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杂剧zájù（variety play）
中国戏曲艺术发展到成熟阶段的最早的戏曲种类。以其发展衍变地域和时期的不同，又可分为宋杂剧、金院本和元杂剧。就其音乐──北曲来说，则是一种早期的以曲牌体为特色的重要声腔系统。它吸收、融合了中国传统艺术的优秀成果，对当时的南戏和明代以来南北各种地方声腔剧种给以广泛而深刻的影响。在中国戏曲艺术发展的进程中，具有非常重要的地位。
“杂剧”最早见于唐代，那意思和汉代的“百戏”差不多，泛指歌舞以外诸如杂技等各色节目。“杂”谓杂多，“百”也是形容多；“戏”和“剧”的意思相仿，但都没有今天“戏剧”的意思。到了宋代，“杂剧”逐渐成为一种新表演形式的专称；这一新形式也确实称得上“杂”的，包括有歌舞、音乐、调笑、杂技，它分为三段：第一段称为“艳段”，表演内容为日常生活中的熟事，作为正式部分的引子；第二段是主要部分，大概是表演故事、说唱或舞蹈；第三段叫散段，也叫杂扮、杂旺、技和，表演滑稽、调笑，或间有杂技。三段各一内容，互不连贯。
杂剧的音乐，有些直接取自宋大曲，有些则来源于民间小曲。但宋大曲一般只取唐大曲的一部分，称为“摘遍”；宋大曲的结构也已远较唐大曲简单。
北宋以后，杂剧既有随南宋南迁的，也有为金所继承的，金继承的宋杂剧也称院本，性质上与宋杂剧却没有区别。
北宋末南宋初，也就是12世纪，南方也产生了一种与宋杂剧不同的戏曲南戏，又叫戏文，又因为产生地在浙江温州，所以又叫温州杂剧、永嘉杂剧。南戏完全表演故事，结构可随故事变化，不象宋杂剧基本由三段构成。南戏音乐以南方流行的小曲、歌谣为主，大概后来受到宋杂剧的影响，也采用唱赚、词调和大曲的部分曲调。南戏虽不讲究宫调，时间久了却也自然形成了集曲成套的规律，曲牌联接已有一定次序。在南戏的舞台上，一般角色也可歌唱，因此便有独唱、对唱、合唱等各种形式，音乐的路子显得开阔了。
形成和衍变
杂剧的名称在晚唐时已经出现，到了宋代，由于城市商品经济的繁盛，市民阶层对于文化生活的需求，东京（今河南开封）出现了集中演出各种伎艺的瓦肆、勾栏，为戏剧向综合艺术发展提供了条件。宋杂剧是在继承歌舞戏、参军戏、歌舞、说唱、词调、民间歌曲等艺术传统的基础上融合、发展而产生的。当时，杂剧在宫廷中的演出,虽穿插于诸般伎艺之中,但已具有独立演出的性质。在民间瓦肆，杂剧为经常搬演的节目,中元节演《目连经救母杂剧》可连演7、8天,观者倍增。可见当时杂剧作为戏曲形式已在民间广泛流传。
南宋，随着政治中心南移，杂剧又盛行于临安（今浙江杭州）等地，它在诸般伎艺中已居于首要地位。当时，在北方与宋对峙的金，则有院本（行院所用剧本）流行。金院本与宋杂剧在体裁、演出形式、脚色分工等方面大致相同，其不同在所用曲调（曲牌）方面。
据王国维统计现存院本名目689种中,所用曲调以北方汉族和少数民族民间歌调为多，而在宋官本杂剧中所用曲调则以大曲、法曲和词调为多。在形式方面，金院本较宋杂剧有所丰富和发展，出现了某些新的形式。
同时期的南方温州杂剧虽名为杂剧，但实为南戏。元统一中国，以大都（今北京）为中心的北方地区集中了大量财富、人力（包括各色优秀艺人）和文化艺术珍宝。文人因备受鄙视而绝意仕进者，常与杂剧艺人共同进行创作，从而使元杂剧在以大都为中心的北方地区繁盛起来。南北统一后，元杂剧逐渐流传于江南临安等地。
元初至元到大德年间（1279～1307），元杂剧发展至鼎盛时期，大都以及各地的杂剧演出非常活跃，作家辈出，名作如林。如关汉卿的《窦娥冤》、《救风尘》、《拜月亭》、《单刀会》，王实甫的《西厢记》，马致远的《汉宫秋》,魏君祥的《赵氏孤儿》等不朽作品,反映了广大人民的苦难和呼声。著名演员有珠帘秀、天然秀、侯耍俏、黄子醋等，盛极一时。元代末年，政治黑暗，经济衰微，北方重灾，更由于科举恢复，文人转趋仕途，以及南方传奇兴起等原因，元杂剧又渐趋衰落。
明初，杂剧进一步宫廷化，代之而起的有体裁简短的短剧和专唱南曲或兼用南北曲的南杂剧，其中虽有少数较好的作品，如徐渭的《四声猿》等，也终于不能挽回杂剧衰亡的命运。至此杂剧艺术已在中国戏曲音乐的继续发展中完成了自己的历史使命。
元杂剧的音乐 元杂剧结构相当严谨，一本戏基本上可以分作4折;这种分折结构符合于戏剧情节发展的起、承、转、合的一般规律。4折之外,还有短小的具有开场或过场性质的楔子作为补充。与唱腔有关的脚色分行是由宋杂剧和金院本发展而来的，而分工更为明确、细致。
杂剧的体裁
杂剧的体裁，首先是一本四折的形式，这是受宋杂剧演出时分为四段的影响。四折之外又可以加一、二个“楔子”。“折”相当于一场戏，但在一折中，场景却可有所变换。“楔子”的篇幅比较短小，通常放在第一折前，起类似序幕的作用；也有放在两折之间作为剧情的过渡，它是四折一本形式的重要补充部分。个别杂剧亦有突破四折一本的形式的。如《赵氏孤儿》为五折。一般说来，一本为一剧，但也有一些作品超出一本，如《西厢记》即为五本。
杂剧的构成
杂剧有三个构成部分：宾白、唱词、科介。三者交相配合，推动剧情发展，刻画人物性格。“白”有韵白、散白；还有“带云”、“背云”、“内云”等名目，各起串联唱词、交代内心活动、人物间交流的作用。元杂剧是一种歌舞剧，因而“科介”包括人物动作、表情、武打、歌舞以及音响效果等内容。唱词是杂剧中重要构成部分，在音乐上采用联套方式，由同一宫调的数支曲子组成，一折一套。至元代后期才出现南北曲联套的形式。曲的排列有一定格式，但又有多样的变化，要求每一支曲子的音乐前后必需衔接。曲文要协律，符合曲牌规定的格律，平仄要和协。押韵以当时北方话为准则，方式为全套通押一韵，但可四声通协，韵字亦可复用。此外，曲文中可加衬字，并可利用丰富的对仗形式：偶句对、鼎足对、连璧对、隔句对、连珠对，等等，增加曲文的修辞色彩。
杂剧的角色
基本脚色有4类:旦（女性脚色）、末（男性脚色）、净（刚烈豪强及滑稽人物）、杂（其他杂色），每类更有细致的区分。由正旦或正末扮演主要脚色，故剧本有旦本、末本之分。元杂剧的音乐北曲，是形成于北方的一种重要的曲牌联套体声腔系统。它继承了由来已久的传统音乐艺术，包括唐宋以来的歌舞音乐(如大曲和转踏)、说唱音乐（如鼓子词、唱赚和诸宫调）、歌曲（如曲子词、汉族和北方兄弟民族的民间歌曲）等。其中，既有丰富多彩的腔调积累,又有严谨独具特色的结构形式,以及精湛的歌唱艺术和器乐演奏。通过几百年无数艺人的探求和实践，才完成北曲这一声腔系统的艺术创造。
杂剧的特点
元杂剧演唱的原貌,已不可见,只能从历史记载、曲谱、昆曲中的北曲以及戏曲文物中了解到它的基本情况，大致说来，有如下一些特点。
① 就其音乐风格来说，前代曲家一致认为它具有浓郁的刚健雄浑的风格色彩。这种音乐风格的形成又与以下所举曲调构成诸因素密切相关。用七声音阶，多四度以上的上下跳进，并有其常用的特性音调，形成高下跌宕的旋律特点。这和北方语言的声调、语调有关。剧词用韵以北方语音为准，分平、上、去三声（入声分别并入这三声），每折为一套曲，其所用曲牌均用一韵。它的节奏质朴紧促，具有“促处见筋”的效果。句间灵活自由地加用衬字；句尾常使用底板，以增强唱腔的动势。
此外，字多腔少的词曲结合形式易于突出词情。由于这些因素的综合运用，形成它闪赚顿挫的唱腔特点。它的板式比较自由，板数无定，下板的位置也不固定。节拍有散板、一眼一板、三眼一板3种,其速度相对较南曲为快。
② 曲式结构──曲牌和曲牌联套（套数）。元杂剧一般由4折1楔构成，每折用1套曲，一剧有4大套曲，以体现音乐结构与戏剧结构的一致性。其曲式结构复杂严谨,主体部分的曲牌基本上有3种形式：即不同曲牌相联接的缠令形式；两种曲牌交互联接的缠达形式和同一曲牌变化反复的么篇形式。这些形式在具体按腔时容许有所变通。
③ 宫调运用。元燕南芝庵的《唱论》有十七宫调之说。稍后的周德清则说宫调“一十有二”。而今存元杂剧本中标明曲牌所属宫调，只有五宫四调，即正宫、中吕宫、南吕宫、仙吕宫、黄钟宫、大石调、双调、商调、越调等9种宫调。元杂剧一戏4折、每折各用一宫调（楔子同于其前、后折）。根据现存北曲曲谱来看，宫调分类的意义并不在调高和调式方面。套数的类别确实是称做宫调。这种“宫调”分类，仍具有规范同类曲谱相近的调域和大致的音域，或表示有同类曲谱存在着共有的某些特性音调的性质，因此能为创造新腔或利用原有曲牌并为实际演唱提供方便。借宫和犯调等突破宫调规范的新的手法，也使曲牌的表现力得到丰富、扩展。
④ 演唱形式和演唱艺术。元杂剧受诸宫调的影响，其全剧或1折，由主要角色主唱,有比较集中的大段唱腔，以刻画主要人物或叙述事件。除主唱者外，其他角色一般只有宾白。其结果，一方面固然可以充分发挥歌唱艺术在戏曲中的作用，提高主唱者的演唱水平；但另一方面，次要角色在演唱上得不到应有的发挥，也限制了同主要角色的情感交流。因此，后来的剧本也为次要角色安排一些唱腔。
关于杂剧的演唱艺术，如歌唱方法、格调、节奏、歌声、声韵等方面，积累了丰富的经验，在元燕南芝庵著《唱论》一书中有比较简赅的记述。
⑤ 器乐伴奏。不少人认为北曲的主要伴奏乐器为弦索，但从现在遗存的典箱、壁画、砖雕中所见却只有笛（或有筚篥）、鼓、板，大致同于唐之鼓架部及宋教坊四部中的鼓笛部。因此，有人认为戏曲唱腔伴奏加用筝、琵琶、三弦等弦乐器是较后的事。这些问题有待进一步研究。
Drama zájù (variety play)
The development of Chinese traditional opera to the mature stage of the first opera types. Development and Evolution of its geographical and time differences, can be divided into the Song Dynasty, the Jin and Yuan Dynasty. ─ ─ north of its music song, it is the body of an early to Tune Tune system for the important characteristics. It absorbs, combines the outstanding achievements of traditional Chinese art, drama and the South at that time a variety of places north and south since the Ming Dynasty opera tune give a broad and profound impact. In the Chinese opera in the process of development of the arts, has a very important position.
Plays music, some directly from the song starter, and some from civil ditty. However, Tang and Song Daqu Daqu Generally, only a part of, called "Abstract time"; Song Daqu structure much smaller than in the Tang Daqu simple.
After the Northern Song, Southern Song Dynasty established with south, and also provided money inherited, Jinji Cheng Song Dynasty also known as the hospital this, nature is no different with the Song Dynasty.
Formation and Evolution
Southern Song Dynasty, with the political center moved south, Drama Also popular in Lin'an (now Hangzhou), etc., which fill you with all of drama in the primary position has been living. At that time, the confrontation between the North and the Song of gold, there are homes of this (line institutions with a script) epidemic. The Jin and the Song Dynasty in the genre, show the form of role division of labor is basically the same, with their different tune in the (melody) side.
According to Wang Guowei statistics of existing homes in the 689 kinds of names, the use of melody in northern Han Chinese and minority folk song tune as many officials in the Song Dynasty used in this tune Zeyi Daqu, French music, and multi-word notes. In form, the Jin Song Dynasty had a more enriched and developed, there has been some new forms.
The same period, although the name South Wenzhou Dynasty Dynasty, but the real drama for the south. Yuan unification of China, to most (now Beijing) as the center of the northern region have a lot of wealth, human (including colored artistes) and cultural and artistic treasures. Much despised by scholars and those who never intended to officialdom, often together creative artists and Drama, so most of the Yuan in order to flourish as the center up north. North-South reunification, Yuan gradually spread in South Linan and other places.
Early Yuan Yuan to Dade years (1279 ~ 1307), Yuan Dynasty to the peak of development, mostly, and very active around the Opera performances, the writer of giving birth to masterpieces such as the forest. If Guan Hanqing's "Snow in Midsummer," "save the Courtesan," "Praying to the Moon," "will single-handedly," Wang Shih-fu's "The West Chamber", Ma Zhiyuan's "Autumn in Palace", Weijun Xiang's "Orphan of Zhao", etc. immortal works, reflecting the majority of the people's suffering and cries. Famous actors show a bead curtain, natural show, playing Hou Qiao, Huang vinegar, Olive Tree. Yuan Dynasty, the political darkness, economic decline, the North disastrous, but to restore the imperial examination, scholars turned career, and the rise of Southern legends and other reasons, then gradually decline Yuan.
Early Ming Dynasty further court-based, replaced by a genre of short skits and sing special songs Nanqu or a combination of Southern Opera North and South, which despite a few good works, such as Xu Wei, "Ape", etc. , and finally can not turn around the decline of the fate of Drama. So far Drama Art in the continued development of Chinese opera music to complete its historic mission.
Yuan Yuan's very strict structure, a game can basically be divided into four break; this sub-folded structure found in the dramatic plot development, the commitments, transfer, cooperation of the general law. 4 fold, there is too short field with the opening or the nature of the wedge as a supplement. Roles and singing the Song Dynasty and the branch is developed from the Jin, the division of labor is more clear and detailed.
Genre Drama
Genre Drama, first in the form of a Si Zhe, which is subject to the Song Dynasty in four sections of the performances. Sizhe outside can also add one or two "wedge." "Break" the equivalent of a drama, but in a compromise, but may be change scenarios. "Wedge" relatively short length, usually on the first break before the curtain from a similar role; also on a plot between the two folding transition, which is Sizhe an important complement to form part of. Individual dramas have a breakthrough in the form of Si Zhe. Such as "Orphan of Zhao" as Wu Zhe. In general, a is a drama, but there are some works than one, such as "The West Chamber" shall be five.
The composition of Drama
Drama has three components: Spoken, lyrics, Section Introduction. Three cross matching, and promote the development of plot, characterization Characters in. "White" has rhyme white, loose white; there "with clouds", "Back cloud", "internal cloud" and other names, the serial from the lyrics, inside account of events, the role of exchanges between characters. Yuan is a musical, which "Section Introduction" includes action figures, facial expressions, martial arts, dance and sound and so on. Opera libretto is an important component of the joint _set_s in the music by way of transfer from the same palace several tune the composition of a folding _set_. To the north and south Qu Yuan appeared late in the form of joint _set_s. A certain arrangement of music formats, but there are a variety of changes, requiring each musical piece before and after a required interface. Qu Association law to meet the requirements of the metrical melody, tonal pattern to and harmonious. Rhyming words at the time the North as the standard way to complete a rhyme rhyme, but may pass the Society four tones, rhyme words can reuse. In addition, the song Lining paper can be words, and can use the rich couplet form: dual sentence right, Tripartite Couplet, even bi right, every other sentence pairs, Lianzhu right, and so on, increasing song rhetorical color.
The role of Drama
Drama Features
Yuan singing original, has not seen, only from historical records, music scores, music, and Kun Opera in the North understand its heritage in the basic situation, generally speaking, there are some features.
① their music style, the former generation of composers agreed that it is rich in vigorous and forceful style of color. The formation of this music style has cited the following factors constitute a closely related tune. Sound stage with seven more jump up and down more than four times, and has its characteristic tone commonly used to form the melody compete with the ups and features. This northern language tone, the tone. Rhyming word play to prevail in Northern voice, sub-level, on to the third tone (Entering into this three times, respectively), each pack is a _set_ of songs, their tunes are used with a rhyme. It's rhythm funky pressed with "Seeing the tendons to promote" effect. Sentence was added between the flexible liner free word; bottom end of the sentence often used to enhance the singing of the momentum.
In addition, fewer words and more words and music combined with the form of cavity easy to highlight the word love. The comprehensive use of these factors, the formation of its singing flash features make frustrated. Plate compared to its free, no fixed number plate, the plate's position is not fixed. Beat with rubato, one of a board, three of a plate 3, the relative speed faster than the Southern Drama.
② ─ ─ Tune musical structure and melody that _set_ (copy number). General Yuan off a wedge from 4, with each fold with a divertimento, a play with four major divertimento, to reflect the musical structure and dramatic structure consistency. The musical structure complex and rigorous, the main part of the melody basically three kinds of forms: the different winding linking the tunes that form; two tunes connected winding up interactive forms and the same melody repeated changes in the form of Mody articles. These forms in time to allow some specific modifications by cavity.
④ singing and singing art. Gong Yuan Shou Zhu stressed the impact of the opera or a discount, by the major role of the lead singer, has concentrated a large section of singing, to portray the main characters or the narrative events. In addition to the lead singers, the other players to only Spoken. As a result, while they can give full play to sing the role of art in the drama to raise the level of lead singer's concert; but on the other hand, on a secondary role in the concert should not play, also limited with the major role emotional interaction. Therefore, the script then arrange for a secondary role in singing.
Opera singing on the arts such as singing method, style, rhythm, song, rhyme and so on, has accumulated rich experience in the Yuan Yan Nanzhi Temple of "Singing," a book account of a relatively simple Gai.
⑤ instrumental accompaniment. Many people believe that the main accompaniment instrument Northern Song string of cable, but now remains of the Code box, murals, brick seen in only whistle (or Hichiriki), drums, sheet, roughly the same in the Tang Dynasty Drum Rack Education Department and Song Four Square Division of the drums flute. Therefore, some people think that opera singing accompaniment plus zheng, pipa, sanxian and other stringed instruments than later. These issues need further study.
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