超现实小说 》 荒原狼 Steppenwolf 》
序-1
赫尔曼·黑塞 Hermann Hesse
荒原狼是个年近50的人,名叫哈立·哈勒。几年前,他租下了我姑妈家的阁楼,在这里住了不到一年的时间。他沉默寡言,不爱交际,确实像他自称的那样,是一只狼,一个陌生的、野性而又胆怯的、来自另一个世界的动物。他的脸充满智慧,表情温柔,但内心世界动荡不安。他想的比别人多,智力上具有那种近乎冷静的客观性。这种人没有虚荣心,他们从不希望闪光,从不固执己见。
我一开始就注意到他与众不同,我觉得这个人有某种精神病或忧郁症。有一天,他在付清一切欠款后,悄无声息地离开了我们的城市,从此以后就杳无音信了。他把他的一份手稿留给了我。通过阅读他的手记我才认识到,他的精神病并不是什么个人的奇思怪想,而是这个时代的通病。下面是他的手记:
这一天又像往常那样过去了:一种既无特殊痛苦又无特殊忧虑,既无真正苦恼也无绝望的日子。在大多数人看来,这是一件美事。遗憾的是我受不了这种平静的生活,我总是燃起对强烈感情的渴望。夜幕降临,我来到十分安静的老城区,突然从一条漆黑的胡同里窜出一个人,扛着广告牌,上面写着“无政府主义的晚会!魔术剧——限制入……”。我想买票进入,但是他丢给我一本书之后,转眼之间就不见了。
回家后,我从大衣中掏出那本书,书名是《论荒原狼——仅供狂人阅读》。这本小册子毫无掩饰地勾画出我郁郁寡欢的人生,而且书的主人公竟然也叫哈立。
有一天我在城郊遇到一个殡葬队,发现有个人很面熟,好像就是那个扛广告牌的人。他告诉我,如果需要消遣就到黑鹰酒店去。到了那儿之后,我遇到了一个很漂亮的姑娘,我们友好地谈了起来。这个姑娘很了解我,劝我不要轻生,还教我跳舞。我们约好下次见面。
这位姑娘名叫赫尔米拉,她使我对生活产生了新的兴趣。我们在一家酒店见面,赫尔米拉给我介绍了一位叫玛利亚的姑娘。她说要让我学会恋爱。一种新的、可怕的、瓦解一切的东西正从四面八方涌来。几天后,我和她们一起参加一个化装舞会。舞会之后,有人告诉我赫尔米拉在“地狱”里等我。我进入地下室,看到很多房间,每个房间都代表着人类灵魂各个神秘的侧面。在最后一个房间内,我看到赫尔米拉和一个男人赤身裸体的躺在一起。狂怒之下,我刺死了赫尔米拉。
在一个光秃秃的院子里,法官判我永生,还罚我被耻笑一次。因为我用镜子里的刀杀死了镜子里的姑娘,企图把魔术剧当做自杀的工具。那个和赫尔米拉在一起的男人,把缩成一个棋子大小的赫尔米拉装进了口袋。
我猜到了这件事的意义,我会把游戏玩得更好。
荒原狼-欣赏导航
《荒原狼》是一部充满了狂暴幻想、具有表现主义色彩的小说。小说先是虚拟了一个出版者对哈勒的手记的第一人称叙述,描述了哈勒这个人物的形象和行为特征。然后又根据哈勒留下的手记,通过另一个的第一人称叙述展开后面的情节。黑塞在小说中大量运用了梦幻形式,把第一次世界大战之后的一个中年欧洲知识分子的内心世界淋漓尽致地展示出来,使其成为20世纪西方小说的经典之作。
作品主人公哈勒是才智之士,有着丰富细腻的内心世界。他很孤独,很少向别人敞开心扉。他好像是来自另外一个星球,对人世间的虚荣、做作、追名逐利和自私浅薄极其厌恶。但与此同时他又发现,自己的这种厌恶感更多的是指向自己。正因为如此,哈勒时时刻刻处于一种巨大的分裂和痛苦之中,用他的话来说,就是他身上有两种截然相反的东西在斗争着:狼性和人性。人性和狼性互不协调,当人性沉睡而狼性苏醒的时候,哈勒就走向堕落;当人性苏醒而狼性沉睡的时候,哈勒就会对自己的堕落和罪恶充满厌恶。正是人性和狼性的严重敌对,使哈勒产生了孤独感和自杀倾向。
那么拯救之路在哪里?一开始,哈勒企图用身上的人性去压制狼性,但结果却是不断陷入更大的苦闷之中。然后他用狼性来取代人性,则更行不通。这其实说明,哈勒将人的本性简单地看成狼性和人性的二元对立是错误的,是一种“毫无希望的儿戏”,“是对现实的强奸”。认识舞女赫尔米拉之后,哈勒逐渐认识到了这个错误。经赫尔米拉介绍,哈勒先后认识了舞女玛利亚和赫尔米拉的男友、音乐师巴伯罗。在他们的熏陶之下,哈勒逐渐接受了许多自己原先根本不能接受的东西。他认识到,人的本性极其复杂,不是由两种而是由上百种、上千种本质构成,不是在两极之间摇摆,而是在无数对极性之间摇摆。
在小说最后的“魔术剧”中,哈勒终于找到了真正的解救之道。正因为世界和自我都是多元的而不是二元的,所以无论是回归人性还是回归狼性都是枉然。“回头根本没有路,既回不到狼那里,也回不到儿童时代”。面对这个世界所有的背谬和荒诞,只有用笑和幽默来对付。小说的最后,哈勒终于将生活戏剧的所有“十万”个棋子装进口袋,而且决定反复去体会生存的痛苦,将游戏玩得更好些,“总有一天会学会笑”。
序-1
本书内容是一个我们称之为“荒原粮”的人留下的自述。他之所以有此雅号是因为他多次自称“荒原狼”。他的文稿是否需要加序,我们可以姑且不论;不过,我觉得需要在荒原狼的自述前稍加几笔,记下我对他的回忆。他的事儿我知道得很少;他过去的经历和出身我一概不知。可是,他的性格给我留下了强烈的印象,不管怎么说,我对他十分同情。
荒原狼年近五十。几年前的一天,他来到我姑母家,提出想租一间配有家具的房间。当时,他租下了上面的小阁楼和阁楼旁边的小卧室。过了几天,他带了两只箱子和一大木箱书籍来到姑母家,在我们这里住了十来个月。他独来独往,非常好静。只因我们两人的卧室紧紧挨着,有时会在楼梯上和走廊里相遇,所以才得以相识。此人不善交际,非常不合群,我还没有见过别的人像他这样不合群的。正像他自己有时说的那样,他的的确确是一只荒原粮,一只从另一个世界来的陌生、野蛮,却又非常胆小的生物。由于他的秉性和命运的缘故,他的生活到底是怎样孤独,他又如何自觉地把这种孤独看作他的命运,这些我当然是后来读他留下的自传时才知道的。但是,以前我跟他有些小小的接触,有过简短的交谈,对他这个人已经略知一二。我发现,我从他的自传中得到的印象和从以前亲身接触而获得的印象----自然是肤浅得多,不完备得多----基本上是一致的。
荒原狼第一次走进我们家向我姑母租房子时,凑巧我也在场。他是中午来的,桌上吃饭的碗碟还未收拾, 离我去办公室_L班的时间还有半小时。我一直没有忘记第一次相遇时他给我留下的那种性格不统一的奇特印象。他拉了拉门铃,走进玻璃门,我姑母在昏暗的过道里问他有何贵干。而他----荒原狼----却抬起头发剪得短短的脑袋,翘起鼻子,神经质地东闻西嗅,既不说明来意,也不通报姓名,只是说,“嗯,这里气味不错。”他说着,微微一笑,我那好心的姑母也向他微微一笑。我却觉得用这种话问候致意未免太滑稽了,因此有点讨厌他。
“啊,对了,”他接着说,“您要出租房间,我来看看。”
我们三人一起上楼,到了阁楼上,我才得更仔细地打量他。他个子不是很高,但他一抬手一举足都像是个大个子。他穿着时髦舒适的冬大衣,服饰大方,但稍欠修整,胡子刮得光光的,头发剪得短短的,已经有些灰白。起初,他走路的姿势我一点不喜欢;他步履蹒跚,举步犹豫迟疑,和他那有棱角的脸型以及说话的声调与气派极不相称。后来我才注意到,而且也听说了,他有病,行走很困难。他奇怪他微笑着察看楼梯、墙壁、窗户以及楼梯间又旧又高的柜子。当时,看见他那样奇怪地笑,我觉得很不舒服。看样子,他很喜欢这一切,同时又觉得这些东西似乎都很可笑。总之,这个人给人一个印象,好像他来由另一个陌生的世界,来自某个异域之国,他觉得这里的一切都很漂亮,同时又有点可笑。我只能说,他很客气,很友好。 他二话没说,立刻同意租我们的房间,同意我们提的房租和早 餐费;可是,在他周围,我总觉得有一种陌生的、别扭的或者说敌视的气氛。他租了那间小阁楼,又租了卧室,请我姑母给他讲了取暖、用水、服侍诸方面的条件以及房客注意事项,他很友好地注意听着,--一表示同意,并马上预付了一部分房租;可是另一方面,他又像事事心不在焉,似乎觉得自己的举动十分可笑,没有把它当一回事儿,好像租房子、和别人说德语对他说来是一件非常希奇、非常新鲜的事儿,他内心深处似乎在想别的什么根本与此无关的事。这些是我当时对他的印象。如果他没有其他特性加以补充更正的话,我对他就不会有好印象。一见面,我就很喜欢他的脸;他的脸上虽然有陌生的表情,我还是很喜欢,他的脸也许有些奇特,显得悲伤,但又显得精神,充满思想、活力和睿智。虽然他似乎颇费了一番努力,才做到那样彬彬有礼、和善左好的举止,但是他绝对没有傲慢的意思。恰恰相反,他的神态近乎恳求,几乎使人感动,这一点我后来才找到解释,不过当时我一下子就对他产生了一些好感。
还没有把两间房子看完,其他方面的交涉也尚未结束,我的午休时间就完了,我该去上班了。我向他告辞,让姑母继续接待他。晚上我下班回家,姑母告诉我,陌生人租了房间,这两天就搬进来,他只请求我们不要到局去申报户口,他说,他是个有病的人,在局填写各种表格,站着等候以及诸如此类的事受不了。现在我还记得很清楚,当时,他这要求使我吃了一惊,找警告姑母不要答应这个条件。在我看来, 他怕这一点同他身L那种神秘的、陌生的东西正相吻合,他不想引起别人的怀疑。我劝姑母,无论如何不要答应素不相识的人这种奇怪的要求,满足了这种要求,有时会带来麻烦。时是说到这里我才知道,姑母已经答应满足他的愿望,而且.完全被陌生人迷住了,她对房客从来都是以礼相待,非常亲切友好,总是像大娘那样,甚至像慈母那样对待他们。以前,这一点也曾经被某些房客利用过。头几个星期,我们对新房客的态度依然很不相同:我挑了他一些毛病,姑母却每次都热心地护着他。
不申报户口这件事我总觉得不对头,我想至少要了解一下姑母对这位陌生人的情况,对他的身世和来意知道些什么。果然,她已经知道了一些情况,而那天中午我走后,他并没有呆多长时间。他告诉她,他打算在我们城里住几个月,跑跑这里的图书馆,参观一下这里的古迹。他只租这么短短几个月,这原本不合我姑母的意;不过,他那些特别的举止,倒赢得了我姑母的心。总之,房子已经租出去了,我的反对成了马后炮。
我问姑母:“为什么他要说,这里味道不错广
我的姑母有时颇能猜测别人的心思。她回答说:“这一点我很清楚。我们这里整齐干净,生活和善规矩,他很喜欢这种味道。你看他那神气,好像他许久以来已经不习惯于这种生活,而同时又需要这种生活。”
我心里想,那好吧,随他的便吧。“可是,”我对姑母说,“如果他已不习惯这种整齐规矩的生活,那该怎么办呢?要是他邋里邋蹋,把什么都弄脏,晚上喝得醉醺醺的回家,你怎么办?”
她哈哈笑了一声,说:“看看再说吧。”于是我也就没再说什 么。
事实上, 我的担心完全没有什么道理。这位房客虽然很任 性,生活又没有规律, 但是他并不令人讨厌,也不碍我们的事 儿,到今天我们还牵记着他。不过在心灵, 他却常常使我们两 人----姑母和我----不得安宁,坦率地说,直到现在,我一想起 他心里还总是无法平静。 我有时候晚L睡觉时会梦见他;他在 我的心里变得可爱起来,尽管如此,但只要想起他,想起有过&这样一个人,我就感到不安。
陌生人名叫哈里·哈勒尔。两天以后,一个车夫送来了他为东西。其中有一只皮箱很漂亮,给我的印象颇深;还有一只大箱子,分成好多格儿,看来,这只箱子已经游遍五大洲,因为箱子上贴满了许多国家、包括远隔重洋的许多国家的不同旅馆和运输公司的标签,标签已经退色发黄。
接着他自己也来了, 我逐渐和这位奇人熟悉起来。开始,我x没有主动去接近他。一见面我就对哈勒尔很感兴趣,但在最初几个星期,我没有采取任何步骤主动与他接触,和他谈话。不大,我得承认,从一开始我就注意看他,有时趁他不在还进了他的房间,我完全出于好奇搞了一些间谍活动。
关于荒原粮的外表,我已经作过一些描写。第一眼他就给人一个这样的印象:仿佛他是一个举足轻重、不同寻常、才华非凡构人物,他眉宇之间闪耀着智慧的光芒,他那异常柔顺感人的神色反映了他内心生活非常有趣、极为动人,反映了他生性柔弱,多愁善感。每当人们和他谈话,他谈的事情超出常规俗套时,他便恢复他那奇异陌生的本性,自然而然地说起古怪的话来,我们这些人这时只好甘拜下风。他比其他人想得都多,谈起精神思想方面的事情时,非常冷静明达,显出一副深思熟虑、无所不晓的样子。说真的,只有那些真正才智出众而又不爱虚荣、不图锋芒毕露或者说不愿教训别人、不愿向以为是的人才有这种气质。
我还清楚地记得,他在我们这里最后一段时间的一句格合,这句格言不是用嘴说的,而是从眼神中流露出来的。当时,一比全欧有名的历史哲学家、文化批评家到礼堂作报告,荒原狼本来无意去听,我好不容易把他说动,一起去听了这个报告。我们并排坐在礼堂里。报告人登上讲台,开始演讲此人颇有卖弄风雅、装腔作势的风度,这使那些以为他是某种预言家的听众人失所望。他先说了几句讨好听众的话,对这么多人出席听讲表示感谢。这时,荒原狼向我看了一眼,这短短的一瞥是对那些奉承话的批评,是对报告人人格的批评,呵,这是不能忘却、非常可怕的一瞥,关于这一瞥的意义简直可以写一本书!这一瞥不光是批评了报告人,而且还以它那虽然温和然而却带有致命的讽刺色彩置这位名人于死地。不过,这还是这一瞥中最最微不足道的一点。他的眼光与其说是嘲讽的,毋宁说是悲伤的,而且可说是悲伤之极了;这一瞥露出了他不可言状的失望心情。在某种程度上,他坚信这种失望完全有理,失望成了他的习惯,他的内心世界的表现形式。这一瞥中包含的失望的光亮不仅把爱好虚荣的报告人的人格照得清清楚楚,而且还讽刺了此时此刻的情景,嘲弄了观众,使他们失望扫兴,嘲弄了演讲的颇为傲慢的题目;不,远远不止这些,荒原狼的这一瞥看穿了我们的整个时代,看穿了整个忙忙碌碌的生活,看透了那些逐鹿钻营,虚荣无知,自尊自负而又肤浅轻浮的人的精神世界的表面活动----啊,可惜还远远不止这些,这眼光还要深远得多,它不仅指出了我们的时代、思想与文化都是不完美的,毫无希望的,而且还击中了全部人性的要害,这一瞥在短暂的一秒钟内雄辩地说出了一位思想家,也许是一位先知先觉者对尊严,对人类生活的意义的怀疑。这眼光似乎在说:“看,我们就是这样的傻瓜!看,人就是这个样子介顷刻之间,什么名誉声望、聪明才智、精神成果,什么追求尊严、人性的伟大与永恒等等,等等,统统都崩溃倒塌,变成了一场把戏!
写到这里,我已经提前叙述了后面的事,而且违背了我原先的计划与意图,大体L已经把哈勒尔这个人的特点告诉了读者; 原先我打算慢慢地叙述我们结识的过程,从而把他的全貌展示在读者面前。
我既然已经叙述了他本质的特点,那么现在继续讲述哈勒尔那神秘莫测的“异常性格”,详细报告我如何感觉并认识这种异常性格和这种无限而可怕的孤独的原因及意义,就纯属多余的了。在报道时,我自己尽量退居幕后。我不想阐发我的信仰,也不想讲故事或进行心理分析,只是想告诉大家我亲眼目睹的事,为大家认识这位给我们留下荒原狼文稿的古怪人的面目贡献一份力量。
当初他一进我姑母家的玻璃门,像鸟儿那样伸出脑袋,称赞房子里的气味很好时,我就注意到他身上有什么特别的东西,我本能的反应是厌恶。我感觉到(我姑母虽然与我不同,不是一个知识分子,但也与我有同感)这个人有病,觉得他患有某种精神病,是思想或性格方面的毛病,我是个健康的人,本能地要防范抵御。随着时间的推移,我对他的防范抵御逐渐被同情所取代,看到这位时时感到痛楚的人处于无限的孤独立中, 他的心灵正在走向死L,我便对他产生一种深切的同情。在这段时间里,我越来越意识到,这位受苦者的病根并不在于他的天性有什么缺陷,恰恰相反,他的病根是在于他巨大的才能与力量达不到和谐的平衡。我认识到,哈勒尔是一位受苦的天才,按尼采的某些说法,他磨练造就了受苦的天才能力,能够没完没了地忍受可怕的痛苦。我也认识到,他悲观的基础不是卑视世界,而是表现自己,因为在他无情鞭挞,尖锐批评各种机构、各式人物时,从不把自己排除在外,他的箭头总是首先对准自己,他憎恨和否定的第一个人就是自己……
写到这里,我要从心理学的角度补充说明几句。我对荒原狼的经历所知不多,但我有充分的理由推测,他曾受过慈爱而严格虔诚的父母和老师的教育,他们认为教育的基础就是“摧毁学生的意志”。但是,这位学生坚韧倔强,骄傲而有才气,他们没有能够摧毁他的个性和意志。这种教育只教会他一件事:憎恨自己。整整一生,他都把全部想象的天才、全部思维能力用来反对自己,反对这个无辜而高尚的对象。不管怎样,他把辛辣的讽刺、尖刻的批评、一切仇恨与恶意首先向自己发泄;在这一点上,他完完全全是个徒,完完全全是个殉道者。对周围的人,他总是勇敢严肃地想办法去爱他们, 公正地对待他们, 不去伤害他们,因为对他说来,“爱人”与恨己都已同样深深地扎根于他的心中。他的一生告诉我们,不能自爱就不能爱人,憎恨自己也必憎恨他人,最后也会像可恶的自私一样,使人变得极度孤独和悲观绝望。
不过,现在不是叙述我的想法的时候,我该讲讲实际情况了。我通过“间谍活动”以及姑母的介绍,知道了哈勒尔的一些初步情况,这些情况都与他的生活方式有关。很快就看出来,他爱思考,爱读书,没有什么切切实实的工作。早上他在床上迟迟不起,常常要到中午才起床,之后便穿着睡衣从卧室走到客厅里。客厅很大,很舒适,有两扇窗户;他搬进来没有几天,客厅就变了样子,和其他房客住的时候完全不同了。房子里的东西满满的,而且越来越多。墙的四周挂着许多图片,贴着许多素描;有的是从杂志上剪下来的,它们常常被更换。客厅里还挂着几张德国某小城的照片,颇有南方情调,这显然是哈勒尔的家乡;照片之间挂着一些水彩画,后来我们才听说,这些画都是他自己画的。另外还有一张一位漂亮的年轻妇女或年轻姑娘的照片。有一段时间,墙上还挂过一张泰国菩萨像,后来为一张米开朗基罗的《夜》的复制品所取代,再后来又换成一张圣雄甘地的像。房间里到处是书籍,不仅大书橱装得满满的,而且桌子上,很精巧的旧式书桌上,长沙发上,椅子上以及地板上也全是书,许多书夹着书签,书签常常更换。书籍不断增多,因为他不仅从图书馆带回整包整包的书,还常常从邮局收到寄来的书。住在这种屋子里的人只能是个学者了。他烟抽得很厉害,这也符合学者的特点,房间里总是烟雾缭绕的,到处是烟头和烟灰碟。不过很大一部分书不是学术著作,而是各个时代各个国家的文学作品。有一段时间,在他常常整天整天躺着休息的长沙发上放着一套十八世纪末的作品,书名叫《索菲氏海默尔----萨克森游记》,厚厚六大本。《歌德全集》和《让·保罗O全集》 看来他是经常阅读的;还有诺瓦利斯、莱辛、雅各比和利希膛贝格的作品,他也是经常读的。在几本陀思妥耶夫斯基作品里夹满写着字的卡片。在那张大一些的桌子L, 凌乱地放着许多书籍和小册子,中间还时常有一束花,旁边摆着布满灰尘的画笔、颜料盒、烟灰碟,当然还有各种各样装着饮料的瓶子。有一只瓶子外面套着草编的外壳,他常常用这只瓶子到附近一家小店打意大利红葡萄酒。有时也能看见屋里有勃夏第酒、玛拉加酒,还有一个大腹瓶,装着樱桃酒,没有几天工夫,我看见这瓶酒就差不多喝完了,剩下一点,他就把酒瓶放到角落里,再也没有喝,酒瓶上蒙着一层厚厚的灰尘。我不想为我的间谍行为辩护,而且也公开承认,在最初阶段,这位喜欢读书思考,又浪荡不羁的人的这种种迹象引起我的厌恶与怀疑。我不仅是个中产阶层的人,而且还是个规规矩矩、生活很有规律的人,习惯于日常具体事务,喜欢把时间安排得妥妥帖帖。我不喝酒,也不抽烟,因此哈勒尔屋里的那些酒瓶比那些凌乱的图画更使我讨厌。
这位陌生人不仅睡觉和工作毫无规律,就连吃饭喝酒也是随心所欲,很不正常。有时,他会几天足不出户,除了早_L喝点咖啡外什么也不吃Z我姑母发现,他偶然吃根香蕉就算一顿饭了。可是过了几天,他又到高级饭馆或郊区小酒馆大吃大喝。他的健康状况看来不佳,除了腿脚不便,L下楼梯十分吃力外,好像还有别的病状,有一次他顺便提到,多年来他吃不好睡不好。我想这主要是酗酒引起的。后来,我有时陪他去饭馆,亲眼看见他毫无节制地咕咚咕咚往肚子里灌酒。但是,不管是我还是别人,都没有看见他真正醉过。
我永远忘不了第一次和他接触的情况。原先我们的关系像公寓里相邻而居的房客那样很淡漠。一天晚上,我从店里回家,看见哈勒尔先生坐在二楼通三楼的楼梯转弯处, 觉得很惊讶。他坐在最上一级梯阶_L,见我上楼,往旁边挪了挪身子,好让我过去。我问他是否不舒服,并且愿意陪他上去。
哈勒尔看着我,我发现,我把他从某种梦幻中唤醒了。他慢慢地微笑起来,他那漂亮而又凄苦的微笑常常使我心里非常难受;接着他请我在他身旁坐下。我道了谢,并对他说,我没有坐在人家房门前楼梯上的习惯。
他笑得更厉害了,说:“啊,对,对,您说得对。不过请您等一会儿,我要让您看看我为什么在这里稍事停留。”
他指了指二楼某寡妇住房前的过道。楼梯、窗户和玻璃门之间的空间镶着木头地板,靠墙放着一个高高的红木柜子,上面镀着锡,柜子前两只矮小的座儿*放着两个大花盆,一盆种着杜鹃,一盆种着南洋杉。两盆盆景非常漂亮,总是弄得干干净净、无可指摘的,这一点我以前就高兴地注意到了。
“您看,”哈勒尔接着说,“这小小的空间摆着南洋杉,清香扑鼻,走到这里,我常常得停一会儿舍不得离开。您姑母家里也有一种香味,也非常干净整齐,可还是比不这里,这里是那样的一尘不染,擦洗得那么干净,看去好像在闪闪发光,使人舍不得用手去摸一下。我总要情不自禁地深深吸上一口这里的香味。您也闻了吗?地板峪的香味,松节油的余味,红木的香味和冲洗过的树叶味混杂在一起,散发出一种香味,这香味就是小康人家的干净、周到、精确、小事上的责任感和忠诚。我不知道那里住的是谁,但在那玻璃门后面肯定是一个小康人家的天堂,干净清洁,井井有条,谨小慎微,热心于习以为常的事情和应尽的义务。”
看我没有插话,他又接着说:“您别以为我在讽刺人!亲爱的先生,我压根儿不想嘲笑小康人家规规矩矩、井井有条的习惯。诚然,我生活在另一个世界,在这种摆着南洋杉的住宅里我也许一天也受不了。我虽然是个有些粗鲁的荒原老狼,但我终究也有母亲,我的母亲也是个普通妇女,她也种花扫地,尽力把房间、楼梯、家具、窗帘搞得干净整齐,把我们的家,把我们的生活安排得有条不紊。这松节油的气味和南洋杉使我想起我的母亲,我这里那里的坐一会儿,看着这安静、整齐的小花园,看到至今还有这类东西,心里感到很快活。”
他想站起来,但是显得非常吃力,我去搀扶他,他没有拒绝。我仍然没有说话,但是像以前姑母经历过的那样,我不能抵御这位奇特的人有时具有的某种魔力。我们慢慢地并排走上楼梯,到了他的房门前。他拿出钥匙,很友好地看了我一眼,说道:“您从店里回来?是啊,做生意的事我一窍不通,您知道,我这个人不通世事,与世人没有多少往来。但我相信,您也喜欢读书什么的,您姑母曾对我说,您是高中毕业生,希腊文很好。今天早上我读到诺瓦利斯的一句话,我给您看看好吗?这一定会使您高兴的。”
他把我拉进他的房间,里面有一股呛人的烟草味。他从一堆书里抽出一本,翻找着。
他找到了一句,对我说:“好,这句也很好,您听听:‘人们应该为痛苦感到骄傲----任何痛苦都是我们达官贵人的回忆。’说得多妙!比尼采早八十年!但是这句话还不是我要说的那句格言,您等一会儿,一在这里,您听着:十部分人在学会游泳之前都不想游泳。’这话听起来是否有点滑稽?当然他们不想游泳。他们是在陆地生活,不是水生动物。他们当然也不愿思考,.上帝造人是叫他生活,不是叫他思考!因为,谁思考,谁把思考当作首要的大事,他固然能在思考方面有所建树,然而他却颠倒了陆地与水域的关系,所以他总有一天会被淹死。”
他的话把我吸引住了,使我很感兴趣,我在他那里呆了一会儿。从此,我们在楼梯或街上相遇时,也常常攀谈几句。起初,我总像那次在南洋杉前那样,有点觉得他在讽刺我。其实不然。他像尊重那棵南洋杉样地尊重我,他意识到自己非常孤独,深信自己是在水中游泳挣扎,深信自己是无本之木、无源之水,因此,有时看见世人的某个很平常的行为,比如我总是准时去办公室,或者仆人、电车司机说了一句什么话,他都会真的兴奋一阵,丝毫不带一点嘲弄人的意思。起先我觉得这种君子加浪子的情调,这种玩世不恭的性情未免太可笑太过分了。但后来,我越来越清楚地看到,他从他那真空的空间,从他那荒原狼似的离群索居的角度出发确实赞赏并热爱我们这个小市民世界,他把这个世人的小天地看作某种稳定的生活,看作是他无法达到的理想,看作故乡与和平,凡此种种,对他说来都是可望而不可及的。我们的女仆是一个诚实的妇女,他每次见到她总是真诚地脱帽致敬;每当我姑母和他稍许谈几句话,或者告诉他衣服该补了,大衣扣子掉了时,他都异常认真地倾听着,似乎在作巨大而无望的努力,想通过一条缝隙钻入一个小小的和平世界,在那里定居下来,哪怕只住一个小时也行。
Steppenwolf (orig. German Der Steppenwolf) is the tenth novel by German-Swiss author Hermann Hesse. Originally published in Germany in 1927, it was first translated into English in 1929. Combining autobiographical and fantastic elements, the novel was named after the lonesome wolf of the steppes. The story in large part reflects a profound crisis in Hesse's spiritual world in the 1920s while memorably portraying the protagonist's split between his humanity, and his wolf-like aggression and homelessness. The novel became an international success, although Hesse would later claim that the book was largely misunderstood.
Background and publication history
In 1924 Hermann Hesse remarried wedding singer Ruth Wenger. After several weeks however, he left Basel, only returning near the end of the year. Upon his return he rented a separate apartment, adding to his isolation. After a short trip to Germany with Wenger, Hesse stopped seeing her almost completely. The resulting feeling of isolation and inability to make lasting contact with the outside world, led to increasing despair and thoughts of suicide.
Hesse began writing Steppenwolf in Basel, and finished it in Zürich. In 1926, a precursor to the book, a collection of poems titled The Crisis. From Hermann Hesse's Diary was published. The novel was later released in 1927. The first English edition was published in 1929 by Martin Secker in the United Kingdom and by Henry Holt and Company in the United States. This version was translated by Basil Creighton.
Plot summary
The book is presented as a manuscript by its protagonist, a middle-aged man named Harry Haller, who leaves it to a chance acquaintance, the nephew of his landlady. The acquaintance adds a short preface of his own and then has the manuscript published. The title of this "real" book-in-the-book is Harry Haller's Records (For Madmen Only).
As it begins, the hero is beset by reflections on his being ill-suited for the world of everyday regular people, specifically for frivolous bourgeois society. In his aimless wanderings about the city he encounters a person carrying an advertisement for a magic theatre who gives him a small book, Treatise on the Steppenwolf. This treatise, cited in full in the novel's text as Harry reads it, addresses Harry by name and strikes him as describing himself uncannily. It is a discourse of a man who believes himself to be of two natures: one high, the spiritual nature of man; while the other is low, animalistic; a "wolf of the steppes". This man is entangled in an irresolvable struggle, never content with either nature because he cannot see beyond this self-made concept. The pamphlet gives an explanation of the multifaceted and indefinable nature of every man's soul, which Harry is either unable or unwilling to recognize. It also discusses his suicidal intentions, describing him as one of the "suicides"; people who, deep down, knew they would take their own life one day. But to counter this it hails his potential to be great, to be one of the "Immortals".
The next day Harry meets a former academic friend with whom he had often discussed Indian mythology, and who invites Harry to his home. While there, Harry is disgusted by the nationalistic mentality of his friend, who inadvertently criticizes a column written by Harry, and offends the man and his wife by criticizing his wife's picture of Goethe, which Harry feels is too thickly sentimental and insulting to Goethe's true brilliance, reassuring the proposition that Harry is, and will always be a stranger to his society.
Trying to postpone returning home (to where he has planned suicide), Harry walks aimlessly around the town for most of the night, finally stopping to rest at a dance hall where he happens on a young woman, Hermine, who quickly recognizes his desperation. They talk at length; Hermine alternately mocks Harry's self-pity and indulges him in his explanations regarding his view of life, to his astonished relief. Hermine promises a second meeting, and provides Harry with a reason to live (or at least a substantial excuse that justifies his decision to continue living) that he eagerly embraces.
During the next few weeks, Hermine introduces Harry to the indulgences of what he calls the "bourgeois". She teaches Harry to dance, introduces him to the casual use of drugs, finds him a lover (Maria), and more importantly, forces him to accept these as legitimate and worthy aspects of a full life.
The Magic Theatre
Hermine also introduces Harry to a mysterious saxophonist named Pablo, who appears to be the very opposite of what Harry considers a serious, thoughtful man. After attending a lavish masquerade ball, Pablo brings Harry to his metaphorical "magic theatre", where concerns and notions that plagued his soul disintegrate while he participates with the ethereal and phantasmal. The Magic Theatre is a place where he experiences the fantasies that exist in his mind. They are described as a long horseshoe-shaped corridor that is a mirror on one side and a great many doors on the other. Then, Harry enters five of these labeled doors, each of which symbolizes a fraction of his life.
Major characters
* Harry Haller – the protagonist, a middle-aged man
* Pablo – a saxophonist
* Hermine – a young woman Haller meets at a dance
* Maria – Hermine's friend
Character relationship diagram
Critical analysis
In the preface to the novel's 1960 edition, Hesse wrote that Steppenwolf was "more often and more violently misunderstood" than any of his other books. Hesse felt that his readers focused only on the suffering and despair that are depicted in Harry Haller's life, thereby missing the possibility of transcendence and healing. This could be due to the fact that at that time Western readers were not familiar with Buddhist philosophy, and therefore missed the point when reading it, because the notion of a human being consisting of a myriad of fragments of different souls is in complete contradiction of Judeo-Christian theologies. Also in the novel, Pablo instructs Harry Haller to relinquish his personality at one point, or at least for the duration of his journey through the corridors of the Magic Theater. In order to do so Harry must learn to use laughter to overcome the tight grip of his personality, to literally laugh at his personality until it shatters into so many small pieces. This concept also ran counter to the egocentric Western culture.
Hermann Hesse in 1926
Hesse is a master at blurring the distinction between reality and fantasy. In the moment of climax, it's debatable whether Haller actually kills Hermine or whether the "murder" is just another hallucination in the Magic Theater. It is argued that Hesse does not define reality based on what occurs in physical time and space; rather, reality is merely a function of metaphysical cause and effect. What matters is not whether the murder actually occurred, but rather that at that moment it was Haller's intention to kill Hermine. In that sense, Haller's various states of mind are of more significance than his actions.
It is also notable that the very existence of Hermine in the novel is never confirmed; the manuscript left in Harry Haller's room reflects a story that completely revolves around his personal experiences. In fact when Harry asks Hermine what her name is, she turns the question around. When he is challenged to guess her name, he tells her that she reminds him of a childhood friend named Hermann, and therefore he concludes, her name must be Hermine. Metaphorically, Harry creates Hermine as if a fragment of his own soul has broken off to form a female counterpart.
The underlying theme of transcendence is shown within group interaction and dynamics. Throughout the novel Harry concerns himself with being different, with separating himself from those he is around. Harry believes that he is better than his surroundings and fails to understand why he cannot be recognized as such, which raises the idea that in order to rise above a group one must first become one with a part of it.
The multilayered soul of human nature is the major theme in the novel and its two main characters, Harry Haller and Hermine, illustrate this. Harry illustrates through an inner conflict and an outer conflict. Inwardly, he believes two opposing natures battle over possession of him, a man and a wolf, high and low, spirit and animal. While he actually longs to live as a wolf free of social convention, he lives as a bourgeois bachelor, but his opposing wolfish nature isolates him from others until he meets Hermine.
Hermine represents the duality of human nature through an outer conflict. Hermine is a socialite, a foil to the isolated bachelor, and she coerces Harry to agree to subject himself to society, learning from her, in exchange for her murder. As Harry struggles through social interaction his isolation diminishes and he and Hermine grow closer to one another as the moment of her death approaches. The climax of the dualistic struggle culminates in the Magic Theater where Harry, seeing himself as a wolf, murders Hermine the socialite.
Critical reception
Later German Edition
From the very beginning, reception was harsh. American novelist Jack Kerouac dismissed it in Big Sur (1962) and it has had a long history of mixed critical reception and opinion at large. Already upset with Hesse's novel Siddhartha, political activists and patriots railed against him, and against the book, seeing an opportunity to discredit Hesse. Even close friends and longtime readers criticized the novel for its perceived lack of morality in its open depiction of sex and drug use, a criticism that indeed remained the primary rebuff of the novel for many years. However as society changed and formerly taboo topics such as sex and drugs became more openly discussed, critics came to attack the book for other reasons; mainly that it was too pessimistic, and that it was a journey in the footsteps of a psychotic and showed humanity through his warped and unstable viewpoint, a fact that Hesse did not dispute, although he did respond to critics by noting the novel ends on a theme of new hope.
Popular interest in the novel was renewed in the 1960s, primarily because it was seen as a counterculture book and because of its depiction of free love and frank drug usage. It was also introduced in many new colleges for study and interest in the book and in Hermann Hesse was feted in America for more than a decade afterwards.
"Treatise on the Steppenwolf"
The "Treatise on the Steppenwolf" is a booklet given to Harry Haller which describes himself. It is a literary mirror and, from the outset, describes what Harry had not learned, namely "to find contentment in himself and his own life." The cause of his discontent was the perceived dualistic nature of a human and a wolf within Harry. The treatise describes, as earmarks of his life, a threefold manifestation of his discontent: one, isolation from others, two, suicidal tendencies, and three, relation to the bourgeois. Harry isolates himself from others socially and professionally, frequently resists the temptation to take his life, and experiences feelings of benevolence and malevolence for bourgeois notions. The booklet predicts Harry may come to terms with his state in the dawning light of humor.
References in popular culture
Hesse's 1928 short story "Harry, the Steppenwolf" forms a companion piece to the novel. It is about a wolf named Harry who is kept in a zoo, and who entertains crowds by destroying images of German cultural icons like Goethe and Mozart.
The name Steppenwolf has become notable in popular culture for various organizations and establishments. In 1967, the band Steppenwolf, headed by German-born singer John Kay, took their name from the novel. The Belgian band DAAU (die Anarchistische Abendunterhaltung) is named after one of the advertising slogans of the novel's magical theatre. The Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago, which was founded in 1974 by actor Gary Sinise, also took its name from the novel. The 'lengthy track "Steppenwolf" appears on English rock band Hawkwind's album Astounding Sounds, Amazing Music and is directly inspired by the novel, including references to the magic theatre and the dual nature of the wolfman-manwolf (lutocost). Robert Calvert had initially written and performed the lyrics on 'Distances Between Us' by Adrian Wagner in 1974. The song also appears on later, live Hawkwind CD's and DVDs.
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Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
The novel was adapted into a film of the same name in 1974. Starring Max Von Sydow and Dominique Sanda, it was directed by Fred Haines.
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