建築是人們用石材，木材等建築材料搭建的一種供人居住和使用的物體，如住宅，橋梁，體育館等等。廣義上來講，園林也是建築的一部分。有人說過：上帝一次性給出了木頭.石頭.泥土和茅草，其他的一切都是人的勞作...這就是建築。建築是凝固的音樂.建築是一部石頭史書。
園林史
是闡釋園林的淵源,演變,發展的規律及其特徵,論述物化為園林的外在形態,風格,體係,藴涵着人類對於生存環境,社會哲學思想,觀念,審美需求,政治影響,造園思想流派內在的認識,通過和運用歷史的社會結構,經濟組織,生産方式,科學技術積澱的造園實踐方法與經驗表現;論述人類生存有形環境,無形環境活動的現象分析的園林理論與實踐,是人類生存環境活動的足跡,追求與體現,折射着人類創造理想生存環境的巨大努力,是文明的載體.為現代園林景觀,環境建設提供歷史藉鑒,思想理論,分析方法,要素運用,傳承警示與發展"走嚮真實必由之路"的依據.
園林發展的四大歷史階段
世界園林歷史,經歷了原始文明,農業文明,工業文明和信息文明四大文明階段.
(一)原始文明階段
人類社會的原始文明大約持續了二百多萬年.人類樹巢而居,茹毛飲血,巢穴而居,採集漁獵.人類對大自然環境的被動適應狀態,在生存演化過程中,人類被動植物的形態,色澤等外觀特徵所吸引並有了心靈感應,賦有生命意義,有了動植物崇拜.原始文明後期,人類農業和聚居的部落,園圃種植,鳥獸養殖.部落附近及房前屋屆有了果園,菜圃,畜養鳥獸場所.逐漸滿足了人們祭祀溫飽需要,園林得到孕育,進入萌芽狀態.
其園林萌芽狀態的特點為:種植,養殖,觀賞不分;為全體部落成員共管共享;主觀為了祭祀崇拜和解决溫飽問題,而客觀有觀賞功能.
(二) 農業文明階段
距今大約1萬年前,在亞洲和非洲的一些大河衝積平原和三角洲地區,農業的長足發展,人類進入了以農耕為主的農業文明階段,果園,菜圃,獸場亦分化為供生産為主的果蔬園圃和供觀賞為主的花園,獵苑.伴隨農業生産力的進一步發展,産生了城鎮,國都和手工業,商業,使建築技術不斷提高,為大規模興造園林提供了必要條件
自然地域,文化體係演化形成世界園林體係.文化體係的主要影響因素有種族,宗教,風俗習慣,語言文字係統,歷史地理和文化交流等,尤其以自然地域,種族,宗教文化,語言文字係統影響最大.
世界園林體係劃分為歐洲園林體係,伊斯蘭園林體係和中國園林體係三大體係.
*歐洲園林體係
歐洲園林,又稱為西方園林.主要是以古埃及和古希臘園林為淵源以法國古典主義園林和英國自然風景式園林兩大流派,以人工美的規則式園林和自然美的自然式園林為造園風格,思想理論,藝術造詣精湛獨到.
歐洲園林覆蓋面廣,它以歐洲本土為中心,勢力範圍囊括歐洲,北美,南美,澳大利亞等四大洲,對南非,北非,西亞,東亞等地區的園林發展和當代亦産生了重要影響.
歐洲園林的兩大流派都有自己明顯的風格特徵.規則式園林:氣勢恢宏,視綫開闊,嚴謹對稱,構圖均衡,花壇,雕像,噴泉等裝飾豐富,體現莊重典雅,雍容華貴的氣勢.
自然風景式園林取消了園林與自然之間的界綫,將自然為主體引入到園林,排除人工痕跡,體現一種自然天成,返璞歸真的藝術.
*伊斯蘭園林體係
伊斯蘭園林,是以古巴比倫和古波斯園林為淵源,十字形庭園為典型佈局方式,封閉建築與特殊節水灌溉係統相結合,富有精美細密的建築圖案和裝飾色彩的阿拉伯園林.
伊斯蘭園林以幼發拉底,底格利斯兩河流域及美索不達米亞平原為中心,以阿拉伯世界為範圍,橫跨歐,亞,非三大洲,以印度,西班牙中世紀園林風格最為典型,對世界各國園林藝術風格的變遷有很大的影響力.
伊斯蘭園林通常面積較小,建築封閉,十字形的林陰路構成中軸綫,全園分割成四區.園林中心,十字形道路交匯點布設水池,象徵天堂.園中溝渠明暗交替,盤式涌泉滴水,又分出幾何形小庭園,每個庭園的樹木相同.彩色陶瓷馬賽剋圖案在庭園裝飾中廣泛應用.
*中國園林體係
中國園林尊崇與自然和諧為美的生態原則,屬於山水風景式園林範疇,以非規則式園林為基本特徵,園林建築與山水環境有機融合,自然和諧,渾然一體,涵藴人倫教化,詩情畫意的寫意山水園林.
中國大陸三面環山,一面瀕海的獨特的地理環境,長期的中央集權,禮儀制度和農業本位文化,文明遠遠高於世界諸國文化,以泱泱大國自居,小視四方,中國園林自誕生以後,在自己特殊的國情和歷史文化背景下自我發展.從其獨到的創世紀說到三代時期的囿,秦漢時期的苑,魏晉六朝的自然山水園林,唐宋時代的全景式寫意山水園林,最後達到明清時代濃縮自然山水,以小見大的高度象徵性寫意園林階段.從明朝中期始,私傢園林逐漸分化,先有江南園林脫穎而出,北方園林接踵其後,嶺南園林增其華麗.三大區域園林相互影響,相互兼容,使中國園林的類型和風格不斷拓展與深化,中國園林不像歐洲園林那樣,風格劇烈復合變異,而是不斷傳承發展,以東方獨有的文化及造園思想理論甚至影響西方.
中國園林特點主要有:
1).本於自然,高於自然自然風景以山,水為地貌基礎,山,水,植物乃是構成自然風景的基本要素,中國園林絶非一般地利用或者簡單地模仿這些構景要素的原始狀態,而是有意識地加以改造,調整,加工,剪裁,從而表現一個精練概括的自然,典型化的自然.惟其如此,本於自然而又高於自然並倫理化,道德化,園林要素與之結合意藴其中,尤為突出.
2).建築美與自然美有機融合——與自然和諧為美中國園林建立在尊重自然的基礎之上,"陰陽五行說"被譽為世界最早的生態學,建築能夠把地域自然與山,水,花木,鳥獸等造園要素有機地組織在一係列風景畫面之中.突出彼此諧調,互相補充的積極的一面,限製彼此對立,互相排斥的消極的一面.把後者轉化為前者,中軸對稱的規整式構圖於宮室寺觀建築,卻天工人巧,為中國園林建築的特殊形式.在園林總體上達到一種人工與自然高度和諧的 "天人合一"與"自然和諧為美"的哲理境界.
3)中國園林漾漾充溢着詩情畫意;擁有着獨具魅力的意境創造
中國園林影響了漢文化體係,也深深影響了日本.
佛教從我國傳入日本,特別是漢化的禪宗傳入日本後,與日本特色的神道教融合,形成了日本特色:追求精神上"淨,空,無"的禪文化,成為突破中國園林形式的切人點.日本早期"枯山水,除選用砂,石之外,還含有小塊地被植物或小型灌木,如修剪整齊的黃楊,杜鵑等.後期的"枯山水園"竭盡其簡潔,純淨,無樹無花,衹有幾尊自然天成的石塊,滿園耙出紋理的細砂,凝聚成一方禪宗淨土."茶室庭園"則顯示出極精緻,極正式的氛圍,中國的茶文化在日本發展為"茶道",庭園布設精美的石製藝術品,主人石,客人石,刀挂石,石燈籠,石水鉢等,逼真磊落,不帶一點世俗塵埃,表達了日本人對"純淨,空寂,無極"境界的追求.
縱觀日本園林的歷史演進,日本園林受中國園林影響至遠至深,儘管在某些方面有獨特的造詣,甚至反過來影響中國園林,但它最終並沒有脫離中國園林體係.
(三) 工業文明階段
(四) 信息文明階段
促進了公共園林,公共緑地,城市與生態景觀的藝術發展,促進了人類任何"工程"與自然生存環境景觀活動的藝術思考.
文化多元化,全球一體化的當代,人類環境建設與賴以生存的自然生態環境理論思考,保護自然環境,維護生態平衡為核心的可持續發展理論深入人心.
園林史的現實意義
一部人類園林史,記載人類對自我生存環境的內生自省的認知足跡.古老中國以其與自然和諧為美的生態法則的博大和詩情畫意,昂首世界前列.西方內省歷史的自我批判,也走到了世界的前沿.
以銅為鑒,可以正衣冠;以人為鑒,可以明得失;以史為鑒,可以知興亡.從園林到現代景觀,環境設計,同其它文化一樣,是在傳承,吸收,藉鑒,融合的歷史氛圍裏走到了今天.藉鑒中外園林歷史發展的基本經驗與教訓,繼承弘揚人類的優秀園林文化,為我國環境園林活動提供科學的理論和實踐依據,是亟待解决的迫在眉睫的重大課題,具有重要理論價值與實踐意義..
離開自然和人文的生態環境,就沒有人類存在和發展的基本前提,就沒有民族共同體的興亡和延續!當我們享受着現代文明,回首之時卻發現沒有了歷史,農業社會不會規劃,歷經工業社會警醒之後的文明社會卻理應規劃.環境建設理應是其自身的褒奬!"如果城市所實現的生活不是它自身的一種褒奬,那麽為城市形成而付出的全部犧牲就將毫無代價.無論擴大的權力還是物質財富,都不能抵償哪怕是一天喪失了的美,歡樂和親情的享受"(《城市發展史》劉易斯·芒福德).一個民族對自己的文化要有嚴格的自尊,愈嚴格愈自尊,自尊才能自立,自立才能自強!"參天之樹必有老根,懷山之水必有共源".其文化情懷和文化自尊,形成民族團隊血緣的,地緣的"家乡","傢園".文化無需再爭取什麽優勢文化,自身文化就是精神王牌!
園林在泛藝術的當今信息時代,已從屬於環境設計,無論高等教育,高等職業的園林環境教育,專業思想意識的哺育都應是第一位的,他們的未來肩負着有形,無形環境保護,建設並留給後人的神聖不可推卸的責任,技能已退居其次.尊重學科特質,政治素質不能取代專業素質,技能標準不能教條地度量專業標準,否則"建設"可能就是破壞!歷史是一面鏡子.環境設計應根據自然生態,地域環境,歷史文化,意義屬性;綜合歷史意見,時代意見,才能得出相對正確的環境建設理論並指導實踐;才能夠因地製宜,因時製宜,因園製宜.現代是過去和未來的合金.園林,環境史論理論應是專業環境建設者具備的最基本素質.歷史是不能重複的,未來是可以選擇的!
Building is that people use stone, wood and other building materials a structure for human habitation and use of objects such as homes, bridges, stadiums and so on. Broadly speaking, the garden is part of the building. Someone once said: God gives the wood off. Stone. Soil and grass, are people of all other labor ... This is the building. Is the solidification of the music building. Architecture is a rock history book.
Garden History
Four historical stages of landscape development
World garden history, through the primitive civilization, agriculture and civilization, industrial civilization and the information civilization four stages of civilization.
(A) of the original Civilization stage
Primitive and civilized human society lasted about more than 200 years. The human tree, nest door, Rumaoyinxue, nest door, collecting fishing and hunting. Human nature to adapt to the passive state of the environment, the living process of evolution, one species of human being , color and other characteristics of the attractive appearance and has telepathy, endowed with the meaning of life, with Worship. primitive civilization, the late, human agriculture and _set_tlement of the tribe, garden planting, breeding birds. tribe in the vicinity before the House session with the Housing orchard, vegetable garden, the keeper of birds place. gradually to meet the needs of people sacrifice food and clothing, garden be bred into the bud.
The gardens bud features are: planting, cultivation, recreation, regardless; for all tribal members to share condominium; subjective to worship and sacrifice to solve the problem of food and clothing, and objective functions are viewing.
(B) agricultural civilization stage
Ago about 1 million years ago, in Asia and Africa, some of the alluvial plains and river delta areas, the rapid development of agriculture, mankind entered a mainly agricultural civilization in farming, orchards, vegetable garden, animal production field Yi differentiation is for based fruit and vegetable gardens, and mainly for ornamental gardens, hunting Court. With the further development of agricultural productivity, resulting in the towns, capital and handicrafts, commerce, construction techniques to continuously improve, to build large-scale garden Hing is a necessary condition
Natural geographical, cultural system evolution form a system of the world garden. Culture system are the main factors of race, religion, customs, language systems, historical geography and cultural exchange, particularly in the natural geographic, ethnic, religious culture, languages, and systems affected maximum.
Garden systems into the world system of the European landscape, the Islamic garden system and system of the three major systems of Chinese gardens.
* European garden system
European gardens, also known as the Western landscape. Mainly based on ancient Egypt and ancient Greece to the French garden as the source of classical gardens and English Landscape Garden two schools to the rules of artificial beauty garden and natural beauty of the natural garden is garden style, ideology and theory, superb unique artistic attainments.
European garden coverage, it is native to Europe as the center of sphere of influence encompasses Europe, North America, South America, Australia, four continents, South Africa, North Africa, West Asia, East Asia and other parts of the development and contemporary garden has a major impact.
Two major schools of European garden style has its own distinct characteristics. Rule garden: magnificent, eyes open, strict symmetry, balanced composition, flower beds, statues, fountains and other decorative rich, elegant and solemn expression, elegant momentum.
Landscape Gardens eliminated the boundary between garden and nature, will be introduced into the natural landscape as the main body, ruled out of the canvas reflects the natural scenery, back to nature art.
* Islamic garden system
Islamic gardens are gardens of Babylon and Persia as the origin of the typical cross garden layout, closed building and special water-saving irrigation systems combined with the rich elegant architectural design and decoration of delicate colors of the Arab landscape.
Islamic gardens, the Euphrates, Mesopotamia and the end of glis Mesopotamian plain as the center, as the scope of the Arab world, across Europe, Asia, and Africa, to India, Spain, the most typical style of the medieval garden, on the Art world garden style changes have great influence.
Islamic gardens are usually smaller, building closed, trees planted by way constitute a cross axis, the whole garden is divided into four districts. Garden center, cross the road intersection layout pool, a symbol of heaven. Park in the alternating light and dark gullies, disc Chung Dripping Springs also separate the geometric shape of small gardens, each garden the same tree. colored decorative ceramic mosaic pattern is widely used in the garden.
* China Garden System
China Garden Lin Zunchong harmony with nature's ecological principles for the United States, are landscapes garden areas to non-rule-style garden, as the basic features, landscape architecture and landscape organically integrate the environment, natural and harmonious, seamless, implies one London-based, enjoyable poetic Landscape gardening.
Chinese garden features are:
1). This was natural, higher than the natural scenery with mountains, water based landscapes, mountains, water, plants but the basic elements constitute the natural landscape, not the general use of Chinese gardens, or simply mimic elements of these institutions view original state, but consciously to transform, adjust, process, crop, and thus the performance of a concise summary of the nature, typifying the nature. Only in this way, this was natural, and higher than the natural and ethical, moral-based, landscape elements and The combined implication of which is particularly prominent.
2). Architectural beauty and natural beauty of organic integration - in harmony with nature as the United States and China garden built on the basis of respect for nature, "Yin said," hailed as the world's first ecological building to the geographical nature and mountains, water, flowers, birds and other elements of organic gardening organizations in a series of landscape images into. prominence harmonize with each other and mutually reinforcing the positive side, restrictions against each other, mutually exclusive of the negative side. the latter into the former, axial symmetry of the regular-type composition in the palace temple building, but day workers Qiao, China's special form of landscape architecture. in the garden generally achieve a high degree of harmony of man and nature, "Heaven" and "natural harmony for the U.S. "The philosophical realm.
3) Yang Yang Chinese garden filled with poetic; has a unique charm to create the moods
China Garden Chinese cultural system, affecting a profound impact on Japan.
Throughout the history of the evolution of the Japanese garden, Japanese garden to the far by the profound influence of Chinese gardens, although in some respects unique skills, even in turn affect the Chinese garden, but it did not ultimately from the Chinese garden system.
(C) stage of industrial civilization
(D) Information Civilization stage
Promote the public garden, public green space, urban development and ecological landscape of the arts, and promote the human any "project" and the activities of the natural living environment of the landscape art of thinking.
Cultural diversity of contemporary globalization, human environment and the survival of theoretical consideration of natural ecological environment, protect the natural environment and maintaining ecological balance as the core of sustainable development theory enjoys popular support.
Practical significance of landscape history
A human landscape history, records the living environment of human self-recognition of endogenous self-reflection footprint. Ancient China for its beauty and natural harmony laws of the broad ecological and poetic triumph in the world. The history of Western self-critical introspection, has reached the forefront of the world.
With copper as a mirror, you can now dressed; to person, we can see advantages and disadvantages; learn from history, one can know the rise and fall. From the garden to the modern landscape, environmental design, with other cultures, is in the transmission, absorption, learn the history of fusion atmosphere come today. learn the historical development of the basic foreign landscape experience and lessons, promote succession of outstanding landscape of human culture, for our environment parks activities Kexue the theory and practice of Yi Ju, yes urgent urgent solution of 重大 issue has important theoretical Jiazhi and practical significance ..
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