音乐基本要素：音乐的基本要素是指构成音乐的各种元素，包括音的高低，音的长短，音的强弱和音色。由这些基本要素相互结合，形成音乐的常用的“形式要素”，例如：节奏，曲调，和声，以及力度，速度，调式，曲式，织体等。构成音乐家的形式要素，就是音乐的表现手段。音乐的最基本要素是节奏和旋律。
1、节奏：音乐的节奏是指音乐运动中音的长短和强弱。音乐的节奏常被比喻为音乐的骨架。节拍是音乐中的重拍和弱拍周期性地、有规律地重复进行。我国传统音乐称节拍为“板眼”，“板”相当于强拍；“眼”相当于次强拍（中眼）或弱拍。
2、曲调：曲调也称旋律。高低起伏的乐音按一定的节奏有秩序地横向组织起来，就形成曲调。曲调是完整的音乐形式中最重要的表现手段之一。曲调的进行方向是变幻无穷的，基本的进行方向有三种：“水平进行”、“上行”和“下行”。相同音的进行方向称水平进行；由低音向高音方向进行称上行；由高音向低音方向进行称下行。曲调的常见进行方式有：“同音反复”、“级进”和“跳进”。依音阶的相邻音进行称
为级进，三度的跳进称小跳，四度和四度以上的跳进称大跳。
3、和声：和声包括“和弦”及“和声进行”。和弦通常是由三个或三个以上的乐音按一定的法则纵向（同时）重叠而形成的音响组合。和弦的横向组织就是和声进行。和声有明显的浓、淡、厚、薄的色彩作用；还有构成分句、分乐段和终止乐曲的作用。
4、力度：音乐中音的强弱程度。
5、速度：音乐进行的快慢。
6、调式：音乐中使用的音按一定的关系连接起来，这些音以一个音为中心（主音）构成一个体系，就叫调式。如大调式、小调式、我国的五声调式等。调式中的各音，从主音开始自低到高排列起来即构成音阶。
7、曲式：音乐的横向组织结构。
8、织体：多声音乐作品中各声部的组合形态（包括纵向结合和横向结合关系）。
9、旋律：声音经过艺术构思而形成的有组织、有节奏的和谐运动。旋律是乐曲的基础，乐曲的思想感情都是通过它表现出来的。
【音乐理论】
音乐学
音乐他律论
音乐自律论
乐理
音乐美学
音乐史学
曲式与作品分析
音乐的功效
【音乐功能】
音乐是一种符号，声音符号，表达人的所思所想。是人们思想的载体之一。音乐是有目的的，是有内涵的，其中隐含了作者的生活体验，思想情怀。音乐从声波上分析它介于噪声和频率不变的纯音之间，从效果上讲它可以带给人美的享受和表达人的情感。
音乐是社会行为的一种形式，通过音乐人们可以互相交流情感和生活体验。这在歌曲中这种作用表现得最为突出。
【音乐起源】
人类社会从什么时候开始有了音乐，已无法查考。在人类还没有产生语言时，就已经知道利用声音的高低、强弱等来表达自己的意思和感情。随着人类劳动的发展，逐渐产生了统一劳动节奏的号子和相互间传递信息的呼喊，这便是最原始的音乐雏形；当人们庆贺收获和分享劳动成果时，往往敲打石器、木器以表达喜悦、欢乐之情，这便是原始乐器的雏形。
一、弦乐器的起源传说
墨丘利（Mercury）是希腊神话中诸神的使神。据说他在尼罗河畔散步时，脚触一物发出美妙的声音，他拾起一看，发现原是一个空龟壳内侧附有一条干枯的筋所发出的声响。墨丘利从此得到启发，而发明了弦乐器。虽说后人考证在墨丘利以前就已经有了弦乐器，但也可能是由此得到了启发。
二、管乐器的起源传说
中国古代历史记述了距今五千年前的黄帝时代，有一位名叫做伶伦的音乐家，他进入西方昆化山内采竹为笛。当时恰有五只凤凰在空中飞鸣，他便合其音而定律。虽然这一故事也不能完全相信，但是，可将其看做是有关管乐器起源的带有神秘色彩的传说。
三、中国古代音乐
中国最初的帝王———黄帝，是五千年前创造了历法和文字的名君。当时，除了前述的伶伦之外，还有一位名叫“伏羲”的音乐家。据说伏羲是人首蛇身，曾在母胎中孕育了十二年。他弹奏了张有五十弦的琴，由于音调过于悲伤，黄帝将其琴断去一半，改为二十五弦。
此外，在黄帝时代的传说中，还有一位名为神农的音乐家，他教人耕作，并发现了医药，据说是牛首人身。他创造了五弦琴，如果设想当时的音乐是使用五声音阶，那么这是理所当然的。
【中国音乐】
正式的中国音乐历史文字记载，始于周朝。
中国音乐从很早已经掌握七声音阶，但一直偏好比较和谐的五声音阶，重点在五声中发展音乐，同时将中心放在追求旋律、节奏变化，轻视和声的作用。中国音乐的发展方向和西方音乐不同，西方音乐从古希腊的五声音阶，逐渐发展到七声音阶，直到十二平均律；从单声部发展到运用和声。所以西方音乐如果说像一堵厚重的墙壁，上面轮廓如同旋律，砖石如同墙体，即使轮廓平直只要有和声也是墙，正像亨德尔的某些作品。中国音乐则不同，好像用线条画出的中国画，如果没有轮廓（旋律）则不成其为音乐，但和声是可有可无的。所以西方人听中国音乐“如同飘在空中的线”，而从未接触西方音乐的中国人则觉得西方音乐如同“混杂的噪声”。
【史前古乐】
中华民族音乐的蒙昧时期早于华夏族的始祖神轩辕黄帝两千余年。据今六千七百年至七千余年的新石器时代，先民们可能已经可以烧制陶埙，挖制骨哨。这些原始的乐器 无可置疑地告诉人们，当时的人类已经具备对乐音的审美能力。远古的音乐文化根据古代文献记载具有歌、舞、乐互相结合的特点。葛天氏氏族中的所谓“三人操牛尾，投足以歌八阕”的乐舞就是最好的说明。当时，人们所歌咏的内容，诸如“敬天常”、“奋五谷”、“总禽兽之极”反映了先民们对农业、畜牧业以及天地自然规律的认识。这些歌、舞、乐互为一体的原始乐舞还与原始氏族的图腾崇拜想联系。例如黄帝氏族曾以云为图腾，他的乐舞就叫做《云门》。关于原始的歌曲形式，可见《吕氏春秋》所记涂山氏之女所作的"候人歌"。这首歌的歌词仅只"候人兮猗"一句，而只有"候人"二字有实意。这便是音乐的萌芽，是一种孕而未化的语言。河南舞阳县贾湖遗址的骨笛溯源于公元前6000年左右，是全世界最古老的吹奏乐器。其中的一支七孔骨笛保存得非常完整，专家们进行过实验，发现仍然能使用该骨笛演奏音乐，能发出七声音阶。但中国古代基本上只使用五声音阶。
【古代音乐】
中国古代“诗歌”是不分的，即文学和音乐是紧密相联系的。现存最早的汉语诗歌总集《诗经》中的诗篇当时都是配有曲调，为人民大众口头传唱的。这个传统一直延续下去，比如汉代的官方诗歌集成，就叫《汉乐府》，唐诗、宋词当时也都能歌唱。甚至到了今天，也有流行音乐家为古诗谱曲演唱，如苏轼描写中秋佳节的《水调歌头》还有李白的《静夜思》。
中国古代对音乐家比较轻视，不像对待画家，因为中国画和书法联系紧密，画家属于文人士大夫阶层，在宋朝时甚至可以“以画考官”（其实也是因为宋徽宗个人对绘画的极度爱好）。乐手地位较低，只是供贵族娱乐的“伶人”。唐朝时著名歌手李龟年也没有什么政治地位，现在的人知道他也是因为他常出现在唐诗中，受人赞扬。
中国古代的“士大夫”阶层认为，一个有修养的人应该精通“琴棋书画”，所谓的“琴”就是流传至今的古琴。不过古琴只限于士大夫独自欣赏，不能对公众演出。古琴音量较小，也是唯一地位较高的乐器。
总结：中国古代的音乐理论发展较慢，在“正史”中地位不高，没有能留下更多的书面资料。但音乐和文学一样，是古代知识分子阶层的必修课，在古代中国人的日常生活中无疑有着重要地位；民间则更是充满了多彩的旋律。
夏、商时期音乐
夏商两代是奴隶制社会时期。从古典文献记载来看，这时的乐舞已经渐渐脱离原始氏族乐舞为氏族共有的特点，它们更多地为奴隶主所占有。从内容上看，它们渐渐离开了原始的图腾崇拜，转而为对征服自然的人的颂歌。例如夏禹治水，造福人民，于是便出现了歌颂夏禹的乐舞《大夏》。夏桀无道，商汤伐之，于是便有了歌颂商汤伐桀的乐舞《大蠖》。商代巫风盛行，于是出现了专司祭祀的巫（女巫）和觋（男巫）。他们为奴隶主所豢养，在行祭时舞蹈、歌唱，是最早以音乐为职业的人。奴隶主以乐舞来祭祀天帝、祖先，同时又以乐舞来放纵自身的享受。他们死后还要以乐人殉葬，这种残酷的殉杀制度一方面暴露了奴隶主的残酷统治，而在客观上也反映出生产力较原始时代的进步，从而使音乐文化具备了迅速发展的条件。据史料记载，在夏代已经有用鳄鱼皮蒙制的鼍鼓。商代已经发现有木腔蟒皮鼓和双鸟饕餮纹铜鼓，以及制作精良的脱胎于石桦犁的石磐。青铜时代影响所及，商代还出现了编钟、编铙乐器，它们大多为三枚一组。各类打击乐器的出现体现了乐器史上击乐器发展在前的特点。始于公元前五千余年的体鸣乐器陶埙从当时的单音孔、二音孔发展到五音孔，它已可以发出十二个半音的音列。根据陶埙发音推断，中国民族音乐思维的基础五声音阶出现在新石器时代的晚期，而七声至少在商、殷时已经出现。
西周、东周时期音乐
西周和东周是奴隶制社会由盛到衰，封建制社会因素日趋增长的历史时期。西周时期宫廷首先建立了完备的礼乐制度。在宴享娱乐中不同地位的官员规定有不同的地位、舞队的编制。总结前历代史诗性质的典章乐舞，可以看到所谓"六代乐舞"，即黄帝时的《云门》，尧时的《咸池》，舜时的《韶》，禹时的《大夏》，商时的《大蠖》，周时的《大武》。周代还有采风制度，，收集民歌，以观风俗、察民情。赖于此，保留下大量的民歌，经春秋时孔子的删定，形成了中国第一部诗歌总集－－《诗经》。它收有自西周初到春秋中叶五百多年的入乐诗歌一共三百零五篇。《诗经》中最优秀的部分是"风"。它们是流传于以河南省为中心，包括附近数省的十五国民歌。此外还有文人创作的"大雅"、"小雅"，以及史诗性的祭祀歌曲"颂"这几种体裁。就其流传下来的的文字分析，《诗经》中的歌曲以可概括为十种曲式结构。作为歌曲尾部的高潮部分，已有专门的名称"乱"。在《诗经》成书前后，著名的爱国诗人屈原根据楚地的祭祀歌曲编成《九歌》，具有浓重的楚文化特征。至此，两种不同不同音乐风格的作品南北交相辉映成趣。
周代时期民间音乐生活涉及社会生活的十几个侧面，十分活跃。世传伯牙弹琴，钟子期知音的故事即始于此时。这反映出演奏技术、作曲技术以及人们欣赏水平的提高。古琴演奏中，琴人还总结出"得之于心，方能应之于器"的演奏心理感受。著名的歌唱乐人秦青的歌唱据记载能够"声振林木，响遏飞云"。更有民间歌女韩娥，歌后"余音饶梁，三日不绝"。这些都是声乐技术上的高度成就。
周代音乐文化高度发达的成就还可以一九七八年湖北随县出土的战国曾侯乙墓葬中的古乐器为重要标志。这座可以和埃及金字塔媲美的地下音乐宝库提供了当时宫廷礼乐制度的模式，这里出土的八种一百二十四件乐器，按照周代的"八音"乐器分类法（金、石、丝、竹、匏、土、革、木）几乎各类乐器应有尽有。其中最为重要的六十四件编钟乐器，分上、中、下三层编列，总重量达五千余公斤，总音域可达五个八度。由于这套编钟具有商周编钟一钟发两音的特性，其中部音区十二个半音齐备，可以旋宫转调，从而证实了先秦文献关于旋宫记载的可靠。曾侯乙墓钟、磐乐器上还有铭文，内容为各诸侯国之间的乐律理论，反映着周代乐律学的高度成就。在周代，十二律的理论已经确立。五声阶名（宫、商、角、徵[zhi三声]、羽）也已经确立。这时，人们已经知道五声或七声音阶中以宫音为主，宫音位置改变就叫旋宫，这样就可以达到转调的效果。律学上突出的成就见于《管子－地员篇》所记载的" 三分损益法"。就是以宫音的弦长为基础，增加三分之一（益一），得到宫音下方的纯四度征音；征音的弦长减去三分之一（损一），得到征音上方的纯五度商音；以次继续推算就得到五声音阶各音的弦长。按照此法算全八度内十二个半音（十二律）的弦长，就构成了"三分损益律制"。这种律制由于是以自然的五度音程相生而成，每一次相生而成的音均较十二平均律的五度微高，这样相生十二次得不到始发律的高八度音，造成所谓"黄钟不能还原"，给旋宫转调造成不便。但这种充分体现单音音乐旋律美感的律制一直延续至今。
秦、汉时期音乐
秦汉时开始出现"乐府"。它继承了周代对采风制度，搜集、整理改变民间音乐，业绩终了大量乐工在宴享、郊祀、朝贺等场合演奏。这些用作演唱的歌词，被称为乐府诗。乐府，后来又被引申为泛指各种入乐或不入乐的歌词，甚至一些戏曲和气越也都称之为乐府。
汉代主要的歌曲形式是相和歌。它从最初的"一人唱，三人和"的清唱，渐次发展为有丝、竹乐器伴奏的"相和大曲"，并且具"艳--趋--乱"的曲体结构，它对隋唐时的歌舞大曲由着重要影响。汉代在西北边疆兴起了鼓吹乐。它以不同编制的吹管乐器和打击乐器构成多种鼓吹形式，如横吹、骑吹、黄门鼓吹等等。它们或在马上演奏，或在行进中演奏，用于军乐礼仪、宫廷宴饮以及民间娱乐。今日尚存的民间吹打乐，当有汉代鼓吹的遗绪。在汉代还有"百戏"出现，它是将歌舞、杂技、角抵（相扑）合在一起表演的节目。汉代律学上的成就是京房以三分损益的方法将八度音程华划为六十律。这种理论在音乐实践上虽无意义，但体现了律学思维的精微性。从理论上达到了五十三平均律的效果。
三国、两晋、南北朝时期音乐
由相和歌发展起来的清商乐在北方得到曹魏政权的重视，设置清商署。两晋之交的战乱，使清商乐流入南方，与南方的吴歌、西曲融合。在北魏时，这种南北融合的清商乐又回到北方，从而成为流传全国的重要乐种。汉代以来，随着丝绸之路的畅通，西域诸国的歌曲以开始传入内地。北凉时吕光将在隋唐燕乐中占有重要位置的龟兹（今新疆库车）乐带到内地。由此可见当时各族人民在音乐上的交流已经十分普及了。
这时，传统音乐文化的代表性乐器古琴趋于成熟，这主要表现为：在汉代已经出现了题解琴曲标题的古琴专著《琴操》。三国时著名的琴家嵇康在其所著《琴操》一书中有"徽以中山之玉"的记载。这说明当时的人们已经知道古琴上徽位泛音的产生。当时，出现了一大批文人琴家相继出现，如嵇康、阮籍等，《广陵散》（《聂政刺秦王》）、《猗兰操》、《酒狂》等一批著名曲目问世。
南北朝末年还盛行一种有故事情节，有角色和化妆表演，载歌载舞，同时兼有伴唱和管弦伴奏的歌舞戏。这已经是一种小型的雏形戏曲。
这一时期律学上的重要成就，包括晋代荀瑁找到管乐器的"管口校正数"。南朝宋何承天在三分损益法上，以等差迭加的办法，创立了十分接近十二平均律的新律。他的努力初步解决了三分损益律黄钟不能还原的难题。
隋、唐时期音乐
隋唐两代，政权统一,特别是唐代，政治稳定，经济兴旺，统治者奉行开放政策，勇于吸收外城文化，加上魏晋以来已经孕育着的各族音乐文化融合打基础，终于萌发了以歌舞音乐为主要标志的音乐艺术的全面发展的高峰。
唐代宫廷宴享的音乐，称作"燕乐"。隋、唐时期的七步乐、九部乐就属于燕乐。它们分别是各族以及部分外国的民间音乐，主要有清商乐（汉族）、西凉（今甘肃）乐、高昌（今吐鲁番）乐、龟兹（今库车）乐、康国（今俄国萨马尔汉）乐、安国（今俄国布哈拉）乐、天竺（今印度）乐、高丽（今朝鲜）乐等。其中龟兹乐、西凉乐更为重要。燕乐还分为坐部伎和立部伎演奏，根据白居易的《立部伎》诗，坐部伎的演奏员水平高于立部伎。
风靡一时的唐代歌舞大曲是燕乐中独树一帜的奇葩。它继承了相和大曲的传统，融会了九部乐中各族音乐的精华，形成了散序－－中序或拍序－－破或舞遍的结构形式。见于《教坊录》著录的唐大曲曲名共有46个，其中《霓裳羽衣舞》以其为著名的皇帝音乐家唐玄宗所作，又兼有清雅的法曲风格，为世所称道。著名诗人白居易写有描绘该大曲演出过程的生动诗篇《霓裳羽衣舞歌》。
唐代音乐文化的繁荣还表现为有一系列音乐教育的机构，如教坊、梨园、大乐署、鼓吹署以及专门教习幼童的梨园别教园。这些机构以严密的考绩，造就着一批批才华出众的音乐家。文学史上堪称一绝的唐诗在当时是可以入乐歌唱的。当时歌伎曾以能歌名家诗为快；诗人也以自己的诗作入乐后流传之广来衡量自己的写作水平。在唐代的乐队中，琵琶是主要乐器之一。它已经与今日的琵琶形制相差无几。现在福建南曲和日本的琵琶，在形制上和演奏方法上还保留着唐琵琶的某些特点。
受到龟兹音乐理论的影响，唐代出现了八十四调，燕乐二十八调的乐学理论。唐代曹柔还创立了减字谱的古琴记谱法，一直沿用至近代。
宋、金、元时期音乐
宋、金、元时期音乐文化的发展以市民音乐的勃兴为重要标志，较隋唐音乐得到更为深入的发展。随着都市商品经济的繁荣，适应市民阶层文化生活的游艺场"瓦舍"、"勾栏"应运而生。在"瓦舍"、"勾栏"中人们可以听到叫声、嘌唱、小唱、唱赚等艺术歌曲的演唱；也可以看到说唱类音乐种类崖词、陶真、鼓子词、诸宫调，以及杂剧、院本的表演；可谓争奇斗艳、百花齐放。这当中唱赚中的缠令、缠达两种曲式结构对后世戏曲以及器乐的曲式结构有着一定的影响。而鼓子词则影响到后世的说唱音乐鼓词。诸宫调是这一时期成熟起来的大型说唱曲种。其中歌唱占了较重的分量。
承隋唐曲子词发展的遗绪，宋代词调音乐获得了空前的发展。这种长短句的歌唱文学体裁可以分为引、慢、近、拍、令等等词牌形式。在填词的手法上已经有了"摊破"、"减字"、"偷声"等。南宋姜夔是既会作词，有能依词度曲的著名词家、音乐家。他有十七首自度曲和一首减字谱的琴歌《古怨》传世。这些作品多表达了作者关怀祖国人民的心情，描绘出清幽悲凉的意境，如《扬州慢》、《鬲溪梅令》、《杏花天影》等等。宋代的古琴音乐以郭楚望的代表作《潇湘水云》开古琴流派之先河。作品表现了作者爱恋祖国山河的盎然意趣。在弓弦乐器的发展长河中，宋代出现了"马尾胡琴"的记载。
到了元代，民族乐器三弦的出现值得注意。在乐学理论上宋代出现了燕乐音阶的记载。同时，早期的工尺谱谱式也在张炎《词源》和沈括的《梦溪笔谈》中出现。近代通行的一种工尺谱直接导源于此时。宋代还是中国戏曲趋于成熟的时代。它的标志是南宋时南戏的出现。南戏又称温州杂剧、永嘉杂剧，其音乐丰富而自然。最初时一些民间小调，演唱时可以不受宫调的限制。后来发展为曲牌体戏曲音乐时，还出现了组织不同曲牌的若干乐句构成一种新曲牌的"集曲"形式。南戏在演唱形式上已有独唱、对唱、合唱等多种。传世的三种南戏剧本《张协状元》等见于《永乐大曲》。戏曲艺术在元代出现了以元杂剧为代表的高峰。元杂剧的兴盛最初在北方，渐次向南方发展，与南方戏曲发生交融。代表性的元杂剧作家有关汉卿、马致远、郑光祖、白朴，另外还有王实甫、乔吉甫，世称六大家。典型作品如关汉卿的《窦娥冤》，《单刀会》，王实甫的《西厢记》。元杂剧有严格的结构，即每部作品由四折（幕）一楔子（序幕或者过场）构成。一折内限用同一宫调，一韵到底，常由一个角色（末或旦）主唱，这些规则，有时也有突破，如王实甫的《西厢记》达五本二十折。元杂剧对南方戏曲的影响，造成南戏（元明之际叫做传奇）的进一步成熟。出现了一系列典型剧作，如《拜月庭》、《琵琶记》等等。这些剧本经历代流传，至今仍在上演。当时南北曲的风格已经初步确立，以七声音阶为主的北曲沉雄；以五声音阶为主的南曲柔婉。随着元代戏曲艺术的发展，出现了最早的总结戏曲演唱理论的专著，即燕南之庵的《唱论》，而周德清的《中原音韵》则是北曲最早的韵书，他把北方语言分为十九个韵部，并且把字调分为阴平、阳平、上声、去声四种。这对后世音韵学的研究以及戏曲说唱音乐的发展均有很大的影响。
明、清时期音乐
由于明清社会已经具有资本主义经济因素的萌芽，市民阶层日益壮大，音乐文化的发展更具有世俗化的特点明代的民间小曲内容丰富，虽然良莠不齐，但其影响之广，已经达到"不问男女"，"人人习之"的程度。由此，私人收集编辑，刊刻小曲成风，而且从民歌小曲到唱本，戏文，琴曲均有私人刊本问世。如冯梦龙编辑的《山歌》，朱权编辑的最早的琴曲《神奇秘谱》等。
明清时期说唱音乐异彩纷呈。其中南方的弹词，北方的鼓词，以及牌子曲，琴书，道情类的说唱曲种更为重要。南方秀丽的弹词以苏州弹词影响最大。在清代，苏州出现了以陈遇干为代表的苍凉雄劲的陈调；以马如飞为代表的爽直酣畅的马调；以俞秀山为代表的秀丽柔婉的俞调这三个重要流派。以后又繁衍出许多新的流派。北方的鼓词以山东大鼓，冀中的木板大鼓、西河大鼓、京韵大鼓较为重要。而牌子曲类的说唱有单弦，河南大调曲子等；琴书类说唱有山东琴书，四川扬琴等；道情类说唱有浙江道情，陕西道情，湖北渔鼓等，少数民族也出现了一些说唱曲如蒙古说书、白族的大本曲。明清时期歌舞音乐在各族人民中有较大的发展，如汉族的各种秧歌，维吾尔族灯木卡姆，藏族的囊玛，壮族的铜鼓舞，傣族的孔雀舞，彝族的跳月，苗族的芦笙舞等等。以声腔的流布为特点，明清戏曲音乐出现了新的发展高峰。明初四大声腔有海盐、余姚、弋阳、昆山诸腔，其中的昆山腔经由江苏太仓魏良甫等人的改革，以曲调细腻流畅，发音讲究字头、字腹、字尾而赢得人们的喜爱。昆山腔又经过南北曲的汇流，形成了一时为戏曲之冠的昆剧。最早的昆剧剧目是明梁辰鱼的《浣纱记》，其余重要的剧目如明汤显祖的《牡丹亭》、清洪升的《长生殿》等。弋阳腔以其灵活多变的特点对各地的方言小戏发生重要影响，使得各地小戏日益增多，如各种高腔戏。明末清初，北方以陕西西秦腔为代表的梆子腔得到很快的发展，它影响到山西的蒲州梆子、陕西的同州梆子、河北梆子、河南梆子。这种高亢、豪爽的梆子腔在北方各省经久不衰。晚清，由西皮和二黄两种基本曲调构成的皮黄腔，在北京初步形成，由此，产生了影响遍及全国的京剧。
明清时期，器乐的发展表现为民间出现了多种器乐合奏的形式。如北京的智化寺管乐，河北吹歌，江南丝竹，十番锣鼓等等。明代的《平沙落雁》、清代的《流水》等琴曲以及一批丰富的琴歌《阳关三叠》、《胡茄十八拍》等广为流传。琵琶乐曲自元末明初有《海青拿天鹅》以及《十面埋伏》等名曲问世，至清代还出现了华秋萍编辑的最早的《琵琶谱》。明代末叶，著名的乐律学家朱载育计算出十二平均律的相邻两个律（半音）间的长度比值，精确到二十五位数字，这一律学上的成就在世界上是首创。
【音乐乐理】
音乐的发展是没有限制与范围的，但是音乐是有时间性的，所以若只靠口耳相传，难免会有一些差错，久而久之，便无法保持原来乐曲的原味。因此，前人便发明了各种音乐符号，利用这些符号组成了乐谱，后人就可以利用这些谱，演奏出与作者意思相同的音乐，而记录在乐谱上的各种符号及规则，就称为乐理。
中国古代音乐属于五声音阶体系，五声音阶上的五个级被称为“五声”，即宫（do）、商（re）、角（mi）、徵（sol）、羽（la）。比较著名的中国古代音乐有《广陵散》、《高山流水》、《梅花三弄》等。
【民族乐器】
《周礼·春官》中把乐器分为金、石、土、革、丝、木、匏、竹八类，称“八音”，也是最早的乐器分类法之一。
金音包括编钟、特钟、铙
石音包括编磬、特磬
土音包括埙
革音包括鼓
丝音包括古琴、古瑟
木音包括柷、敔
匏音包括笙、竽
竹音包括箫、笛、管、篪
编钟、磬这两种乐器所发出的音响清脆明亮，被称为“金石之声”，是官方认可的“最高雅的声音”。现在所说的丝竹就是丝音和竹音的简称。
古代乐器主要有埙、缶、筑、排箫、箜篌、筝、古琴、瑟等，乐曲一般缓慢悠扬，主要是为了适合宫廷生活或宗教的需要。
到汉朝和唐朝以后，中国通过西域和国外的交流频繁，西方主要是伊斯兰教世界和印度的音乐和乐器大量流入，汉唐时中国强大，心胸宽广，善于吸收其他文化，源于外国的乐器如笛子、筚篥、琵琶、胡琴等大量为中国音乐采纳，并被中国人改良发展，逐渐替代了中国原来的本土乐器。除了古琴一直被文人宠爱，得以乐器流传，正式在“民乐”公众中演出的乐器几乎都是外来的。近年来，音乐工作者致力于发掘、改良古代乐器，埙、筝、排箫等乐器重新发挥光彩，但较少纳入民族乐队的合奏曲目。
【近代音乐】
19世纪末，中国被迫开放南方沿海，开始接触西方音乐和乐器，广东音乐首当其冲，首先吸收西方和声方法，创造了新乐器扬琴和木琴，发展了乐队合奏的音乐，至今广东音乐仍然有其独特的魅力，是中西结合比较成功的典范。
1838到1903年(即狭义的“学堂乐歌”运动兴起前的六十多年)教会音乐也对中国现代音乐教育产生了巨大影响。在鸦片战争后，传教士赴华数量增加，西方传教士在中国传教时，往往用唱圣诗来做为辅助方法，因此半音等概念都得到了传播。
民间音乐家为中国乐器的演奏发展创造了新的阶段，二胡作曲家刘天华创作了大量的二胡独奏曲，如《良宵》、《光明行》、《江河水》等，演奏家华彦钧（瞎子阿炳）创作了《二泉映月》等二胡和琵琶曲。尽管当时时世动乱，但中国民族音乐不论在独奏和乐队合奏方面都有很大的发展。
1910年代到1920年代的新文化运动期间，很多到海外留学的中国音乐家回国之后，开始演奏欧洲古典音乐，也开始用五线谱纪录新作品。大城市里组成了新兴交响乐团，混合欧洲古典音乐和爵士乐，在音乐厅和收音机里非常流行。在1930年代的上海达到其鼎盛时期。
虽然使用西方的乐器和音乐手段，但通俗音乐仍然是以中国的方式，即旋律为主，五声音阶为主，才能受到最多人的喜爱。周璇是当时最受欢迎的表演家之一，是当时通俗音乐的代表，其为电影《马路天使》演唱的主题歌《天涯歌女》和《四季歌》一时极为流行，符合当时的民众的抗日情绪，被称为“金嗓子”。
中华人民共和国建立之后，流行歌曲除革命歌曲之后，又加入翻译成中文的苏联流行歌曲。各地开始建立交响曲团，演奏西方古典音乐，和中国作曲家的新作。东欧的乐团曾多次到中国表演，中国乐团也参加了许多国际表演会。中国音乐家也尝试用西方的乐器方法写作具有中国风味的音乐，比较成功的有小提琴协奏曲《梁祝》，采纳了越剧的部分旋律。
和第三世界的国家交往也不断增加，为此成立了东方歌舞团，专门学习、演唱亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲国家各民族的民歌乐曲，在中国广受欢迎，从此发展中国家的音乐开始对中国音乐产生影响。中国民族乐队的配器、合奏方式也基本定型，产生了不少成功的民族器乐交响曲。
近年来，中国的民族音乐开始受到世界各国的广泛关注，每年春节，都会被邀请到维也纳金色大厅举行中国新年音乐会，并座无虚席。
在台湾的校园歌曲和香港邓丽君开创的演唱方式，使中国通俗音乐发展到一个高峰，具有中国音乐独特的风格和魅力，邓丽君在美国开演唱会时，吸引得许多舞台剧务美国人在后台全程欣赏，虽然他们听不懂中国唱词。
【革命音乐】
在北伐战争时期，中国的音乐家配合革命，作了大量的革命歌曲，在国民革命军中广为传唱，有的是用国外通俗歌曲旋律直接配以革命歌词。
在抗日战争时期，音乐家更是同仇敌忾，写作了大量的抗日歌曲。冼星海的《黄河大合唱》气势磅礴，反映了当时全民抗日的精神。聂耳为电影配曲作的《义勇军进行曲》更是雄壮，成为抗日军民的军歌被到处传唱，中华人民共和国成立后，为了居安思危，不忘中华民族如何抵抗外国侵略，将义勇军进行曲定为国歌。
1942年延安会议之后，共产党控制的地区开始把当地民歌改写成革命歌曲，如陕西民歌《东方红》。改写的目的是在大多是文盲的农民人口中传播共产主义思想。
文革期间，西方音乐，尤其是苏联音乐又不合法了。重新流行革命歌曲和所谓的“语录歌”，加上独裁的“样板戏”，和国外的交往几乎停止，甚至在欢迎美国总统尼克松的宴会上，乐队演奏美国歌曲《草堆上的火鸡》，当时的文化部长都要向总理抗议，大陆中国音乐进入一个低谷时期。可音乐的发展也不是完全停滞不前。
文革期间的“样板戏”虽然过于霸道，但将西方管弦乐队引入为京剧伴奏，产生了特殊的效果，在浑厚的管弦乐背景下的京胡和皮鼓声，更突出了京剧音乐特点，也是一种中西结合的发展。尤其是“打虎上山”过门中的圆号独奏，和后面京胡唱腔浑然天成，很值得欣赏。
【流行音乐】
自中国改革开放以来，流行音乐首先从香港及台湾地区进入中国，尤其是台湾的校园歌曲和邓丽君演唱的歌曲，在大陆中国大受欢迎。曾在中国中央电视台春节联欢晚会演出的张明敏的《我的中国心》在中国一炮走红，这也是中国大陆第一次公开的港台歌曲演出。此后，中国的流行歌曲与世界其他地区的各种风格、各种流派的音乐结合，产生了不少脍炙人口的歌曲。现在，中国的流行音乐发展迅速，成为世界流行音乐中一支不可低估的生力军。
台湾和香港的流行音乐发展非常迅速，基本和国际流行趋势同步，尤其是香港，因为政府不干扰音乐的创作，出现了许多著名的歌手和歌曲，不仅风靡大陆中国，而且受到日本、韩国等地歌迷的崇拜。
近年来，大陆、台湾、香港以及全球其它地区的华人流行音乐不断交流，开始出现互相融合、汇聚的趋势。因此，开始出现“全球华语流行音乐”的总体称谓。一个突出的表现：中国大陆作为全球最大的消费市场之一，港台、海外各大流行音乐榜单的发布和编制越来越多地开始关注大陆市场。
值得注意的是，在流行音乐当中，有着一种民谣性质的音乐，它们的典型代表是校园民谣、都市民谣、军营民谣，这些民谣音乐在流行音乐当中亦占有一席之地，曾经都有过其辉煌的岁月，民谣淳朴的曲调，通俗的歌词同样感动了很多人。
【说唱音乐】
这种音乐是以一段固定的旋律、节奏，配上合成器、刮唱片和快得听不懂的说唱所组成，很多人觉得太怪异、太单调，所以预测它维持不了多久，可是事实证明，从它发展到现在所有正式的音乐颁奖礼及歌曲排行榜上都有说唱这个项目的细分，像Billboard的年度说唱专辑大奖便是了解美国说唱流行趋势的最佳指南。许多人认为所有的说唱音乐听起来都是一样的，其实不然。你要先去听说唱所表现出来的节奏和押韵的感觉，再去了解它要表达的内容。比如说帮匪说唱，他们反抗社会、带有明显的种族主义倾向、政治化，专门挑政府是非。而且这些歌手大多都有地方帮派的背景，再加上有说唱的天赋才能出唱片。因此他们的话题总是围绕在枪械、毒品、暴力和生存的话题上，但不论如何，这些说唱风格的形成，充分表现出美国黑人的心声及不满。任何有话想说，且具有才华的年轻人，都可以在不同的说唱形式中，找到自己的天空。
【民族音乐】
狭义上的中国民族音乐指的是汉族音乐，简称“民乐”。中国的少数民族音乐却有着更多的样式和内容，如藏族音乐、蒙古族音乐、壮族音乐等。
藏族音乐
藏族是个能歌善舞的民族，他们的歌曲旋律优美辽阔、婉转动听。藏族音乐大体上可以分为佛教音乐和民间音乐。佛教音乐中最著名的是喇嘛唱的无词的歌颂曲调。
藏族民歌高亢嘹亮，听起来就有高原蓝天辽阔的气象，曲调悠扬，但也是以五声为主。歌舞形式有“ 果谐”、“果卓”（锅庄）等。藏族音乐的一些元素被汉族和西方音乐所吸收。有一些汉族歌曲作者模仿藏族音乐的特点创作了一些诸如《逛新城》、《青藏高原》一类的歌曲。近年来，西藏的藏族歌曲也融入了其它音乐的元素。著名的藏族歌手除了才旦卓玛和主要演唱汉语歌曲的韩红外，还有容中尔甲、亚东、琼雪卓玛等大量在藏区知名度很高的歌手。
正规戏剧方面，现在已经挖掘整理演出了藏族传统歌剧《格萨尔王》。
满族音乐
中国的东北和北京等地是满族的聚居地。满族最有名的民间乐器是源自清朝的八角鼓。满族的摇篮曲《悠悠扎》等作品很著名，经常被用现代的汉语翻唱。
蒙古族音乐
蒙古族民歌分“长调民歌”和“短调民歌”。 “长调”有许多无意义的谐音字拉长唱腔，有草原空阔的风格。最有特色的乐器是马头琴，是一种拉弦乐器，由于琴柱上一般都雕刻一个马头装饰，所以由此命名。
壮族音乐
壮族聚居区广西是民歌的故乡，男女青年经常对歌，有人甚至说壮族人一生唱歌的时间比说话的时间长。壮族民歌基本和汉族音乐风格相似，以五声音阶为主。歌词有明显的对仗格式，内容则以象征、比喻等手法表述，以生活中的交流为主，有时歌词也引用中国古典故事和典故。 壮族音乐可以在电影音乐剧《刘三姐》中一窥其妙。
傣族音乐
傣族音乐和南亚地区缅甸、泰国的音乐风格类似，曲调婉转柔美，典型的乐器是葫芦丝和象脚鼓，葫芦丝独特的音色一演奏就是傣族的音乐风格。
纳西古乐
纳西古乐是在云南丽江纳西族老人中间演奏的音乐，据说是从明朝时中原地区传入的，由于当地原来交通不便，和外界交往不多，始终原汁原味地流传下来，现在只有一批老人乐队可以演奏，正在培养接班人，是中国14世纪音乐的活化石，受到音乐界的广泛关注。
侗族音乐
侗族“大歌”是中国唯一采用和声的民歌系统，基本为女声无伴奏合唱，由各声部嗓音的和声配合非常和谐，曾在国际引起轰动，并多次获奖。
维吾尔族音乐
维吾尔族音乐基本是阿拉伯音乐风格，非常注重节奏，用手鼓可以打出多达几十种不同的节奏，乐器主要是适合在马上弹奏的都它尔和热瓦甫，最大的是冬不拉。维吾尔族的传统音乐《十二木卡姆》包罗万象，是许多民间音乐的源头。
塔吉克族音乐
塔吉克族音乐和汉族音乐有较大的区别，善于运用半音，旋律婉转多变，如同山鹰高鸣，最典型的是作曲家雷振邦为电影《冰山上的来客》配的歌曲，完全运用了塔吉克民歌的旋律。
朝鲜族音乐
朝鲜族音乐和朝鲜、韩国的音乐基本相同，主要乐器有长鼓和伽倻琴。伽倻琴类似中国古代的筝，比现代的筝小，弹法也不一样，是放到盘坐的膝盖上弹。音乐旋律有其独特的风格。
【戏曲音乐】
19世纪的京剧表演中国的戏曲曲艺是在中国很受欢迎也较为普及的艺术之一，广大地区都有自己的地方戏曲。目前，最具代表性的是发展于北京的京剧。中国戏曲音乐通常以高调的唱腔为主，并以笛、皮鼓、梆子、锣和京胡等弦乐器伴奏。其他的戏曲音乐代表有：河北梆子、豫剧、评剧、越剧、粤剧、昆曲、秦腔、黄梅戏、高甲戏和傩戏等。全中国共有600多个地方戏剧品种。昆曲被联合国列为世界口头文化遗产保护目录。
【摇滚音乐】
中国改革开放之后，西方现代音乐通过各种途径传入中国。音乐青年或多或少的接触到摇滚音乐，并开始组建乐队，进行模仿与创作。
中国的摇滚音乐第一次登上舞台应该说是在1986年5月9日。当时在北京工人体育馆举行纪念 “'86国际和平年”的中国百名歌星演唱会，名不见经传的崔健身着长褂，背着吉他，裤脚一高一低地蹦上了舞台，在台下观众目瞪口呆之际吼出了“我曾经问个不休/你何时跟我走……”，即那首中国摇滚作品的开山之作《一无所有》。随后，崔健便被称作中国摇滚第一人。
80年代末和90年代初，中国摇滚乐坛陆续出现了如唐朝、黑豹、轮回、超载、指南针、北京 1989等乐队。到了1994年，香港红磡体育馆举行的“中国摇滚乐势力”演唱会，成为中国摇滚史上最富激情的一幕，当时被称为魔岩三杰的窦唯、张楚和何勇，以及唐朝乐队将中国摇滚乐推向了一个顶峰。随后的中国摇滚乐呈现了非常大的分化趋势，各种乐风依次登场。如走向流行的郑钧、许巍和零点等；走低保真的朋克乐队盘古；花样倍出的苍蝇、左小祖咒和王磊；电子乐与说唱乐逐渐流行以及各种乐风之间的相互影响、相互融合。老牌的乐队解散、主要成员单飞，如窦唯离开黑豹乐队后，组建过做梦乐队，又和许多乐队即兴演出合作唱片；以及新乐队出现，如花儿、新裤子、走英式路线的麦田守望者和清醒等；这之中一些流派是值得关注的，以北京的子曰（现已更名“爻释·子曰”）和东北的二手玫瑰为代表的民俗摇滚正受到越来越多的关注。众多唱片公司，如摩登天空、京文唱片以及娱乐公司在推出新乐手和乐队、举办演唱会中也做出了很多尝试和贡献。
【西方音乐】
西方音乐史是指西方音乐的发展历程，详细的时代可分为：古希腊罗马时期的音乐，中世纪时期的音乐，文艺复兴时期的音乐，巴洛克音乐，古典主义音乐，浪漫音乐，现代音乐和新世纪音乐等等。
【西洋乐器】
键盘乐器
钢琴
风琴
管风琴
古钢琴
羽管键琴
手风琴
电子琴
电钢琴
电子三角钢琴
拨弦乐器
吉他
电吉他
竖琴
低音吉他
木管乐器
单簧管
双簧管
英国管
长笛
短笛
口琴
巴松管
萨克斯管
簧风琴
手风琴
管风琴
爵士风琴
探戈手风琴
排箫
巴松管
舌簧直管
铜管乐器
小号
短号
冲锋号
法国号
长号
次中音号
上低音号
低音号
弓弦乐器
小提琴
中提琴
大提琴
低音提琴
打击乐器
定音鼓
木琴
钟琴
马林巴琴
锣
钹
小军鼓
大鼓
爵士鼓
日本鼓
清脆铃
【爵士音乐】
在爵士乐的曲调中，除了从欧洲传统音乐、白人的民谣和通俗歌曲中吸取的成分之外，最有个性的是 “布鲁斯音阶”（关于这种音阶的结构，我们将在有关布鲁斯的部分专门介绍），而爵士乐的和声可以说是完全建立在传统和声的基础之上，只是更加自由地使用各种变化和弦，其中主要的与众不同之处，也是由布鲁斯和弦带来的。
爵士乐在使用的乐器和演奏方法上极有特色，完全不同于传统乐队。自“爵士乐时代”以来，萨克斯管成为销售量最大的乐器之一；长号能够奏出其他铜管乐器做不到的、滑稽的或是怪诞的滑音，因而在爵士乐队中大出风头；小号也是爵士乐手偏爱的乐器，这种乐器加上不同的弱音器所产生的新奇的音色以及最高音区的几个音几乎成了爵士乐独有的音色特征；钢琴、班卓琴、吉他以及后来出现的电吉他则以其打击式的有力音响和演奏和弦的能力而占据重要地位。相反，在传统乐队中最重要的弦乐器（小提琴、中提琴、大提琴）的地位相对次要一些；圆号的浓郁音色在管弦乐队中是很迷人的，但是对于爵士乐队来说，它的气质太温顺了，几乎无人使用。在管弦乐队中，每件乐器在音色和音量的控制上都尽量溶入整体的音响之中，在爵士乐队中却恰恰相反，乐手们竭力使每一件乐器都“站起来”。
乐队的编制很灵活，最基本的是两个部分——节奏组与旋律组。在早期的爵士乐队中，节奏组由低音号、班卓琴和鼓组成，后来，低音号和班卓琴逐渐被低音提琴和吉他所取代，钢琴也加入进来。在30年代，兴起一种舞曲乐队，当时称为“大乐队”，它有三部分组成：节奏组、铜管组和木管组。节奏组使用的乐器仍然是低音提琴、吉他、钢琴和鼓；铜管组常见的编制是三支小号和两支长号，但这个数目并不固定；木管组通常由四五支萨克斯管组成，每个人都兼吹单簧管或是别的木管乐器，如果编制是五支萨克斯管，一般是两支中音、两支次中音、一支上低音。还有一种商业性的（有时也称为“甜美型”、“旅馆型”等等）的乐队，编制与“大乐队”差不多，但萨克斯管往往全部用次中音的，木管组会较多地使用其它的乐器（如长笛、双簧管），有时还加上三四个小提琴，在商品录音带中经常可以听到这类乐队的音响。
与传统音乐比较而言，爵士乐的另一大特征是它的发音方法和音色，无论是乐器还是人声，这些特征都足以使人们绝不会将它们与任何传统音乐的音色混淆。这些特殊之处大多来源于用乐器或人声对美洲黑人民歌的模仿。如果我们有机会听到真正的黑人田间歌曲和灵歌，就会发现那些由粗嘎到圆滑、由窒闷到响亮、由刺耳到柔美、由野蛮到抒情的大幅度的变化是多么地富有特色、动人心魄。而在爵士乐中，更加入了非歌唱的吼声、高叫和呻吟，突出了这种感觉。除此以外，特殊的演奏和演唱技巧也是造成特异效果的重要手段，在这些技巧中最常用的是不同于传统观念的颤音。我们知道，所谓颤音是音高（有时也可能是力度）的有规律的变化造成的；比如小提琴上的揉弦，就是利用这种变化而产生富有生命力的音响效果。
爵士乐中的颤音是有变化的，变化的方向一般是幅度由窄到宽，速度由慢到快，而且常常在一个音临近结束时增加抖动的幅度和速度，更加强了这种技巧的表现力。同时，在一个音开始时，爵士乐手们会从下向上滑到预定的音高，在结束时，又从原来的音高滑下来。所有这些变化都是无法用乐谱来详细记录的，有经验的爵士乐手都熟练地掌握了这一类的方法、尤其是这种观念，他们可以根据不同的旋律或伴奏音型将这些效果“制造”出来。因此可以这样说：由于即兴的传统和技巧的个人发挥，爵士乐是由作曲家和乐手共同创造的。受过传统教育的音乐家之所以很难表演爵士乐，就是因为他们没有培养出这样的特殊的音乐观念。如果我们细心地比较一下真正的民间歌手和受过正规训练的歌手演唱同一首民歌的差别，对此中的含义就会有一个更直观的概念。
从爵士乐诞生之初，它就吸引了众多的转业作曲家。1920年，美国指挥家保罗·怀特曼组织了一支著名的乐队，将改编的爵士乐作品带进了音乐厅。这种新潮流引起了许多“严肃”的爵士乐爱好者的激烈反对，然而，正是从这以后，爵士乐在美国和欧洲家喻户晓，受到广泛的欢迎。格什温的《蓝色狂想曲》在这时诞生，为这部作品配器的人就是怀特曼乐队的作曲家格罗菲。按照手稿上的记录，写这部作品只用了三个星期，演出后几乎是立即引起轰动。欧洲作曲家也有许多以爵士乐为基础或是受爵士乐影响的作品，例如：德彪西的钢琴曲《丑黑怪步态舞》（1908）、《游吟诗人》（1910）、《怪人拉维纳将军》（1910）；拉威尔的小提琴奏鸣曲中的慢乐章（布鲁斯）；斯特拉文斯基的《11件独奏乐器的雷格泰姆》（1919）、《士兵的故事》（1918）、《黑木协奏曲》；欣德米特的《室内乐第一号》（作品24，无调性）和钢琴组曲（1922）。
Basic elements of music: music that constitute the basic elements of music in a variety of elements, including sound level, sound length, the strength of sound and tone. By the combination of these basic elements to form a common music "form factor", such as: rhythm, melody, harmony, and the intensity, speed, tone, form, texture and so on. Elements constitute the form of musicians, music is the means of expression. The basic elements of music rhythm and melody.
1, rhythm: the rhythm of music is the music the length and intensity of exercise Alto. Rhythm of the music is often compared to music of skeleton. Beat music in the remake and the weak beat periodically, regularly repeated. Chinese traditional music called rhythm as "methodical," "board" is equivalent to strong beat; "eye" is equivalent to second strong beat (the eye) or weak beat.
2 tunes: tunes, also known as the melody. Ups and downs of musical rhythm by a certain lateral organized in an orderly manner, to form a melody. Tune is a complete music forms one of the most important means of expression. Tune to the direction is constantly changing, fundamental to the direction of three: "levels", "upstream" and "down." The same direction that the conduct of sound level; from the bass to treble, said upstream direction; from the direction of said treble down to bass. Conduct of a common tune: "Never mind repeatedly," "progressive" and "jump." According to that scale of the adjacent sound
For the progressive three degrees jumped into that little dance four times and jumped more than four times said fauna.
3, harmony: harmony, including "chord" and "Harmony for." Chords usually by three or more of the musical by certain rules of vertical (simultaneous) overlap to form the sound mix. Chord is the sound for the horizontal organization. Sound obvious thick, thin, thick, thin color effect; also constitute a clause, sub-paragraph and termination music music role.
4, strength: the strength of music degree Alto.
5, speed: Music for the speed.
6, Mode: music sound using the relationship between a certain link, the sound of a voice-centric (vocals) constitute a system, called Mode. Such as the flat type, minor type, such as China's five-tone style. Mode of the sound from the vocalist began to line up from the low to constitute a high scale.
7, form: music, horizontal organizational structure.
8 Texture: Polyphonic music of various combinations of voices form (including the relationship between vertical integration and horizontal integration).
9, melody: the idea of sound through the arts formed an organized, harmonious rhythmic movement. Melody is the foundation for music, music of the thoughts and feelings are shown through it.
】 【Music Theory
Music
Music of his law
Self-discipline of music
Music Theory
Music Aesthetics
Music History
Musical form and the work of
The effect of music
【Function】 music
Music is a symbol, sound, symbol, expression of people are thinking. Is a carrier of people's thinking. Music is a purpose, there is a connotation, which implied the author's life experience, feeling. Music from the sound of it between the constant noise and frequency between the pure tone, from the effects of speaking, it can bring people of beauty and expression of human emotion.
Music is a form of social behavior, people can exchange through music, emotions and life experience. This song was the most prominent manifestations of this role.
【Origin】 music
Since when human society with music, can not be traced. Has not produced in human language, have known the level of use of sound, strong or weak, etc. to express their own meaning and feelings. With the development of human labor, has the effect of a unified labor rhythmic chant and pass information between each other cry, this is the most original musical shape; when people celebrate the harvest and share the fruits of labor, they often beat stone, wood to express joy joy feelings, this is the prototype of the original instrument.
First, the origin of legend strings
Mercury (Mercury) is the Greek mythology the gods to God. He was reportedly walking along the Nile, the feet touch a thing given wonderful voice, he picked up, he discovered an empty shell was originally inside of a dry bar with the sounds. Mercury inspiration from this, the invention of the stringed instrument. Although research in the Mercury later generations ago already had strings, but it may be this was inspired.
Second, wind instruments legend
Account of the ancient history of China five thousand years ago the Yellow Emperor, a name known musician Ling Lun, he entered the mountains in western Queensland-based mining and bamboo flute. Phoenix was exactly five in the air Hita, he combined his voice and the law. Although this story can not be completely sure, but it could be seen as the origin of the instrument with a mysterious legend.
Third, the ancient Chinese music
--- China's first emperor Huangdi, is five thousand years ago created a calendar and writing the name of the ruler. At that time, Ling Lun in addition to the foregoing, there is one called "Fu Xi," the musician. Fu Xi was the first snake who is said to have given birth in the mother-to-twelve years. He played a 50 string, Zhang Qin, as tone is too sad, the Yellow Emperor Qin down to half its changed to 20 Wu Xian.
In addition, the legendary Yellow Emperor, also called Shen Nong, a musician, he taught to farm, and found a medicine, is said to be the first person cattle. He created the banjo, then if the idea is to use the pentatonic music, then this is taken for granted.
【Music】 China
The official written record of the history of Chinese music began in the Zhou Dynasty.
Prehistoric Ancient Music】 【
Chinese music of ignorance during the early ancestor of the Huaxia Huangdi two thousand years of God. According to this 6700 years to 7000 years of the Neolithic Age, the ancestors may have been able to burn Pottery Xun, digging system bone whistle. The original instrument undoubtedly tell people, when the human already has the capability of the musical aesthetic. According to the ancient musical culture of ancient literature with song, dance, music combined with the characteristics of each other. Getian Shi clan in the so-called "three operating Shelter, eight songs enough to tie down vote," the dance is the best description. At that time, people are singing the contents, such as "Respect always," "Fen grain," "the extreme of total animal" reflects the ancestors of agriculture, animal husbandry and the world know the laws of nature. These songs, dance, music and dance music each other with one of the original totem worship like the original clan ties. Such as Huangdi Shi Yun Zeng Yi family totem, his music and dance called "Cloud Gate." Songs on the original form, can be seen in "Lu" Tu Shi Zhinv Recorded in the "Song of Waiting." This song only been "on Xi Yi-man," one and only "on" and the words have real meaning. This is the music of the bud, of a pregnancy without the language. Henan Wuyang Jiahu origin of the bone flute around 6000 BC, is the world's oldest wind instrument. One of a seven-hole bone flute preserved very complete, the experts carried out experiments and found that the use of the bone flute still playing music, can be issued seven sound stage. But basically only use the ancient Chinese pentatonic scale.
【Music】 ancient
Ancient Chinese "poetry" is, regardless, that is, literature and music are closely linked to the department. The oldest Chinese poetry collection "The Book of Songs" in the Psalms at all with a tune, as sung by the masses orally. This tradition continues, and such integration of the Han Dynasty official poetry known as "Han Dynasty", Tang, Song was also able to sing. Even today, there are pop musicians as poetry _set_ to music concerts, such as the Mid-Autumn Festival Sushi description of "Prelude to Water" also Li Bai's "Poem."
Ancient China contempt musician, not to treat artists as Chinese painting and calligraphy are closely connected, the painter is literati class, even when in the Song Dynasty "to draw the examiner" (actually because of the extreme Huizong personal hobby of painting). Musicians of a lower status, but for the noble entertainment "actor." During the Tang dynasty in the famous singer Li turtles have no political status, now people know he is because he often appears in the Tang poetry, praised by others.
Ancient Chinese "scholar" class that a cultivated person should master "poetry and painting", the so-called "piano" is popular since the qin. Guqin scholar alone, but only appreciate, not on public show. Guqin smaller volume, higher status is the only musical instrument.
Summary: the development of music theory in ancient China slow in the "official history" of high status, not to leave more information in writing. But the music and literature as a compulsory subject in ancient intelligentsia, in the daily life of ancient China no doubt has an important position; it is even more full of colorful folk melody.
Xia, Shang Dynasty Music
Xia and Shang dynasties during slavery society. Literature from the classical view, when the dance music and dance have been gradually away from the original clan for the clan shared characteristics, they share more for the slave owners there. From the content point of view, they gradually left the primitive totem worship, instead of the conquest of nature for the people who carol. For example, Yu's water management for the benefit of the people, there will be a praise of the emperor Yu Dance "big summer." Xia Jie is no way, cutting the Shang Dynasty, and as a result of the praise music and dance Shang Tang Expending "big oblique." Shang Wu Fengsheng OK, so there solely on the worship of the Witch (Witch) and wizard (wizard). Nurtured by their slave owners, the line festival, dance, singing, was the first person to music as a career. Slave to music and dance to worship the Emperor of Heaven, ancestors, the same time have to indulge their own to enjoy music and dance. They died but also to musicians and sacrificial victims, the martyrdom of this brutal killing system on the one hand exposed the cruel rule of slave owners, and objectively reflects the progress of productivity compared to primitive times, making music culture with a rapidly growing conditions. According to historical records, the Xia has been a useful system Tuo crocodile Piemonte drum. Shang Dynasty have been found in wooden drums and double-cavity birds taotie Skin to drums, and the production of well-bred Shi Hua Shi Pan plow. Bronze Age As a result, the Shang Dynasty also appeared bells, cymbals musical instrument series, most of them three to one group. The emergence of various types of percussion instruments in the history of hit musical instrument embodies the characteristics of the development of the former. Years beginning in 5000 the body of instruments Pottery Xun Ming tone from the hole at the time, the development of two to five sound hole sound hole, it can issue 12 semitones of the sound out. According to Tao Xun pronunciation inference, Chinese folk music, the pentatonic basis of thinking in the late Neolithic period, while the sound of at least seven companies, Yin had already occurred.
Xizhou Music
Western Zhou is a slave society from prosperity to decline, the feudal system of social factors, the growing period of history. Western Zhou Dynasty court first established a complete music system. Enjoy entertainment at the banquet the status of officials of different provisions have different status, dance team preparation. Summary judgments before the ancient epic nature of the music and dance, you can see the so-called "sixth generation of music and dance", that is, when the Yellow Emperor, "Cloud Gate", when Yao's "salt pond" when Shun, "Shao", Yu when the "big summer" , when the business "big geometrid" weeks "big arms." Zhou also mingling system, to collect folk songs, in order to observe customs, police sentiments. Depends on it, preserving a large number of folk songs, _delete_d by the Spring and Autumn Period Confucius _set_ to form China's first poetry collection - "The Book of Songs." It collects from the early Western Zhou Dynasty Spring and Autumn Period 500 years into the middle of a total of 305 music poetry. "Book of Songs" the best part is "style." They are spread in Henan Province as the center, including the number of provinces around the country folk song 15. There are also literary creations, "Taiga", "Xiao Ya," and the Sacrifice epic song "Song" these types of genre. Handed down its text analysis, "Book of Songs" songs to form structure can be summarized as ten. As the song's climactic end, has a special name "chaos." In the "Book of Songs," a book before and after, the famous patriotic poet Qu Yuan's sacrifice according to Chu songs compiled into "Nine Songs", with strong characteristics of Chu culture. Thus, two different works of different musical styles into a north and south pavilions interest.
Live folk music during the Zhou Dynasty social life involved a dozen side, very active. Shi-Chuan Boya piano, Zhong Ziqi Salon story that begins at this time. This reflects the performance technology, technology, and people appreciate the composition level. Guqin playing, the piano were also concludes that "purest heart of the device can only be" playing psychological feelings. QIN famous musicians singing the song, according to records to "Shaking the tree, ring containing Feiyun." More civil Genv Han E, after the song "Yin Yu Rao Liang, three days is not absolute." These are highly technical achievements in vocal music.
Zhou's cultural achievements can also be highly developed in 1978 with the County of Hubei's Warring States period unearthed tombs of ancient musical instruments Marquis Yi of Zeng as an important symbol. This can be comparable to the pyramids of Egypt provide a treasure trove of underground music at the court music system model, where unearthed eight 124 instrument, according to Zhou's "octave" instrument classification (gold, stone, silk, bamboo, gourd, earth, leather, wood) everything almost all kinds of musical instruments. The most important of 64 bells musical instrument, at the upper and the lower-ranking provision, the total weight of up to five thousand kilograms, the total up to five octave range. However, as the Shang and Zhou bells chime a bell with two tone hair features, including the Department of the pitch is 12 semitones in place, you can transfer spin palace, which confirmed the pre-Qin literature on spin palace reliable records. Tomb clock, there are inscriptions on the pan instrument, says the feudal theory of temperament between countries, reflecting the height of the Zhou Dynasty Musical Temperament achievements. In the Zhou Dynasty, Temperament theory has been established. 5 sound stage name (gong, shang, jiao, zhi [zhi three times], birds) also have been established. At this time, people already know five or seven voices sound in order to voice the main palace, Palace, Palace Music from place to place is called spin, so that you can achieve the transfer effect. Law school to highlight the achievements found in "tube - to members of Chapter" recorded in the "one-third of the profit and loss method." Is to house the chord sound basis, increased by one third (Yi I), by Palace Music sign four degrees below the pure tone; sign minus one third of the chord tone (loss of one), be levied Music five degrees above the pure sound business; inferior race continues to be projected on the tone pentatonic chord. Operator in accordance with this method all 12 semitones within the octave (Temperament) the chord length, constitutes a "one-third of the profit and loss law system." Because of this legal system is based on the five-degree intervals of natural made with students, and each time with students than those made of sound micro-tempered high-five degrees, so not sending twelve law students with high-octave tone, resulting in the so-called "brass bells can not be restored" to the spin transfer Palace inconvenience. However, this fully reflects the melodic beauty of tone tuning system continues today.
Qin and Han Dynasties Music
Qin, start with "verse." It inherited the system of the Zhou Dynasty to the collecting folk songs, collecting, sorting changed folk music, the end results of a large number of musicians in the feast, Jiao Si, Asaga so on play. Such as singing the lyrics, known as the verse poems. Verse, and later be extended to all income refers to music or write it into music lyrics, even some of the more drama and gas are also called Yue.
Three Kingdoms, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties Music
Songs from the development phase and to clear up commercial music in the North get the attention Cao Wei, _set_ clear business department. Jin at the turn of the war, so clearly into the commercial music of the South, and South, Wu Ge, Western music fusion. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, the integration of this north-south commercial music back to clear the north, thus becoming the country's major popular genres. Han, along with the smooth flow of the Silk Road, Western countries have introduced the song to start the mainland. When Northern Liang Tang Yan Yue Lu Guang will occupy an important position in the Kucha (Kuqa, Xinjiang today) music brought to the mainland. This shows that people of all time music is already very popular on the exchange.
At this time, the representation of traditional music culture instrument Guqin mature, mainly as follows: there have been problems in the Han Dynasty the title of the qin melodies solution monograph, "Qin Cao." Three Kingdoms, the famous qin Kang in his book "Musical Instrument" in his book the "emblem of Zhongshan of Yu" records. This shows that people already know that Qin was the emblem bit harmonics generation. At that time, there have appeared a large number of scholars qin, such as Ji Kang and Ruan Ji and so on, "Guanglingsan" ("Niezhengciqin King"), "Yi-Lan Cao", "Tune", a famous track came.
Southern and Northern Dynasty is also a kind of popular story, their role and make-up performances, singing and dancing, while both accompaniment and orchestral accompaniment of song and dance drama. This is already a small prototype of opera.
Temperament in this period's important achievements, including the Jin Mao Xun find wind instruments, "the number of nozzle correction." Southern Song Hecheng days in one-third of the profit and loss method, the arithmetic superposition approach to the creation of a new law is very close to the tempered. His efforts to solve the one-third of the initial profit and loss can not restore law Huangzhong problem.
Sui and Tang Dynasty Music
Sui and Tang dynasties, political unity, especially in the Tang Dynasty, political stability, economic prosperity, the rulers policy of openness, the courage to absorb the culture of the outer city, together with Wei has been bred since the laying the foundation of all music and cultural integration, and finally germination taking music and dance music as the main indicator of the overall development of the peak.
Tang Dynasty palace feast of music, called "Yan Music." Sui and Tang Dynasty's seven-step music, nine belong to Yin Lok Lok. They are of all ethnic groups, and foreign folk music, mainly QingShang Music (Han), Western Liang (now Gansu) music, Gao (now Turpan) music, Kucha (Kuqa this) music, Kang country (now Russia Han Samar) music, Yasukuni (now Russian Bukhara) music, Tianzhu (now India), music, Korea (now North Korea) Theatre. One Kucha music, music Xiliang more important. Yan Yue was also divided into sitting and Li in the Department of Kabuki Kabuki play, according to Bai's "Legislative Department of Kabuki," poetry, the Department of trick the performer to sit higher than Li in Kabuki.
Tang song and dance rage music is unique in the wonderful work of Yan. It inherits the traditional phase and koji, a unique blend of nine music in the essence of all music, forming a bulk order - in order or making order - broken or dance all over the structure. Found in "Jiaofang recorded" Recording Tang Daqu Commissioned total of 46, which "霓裳羽衣舞" the emperor of its renowned musicians as the Emperor's, but also combines elegant style of the French song for the World praiseworthy. The famous poet, wrote a description of the performance process Daqu vivid poem "霓裳羽衣舞 song."
The prosperity of the Tang Dynasty's culture also finds expression in a series of music education institutions, such as teaching workshops, pear orchards, large music department, advocating the Department and specialized instructors do not teach young children Liyuan Park. Strict performance of these institutions, creating the groups of talented musicians. Literary History of Tang to none at the time is the concert singing. Geishas Zeng Yi was singing and faster famous poem; poet has his own poems into music after the wide spread measure their writing skills. Bands in the Tang Dynasty, the pipa is one of the main instruments. It has almost the same shape today's pipa. Fujian now, and the Japanese lute Nanqu in shape and playing on the method still preserved some features of the Tang pipa.
By Kucha theory of music, appeared in 84 notes Tang, Yan music 28 tone music theory. Cao Tang Dynasty also created by the word soft spectrum Guqin notation, has been in use to modern times.
Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties Music
To the Yuan Dynasty, the emergence of national musical instruments sanxian noteworthy. Studies in music theory, music Yan Song appeared in the record scale. Meanwhile, the early spectral type notation is also Zhang Yan, "etymology" and Shen Kuo's "Meng Xi Bi Tan" appears. Recent passage of a musical score from the direct time. Chinese Opera Song or mature age. It is marked by the emergence of the Southern Song Shinan play. Southern Opera, also known as Wenzhou Dynasty, Yongjia Opera, the music rich and natural. Initially some non-minor, concerts can be transferred from house restrictions. Tune body was later developed into opera music, also emerged a number of organizations, different melody phrases constitute a new melody of "Song Collection" form. South opera in concert form, has been solo, duets, chorus and so on. Handed down three Southern Drama this, "Zhang Xie" and found "Paradise Daqu." Opera in the Yuan Dynasty Yuan Dynasty appeared to peak represented. The initial rise of Yuan Dynasty in the north, gradually developing to the south, and the Southern drama blending occurs. Representative writers Yuan Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Revival after, White Park, in addition to Wang Shih-fu, Qiao Jifu, the Bank said six people. Classic works such as Guan Hanqing's "Snow in Midsummer," "will single-handedly," Wang Shih-fu's "The West Chamber." Yuan strict structure, that each work by the Si Zhe (screen) of a wedge (off site or over) form. Within the limits of a discount house with the same tune, a rhyme in the end, often by a role (at the end or Jordan) lead singer, the rules, and sometimes there are breakthroughs, such as Wang Shih-fu's "The West Chamber" up to five 20 fold. Yuan drama of the South, resulting in the Southern theater (called the Yuan and Ming legend) for further maturation. Witnessed a series of classic plays, such as "Praying Court", "Lute" and so on. Experience on behalf of the spread of these scripts is still performed. North-South style of music at that time had been initially established, the voice of seven-order-based North Qu Chen Xiong; to Southern Drama pentatonic-based soften. With the development of the arts Yuan Dynasty, there has been a summary of the first monograph on the theory opera singing, which flourished on the Temple's "Singing", and Zhou Deqing's "Rhyme" is a song first Rhyming Dictionary of the North, he north Language is divided into 19 rhymes, and the tones of Chinese characters is divided into IA, IB and IIIA, rising tone, falling tone of four. This later phonology research and development of opera rap music have a great impact.
Ming and Qing Dynasty Music
Since the Ming and Qing society has a budding capitalist economic factors, the public sectors growing, the development of music culture is more secular characteristics of the Ming dynasty rich folk ditty, though mixed, but the breadth of its influence has reached "do not ask men and women "and" everybody learning the "level. As a result, the private collection of editing, publishing ditty has become a trend, but also from folk ditty to the libretto, opera text, melodies have come out of private Editions. If Menglong editor of "Folk Songs," Zhu Quan, the first editor of the Music of "Marvelous Mysteries" and so on.
Rap colorful Ming and Qing Dynasties. One South Tanci, north lyrics to dagu, and brand music, piano books, affections Cantata kind of like that is more important. The beautiful south of Suzhou storytelling storytelling greatest impact. In the Qing Dynasty, Suzhou, Chen appeared to encounter dry desolation represented in bold relief, Chen notes; to Maru Fei represented frank Hearty duma; to the beauty represented by Yu Xiushan soften the tone of these three important school of Yu. And later proliferation of many new schools. The lyrics to dagu northern Shandong drums, wooden drums Jizhong, River drums, Jingyuntaigu more important. The brand of music like rap are chorded, Henan Major song, etc.; piano books piano books class rap with Shandong, Sichuan dulcimer, etc.; affections affections class rap in Zhejiang, Shaanxi affections, such as Hubei, Yu Gu, minorities have also been some rap Songs such as the Mongolian story-telling, Bai Big song. Ming and Qing period music and dance all the people in the greater development, such as the various Yangge Han, Uygur Muqam lamp, Tibetan capsule M, Zhuang copper encouraged Dai Peacock Dance, jump on the Yi, Miao Lusheng dance. To tune the flow of cloth as the characteristics of the Ming and Qing Chinese music emerged a new development heights. Fourth day with sea salt out loud cavity, Yuyao, Yiyang, Kunshan various cavity, which cavity in Kunshan, Jiangsu Taicang Weiliang Fu and others through reform, to fine tune and smooth sound stress prefix words abdomen, won the people's favorite suffix . Kunshan cavity has been the confluence of North and South music, forming a moment to the highest of the Kun Opera. The first Ming Liang Chen Kun plays the fish is "Washing Gauze", the remaining major repertoire, such as Ming Tang's "Peony Pavilion", Qing Hong Sheng's "Palace of Eternal Youth" and so on. Yiyangqiang its flexible features of the dialect of the opera took place around the major impact, making the growing parts of opera, such as a variety of pitched drama. Ming and Qing Dynasties, the North West Shaanxi Opera in Shaanxi Bangzi opera represented the development of very fast, it affects puzhou Clapper Shanxi, Shaanxi, with the state Clapper, Clapper Hebei, Henan clapper. This sonorous, easy-Bangzi opera enduring in the northern provinces. Qing Dynasty, by the Xi Pi and the two yellow skin composed of two basic tunes yellow cavity, formed in Beijing, thus, had an impact all over the country's opera.
【Music】 music theory
The development of music is no limit and scope, but music is time-sensitive, so if word of mouth alone, it is inevitable there will be some mistakes, over time, can not maintain the original flavor of music. Therefore, our predecessors have invented all kinds of music notation, use of these symbols of the music, and their descendants can use the spectrum, playing out with the same meaning of the music, while recorded music on a variety of symbols and rules, it said to music theory.
Ancient Chinese music is pentatonic system, on the pentatonic scale of five levels is called the "five sound", that palace (do), business (re), angle (mi), sign (sol), birds (la) . Comparison of the famous ancient Chinese music "Guanglingsan," "Mountain and Flowing Water", "Plum Blossom", etc..
National Instruments】 【
"Zhou Li Chun officials" in the musical instruments are divided into gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, wood, gourd, bamboo eight categories, called "octave" is also one of the oldest musical instrument classification.
Gold tone including the bells, special bell, cymbals
Rock Music including chimes, special chime
Accent, including Xun
Leather drum sounds, including
Sibilant including the qin, the ancient Joseph
Wood tone including zhu, Yu-
Sound, including Sheng Pao, yu
Including bamboo flute sound, flute, pipe, bamboo flute
Bells, chime issued by the two instruments sound crisp and bright, to be known as the "voice of stone", is officially recognized "the highest elegant sound." Now what is the silk string and wind sounds and short sounds of bamboo.
Ancient musical instruments mainly Xun, Fou, building, pan, Harp, zither, qin, Joseph, etc., generally slow melodious music, mainly to fit the needs of court life or religion.
【Music】 Modern
The late 19th century, China was forced to open the south coast, came into contact with Western music and musical instruments, musical bear the brunt of Guangdong, the first sound absorbing Western ways, creating new musical instruments dulcimer and marimba, the development of the orchestra music, music still has its unique Guangdong charm, is more successful example of combining Chinese and Western.
From 1838 to 1903 years (that is narrow "school music" movement before the rise of sixty years) church music music education in modern China had a tremendous impact. After the Opium War, missionaries went to China to increase the number of Western missionaries in China, missionary work, they often do with singing hymns as auxiliary method, the chromatic concepts have been spread.
Folk musicians playing Chinese musical instruments creating a new stage, erhu composer Liu Tianhua created a large number of Erhu solo, such as "Good Night", "bright line", "river water", etc., performer Hua Yanjun (blind Bing) created a "Traditional" and so on erhu and pipa. Although at the time when the world turmoil, the Chinese folk music both in solo and ensemble band have great development.
1910s to the 1920s, the New Culture Movement, many overseas Chinese to return home after the musicians began to play European classical music, also began to read music record new works. Formed a new orchestra in big cities, mixed European classical music and jazz, concert halls and radio are very popular. Shanghai in the 1930s reached its peak.
Although the use of Western instruments and musical instruments, but still is a popular music form in China, that the main melody, pentatonic-based, can be most people's favorite. Zhou Xuan was one of the most popular performers, was the representative of popular music, its for the movie "Street Angel" sang the theme song, "The Wandering Songstress" and "Butterfly," a time of great popularity, the people at that time anti-Japanese sentiment , known as the "golden voice."
The People's Republic of China established, pop songs than after the revolution, also added a translation into Chinese of Soviet pop. Began to build around the Symphony Group, played Western classical music, and Chinese composers of new works. Eastern European orchestra performing several times to China, Chinese Orchestra also participated in many international performances will be. Chinese musicians have tried to use the Western method of writing instruments with Chinese style of music, the more successful a violin concerto "Butterfly Lovers", adopted some of Shaoxing opera melodies.
And third world countries are increasing contacts, this Oriental Song and Dance Ensemble was established, specialized learning, concerts in Asia, Africa and Latin America the nation's folk music, popular in China, from the music to begin developing countries China's impact. Chinese National Orchestra of orchestration, ensemble approach is also in shape, produced many successful instrumental music symphony.
In recent years, China's folk music began to receive wide attention around the world, every Lunar New Year, will be invited to the Golden Hall in Vienna New Year Concert held in China, and packed.
School in Taiwan and Hong Kong Teng create songs the concert, the Chinese popular music to a peak, with a unique style of Chinese music and charm, Teresa Teng, a concert in the United States, it attracted too many Americans in the background the whole stage, stage management appreciation , although they do not understand the Chinese lyrics.
【Music】 revolution
In the Northern Expedition, with Chinese musicians revolution, made a lot of revolutionary songs, the National Revolutionary Army, is widely sung, some with foreign direct popular melody accompanied by revolutionary lyrics.
Anti-Japanese War, the musicians is united in writing a large number of anti-Japanese songs. Xian Xinghai's "Yellow River Cantata" magnificent, reflected the spirit of popular resistance. Composing music for the film with the "National Anthem" is majestic, a Japanese army of liberation to be sung everywhere, The People's Republic of China established, in order to be prepared and not forget how the Chinese people against foreign aggression, the National Anthem, as the national anthem .
Conference 1942 Yan'an, the Communist-controlled areas began to rewrite the local folk songs into the revolution, such as Shaanxi folk song "The East is Red." The purpose is to rewrite most of the population is illiterate farmers to spread communist ideology.
During the Cultural Revolution, Western music, especially the Soviet Union's not illegal. Retro revolutionary songs and the so-called "quotation songs", with dictatorial "model operas", and foreign exchanges almost stopped, even in the welcome banquet in honor of U.S. President Richard Nixon, the band playing American music, "haystack on turkey" , the then Minister of Culture should protest to the Prime Minister, the mainland Chinese music into a low period. To the development of music is not completely stagnant.
During the Cultural Revolution, the "model opera" Although too overbearing, but the opera will be accompanied by the introduction of the Western orchestra to produce a special effect, in the context of vigorous orchestral and skin tones of the drums, but also highlighted the characteristics of opera music, but also a Integrated Chinese and Western development. Especially the "Dahushangshan" interlude in the horn solo, and singing back tones of natural, very commendable.
Pop music】 【
Since China's reform and opening up, the first pop music from Hong Kong and Taiwan into China, particularly Taiwan, Teresa Teng singing school songs and songs popular in mainland China. In the CCTV Spring Festival Gala Performance of China's Ming-Min Zhang's "My Chinese Heart" became a hit in China, which is China's Hong Kong and Taiwan's first public music performance. Since then, China's pop music and the rest of the world's various styles, various genres of music combined, resulting in a number of popular songs. Now, the rapid development of China's pop music, pop music world in a new force should not be underestimated.
Taiwan and Hong Kong's popular music developed rapidly, the basic synchronization and international trends, particularly Hong Kong, because the government does not interfere with the creation of music, there have been many famous singers and songs, not only across China by the Chinese, but also by Japan, South Korea, fans of the cult.
In recent years, mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and other parts of the world continue to share the Chinese pop music, began to convergence, convergence trend. Therefore, start with "Global Chinese pop music," the overall title. An outstanding performance: China as one of the world's largest consumer market, Hong Kong and Taiwan, overseas major pop music release list and start the preparation of more and more attention to the mainland market.
It is noteworthy that, in the popular music which, with a kind of folk music in nature, they are represented by the campus folk, urban folk, barracks ballads, folk music they also have a place among pop music, have all had their brilliant years, simple folk tunes, popular lyrics also touched many people.
【Music】 rap
The music is based on a fixed melody, rhythm, accompanied by synthesizer, scratch records, and so fast that the composition did not understand rap, many people feel too weird, too monotonous, so predicting its short-lived, but proved from its development to the present all the formal music awards ceremony and have a rap song charts the breakdown of the project, such as the annual Billboard Rap Album award is about the best American rap trend guide. Many people believe that all rap music sounds are the same, does not. You have to listen to rap shown by the feeling of rhythm and rhyme, go about it to say. For example, gang rap to help them against the community, with the obvious racist tendencies, politicized, and specifically choose non-government. And most of these singers have a background of local gangs, coupled with the talents of the rap album. So they are always around the topic of firearms, drugs, violence and survival of the subject, but in any case, the formation of these rap style, fully demonstrated the aspirations of African Americans and discontent. Any have anything to say, and talented young people, can rap in a different form, to find their own sky.
【Music】 National
Narrow sense of Chinese folk music refers to the Han Chinese music, referred to as "folk music." China's ethnic music has had more style and content, such as Tibetan music, Mongolian music, Zhuang music.
Tibetan Music
Tibetan nation is sing and dance, their song melody vast, mildly sweet. Tibetan Buddhist music can be divided into music and folk music. Buddhist music in the most famous monks sing praise tunes without words.
Tibetan folk songs resounding loud and clear, it sounds like there is a vast plateau blue sky weather, melodious tunes, but also to the five main sound. Song and dance form of "fruit harmony", "Guozhuo" (pot Zhuang), etc.. Tibetan music, some of the elements are absorbed by the Han Chinese and Western music. Some songs of the Han mimic the characteristics of Tibetan music created such as "visiting the Park," "Plateau," a kind of song. Recent years, Tibetans in Tibet are also songs of other musical elements into. In addition to the famous Tibetan singer Cedain Zhoima and singing Chinese songs mainly Han Hong, there Rongzhongerjia, East Asia, Jean Snow Dolma large number of high profile singer in Tibet.
Regular theater now finishing excavation performed traditional Tibetan opera "King Gesar."
Music Man
Northeast China and Beijing is the Manchu _set_tlements. Man's most famous folk music is from the Qing Dynasty Bajiao Gu. Man's Lullaby, "a lengthy bar," and other works are well-known, often used in Chinese modern cover.
Mongolian Music
Mongolian folk song points "folk Long Song" and "short-tune folk songs." "Long Tune" There are many homophonic words meaningless stretch singing, there are grasslands Kongkuo style. The most distinctive musical instrument is matouqin is a pull strings, piano column as a Tau general decorative carving, so this name.
Zhuang's
Guangxi Zhuang neighborhood is the home of folk songs, often young men and women singing in antiphonal style, some people even say that the time singing Zhuang's life longer than the talking. Basic and Han Zhuang folk music style similar to the main pentatonic scale. Lyrics obvious antithesis format, content at nominal, metaphor and other techniques statements to the exchange-based life, and sometimes the lyrics are referring to the Chinese classical stories and allusions. Zhuang music can be in the movie musical "The Nutcracker" in a glimpse of its magic.
Dai music
Dai's and South Asia, Myanmar, Thailand's musical style is similar to mildly mellow tunes, typical musical instruments, and as the feet drum a Hulusi, Hulusi unique timbre of a musical style of playing is Dai.
Naxi Ancient Music
Lijiang Naxi Naxi ancient music is in the middle of playing old music, is said to be imported from the Central Plains during the Ming Dynasty, and since the original local traffic inconvenience, and little outside contact, and always genuine, handed down, there are only a group of old band can play, is training his successor, is the living fossil of the 14th century music by the music industry attention.
Dong music
Dong "Great Song" is the only use of acoustic folk songs, basic for the female a cappella, vocal harmonies by the voices are very harmonious with, caused a sensation in international and won numerous awards.
Uighur Music
Uyghur music is basically the Arab style of music, great emphasis on rhythm, hand drum can play dozens of different rhythms, musical instruments are mainly suitable for immediate playing of both Seoul and thermal tile just it, the biggest is Tamboura. The traditional Uygur music "12 Maqam" all-inclusive, is the source of many folk music.
Tajik music
Tajik music, and a greater difference between Han Chinese music, good use of chromatic, melody tactfully changing, as Eagle Gao Ming, the most typical of the composer Lei Zhenbang for the movie "tip of the visitors," with songs full use of Tajik folk songs.
Korean Music
Korean music and North Korea, South Korea's music is basically the same, the main instrument with a long drum and gayageum. Gayageum similar to the ancient Chinese zither, smaller than the modern zither, playing the law are not the same, sit cross-legged knee is placed on the bomb. Music melody has its unique style.
【Music】 Opera
19th Century Opera Opera Peking opera of China is very popular in China, also one of the more popular art, large areas have their own local opera. At present, the most representative of the development of Beijing Opera in Beijing. Music Music is usually the main high-profile singing and to flute, percussion section, clapper, gongs, and tones of other stringed accompaniment. Other representatives of opera music: A Night with Hebei, Henan, Pingju opera, Shaoxing opera, Cantonese opera, Kun Opera, Shaanxi Opera, Opera, high such a play and Nuo opera. The whole of China a total of more than 600 varieties of local theater. Kun orally by the United Nations as a World Cultural Heritage List.
】 【Rock music
China's reform and opening up, and Western music was introduced to China through various channels. Music youth more or less exposed to rock music, and began to build a band, imitation and creation.
China's rock music for the first time on stage should be said that in May 9, 1986. At that time in the Beijing Workers Stadium Memorial "'86 International Year of Peace" concert in China 100 singers, Cui Jian dressed in little-known long gown and carrying a guitar, one high and one low trousers jumped on the stage, the audience stunned occasion Hou Chu, "I once asked a drag / when you come with me ... ...", that is, the first Chinese rock pioneer work as "nothing." Subsequently, the Chinese rock, Cui Jian will be the first person called.
The late 80s and early 90s, rock altar has been found in China, such as the Tang Dynasty, Panther, reincarnation, overloading, compass, Beijing 1989 and other bands. By 1994, the Hong Kong Coliseum, Hung Hom, "China's rock influence" concert in the history of China's most passionate rock scene, when the three heroes of rock known as the Magic Dou Wei, Zhang Chu and He Yong, the Chinese rock band Tang Dynasty and push to a peak. China followed a very big rock show differentiation trends, followed by appearance of various musical styles. As to the popular Zheng Jun, Xu Wei, and 0:00, etc.; lower fidelity of the punk band Pangu; pattern times out of flies, left a small ancestral curse and Wang Lei; electronic music and rap music is gaining popularity and a variety of musical styles of interaction between each other fusion. The old band dissolved, the main members of the solo, such as Dou Wei left the band after the Black Panther, had formed a dream band, but also cooperate with many bands impromptu recording; and new bands appear, such as flowers, new pants and take the British line of Catcher in the Rye and sober, etc.; this among a number of schools is of concern to Beijing's Confucius said (now renamed "The Master said Yao release") and second-hand roses to represent the Northeast folk rock more and more attention is being . Many record companies, such as the Modern Sky, Jingwenchangpian and entertainment companies in introducing new musicians and bands to hold concert also made a lot of try and contributions.
【Music】 Western
Western music history is the development of western music history, a detailed time can be divided into: Ancient Greece and Rome during the musical, the music during the Middle Ages, Renaissance music, Baroque music, Classical music, romantic music, contemporary music and New Age music and so on.
Western musical instruments】 【
Keyboard
Piano
Organ
Organ
Clavichord
Harpsichord
Accordion
Electronic keyboard
Electric piano
Electronic Piano
Stringed instrument
Guitar
Electric Guitar
Harp
Bass guitar
Woodwind
Clarinet
Oboe
British
Flute
Piccolo
Harmonica
Bassoon
Saxophone
Reed organ
Accordion
Organ
Jazz Organ
Tango Accordion
Pan
Bassoon
Reed Straight
Brass
Small
Cornet
Chong Fenghao
French Horn
Trombone
Euphonium
Baritone
Baritone
Bowed stringed instrument
Violin
Viola
Cello
Double Bass
Percussion
Timpani
Xylophone
Chung Chin
Marimba
Gong
Cymbals
Snare drum
Drum
Drums
Japanese drums
Crisp bell
】 【Jazz
In the jazz tunes, in addition to traditional music from Europe, the white folk and popular songs in the lessons aside, the best character is the "blues scale" (the structure on this scale, we will be part of the specialist Bruce description), but it can be said of jazz harmony is completely built on the basis of traditional harmony, but more freedom to use a variety of chord changes, the main difference between them is caused by the blues chords.
Jazz in the use of musical instruments and playing on a very distinctive way, completely different from the traditional band. Since the "Jazz Age" since the saxophone became one of the best selling musical instruments; trombone can play the other brass instruments can not be done, funny or bizarre glide, so the team steal the show in the jazz; Trumpet is also a favorite jazz instrument, the instrument with a different mute the sound produced by the novel and the highest pitch is almost a jazz a few sound characteristics unique sound; piano, banjo, guitar, and subsequently The electric guitar is its sound and effective combat style ability to play chords occupy an important position. On the contrary, the most important band in the traditional string instruments (violin, viola, cello) in a number of relatively minor status; horn's rich sound in the orchestra is very fascinating, but for jazz, it's temperament was so docile almost no use. In the orchestra, each instrument in tone and volume control integrated into the overall sound as much as possible among the opposite team in jazz, musicians are striving to make each instrument are "stand up."
The establishment of the band is flexible, the most basic of two parts - the rhythm group and melody group. In the early jazz, the rhythm group number by the bass, banjo and drums as an afterthought, tuba and banjo bass and guitar gradually being replaced by a piano join. In the 30's, the emergence of a dance band, then called "big band", which consists of three components: the rhythm group, brass and woodwind group group. Rhythm group used instruments is still double bass, guitar, piano and drums; brass group is the establishment of common three trumpet and two trombone, but the number is not fixed; woodwind group is usually composed of 45 saxophone Everyone and clarinet or other woodwind instrument, if the establishment of five saxophone is generally two alto, two tenor, one on bass. There is also a commercial (and sometimes also referred to as "sweet-type", "hotel-type", etc.) of the band, compiled with the "big band" almost, but often all used saxophone tenor, and woodwind group will be more use of other instruments (such as the flute, oboe), sometimes with three or four violin, often in the commodity tape you can hear the sound of these bands.
Jazz in the tremolo is a change of direction of change is generally ranging from narrow to wide, the speed from slow to fast, often in a tone near the end of the range and speed increased jitter, but also enhanced the expression of such techniques . Meanwhile, in a sound beginning, jazz musicians are scheduled from the next slide up the pitch, in the end, and from the original pitch slide down. All these changes are not recorded in detail with the music, experienced jazz musicians have mastered this type of approach, especially in this concept, they can depending on the melody or accompaniment Yinxing these effects, "Manufacturing "out. So you can say this: As the improvisation skills of the individual traditions and play, jazz composers and musicians from the co-creation. Received traditional education is difficult to show the reason why jazz musicians, because they do not nurture this special musical ideas. If we carefully compare the true folk singer and formal training, the first folk singers sang the same difference in the meaning of this will have a more intuitive concept.
Jazz was born from the beginning, it attracted a lot of jobs composers. 1920, conductor Paul Luohuaiteman organized a well-known band to jazz works adapted into a concert hall. This new trend has been much "serious" jazz lovers of fierce opposition, however, this is after the well-known jazz in the United States and Europe, was widely welcomed. Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue" was born at this time for this work who is the Whiteman band orchestration the composer Ge Luofei. In accordance with the manuscript on the record, write this work took only three weeks, almost immediately after the performance caused a sensation. There are also many European composers to jazz-based or affected by the works of jazz, such as: Debussy's piano piece "ugly black strange gait Dance" (1908), "il trovatore" (1910), "Frankenstein Ravi Namibia General "(1910); Ravel's Violin Sonata in the slow movement (Bruce); Stravinsky's" 11 solo instruments Leigetaimu "(1919)," The Soldier's Tale "(1918 ), "black wood Concerto"; Hindemith's "Chamber Music No." (Op. 24, atonal) and the Piano Suite (1922).
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