投掷、角力等项目，发展至今已有数百种之多。普遍开展的项目有田径、体操、篮球、排球、足球、乒乓球、羽毛球、举重、游泳、自行车等。各国、各地区还有自己特殊的民族传统项目，如中华武术，东南亚地区的藤球、卡巴迪等。其发展与国家、地区的政治、经济、文化教育、科学技术密切相关。
4.娱乐体育是指在余暇时间或特定时间所进行的一种以娱悦身心为目的的体育活动。具有业余性、消遣性、文娱性等特点。内容一般有球类游戏、活动性游戏、旅游、棋类以及传统民族体育活动等。按活动的组织方式可分为个人的、家庭的和集体的；按活动条件可分为室内的、室外的；按竞争性可分为竞赛性的和非竞赛性的；按经营方式可分为商业性的和非商业性的；按参加活动的方式可分为观赏性活动和运动性活动。开展娱乐性体育活动，有益于身心健康，陶冶情操，培养高尚品格。
5．大众体育亦称“社会体育”、“群众体育”。是为了娱乐身心，增强体质，防治疾病和培养体育后备人才，在社会上广泛开展的体育活动的总称。包括职工体育、农民体育、社区体育、老年人体育、妇女体育、伤残人体育等。主要形式有锻炼小组、运动队、辅导站、体育之家、体育活动中心、体育俱乐部、棋社，以及个人自由体育锻炼等。开展群众体育活动应遵循因人、因地、因时制宜和业余、自愿、小型、多样、文明的原则。广泛开展群众性体育活动，是发挥体育的社会功能，提高民族素质和完成体育任务的重要途径。
6．医疗体育指运用体育手段治疗某些疾病与创伤，恢复和改善机体功能的一种医疗方法。与其他治疗方法相比，其特点有：
1)是一种主动疗法，要求思者主动参加治疗过程，通过锻炼治疗疾病；
2)是一种全身治疗，通过神经、神经反射机制改善全身机能，达到增强体质，提高抵抗力的目的；
3)是一种自然疗法，利用人类固有的自然功能(运动)作为治疗手段，一般不受时间、地点、设备条件的限制。通常采用医疗体操、慢跑、散步、自行车、气功、太极拳和特制的运动器械(如拉力器、自动跑台等)，以及日光浴、空气浴、水浴等为治疗手段。宜因人而异、持之以恒、循序渐进，并配合药物或手术治疗和心理疏导。二干多年前已用“导引”、“养生”作为防治疾病的手段，后又不断发展与提高，成为中国运动医学的重要组成部分。
7．体育的本质。是指体育所固有的根本特性，是人类社会的一种身体教育活动和社会文化活动。
8．体育的本质特点。就是以身体练习为手段，发展身体，增强体质，促进人的全面发展，为社会发展服务。它在社会发展过程中，受一定的政治、经济制约，并为一定的政治、经济服务。体育具有自然的和社会的两重属性。自然属性如体育的方法、手段等；社会属性如体育的思想、制度等。
【民族传统体育】
中华民族传统体育是中国体育事业的重要组成部分，是中华民族宝贵的文化遗产。许多优秀的民族传统体育项目，不仅具有很强的健身价值，而且还有很高的艺术价值和丰富的娱乐、教育功能。新中国成立后，政府特别重视少数民族传统体育的开展，已挖掘整理出了1000多个体育项目。比如蒙古族被称为“男儿三项游艺 ”的摔跤、赛马、射箭；回族的踢毽、拔河；藏族的赛牦牛；苗族的荡秋千、划龙舟；壮族由青年男女表达爱情转变为对抗性比赛项目的“投绣球”；朝鲜族的跳板；满族的滑冰；侗族的骑木马(踩高脚)；瑶族的打陀螺；高山族的放风筝；柯尔克孜族的“追姑娘”；布朗族的藤球等等。而龙舟竞渡、风筝、秧歌、围棋、气功、太极拳等，则是汉族与少数民族都共同喜爱的传统体育项目。
龙是中华民族的象征。仿龙造形，以龙取名的龙舟，是中国各族人民在长期的生产实践和社会活动中一个独具民族风格的创造。龙舟竞渡具有浓厚的娱乐性和激烈的竞争性，在南方的水乡地区，更有广泛的群众基础。
风筝是中国古代的重要发明之一，是世界上最早的人造飞行器。其制作在中国极为普遍，北京、天津、山东潍坊和江苏南通四地的风筝自成一派，别具特色，闻名世界。每逢4月是潍坊一年一度的风筝节，来自世界各地的爱好者在此交流技艺，传播友谊。
秧歌是在节奏鲜明的音乐伴奏下的一种民间舞蹈，主要流行于中国北方地区。因其舞动幅度较大，故由艺术表演逐渐变为健身运动，尤其受到中老年妇女的喜爱。
围棋源于中国，春秋战国时期即有关于围棋的文字记载。后流传到日本、韩国及欧美国家。新中国成立后被列为正式的体育运动竞赛项目，现已在全世界得到传播和发展。
武术是以拳术、器械、套路和实战形式为主的，既能健身自卫，又可养生保健的体育项目，几千年来一直在民众中广泛传播。
太极拳是中国武术众多拳种之一，已有三四百年的历史。它融合古代道家养生修炼术，并结合阴阳与经络学说创编而成。太极拳源于河南温县陈家沟，有陈式、杨式、武式、孙式、吴式等多种流派，动作舒缓连贯，要求以意导体，意、气、体三者协调配合，以静制动，以柔克刚。
气功是中华民族优秀的文化遗产，具有几千年的悠久历史。它对祛病强身、陶冶性情具有积极的作用。因此，武术和气功不仅风靡中国，而且还广泛传播到世界各地。
中国还定期举办全国少数民族传统体育运动会，各民族体育健儿欢聚一堂，竞献技艺。
【北京体育大学】
北京体育大学是全国重点高校之一，隶属国家体育总局。学校原名中央体育学院，筹建于1952年7月，1953年8月31日中央人民政府批准成立，1953年11月3日学校在北京先农坛举行开学典礼,1954年迁入现址， 1956年3月14日，学校更名为北京体育学院，1993年12月11日，学校改名为北京体育大学,校庆日为11月1日。
学校位于北京市海淀区中关村北大街，地处中关村高科技园区，毗邻圆明园遗址公园，占地面积1000余亩，建筑面积25万多平方米。
目前，北京体育大学已成为国内体育学科、专业齐全，体育硕士、博士点最多，师资力量雄厚，教学、科研、训练成绩显著，声誉远播的全国重点学府。
50年来，学校不断深化教育教学改革，确立学科建设在学校发展中的核心地位，注重学科间的交叉、渗透与融合，形成了高层次、多规格、复合型人才培养格局。学校现有7个学院2个中等专业学校。即：研究生院、教育学院、竞技体育学院、武术学院、管理学院、运动人体科学学院、成人教育学院以及附属竞技体校、附属体育中专；共有24个教研室；拥有1个国家级重点学科和12个部委级重点学科；设有体育学博士后流动站,为国家一级学科"体育学"博士授予权单位，拥有体育教育训练学、运动人体科学、体育人文社会学、民族传统体育学4个二级学科博士学位授予权和5个专业硕士学位授予权；设有体育教育、运动训练、社会体育、运动人体科学、民族传统体育、公共事业管理（体育管理）、新闻学（体育新闻）、应用心理学（运动心理）、英语（国际体育）、表演（体育艺术）等10个本科专业，现有在校生近6000名，其中硕士、博士生650余名，本科生4000余名，留学生200余名，竞体和中专学生约1000余名，另有成人教育学生4000余名，全校在籍学生共9800余名；共为国家培养高质量的体育师资、教练员、科研人员、管理人员和社会体育指导员等各级各类体育专门人才3万余名。
50年来，学校艰苦创业，加强办学基础设施建设，办学条件不断改进。近两年来，学校累记投资近两亿元进行校园建设，学校面貌焕然一新。学校现拥有1座现代化的教学大楼；1个市级重点实验室； 26个教学、科研、训练实验室； 13个附属研究、培训中心；16个室内训练馆；68块室外运动场；一个藏书43万册的校图书馆，形成了以体育为特色的多科性藏书体系；一个我国大学出版社中唯一一家体育专业出版社，10余年来，累计出版新书1520余种。特别是今后几年，国家及国家体育总局将投资十多亿元在我校进行教育、训练、科研"三结合"基地建设，学校基础建设将发生根本性变化。
50年来，学校始终重视师资队伍建设，培养造就了一支个体素质强，群体实力雄厚的师资队伍。学校现有正副教授228名、讲师264名、博士生导师40余名、硕士生导师100余名、国际级裁判37名、国家级裁判210名。在国际、国内学术组织机构和体育单项协会担任重要职务的有36人，在国家二级学会任常委以上职务的有44人。在国家队担任主教练的有15人，有8位教师被确定为国家体育总局优秀中青年学术、技术带头人，有4位教练员被确认为全国100名跨世纪优秀中青年教练员。
50年来，学校始终保持较高的运动技术水平，为中国体育冲出亚洲，走向世界，做出了历史性的贡献。自1980年以来，学校培养了国际运动健将50余人，运动健将500余人。1980年以来，在世界大赛中获冠军50余人次，亚洲大赛中获冠军60余人次，刷新亚洲纪录10余人次，在全国正式比赛中获冠军600余人次。尤其在2004年雅典奥运会上我校自己培养的17名在校运动员、7名教练员参加7个大项13个小项的比赛。取得4金、1银、1个团体第六名、1个第七的的优异成绩；在籍学生64名奥运健儿、毕业校友8名奥运健儿，总计72人参加了第28奥运会比赛；师生、校友共有163人参加了本届奥运会，占中国体育代表团总人数的25.75%。
50年来，学校形成了多学科、基础性和应用性研究相结合的综合研究优势，共获得省部级以上科研立项289项，其中国家级科研项目26项；获得省部级以上科研成果奖160项，其中国家级奖励8项。近十年间，共引入外源性科研经费2106万元，出版专著、译著、教材、科普著作近千部；在国内外学术刊物上发表各类论文2000余篇。
50年来，学校一直重视与国际间的合作与交流，学校先后与俄罗斯国立体育大学、美国印第安那大学、德国科隆体育学院、日本体育大学等16个国家的28所大学建立了校际关系或友好合作关系；与国际上许多体育社会团体和人士长期开展了各类交流活动。
50年来， 学校先后有4人次获得国际奥委会奖章，51人享受政府特殊津贴，62人获得全国体育工作荣誉奖章和运动荣誉奖章，366人获得新中国体育开拓者荣誉称号。学校还获得了体育运动荣誉奖章、奥运会特殊贡献奖等荣誉。
好风凭借力，扬帆正有时，在新的世纪里，北京体育大学将以党十六大精神和"三个代表"重要思想为指导，在国家体育总局的领导下，乘中国体育事业蓬勃发展之东风,抓住机遇，乘势而上,与时俱进,加快发展,加速综合性、高水平的教育、训练、科研"三结合"基地建设，向世界一流体育大学的发展目标迈进，努力为北京成功举办2008年奥运会和中国体育事业的发展做出更大贡献！
【中国体育彩票】
中国体育彩票是指：为筹集体育事业发展资金发行的，印有号码、图形或文字，供人们自愿购买并按照特定规则获取中奖权力的书面凭证。体育彩票不计名，不挂失，不返回本金，不计付利息，不能流通使用。中国体育彩票的销售方式主要有两种，规模销售即开型体育彩票方式和电脑辅助销售传统型体育彩票方式。目前，传统型彩票全部采用电脑辅助销售，因为电脑彩票具有分散、安全、快捷、公平和避免浪费的特点。截至1999年底，全国开展电脑体育彩票的省市已达11 个，2000年国家体育总局还将在北京等9个省市陆续开展电脑体育彩票的发行工作。计划2000年加快即开型体育彩票分散销售方式研究，逐步取代大规模销售方式。可以预计，电脑体育彩票和即开型体育彩票分散销售将成为体育彩票的主要销售形式。中国体育彩票是国务院批准在全国发行的合法彩票，募集资金主要用于发展体育事业和促进全民健身运动，是一项取之于民、用之于民的社会公益事业。中国体育彩票一直遵循公开、公正、公平的原则，自1994年至1999年底共销售体育彩票102个亿元，筹集公益金30.6亿元，为我国体育事业的不断发展提供了资金的保证。全国各级体育彩票管理人员，决心在国家体育总局的领导下，本着积极、开拓、认真、周到的工作态度，服务于彩民、服务于社会、不断开拓我国彩票事业的新局面。
体育彩票的公益金用于落实全民健身计划和奥运争光计划，以及体育场馆的维修、设备更新和体育扶贫工作；省、区、市体委分配的公益金专项用于落实奥运争光计划和全民健身计划；地、市县体委分配的公益金用于落实全民健身计划。根据财政部、中国人民银行和国家体育总局有关体育彩票公益金的管理办法，体育彩票公益金的使用由国家体育总局负责，收支两条线，实行专门帐户统一管理，专项用于发展体育事业，对公益金的使用去向要及时报送报表说明，并定期向社会公布，接受公众监督。随着我国体育彩票事业的迅猛发展，国家也进一步加大了对彩票的管理力度，并着手彩票的立法工作。2000年3月1日，国家财政部为了规范彩票市场和保护广大彩民的利益，又下发了《关于认真做好彩票发行和管理工作的通知》（财综字〔2000〕17号），通知规定要进一步加强和规范彩票的发行及管理工作，自2000年4月1日起，彩票（包括既开型彩票和电脑型彩票）一律以人民币现金形式兑付奖金。
【国家体育总局】
国家体育总局，英文名称为General Administration of Sport，其前身是1952年11月成立的国家体育运动委员会，1998年3月24日改组为国家体育总局。
其主要职责：
（一）研究制定体育工作的政策法规和发展规划并监督实施。
（二）指导和推动体育体制改革，指定体育发展战略，编制体育事业的中长期发展规划；协调区域性
体育发展。
（三）推行全民健身计划，指导并开展群众性体育活动，实施国家体育锻炼标准，开展国民体质监测。
（四）统筹规划竞技体育发展，研究和平衡全国性体育竞赛、竞技运动项目设置与重点布局；
组织开展反兴奋剂工作。
（五）管理体育外事工作，开展国际间和与香港特别行政区及澳门、台湾地区的体育合作与交流；
组织参加和举办重大国际体育竞赛。
（六）组织体育领域重大科技研究的攻关和成果推广。
（七）研究拟定体育产业政策，发展体育市场；制定体育经营活动从业条件和审批程序。
（八）负责全国性体育社团的资格审查。
（九）承办国务院交办的其他事项。
国家体育总局下设办公厅、群众体育司、竞技体育司、体育经济司、政策法规司、人事司、对外联络司、 科教司、 宣传司、机关党委、纪检组和监察局、离退休干部局
国家体育总局的直属单位：
运动项目管理中心：冬季运动管理中心，射击射箭运动管理中心，自行车击剑运动管理中心，水上运动管理中心，举重摔跤柔道运动管理中心， 拳击跆拳道运动管理中心，田径运动管理中心，游泳运动管理中心，体操运动管理中心，手曲棒垒球运动管理中心，足球运动管理中心，篮球运动管理中心，排球运动管理中心，乒乓球羽毛球运动管理中心，网球运动管理中心，小球运动管理中心，航空无线电模型运动管理中心，棋牌运动管理中心，武术运动管理中心，健身气功管理中心，登山运动管理中心，汽车摩托车运动管理中心，
还有：社会体育指导中心，机关服务中心，财务管理和审计中心，训练局，国家奥林匹克体育中心，青岛航海运动学校，湛江潜水运动学校 ，安阳航空运动学校， 秦皇岛训练基地，体育科学研究所运动医学研究所，中国体育报业总社，北京体育大学，体育文化发展中心，体育信息中心，对外体育交流中心 ，人力资源开发中心，体育器材装备中心，体育彩票管理中心 ，体育基金管理中心。
现任局长：刘鹏
【体育博物馆】
全称中国体育博物馆。位于朝阳区安定路。１９９０年开馆。建筑面积７ ２００平方米，展出面积２５１０平方米。展室分为中国古代体育厅、中国近代体育厅、新中国体育成就厅和奥林匹克运动争光厅。共收藏古今体育文物４７００余件，珍贵体育文物图片５０００余幅。中国古代体育厅，分先秦、秦汉三国、两晋南北朝隋唐五代、宋辽金元和明清４个部分，展示了中国古代体育发展的轨迹；中国近代体育厅，表现的是鸦片战争到１９４９年这一段时期中国体育的发展历程；新中国体育成就厅，用图片、模型和实物表现了党和国家对体育事业的关怀以及群众体育、体育场馆建设等方面的辉煌成就；奥林匹克运动争光厅，展现了中国参加奥运会和中国人民发展奥林匹克运动的历史。建馆以来，还举办过各种临时展览，如第十一届亚运会体育集邮展览；弘扬北京亚运精神巡回展览；争办２０００年奥运会展览；奥林匹克运动百年展、中国健儿在巴塞罗那展；开放的中国盼奥运展；贺龙与体育展；新中国体育成就展；辉煌的五年——中国体育成就展；奥林匹克世纪行展等。其中第十一届亚运会体育集邮展览，共展出３０个国家和地区的２０７部、１３７４展框邮票。先后接待了国际奥委会官员６０余名，其中国际奥委会主席萨马兰奇两次参观并赠送了纪念品。编辑有《中国体育文化五千年》、《中华民族传统体育志》、《世界体坛顶峰的中国人》等著作。１９９２年５月被北京市人民政府命名为“北京市青少年教育基地”；１９９７年６月被国家体委命名为“国家体委爱国主义教育基地”。
Although sports has a long history, but "physical education" is to appear in late. In the "Sports" before the word appeared, the world of sports in this active process of the title is different.
long history of sports, but the "sport" is a foreign word. It was first seen in the early 20th century the Qing Dynasty, when a large number of foreign students in China Going to Japan to study, only between 1901 to 1906, there are 13,000 people, of which there are a lot of school sports, after returning home, they will " physical education "introduced to China.
In our country, "Sports" The word was first seen in 1904, opened in Hubei kindergarten children referred to the articles of association to conduct a comprehensive education said: "The preservation of the body healthy and vigorous, physical well-developed base." In 1905, "Mongolia's homes to teach classes in Hunan "Brief are also mentioned:" sports martial arts, gymnastics and developed its form, songs and developed their in. "
In China, the first sports organization founded in 1906 in Shanghai, "Hu Xi Shi Commercial Athletic Association." In 1907 a famous woman revolutionary Qiu Jin in Shaoxing also founded Sports Association. In the same year, the Qing dynasty of the Faculty of the memorial also began to have "sports" is the word. After the Revolution, "Sport" is used to gradually open to
1762, Rousseau published in France, "Emile," a book. He used "physical education" to describe a medical Emile conservation, cultivation and training of physical education process. As this book is fiercely critical of the Church at that time education has aroused great repercussion in the world, so "physical education" while also spread to the countries of the world. From here we can clearly see that "physical education" starting from the initial production is the "education", meaning the earliest it is a special education system in the field. To the 19th century, the world's developed countries have generally used education "physical education". Not being a closed door, until the mid-19th century, German and Swedish gymnastics into our country, followed by the Qing government _set_ up the "foreign school" _set_ up "gymnastics ball." Around 1902, a number of students studying in Japan came from Japan "sports" of that term. With the continuous influx of Western culture in China, the content of school sports from gymnastics to the diversification of a single, appeared in class, basketball, track and field, soccer, etc.. Many people of insight that it was not known to the school physical education gym class, and to clarify conceptual level. In 1923, the "draft outline of primary and secondary school curriculum", the official to "Gymnastics Section" to "physical education."
From "physical education" became the mark of physical education in schools, special terms.
"Physical education" in meaning there is a evolutionary process. It has just introduced into China, means physical education as part of education there is a kind of body with the maintenance and development activities associated with a process of education and international understanding of "sports" (phyical education) is consistent. Along with social progress and the continuous development of sports, the purpose and content have greatly exceeded the original "sports" category, the concept of sports there have been "extended" and "narrow" interpretation. When used in general, generally refers to the sport, including physical education, competitive sports and physical training in three aspects; for a narrow, generally refers to physical education. In recent years, many scholars of the "sports" concept put forward some explanations, but tend to go to the same interpretation: "Sport is a physical activity for the media to seek physical and mental health, overall development for the direct purpose, and to train improved social citizenship as the ultimate goal of a social and cultural phenomenon, or the educational process. " This definition of both sports, explains its essential nature, but also pointed out that the attribution of its scope, but also to itself from the adjacent or similar distinguish social phenomena. However, the concept of sports is not static, with the social development and progress, knowledge of sports will also be developed.
】 【Meaning and concepts
Sport is a human social development, based on production and daily life, Zunxun human physical and mental development to the law of physical exercise as the basic means, to enhance health and improve the techniques of sports, ideological and moral education, enrich their social cultural life for a kind of purposeful, conscious, organized social activities, is accompanied by the progressive development of human society, established and developed a specialized area of science. The concept of sports broad and narrow sense.
1. Sports generalized concept (also known as sports). Refers to the physical practice as the basic means to enhance the human body, promote the comprehensive development into the rich social and cultural life and promoting spiritual civilization for the purpose of a conscious, organized social activities. It is always part of the culture of society, the development of society by certain political and economic constraints, and certain social political and economic services.
2. Narrow concept of physical education (also known as physical education). Is a development body, enhance physical fitness, exercise to teach the knowledge, skills, training and the will and moral quality of the education process; it is the human body to nurture and shape the process; is an important part of education; is rounded of a person important.
3. Competitive sport known as "sports." Means to overcome rivals, achieved outstanding athletic performance, to maximize and enhance the individual and collective in the medical, physical, mental and motor abilities of potential carried out by scientific and systematic training and competition. With sports training and athletic competition in two forms. Characteristics:
1) and fully mobilize and athletes physical, intellectual and psychological potential;
2) intense confrontation and competition of;
3) the participants plenty of physical strength and superb skill;
4) In accordance with uniform rules competition is international, recognized sexual performance;
5) entertainment. Carried out by the competitive world of sports is a product of social history. Far more than 700 years BC, the ancient Greece, it appears the race, throwing, wrestling and so on, now, there are hundreds of kinds. To carry out the project generally track and field, gymnastics, basketball, volleyball, soccer, table tennis, badminton, weightlifting, swimming, cycling and so on. Countries and regions have their own unique ethnic traditions, such as the Chinese martial arts, Southeast Asia's sepak takraw, Kabaddi etc.. The development of national, regional political, economic, cultural education, science and technology closely related.
4. Entertainment sports leisure time or means to conduct a specific time in order to entertain the mind and body for the purpose of sports. With amateur sex, recreational, cultural and other characteristics. Content generally have ball games, active games, travel, chess, and traditional ethnic sports activities. Is organized by activities can be divided into individual, family and group; according to conditions for the activities can be divided into indoor, outdoor; by the competitive nature can be divided into competition and non-competitive in nature; by mode of operation can be divided into commercial and non-commercial; according to participate in activities can be divided into spectator events and sports activities. To carry out recreational sports activities, promote good health, strive to cultivate a noble character.
6. PE refers to the use of sport means of medical treatment of certain diseases and trauma, rehabilitation and improvement of body function in a medical way. Compared with other treatments, its features are:
1) is an active therapy, the treatment required to participate in the process of thinking are taking the initiative, through the exercise treatment of disease;
2) is a systemic treatment, neural, neural reflex mechanisms to improve the body function, to strengthen health and improve resistance to the purpose;
3) is a natural therapy, use of the inherent nature of human function (movement) as a treatment, generally not subject to time, place, equipment conditions. Usually medical gymnastics, jogging, walking, cycling, qigong, tai chi, and special sports equipment (such as tension, automatic treadmill, etc.), as well as sun, air bath, water bath, etc. for the treatment. Should vary, sustained, gradual, and with medical or surgical treatment and psychological counseling. Two dry years ago as "guidance," "health" as a means of disease prevention, then the continuous development and improvement become an important part of sports medicine.
7. The nature of sports. Is inherent in the fundamental physical characteristics of a body of human society and social and cultural activities and education activities.
8. The nature and characteristics of sports. Is to physical exercise as a means to develop the body, enhance physical fitness, promote the comprehensive development, social development. It is in the process of social development, subject to certain political, economic constraints, and some political, economic services. Sports has a dual nature and social attributes. Natural attributes such as physical education methods, and means; social attributes such as sports ideas and systems.
【】 Traditional Sports
Long a symbol of the Chinese nation. Imitation dragon form, called the Dragon's Dragon, the Chinese people of all nationalities in the long-term production practice and social activities to create a unique national style. Dragon Boat Race has a strong entertainment and fierce competition in the Waterside area in the south, more extensive mass foundation.
Kite is one of important inventions in ancient China, is the world's first man-made aircraft. Its production is common in China, Beijing, Tianjin, Weifang in Shandong and Jiangsu Nantong kites Four self-contained school, unique, world-famous. Every April is the annual Weifang Kite Festival, fans from around the world in this exchange skills and spread the friendship.
Younger is a distinct rhythm of the music accompaniment of a folk dance, is prevalent in northern China. A significant reduction in their dance, it gradually changed from the performing arts exercise, particularly loved by middle-aged women.
Go originated in China, the Warring States period that the written records on the Go. Later spread to Japan, Korea and Europe and the United States. After new China was founded as a formal sport games, has now been spread around the world and development.
Wushu is a Chinese boxing, routines and practical forms-based, both fitness self-defense, but also health care for sports, for thousands of years has been widely disseminated among the public.
Tai Chi is a Chinese martial arts is one of many boxing, has 34 years of history. It combines the ancient Taoist Alchemy, combined with the Meridian composed become yin and yang. Taijiquan from Chen village in Wen County in Henan, with Chen style, Yang style, Wu style, Sun style, Wu style and many other schools, the Body of coherence, required to Italian conductor, Italy, gas, three coordination bodies, inaction, dealt with gently.
Qigong is the Chinese nation's fine cultural heritage, has a long history of thousands of years. It illnesses and physically healthy, positive role in the yardsticks. Therefore, not only the popular Chinese martial arts and qigong, but also widely disseminated around the world.
China also regularly held National Traditional Ethnic Minority Sports Meet, the national sports athletes gathered, offering skills competition.
】 【Beijing Sport University
Beijing Sport University is one of the national key universities, under the State Sport General Administration. School was originally called the Central Institute of Physical Education, and building in July 1952, August 31, 1953 approved the establishment of the Central People's Government, November 3, 1953 at the school opening ceremony in Beijing Xiannongtan, moved to present site in 1954, 1956 March 14, the school was renamed the Beijing Institute of Physical Education, December 11, 1993, the school changed its name to Beijing Sport University, anniversary date of November 1.
Schools located in Zhongguancun, Haidian District, North Avenue, located in the Zhongguancun Hi-Tech Park, adjacent to the Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park, covers an area of 1000 mu, building area of more than 250,000 square meters.
Currently, Beijing Sport University has become a physical education, professional and complete, Sports Master, doctoral up, strong teachers, teaching, research, training, remarkable achievements, reputation spread far and wide in the national key universities.
50 years, deepening educational reform schools, to establish discipline in the school building the core of development, focusing on interdisciplinary cross, penetration and fusion, the formation of a high-level, multi-standard, complex pattern of personnel training. There are 7 schools, 2 secondary schools college. Namely: Graduate School of Education, Institute of Sports, Martial Arts College, School of Management, School of Human Movement Science, Institute of Adult Education and Competitive Sports subsidiary, affiliated sports secondary school; a total of 24 teaching and research; has a state-level key disciplines and ministerial level in 12 key disciplines; with postdoctoral research station of Physical Education, subject to the national level, "Sports" Dr. conferred units, with Physical Education and Training, Human Movement Science, humanities and sociology, National Traditional Sports 4 two disciplines authorized to confer doctorate and master's degree conferred 5; with physical education, sports training, sports, Human Movement Science, traditional sports, Public Service Management (Sports Management), Journalism (Sports News) Applied Psychology (Sport Psychology), English (international sports), performing (Sports Art) in 10 undergraduate programs, 现有在校生 nearly 6,000, including a master, more than 650 doctoral students, 4,000 undergraduates, students with more than 200 secondary school students competing bodies and more than 1,000, and another 4,000 adult education students, school students in the membership of more than 9800; of high-quality sports training for the state teachers, coaches, researchers, managers and social sports instructor, and all other sports specialists three thousand names.
50 years, the school always attached importance to teaching staff, the quality of individual training created a strong, powerful groups of teachers. Is Associate Professor of the existing 228 schools, 264 lecturers, doctoral tutor more than 40, more than 100 master teachers, and 37 international referees, national referees 210. In the international and domestic academic organizations and sports federations have held important positions 36, either at the national Institute of the Standing Committee of the above two posts are 44. In the national team as head coach of 15 people, there are eight teachers have been identified as the State Sport General Administration of outstanding young academic, technical leaders, there are four coaches were recognized as national outstanding young coaches in 100 century.
50 years, the school formed a multi-disciplinary, fundamental and applied research combined advantages of a comprehensive study, a total of more than access to provincial and ministerial level scientific research project 289, including 26 national research projects; were 160 provincial and ministerial scientific research achievement awards items, of which eight national awards. Past decade, the introduction of exogenous a total 21.06 million yuan for scientific research, published monographs, translations, textbooks, popular science books nearly Division; at home and abroad all kinds of papers published in academic journals, over 2,000 articles.
50 years, the school has always attached importance to international cooperation and exchanges between the school has with the Russian National Sport University, Indiana University, Cologne, Germany, Institute of Physical Education, Physical Education University, Japan, 16 countries established 28 inter-university relations or friendship partnership; and many international sports community groups and individuals to carry out the various types of long-term exchange activities.
50 years, the school has had four times the international Olympic Committee medal, special government allowances of 51, 62 people received the National Medal for Physical Education and Sports Medal for Meritorious Service, 366 were given the honorary title of the new China sports pioneers. The school also won the Sports Medal, Olympic Games Special Contribution Award and other honors.
With a good wind power, sail is sometimes, in the new century, Beijing Sport University will be the party Shiliu Da spirit and "Three Represents" as guidance, the State Sports General Administration under the leadership of the Chinese sports industry to grow by Development east, seize opportunities, and on the times, accelerate the development and accelerate comprehensive, high level of education, training, scientific research, "combination" base construction, to the development of world-class sports university Mubiao forward Nuli success for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games and China's sports development and make greater contributions!
】 【China Sports Lottery
China Sports Lottery is: To raise funds Sports Development issued, bearing the numbers, graphics or text, for people to voluntarily purchase and in accordance with specific rules for winning power of the written evidence. Sports lottery, excluding names, not report the loss, do not return the principal, excluding interest payments, not circulation. China's sports lottery sales, there are two main methods, the scale of sales of instant sports lottery sales methods and computer-assisted way of traditional sports lottery. At present, the traditional use of computer-assisted total lottery sales, because the computer lottery has dispersed, safe, efficient, fair and avoid wasting features. As of the end of 1999, a nationwide sports lottery computer and cities has reached 11 in 2000, the State Sport General Administration will be in Beijing and nine provinces and municipalities are carrying out the distribution of computer sports lottery. Plans to open in 2000 to speed up the way of Sports Lottery sales of distributed, gradually replace the large-scale sales methods. Can be expected, computer sports lottery and instant sports lottery sales will be distributed the main selling sports lottery form. China Sports Lottery is approved by the State Council issued the legal lottery in the country, mainly to raise funds for the development of sports and promote national fitness campaign, is a taken from the people, benefit of the people's social welfare services. China Sports Lottery has followed an open, fair, equitable principles, from 1994 to the end of 1999 a total of 102 million sports lottery sales, the Community Chest to raise 3.06 billion yuan for the continuous development of China's sports undertaking has provided funding guarantee. Sports lottery managers at all levels, determined under the leadership of the State Sports General Administration, with a positive, open, serious and thoughtful attitude and the service at the Lottery, to serve the community, and constantly open up a new situation in China's lottery business.
Sports lotteries for the implementation of the National Fitness Program and the Olympic Game, and the maintenance of sports facilities, equipment, and sports updates poverty alleviation; provinces, autonomous regions, Shi Tiwei special allocation for the implementation of the Community Chest and the National Fitness Program for Olympic; to , City and County Sports Commission assigned the implementation of the National Fitness Program for the Community Chest. According to the Ministry of Finance, PBOC and the State Sports General Administration of the sports lottery management practices, the use of sports lottery by the State Sports General Administration, revenues and expenditures, the implementation of the unified management of special accounts, earmarked for the development of sports , the use of the Community Chest movement of instructions to promptly submit the report and regularly to the public, subject to public supervision. Along with the rapid development of sports lottery business, the state has further increased the intensity of the lottery's management and started to lottery legislation. March 1, 2000, the Ministry of Finance to regulate the lottery market and protect the interests of Lottery, has issued a "do a good job on the management of lottery distribution and notification" (Cai Zong 〔2000〕 17 characters), notice provisions to further strengthen and regulate the distribution and management of the lottery, 自 April 1, 2000 onwards, Cai Piao (Bao Kuoji Lottery as and Diannao type lottery) Yilv in the form of cash bonus of RMB Xian Jin.
General Administration of Sport】 【
State Sport General Administration, the English name for the General Administration of Sport, whose predecessor was formed in November 1952 the State Sports Committee, March 24, 1998 reorganized as the State Sport General Administration.
Its main responsibilities:
(A) of the study and formulate policies and regulations and sports work and supervise the implementation of development planning.
(B) guide and promote the sport system, specify the sports development strategy, the preparation of medium and long term sports development planning; coordination of regional
Sports.
(C) the implementation of the National Fitness Program to guide and promote mass sports activities, the implementation of national physical training standards, carry out monitoring of the national constitution.
(D) overall planning and sports development, research and balanced national sports competitions, competitive sports _set_ting and focus of the layout;
Anti-doping organizations.
(E) administer foreign affairs, international intergovernmental and with Hong Kong and Macau, Taiwan sports cooperation and exchange;
Organizations and organizing major international sports competitions.
(F) to major scientific and technological research in sports research and Achievements.
(7) study and formulate policy on the sports industry, the development of the sports market; for physical activity practitioners operating conditions and approval process.
(8) is responsible for national sports associations eligibility.
(Ix) other matters assigned by the State Council.
Consists of the General Office of the State Sports General Administration, the Secretary of mass sports, Sports Secretary, Sports Secretary, Policy and Regulations Department, Personnel Division, the Foreign Liaison Department, Science and Education Division, publicity, Party Committee, the Discipline Inspection Group and Supervision Bureau, Retired bureau
Directly under the State Sports General Administration Unit:
Also: Social Sports Guidance Centre, the headquarters service center, financial management and audit center, Training Council, the National Olympic Sports Center, Qingdao sailing sports school, Zhanjiang Diving Sports School, Anyang Aviation Sports School, Qinhuangdao training base, Sports Science Institute of Sports Medical Research Institute, Chinese sports newspaper headquarters, Beijing Sport University, Centre for Development of Physical Culture, Sports Information Center, foreign sports exchange center, human resources development center, sports equipment and equipment centers, sports lottery management center, sports fund management center.
Current Secretary: Liu Peng
】 【Sports Museum
Full name of the China Sports Museum. Anding Road, Chaoyang District, located at. Opened in 1990. Construction area of 7200 square meters exhibition area of 2510 square meters. Showroom is divided into ancient Chinese sports hall, sports hall of Modern China, New China's sports achievements bring honor to the Office of the Office and the Olympic Movement. Total collection of ancient and modern sports heritage of more than 4,700 pieces of precious cultural relics pictures 5000 sports sites. Ancient Chinese sports hall, sub-Qin, Han Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty and Five Dynasties, Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan and Ming 4 parts, showing the trajectory of development of sports in ancient China; Chinese modern sports hall, the performance of the Opium War in 1949 this section During the course of development of Chinese sports; sporting achievements of New China Office, with pictures, models and physical manifestations of the party and the state of the sports care, mass sports, sports facilities construction, the brilliant achievements; Olympic Games glory Office, has demonstrated China Olympic Games and the Chinese people to develop the Olympic movement's history. Hall has also held various temporary exhibitions, such as the Eleventh Asian Games sports Philatelic Exhibition; carry forward the spirit of Beijing Asian Games exhibition; bid for the 2000 Olympics Exhibition; Centennial Exhibition of the Olympic Movement, the Chinese athletes at the Barcelona show; Chinese hope the Olympics opening show; Long and physical development; new China Sports Exhibition; brilliant five years - China Sports Achievements; Olympic exhibitions in the New Century. In which the Eleventh Asian Games sports Philatelic Exhibition, featured 30 countries and regions 207, Box 1374 stamp exhibition. International Olympic Committee officials have received more than 60, including the International Olympic Committee president Juan Antonio Samaranch visited twice and presented souvenirs. Editor of "five thousand years of Chinese Physical Culture", "Chinese traditional sports blog," "peak of the Chinese sports world," and other works. In May 1992 by the Beijing Municipal People's Government named "Beijing Youth Education Base"; in June 1997 by the National Sports Commission named the "National Sports Commission patriotism education base."
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