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布洛东Biography
Born into modest origins in Tinchebray (Orne) in Normandy, he studied medicine and psychiatry. During World War I he worked in a neurological ward in Nantes, where he met the spiritual son of Alfred Jarry, Jacques Vaché, whose anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition influenced Breton considerably. Vaché committed suicide at age 24 and his war-time letters to Breton and others were published in a volume entitled Lettres de guerre (1919), for which Breton wrote four introductory essays.
From Dada to Surrealism
In 1919 Breton founded the review Littérature with Louis Aragon and Philippe Soupault. He also connected with Dadaist Tristan Tzara. In 1924 he was instrumental to the founding of the Bureau of Surrealist Research.
In The Magnetic Fields (Les Champs Magnétiques), a collaboration with Soupault, he put the principle of automatic writing into practice. He published the Surrealist Manifesto in 1924, and was editor of La Révolution surréaliste from 1924. A group coalesced around him — Philippe Soupault, Louis Aragon, Paul Éluard, René Crevel, Michel Leiris, Benjamin Peret, Antonin Artaud, and Robert Desnos.
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Anxious to combine the themes of personal transformation found in the works of Arthur Rimbaud with the politics of Karl Marx, Breton joined the French Communist Party in 1927, from which he was expelled in 1933. During this time, he survived mostly off the sale of paintings from his art gallery.
Under Breton's direction, surrealism became a European movement that influenced all domains of art, and called into question the origin of human understanding and human perceptions of things and events.
In 1938 Breton accepted a cultural commission from the French government to travel to Mexico. This provided the opportunity to meet Trotsky. Breton and other surrealists sought refuge via a long boat ride from Patzcuaro to the surreal town of Erongaricuaro. Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo were among the visitors to the hidden community of intellectuals and artists. Together, Breton and Trotsky wrote a manifesto Pour un art révolutionnaire indépendent (published under the names of Breton and Diego Rivera) which called for "complete freedom of art", which was becoming increasingly difficult in the world situation of the time.
1940s
Breton was again in the medical corp of the French Army at the start of World War II. The Vichy government banned his writings as "the very negation of the national revolution" and Breton sought refuge in the United States and the Caribbean in 1941. Breton made the acquaintance of Martinican writer Aimé Césaire, and later penned the introduction to the 1947 edition of Césaire's Cahier d'un retour au pays natal. During his exile in New York City, he met Elisa, the Chilean woman who would become his third wife.
In 1944, he and Elisa traveled to Gaspésie in Québec, Canada, where he wrote Arcane 17, a book which expresses his fears of World War II, describes the marvels of the Rocher Percé and the northeastern end of North America, and celebrates his newly found love with Elisa.
Later life
Breton returned to Paris in 1946, where he intervened against French colonialism (for example as a signatory of the Manifesto of the 121 against the Algerian war) and continued, until his death, to foster a second group of surrealists in the form of expositions or reviews (La Brèche, 1961-1965). In 1959, Andre Breton organized an exhibit in Paris.
André Breton died in 1966 at 70 and was buried in the Cimetière des Batignolles in Paris.
Works
His works include the case studies Nadja (1928) and L'Amour Fou (1937).
Selected works:
MONT DE PIÉTE, 1919
LES CHAMPS MAGNÉTIQUES, 1920 - The Magnetic Fields
MANIFESTE DU SURRÉALISME, 1924 - The Surrealist Manifesto
LES PAS PERDUS, 1924 - The Lost Steps
POISSON SOLUBLE, 1924 - Soluble Fish
UN CADAVRE, 1924 - A Corpse
LEGITIME DÉFENSE, 1926 - Legitimate Defense
LE SURRÉALISME ET LE PEINTURE, 1926 - Surrealism and Painting
NADJA, 1928
L'IMMACULÉE CONCEPTION, 1930 - The Immaculate Conception
SECOND MANIFESTE DU SURRÉALISME, 1930 - The Second Manifesto of Surrealism
RALENTIR TRAVAUX, 1930 - Slow Down Works
LA RÉVOLVER Á CHEVEUX BLANCS, 1932 - The Revolver Has White Hair
LES VASES COMMUNICANTS, 1932 - The Communicating Vessels
LE MESSAGE AUTOMATIQUE; 1933 - The Automatic Message
QU'EST-CE LE QUE LE SURRÉALISME,1934 - What Is Surrealism
L'AIR ET L'EAU, 1934 - The Air and The Water
POINT DU JOUR, 1934 - Not of the Day
POSITION POLITIQUE DU SURRÉALISME, 1935 - The Political Position of Surrealism
NOTES SUR LA POÉSIE, 1936 (with Paul Éluard) - Notes on Poetry
L'AMOUR FOU, 1937 - Mad Love
EARTHLIGHT, 1937
DICTIONNAIRE ABRÉGE DU SURRÉALISME, 1938 (with Paul Éluard) - Abridged Dictionary of Surrealism
FATA MORGANA, 1940
ANTHOLOGIE DE L'HUMOUR NOIR, 1940 - Anthology of Black Humor
ARCANE 17, 1945
JEUNES CERISIERS GARANTIS CONTRE LES LIÈVRES, 1946 - Young Cherry Trees Secured against Hares
ODE À CHARLES FOURIER, 1947 - Ode to Charles Fourier
YVES TANGUY, 1947
POÈMES 1919-48, 1948
LA LAMPE DANS L'HORLOGE, 1948 - The Lamp in the Clock
MARTINIQUE, CHARMEISE DE SERPENTS, 1948
ENTRETIENS, 1952 - Discussions
LA CLÉ DES CHAMPS, 1953 - The Key of the Fields
FAROUCHE À QUATRE FEUILLES, 1954 (with Lise Deharme, Julien Gracq, Jean Tardieu) - Wild to Four Leaves
LES MANIFESTES DU SURREALISME, 1955 - The Manifestoes of Surrealism
L'ART MAGIQUE, 1957 - The Magic Art
CONSTELLATIONS, 195* LE LA, 1961
SELECTED POEMS, 1969
PERSPECTIVE CAVALIÈRE, 1970
WHAT IS SURREALISM? SELECTED POEMS, 1978
POEMS OF ANDRÉ BRETON, 1982
Life outside art
He married three times:
His first wife, from 1921 to 1931, was the former Simone Kahn, after Simone Collinet (1897-1980)
His second wife was the former Jacqueline Lamba, with whom he had his only child, a daughter named Aube.
His third wife was the former Elisa Claro.
Breton was an avid collector of art, ethnographic material, and unusual trinkets. He was particularly interested in materials from the northwest coast of North America. When faced with a financial crisis in 1931, most of his collection (along with his friend Paul Eluard's) was auctioned off. He subsequently rebuilt the collection, which was preserved by family members from the time of his death until 2003, at which time his books, art, and ethnographic materials were auctioned by Calmels Cohen.
References
André Breton: Surrealism and Painting - edited and with an introduction by Mark Polizzotti.
Manifestoes of Surrealism by André Breton, translated by Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane. ISBN 0472061828
^ "Andre Breton and the First Principles of Surrealism" by Franklin Rosemont, 1978 (ISBN 0-904383-39-X)