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雜劇zájù（variety play）
中國戲麯藝發達展到成熟階段的最早的戲麯類。以其展衍變地域和時期的不同，又可分為宋雜劇、金院本和元雜劇。就其音樂──北麯來說，則是一種早期的以麯牌為特色的重要聲腔統。它吸收、融受不了中國傳統藝的優秀成果，對當時的南戲和明代以來南北各種地方聲腔劇給以泛而深刻的影響。在中國戲麯藝發達展的進程中，具有非常重要的地位。
“雜劇”最早見於唐代，那意思和漢代的“百戲”差不多，泛指歌舞以外諸如雜技等各色節目。“雜”謂雜多，“百”也是形容多；“戲”和“劇”的意思相仿，但都沒有今天“戲劇”的意思。到宋代，“雜劇”逐漸成為一種新演形式的專稱；這一新形式也確實稱得上“雜”的，包括有歌舞、音樂、調笑、雜技，它分為三段：第一段稱為“豔段”，演內容為日常生活中的熟事，作為正式部分的引子；第二段是主要部分，大概是演故事、說唱或舞蹈；第三段叫散段，也叫雜扮、雜旺、技和，演滑稽、調笑，或間有雜技。三段各一內容，互不連貫。
雜劇的音樂，有些直接取自宋大麯，有些則來源於民間小麯。但宋大麯一般取唐大麯的一部分，稱為“摘遍”；宋大麯的結構也已遠較唐大麯簡單。
北宋以，雜劇既有隨南宋南遷的，也有為金所繼承的，金繼承的宋雜劇也稱院本，性質上與宋雜劇卻沒有區。
北宋末南宋初，也就是12世紀，南方也産生一種與宋雜劇不同的戲麯南戲，又叫戲文，又因為産生地在浙江溫州，所以又叫溫州雜劇、永嘉雜劇。南戲完全演故事，結構可隨故事變化，不象宋雜劇基本由三段構成。南戲音樂以南方流行的小麯、歌謠為主，大概來受到宋雜劇的影響，也用唱賺、詞調和大麯的部分麯調。南戲雖不講究宮調，時間久了卻也自然形成集麯成套的規律，麯牌聯接已有一定次序。在南戲的舞臺上，一般角色也可歌唱，因此便有獨唱、對唱、唱等各種形式，音樂的路子顯得開闊。
形成和衍變
雜劇的名稱在晚唐時已經出現，到宋代，由於城市商品經濟的繁盛，市民階層對於文化生活的需求，東京（今河南開封）出現集中演出各種伎藝的瓦肆、勾欄，為戲劇綜藝發達展提供條件。宋雜劇是在繼承歌舞戲、參軍戲、歌舞、說唱、詞調、民間歌麯等藝傳統的基礎上融、展而産生的。當時，雜劇在宮廷中的演出,雖穿插於諸般伎藝之中,但已具有獨立演出的性質。在民間瓦肆，雜劇為經常搬演的節目,中元節演《目連經救母雜劇》可連演7、8天,觀者倍增。可見當時雜劇作為戲麯形式已在民間泛流傳。
南宋，隨着政治中心南移，雜劇又盛行於臨安（今浙江杭州）等地，它在諸般伎藝中已居於首要地位。當時，在北方與宋對峙的金，則有院本（行院所用劇本）流行。金院本與宋雜劇在裁、演出形式、腳色分工等方面大致相同，其不同在所用麯調（麯牌）方面。
王國維統計現存院本名目689中,所用麯調以北方漢族和少數民族民間歌調為多，而在宋官本雜劇中所用麯調則以大麯、法麯和詞調為多。在形式方面，金院本較宋雜劇有所豐富和展，出現某些新的形式。
同時期的南方溫州雜劇雖名為雜劇，但實為南戲。元統一中國，以大都（今北京）為中心的北方地區集中大量財富、人力（包括各色優秀藝人）和文化藝珍寶。文人因備受鄙視而絶意仕進者，常與雜劇藝人共同進行創作，從而使元雜劇在以大都為中心的北方地區繁盛起來。南北統一，元雜劇逐漸流傳於江南臨安等地。
元初至元到大德年間（1279～1307），元雜劇展至鼎盛時期，大都以及各地的雜劇演出非常活躍，作輩出，名作如林。如關漢卿的《竇娥冤》、《救風塵》、《拜月亭》、《單刀會》，王實甫的《西廂記》，馬致遠的《漢宮》,魏君祥的《趙氏孤兒》等不朽作品,反映大人民的苦難和呼聲。著名演員有珠秀、天然秀、侯耍俏、黃子醋等，盛極一時。元代末年，政治黑暗，經濟衰微，北方重災，更由於科舉恢，文人轉趨仕途，以及南方傳奇興起等原因，元雜劇又漸趨衰落。
明初，雜劇進一步宮廷化，代之而起的有裁簡短的短劇和專唱南麯或兼用南北麯的南雜劇，其中雖有少數較好的作品，如徐渭的《四聲猿》等，也終於不能輓雜劇衰亡的命運。至此雜劇藝已在中國戲麯音樂的繼續展中完成自己的歷史使命。
元雜劇的音樂 元雜劇結構相當嚴謹，一本戲基本上可以分作4;這分結構符於戲劇情節展的起、承、轉、的一般規律。4之外,還有短小的具有開場或過場性質的楔子作為補充。與唱腔有關的腳色分行是由宋雜劇和金院本展而來的，而分工更為明確、細緻。
雜劇的裁
雜劇的裁，首先是一本四的形式，這是受宋雜劇演出時分為四段的影響。四之外又可以加一、二個“楔子”。“”相當於一場戲，但在一中，場景卻可有所變換。“楔子”的篇幅比較短小，通常放在第一前，起類似序幕的作用；也有放在兩之間作為劇情的過渡，它是四一本形式的重要補充部分。個雜劇亦有突破四一本的形式的。如《趙氏孤兒》為五。一般說來，一本為一劇，但也有一些作品超出一本，如《西廂記》即為五本。
雜劇的構成
雜劇有三個構成部分：賓白、唱詞、科介。三者交相配，推動劇情展，刻畫人物性格。“白”有韻白、散白；還有“帶”、“背”、“內”等名目，各起串聯唱詞、交代內心活動、人物間交流的作用。元雜劇是一種歌舞劇，因而“科介”包括人物動作、情、武打、歌舞以及音響效果等內容。唱詞是雜劇中重要構成部分，在音樂上用聯套方式，由同一宮調的數支麯子組成，一一套。至元代期出現南北麯聯套的形式。麯的排列有一定格式，但又有多樣的變化，要求每一支麯子的音樂前必需銜接。麯文要協律，符麯牌規定的格律，平仄要和協。押韻以當時北方話為則，方式為全套通押一韻，但可四聲通協，韻字亦可用。此外，麯文中可加襯字，可利用豐富的對仗形式：偶句對、鼎足對、連璧對、隔句對、連珠對，等等，增加麯文的修辭色彩。
雜劇的角色
基本腳色有4類:旦（女性腳色）、末（男性腳色）、淨（剛烈豪強及滑稽人物）、雜（其他雜色），每類更有細緻的區分。由正旦或正末扮演主要腳色，故劇本有旦本、末本之分。元雜劇的音樂北麯，是形成於北方的一種重要的麯牌聯套聲腔統。它繼承由來已久的傳統音樂藝，包括唐宋以來的歌舞音樂(如大麯和轉踏)、說唱音樂（如鼓子詞、唱賺和諸宮調）、歌麯（如麯子詞、漢族和北方兄弟民族的民間歌麯）等。其中，既有豐富多彩的腔調積,又有嚴謹獨具特色的結構形式,以及精湛的歌唱藝和器樂演奏。通過百年無數藝人的探求和實踐，完成北麯這一聲腔統的藝創造。
雜劇的特點
元雜劇演唱的原貌,已不可見,能從歷史記載、麯譜、昆麯中的北麯以及戲麯文物中瞭解到它的基本情況，大致說來，有如下一些特點。
① 就其音樂風格來說，前代麯一致認為它具有濃郁的剛健雄渾的風格色彩。這音樂風格的形成又與以下所舉麯調構成諸因素密切相關。用七聲音階，多四度以上的上下跳進，有其常用的特性音調，形成高下跌宕的旋律特點。這和北方語言的聲調、語調有關。劇詞用韻以北方語音為，分平、上、去三聲（入聲分并州入這三聲），每為一套麯，其所用麯牌均用一韻。它的節奏質緊促，具有“促處見筋”的效果。句間靈活自由地加用襯字；句尾常使用底，以增強唱腔的動勢。
此外，字多腔少的詞麯結形式易於突出詞情。由於這些因素的綜運用，形成它閃賺頓挫的唱腔特點。它的式比較自由，數無定，下的位置也不固定。節拍有散、一眼一、三眼一3,其速度相對較南麯為快。
② 麯式結構──麯牌和麯牌聯套（套數）。元雜劇一般由41楔構成，每用1套麯，一劇有4大套麯，以現音樂結構與戲劇結構的一致性。其麯式結構雜嚴謹,主部分的麯牌基本上有3形式：即不同麯牌相聯接的纏令形式；兩麯牌交互聯接的纏達形式和同一麯牌變化反的麽篇形式。這些形式在具按腔時容許有所變通。
③ 宮調運用。元燕南芝庵的《唱論》有十七宮調之說。稍的周德清則說宮調“一十有二”。而今存元雜劇本中標明麯牌所屬宮調，衹有五宮四調，即正宮、中呂宮、南呂宮、仙呂宮、黃宮、大石調、雙調、商調、越調等9宮調。元雜劇一戲4、每各用一宮調（楔子同於其前、折本）。根現存北麯麯譜來看，宮調分類的意義並不在調高和調式方面。套數的類確實是稱做宮調。這“宮調”分類，仍具有規同類麯譜相近的調域和大致的音域，或示有同類麯譜存在着共有的某些特性音調的性質，因此能為創造新腔或利用原有麯牌為實際演唱提供方便。宮和犯調等突破宮調規的新的手法，也使麯牌的現力得到豐富、擴展。
④ 演唱形式和演唱藝。元雜劇受諸宮調的影響，其全劇或1，由主要角色主唱,有比較集中的大段唱腔，以刻畫主要人物或敘述事件。除主唱者外，其他角色一般衹有賓白。其結果，一方面固然可以充分揮歌唱藝在戲麯中的作用，提高主唱者的演唱水平；但另一方面，次要角色在演唱上得不到應有的揮，也限受不了同主要角色的情感交流。因此，來的劇本也為次要角色安排一些唱腔。
關於雜劇的演唱藝，如歌唱方法、格調、節奏、歌聲、聲韻等方面，積丰采富的經驗，在元燕南芝庵著《唱論》一書中有比較簡賅的記述。
⑤ 器樂伴奏。不少人認為北麯的主要伴奏樂器為弦索，但從現在遺存的典箱、壁畫、磚雕中所見卻衹有笛（或有篳篥）、鼓、，大致同於唐之鼓架部及宋教坊四部中的鼓笛部。因此，有人認為戲麯唱腔伴奏加用箏、琵琶、三弦等弦樂器是較的事。這些問題有待進一步研究。
Drama zájù (variety play)
The development of Chinese traditional opera to the mature stage of the first opera types. Development and Evolution of its geographical and time differences, can be divided into the Song Dynasty, the Jin and Yuan Dynasty. ─ ─ north of its music song, it is the body of an early to Tune Tune system for the important characteristics. It absorbs, combines the outstanding achievements of traditional Chinese art, drama and the South at that time a variety of places north and south since the Ming Dynasty opera tune give a broad and profound impact. In the Chinese opera in the process of development of the arts, has a very important position.
Plays music, some directly from the song starter, and some from civil ditty. However, Tang and Song Daqu Daqu Generally, only a part of, called "Abstract time"; Song Daqu structure much smaller than in the Tang Daqu simple.
After the Northern Song, Southern Song Dynasty established with south, and also provided money inherited, Jinji Cheng Song Dynasty also known as the hospital this, nature is no different with the Song Dynasty.
Formation and Evolution
Southern Song Dynasty, with the political center moved south, Drama Also popular in Lin'an (now Hangzhou), etc., which fill you with all of drama in the primary position has been living. At that time, the confrontation between the North and the Song of gold, there are homes of this (line institutions with a script) epidemic. The Jin and the Song Dynasty in the genre, show the form of role division of labor is basically the same, with their different tune in the (melody) side.
According to Wang Guowei statistics of existing homes in the 689 kinds of names, the use of melody in northern Han Chinese and minority folk song tune as many officials in the Song Dynasty used in this tune Zeyi Daqu, French music, and multi-word notes. In form, the Jin Song Dynasty had a more enriched and developed, there has been some new forms.
The same period, although the name South Wenzhou Dynasty Dynasty, but the real drama for the south. Yuan unification of China, to most (now Beijing) as the center of the northern region have a lot of wealth, human (including colored artistes) and cultural and artistic treasures. Much despised by scholars and those who never intended to officialdom, often together creative artists and Drama, so most of the Yuan in order to flourish as the center up north. North-South reunification, Yuan gradually spread in South Linan and other places.
Early Yuan Yuan to Dade years (1279 ~ 1307), Yuan Dynasty to the peak of development, mostly, and very active around the Opera performances, the writer of giving birth to masterpieces such as the forest. If Guan Hanqing's "Snow in Midsummer," "save the Courtesan," "Praying to the Moon," "will single-handedly," Wang Shih-fu's "The West Chamber", Ma Zhiyuan's "Autumn in Palace", Weijun Xiang's "Orphan of Zhao", etc. immortal works, reflecting the majority of the people's suffering and cries. Famous actors show a bead curtain, natural show, playing Hou Qiao, Huang vinegar, Olive Tree. Yuan Dynasty, the political darkness, economic decline, the North disastrous, but to restore the imperial examination, scholars turned career, and the rise of Southern legends and other reasons, then gradually decline Yuan.
Early Ming Dynasty further court-based, replaced by a genre of short skits and sing special songs Nanqu or a combination of Southern Opera North and South, which despite a few good works, such as Xu Wei, "Ape", etc. , and finally can not turn around the decline of the fate of Drama. So far Drama Art in the continued development of Chinese opera music to complete its historic mission.
Yuan Yuan's very strict structure, a game can basically be divided into four break; this sub-folded structure found in the dramatic plot development, the commitments, transfer, cooperation of the general law. 4 fold, there is too short field with the opening or the nature of the wedge as a supplement. Roles and singing the Song Dynasty and the branch is developed from the Jin, the division of labor is more clear and detailed.
Genre Drama
Genre Drama, first in the form of a Si Zhe, which is subject to the Song Dynasty in four sections of the performances. Sizhe outside can also add one or two "wedge." "Break" the equivalent of a drama, but in a compromise, but may be change scenarios. "Wedge" relatively short length, usually on the first break before the curtain from a similar role; also on a plot between the two folding transition, which is Sizhe an important complement to form part of. Individual dramas have a breakthrough in the form of Si Zhe. Such as "Orphan of Zhao" as Wu Zhe. In general, a is a drama, but there are some works than one, such as "The West Chamber" shall be five.
The composition of Drama
Drama has three components: Spoken, lyrics, Section Introduction. Three cross matching, and promote the development of plot, characterization Characters in. "White" has rhyme white, loose white; there "with clouds", "Back cloud", "internal cloud" and other names, the serial from the lyrics, inside account of events, the role of exchanges between characters. Yuan is a musical, which "Section Introduction" includes action figures, facial expressions, martial arts, dance and sound and so on. Opera libretto is an important component of the joint _set_s in the music by way of transfer from the same palace several tune the composition of a folding _set_. To the north and south Qu Yuan appeared late in the form of joint _set_s. A certain arrangement of music formats, but there are a variety of changes, requiring each musical piece before and after a required interface. Qu Association law to meet the requirements of the metrical melody, tonal pattern to and harmonious. Rhyming words at the time the North as the standard way to complete a rhyme rhyme, but may pass the Society four tones, rhyme words can reuse. In addition, the song Lining paper can be words, and can use the rich couplet form: dual sentence right, Tripartite Couplet, even bi right, every other sentence pairs, Lianzhu right, and so on, increasing song rhetorical color.
The role of Drama
Drama Features
Yuan singing original, has not seen, only from historical records, music scores, music, and Kun Opera in the North understand its heritage in the basic situation, generally speaking, there are some features.
① their music style, the former generation of composers agreed that it is rich in vigorous and forceful style of color. The formation of this music style has cited the following factors constitute a closely related tune. Sound stage with seven more jump up and down more than four times, and has its characteristic tone commonly used to form the melody compete with the ups and features. This northern language tone, the tone. Rhyming word play to prevail in Northern voice, sub-level, on to the third tone (Entering into this three times, respectively), each pack is a _set_ of songs, their tunes are used with a rhyme. It's rhythm funky pressed with "Seeing the tendons to promote" effect. Sentence was added between the flexible liner free word; bottom end of the sentence often used to enhance the singing of the momentum.
In addition, fewer words and more words and music combined with the form of cavity easy to highlight the word love. The comprehensive use of these factors, the formation of its singing flash features make frustrated. Plate compared to its free, no fixed number plate, the plate's position is not fixed. Beat with rubato, one of a board, three of a plate 3, the relative speed faster than the Southern Drama.
② ─ ─ Tune musical structure and melody that _set_ (copy number). General Yuan off a wedge from 4, with each fold with a divertimento, a play with four major divertimento, to reflect the musical structure and dramatic structure consistency. The musical structure complex and rigorous, the main part of the melody basically three kinds of forms: the different winding linking the tunes that form; two tunes connected winding up interactive forms and the same melody repeated changes in the form of Mody articles. These forms in time to allow some specific modifications by cavity.
④ singing and singing art. Gong Yuan Shou Zhu stressed the impact of the opera or a discount, by the major role of the lead singer, has concentrated a large section of singing, to portray the main characters or the narrative events. In addition to the lead singers, the other players to only Spoken. As a result, while they can give full play to sing the role of art in the drama to raise the level of lead singer's concert; but on the other hand, on a secondary role in the concert should not play, also limited with the major role emotional interaction. Therefore, the script then arrange for a secondary role in singing.
Opera singing on the arts such as singing method, style, rhythm, song, rhyme and so on, has accumulated rich experience in the Yuan Yan Nanzhi Temple of "Singing," a book account of a relatively simple Gai.
⑤ instrumental accompaniment. Many people believe that the main accompaniment instrument Northern Song string of cable, but now remains of the Code box, murals, brick seen in only whistle (or Hichiriki), drums, sheet, roughly the same in the Tang Dynasty Drum Rack Education Department and Song Four Square Division of the drums flute. Therefore, some people think that opera singing accompaniment plus zheng, pipa, sanxian and other stringed instruments than later. These issues need further study.
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