| Christian Johann Heinrich Heine; Harry Heine | |||||
| hēng lì xī · hǎi niè | |||||
| kè lǐ sī dì 'ān · yuē hàn · hǎi yīn lǐ xī · hǎi niè | |||||
| chūshēngdì： | dé guó dù sài 'ěr duō fū | ||||
| língmù： | hā lǐ · hǎi niè | ||||
yuèdòuhǎi niè Heinrich Heinezài诗海dezuòpǐn!!! | |||||
海涅1819至1823年，海涅(Heyne)先后在波恩大学和柏林大学学习法律和哲学，他听过浪漫主义作家奥古斯特·威廉和唯心主义哲学家黑格尔的讲课。海涅早在20岁时就开始了文学创作，他的早期诗作：《青春的苦恼》、《抒情插曲》、《还乡集》、《北海集》等组诗，多以个人遭遇和爱情苦恼为主题，反映了封建专制下个性所受到的压抑以及找不到出路的苦恼。1820年的冬季学期，他来到哥廷根大学，在那里，他参加了一个学生组织。然而，仅仅在1821年1月，他就被迫离开了学校和这个组织。还是在哥廷根，海涅1825年获得法学博士学位。
“我跟一些人一样，在德国感到同样的痛苦，说出那些最坏的苦痛，也就说出我的痛苦。”（《每逢我在清晨》）这些诗句中所抒发的个人感受，具有一定的社会意义。这些诗作于1827年收集出版时，题名为《诗歌集》。它们表现了鲜明的浪漫主义风格，感情淳朴真挚，民歌色彩浓郁，受到广大读者欢迎，其中不少诗歌被作曲家谱上乐曲，在德国广为流传，是德国抒情诗中的上乘之作。
从1824年到1828年间，海涅游历了祖国的许多地方，并到英国、意大利等国旅行。由于他广泛接触社会，加深了对现实社会的理解，写了四部散文旅行札记。
在第一部 《哈尔茨山游记》里， 海涅以幽默活泼的笔调描绘了20年代令人窒息的德国现状，讽刺嘲笑了封建的反动统治者、陈腐的大学、庸俗的市侩、反动的民族主义者、消极的浪漫主义者；以浓郁的抒情笔调描绘了祖国壮丽的自然景色，同时又以深厚的同情，描绘了山区矿工的劳动生活。
在第二部《观念——勒·格朗特文集》里，海涅描绘了法国军队进入故乡的情景，刻画了拿破仑的形象，表现了作者对法国革命的向往和对德国封建统治的憎恶。
在第三部《从慕尼黑到热那亚的旅行》等意大利游记里，描绘了意大利的风光和社会生活，揭露了贵族天主教的反动性，同时对贵族作家脱离现实的倾向进行了批判。
在第四部《英国片段》里，作家描绘了富豪的贵族和资产阶级与劳动人民的尖锐对立，揭露了大资产阶级的贪婪和掠夺。
这四部札记的主要倾向是抨击德国的封建反动统治，期望德国能爆发一场比较彻底的资产阶级革命，这四部旅行札记的创作表明，海涅在思想上已成长为一个革命民主主义者，在艺术上，海涅已从青年时代对个人遭遇与感情的描写，转向对社会现实的探讨，走向现实主义道路。
海涅晚年思想上的矛盾与怀疑突出的表现在他对共产主义的信念与理解上，他思想上的矛盾是那个时代的产物，正如列宁在纪念赫尔岑时所说，“是资产阶级民主派的革命性已在消亡，而社会主义无产阶级的革命性尚未成熟这样一个具有世界历史意义的时代的产物和反映”。同时，也反映了海涅本身资产阶级世界观的局限。1856年2月27日，海涅逝世。
海涅的一个小故事
德国大诗人海涅是犹太人，常常遭到无端攻击。有一次晚会上，一个旅行家对他说： “我发现了一个小岛，那个岛上竟然没有犹太人和驴子！”他的言外之意很明显是在骂海涅是驴子，而海涅不动声色地说：“看来，只有你我一起去那个岛上，才会弥补这个缺陷！”海涅这个回答真是太妙了！又把那个旅行家骂自己的话巧妙地回击过去了。
Heine was born into a family of assimilated German Jews in Düsseldorf, Germany, which was then occupied by France (becoming part of Prussia in 1815). He was called "Harry" as a child, but after his baptism in 1825 he became "Heinrich".
His father was a merchant, and his mother, the daughter of a physician, was a refined and educated woman. When his father's business failed, Heine was sent to Hamburg. His wealthy banker uncle, Salomon, encouraged him to go into commerce, but his ventures in this sphere were not successful. Instead, he took up law, studying at the universities of Göttingen, Bonn and Berlin, where he heard Hegel's lectures on the philosophy of history (he later wrote a short satirical poem about Hegel's philosophy, entitled Doctrine). During his student years he participated in the Verein für Kultur und Wissenschaft des Judentumes ("Society for the Culture and Scientific Study of Judaism"). Heine only stayed in the society for three years and left the group before earning a degree in law in 1825. The same year, he opted to convert from Judaism to Protestantism.
Jews were subject to severe restrictions in many of the German states at that time. They were forbidden from entering certain professions, including university lecturing, which was a particular ambition for Heine. As Heine said in self-justification, his conversion was "the ticket of admission into European culture". He wrote, "As Henry IV said, 'Paris is worth a mass'; I say, 'Berlin is worth the sermon.'" For much of the rest of his life Heine wrestled over the incompatible elements of his German and his Jewish identities.
Works
Heine is best known for his lyric poetry, much of which (especially from his earlier works) was set to music by lied composers, most notably by Robert Schumann. Other composers who have set Heine's works to music include Friedrich Silcher, Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn, Fanny Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, Hugo Wolf, Richard Strauss, and Richard Wagner; and in the 20th century Hans Werner Henze, Lord Berners and Paul Lincke.
As a poet, Heine made his debut with Gedichte ("Poems") in 1821. Heine's one-sided infatuation with his cousins Amalie and Therese later inspired him to write some of his loveliest lyrics; Buch der Lieder ("Book of Songs", 1827) was Heine's first comprehensive collection of verse.
For example the poem Allnächtlich im Traume of the Buch der Lieder was set to music by Robert Schumann as well as Felix Mendelssohn. It contains the specific ironical disillusionment which is indeed typical of Heine:
Allnächtlich im Traume seh ich dich,
Und sehe dich freundlich grüßen,
Und lautaufweinend stürz ich mich
Zu deinen süßen Füßen.
Du siehst mich an wehmütiglich,
Und schüttelst das blonde Köpfchen;
Aus deinen Augen schleichen sich
Die Perlentränentröpfchen.
Du sagst mir heimlich ein leises Wort,
Und gibst mir den Strauß von Zypressen.
Ich wache auf, und der Strauß ist fort,
Und das Wort hab ich vergessen.
(non-literal translation in verse by Hal Draper:)
Nightly I see you in dreams - you speak,
With kindlyness sincerest,
I throw myself, weaping aloud and weak
At your sweet feet, my dearest.
You look at me with wistful woe,
And shake your golden curls;
And stealing from your eyes there flow
The teardrops like to pearls.
You breathe in my ear a secret word,
A garland of cypress for token.
I wake; it is gone; the dream is blurred,
And forgotten the word that was spoken.
(for a more literal translation in particular to assist singers: )
Heine left Germany for France in 1831. After arriving in Paris, he associated with utopian socialists. These included the followers of Count Saint-Simon, who preached an egalitarian paradise based on meritocracy.
In 1832, Heine published, in French, Toward a history of philosophy and religion in Germany. "Never has a more extraordinary book sailed into the world under a more ordinary and discouraging title; yet for sheer literary panache, for bizarre anecdotes, historical snap–judgements, and sheer intellectual wit and vigour, the book has few equals."
German authorities banned his works and those of others who were considered to be associated with the Young Germany movement in 1835. Heine continued, however, to comment on German politics and society from a distance. He remained in Paris, with the exception of a visit in 1843 to Germany, for the rest of his life. Heine wrote Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen (Germany. A Winter's Tale), an account of his visit to Germany and the political climate there, in 1844; his friend, Karl Marx, published it in his newspaper Vorwärts ("Forward") in 1844. Heine also satirized the utopian politics of those opponents of the regime still in Germany in Atta Troll: Ein Sommernachtstraum ("Atta Troll: A Midsummer Night's Dream") in 1847. In the preface to Atta Troll he comments on the risk of arrest that he faced during his clandestine return visit to Germany.
Heine wrote movingly of the experience of exile in his poem In der Fremde ("Abroad"):
Ich hatte einst ein schönes Vaterland.
Der Eichenbaum
Wuchs dort so hoch, die Veilchen nickten sanft.
Es war ein Traum.
Das küßte mich auf deutsch, und sprach auf deutsch
(Man glaubt es kaum,
Wie gut es klang) das Wort: »Ich liebe dich!«
Es war ein Traum.
I once had a beautiful fatherland.
The oak
Grew there so high, the violets gently nodded.
It was a dream.
It kissed me in German, it spoke in German
(One can hardly believe it,
It sounded so good) the phrase: "I love you!"
It was a dream.
Death
Heine suffered from ailments that kept him bedridden for the last eight years of his life (some have suggested he suffered from multiple sclerosis or syphilis). He died in Paris (his last words being: "God will forgive me. It's his job." ) and is interred in the Cimetière de Montmartre.
The Walhalla temple in Bavaria plans to add Heine's bust to its collection in 2009.
Among the thousands of books burned on Berlin's Opernplatz in 1933, following the Nazi raid on the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, were works by Heinrich Heine. To commemorate the terrible event, one of the most famous lines of Heine's 1821 play Almansor was engraved in the ground at the site: "Dort, wo man Bücher verbrennt, verbrennt man am Ende auch Menschen." ("Where they burn books, they will ultimately also burn people.") In the original text, Heine had been referring to the burning of the Quran during the Spanish Inquisition.
In 1834, 99 years before Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party seized power in Germany, Heine made another remarkable prophecy in his work "The History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany":
"Christianity - and that is its greatest merit - has somewhat mitigated that brutal German love of war, but it could not destroy it. Should that subduing talisman, the cross, be shattered, the frenzied madness of the ancient warriors, that insane Berserk rage of which Nordic bards have spoken and sung so often, will once more burst into flame. This talisman is fragile, and the day will come when it will collapse miserably. Then the ancient stony gods will rise from the forgotten debris and rub the dust of a thousand years from their eyes, and finally Thor with his giant hammer will jump up and smash the Gothic cathedrals. (...)
Do not smile at my advice -- the advice of a dreamer who warns you against Kantians, Fichteans, and philosophers of nature. Do not smile at the visionary who anticipates the same revolution in the realm of the visible as has taken place in the spiritual. Thought precedes action as lightning precedes thunder. German thunder is of true Germanic character; it is not very nimble, but rumbles along ponderously. Yet, it will come and when you hear a crashing such as never before has been heard in the world's history, then you know that the German thunderbolt has fallen at last. At that uproar the eagles of the air will drop dead, and lions in the remotest deserts of Africa will hide in their royal dens. A play will be performed in Germany which will make the French Revolution look like an innocent idyll."
Controversial legacy
In the 1890s, amidst a flowering of affection for Heine leading up to the centennial of his birth, a plan was enacted in Düsseldorf to honor Heine with a memorial statue. While at first the plan met with enthusiasm, the concept was gradually bogged down in anti-Semitic, nationalist, and religious criticism; by the time the memorial was finished, there was no place to put it. Through the intervention of German American activists, the memorial was ultimately transplanted into The Bronx. Known in English as the Lorelei Fountain, Germans refer to it as the Heinrich Heine Memorial.
The Heine memorial resides today in the Bronx, New York. The activism of some German Americans, including Carl Schurz, aided in its relocation across the Atlantic.In Israel, the attitude to Heine has long been the subject of debate between secularists, who number him among the most prominent figures of Jewish history, and the religious who consider his conversion to Christianity to be an unforgivable act of betrayal. Due to such debates, the city of Tel-Aviv was very late in naming a street for Heine, and the street finally chosen to bear his name is located in a rather desolate industrial zone rather than in the vicinity of Tel-Aviv University, suggested by some public figures as the appropriate location.
Ha'ir (a left-leaning Tel-Aviv magazine) sarcastically suggested that "The Exiling of Heine Street" symbolically re-enacted the course of Heine's own life. Since then, a street in the Yemin Moshe neighborhood of Jerusalem and a community center in Haifa have been named after Heine. A Heine Appreciation Society is active in Israel, led by prominent political figures from both the left and right camps. His quote about burning books is prominently displayed in the Yad Vashem Holocaust museum in Jerusalem. (It is also diplayed in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum).
Selected works
Auf Flügeln des Gesanges
Gedichte, 1821
Tragödien, nebst einem lyrischen Intermezzo, 1823
Reisebilder, 1826-31
Die Harzreise, 1826
Ideen, das Buch le Grand, 1827
Englische Fragmente, 1827
Buch der Lieder, 1827
Zur Geschichte der Philosophie und Religion in Deutschland, 1832
Französische Zustände, 1833
Zur Geschichte der neueren schönen Literatur in Deutschland, 1833
Die romantische Schule, 1836
Der Salon, 1836-40
Die Lorelei, 1838
Ludwig Börne: Eine Denkschrift, 1840
Neue Gedichte (Big Rudy), 1844 - New Poems
Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen, 1844 - Germany
Atta Troll. Ein Sommernachtstraum, 1847
Romanzero, 1851
Der Doktor Faust, 1851
Les Dieux en Exil, 1853
Die Harzreise, 1853
Lutezia, 1854
Vermischte Schriften, 1854
Letzte Gedichte und Gedanken, 1869
Sämtliche Werke, 1887-90 (7 Vols.)
Sämtliche Werke, 1910-20
Sämtliche Werke, 1925-30
Werke und Briefe, 1961-64
Sämtliche Schriften, 1968
Editions in English
The Complete Poems of Heinrich Heine. A Modern English Version by Hal Draper, Suhrkamp/Insel Publishers Boston, 1982. ISBN 3-518-03048-5
Notes
^ "There was an old rumor, propagated particularly by anti-Semites, that Heine's Jewish name was Chaim, but there is no evidence for it." Ludwig Börne: A Memorial, ed. Jeffrey L. Sammons, Camden House, 2006, p. 13 n. 42.
^ Joseph Peter Stern, Re–interpretations: Seven Studies in Nineteenth–Century German Literature, Basic Books, New York, 1964 ISBN 0-521-28366-3
^ Last words
^ Last words
^ Sturm und Drang Over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine. The New York Times, May 27, 2007.