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德尼·狄德罗生平
狄德罗出生于法国朗格勒，父亲是一个刀匠。从小接受基督教教育，但没有接受舅父的神甫职务，1729年进入巴黎大学学习，并于1732年获得文学学士学位。在此期间，他半工半读学习，给牧师写讲道词赚钱维生。:46-47
1745年，法国出版商布雷顿准备邀请34岁的狄德罗和数学兼物理学家达朗贝尔将英国百科全书译成法文。他们接受下来后，却在翻译过程中，发现英国的这套百科全书内容支离破碎，观点陈旧，充满了令人窒息的宗教思想，于是狄德罗提出由他组织人，编写一套更好的百科全书。出版商接受了这个建议。狄德罗的计划得到了伏尔泰、卢梭、霍尔巴赫、爱尔维修等20 多位著名学者的支持。在他们的帮助下，狄德罗把法国最优秀的100 余位思想家、哲学家、科学家、政治家，以及工程师、航海家、军事专家和医生组织起来，共同从事这项伟大的事业。由狄德罗任主编，达朗贝尔任副主编。在编辑百科全书的过程中，形成了一个代表第三等级利益，以反对封建专制、天主教会和经院哲学为己任的“百科全书派”。1749年卢梭曾参与为狄德罗《百科全书》音乐和经济学方面写稿。1772年出版28卷。
哲学上，狄德罗早期受到斯宾诺莎的泛神论影响，是一个自然神论者:47。1746年写的《哲学思想录》中认为感觉是一切知识的源泉，感觉是外部世界作用于感官的结果，观念和思维能力都是由感觉发展而来的，这是感觉主义心理学思想。并把认识归结为：从感觉回到思考，又从思考回到感觉。狄德罗一生提倡科学，曾被教会关押三个月，但他毫不畏惧，临终时说“我死后，随便人们把我葬在哪里都行，但是我要宣布我既不相信圣父，也不相信圣灵，也不相信圣族的其他任何人！”
1749年，他在《盲人书简》中开始摆脱自然神论的影响，认为上帝的存在是虚妄的。也因此在同年被关进监狱:47。
他继承并发展了笛卡尔、洛克和拉·美特利的唯物主义，反对贝克莱和休谟的唯心主义与不可知论。他认为没有超物质或离开肉体的精神和心理，他把人比喻为一架具有感觉和记忆能力的钢琴，嘲笑贝克莱“以为自己是世界上存在的唯一的钢琴，宇宙的全部和谐都发生在它身上”，这真是一架“发疯的钢琴”。
他把个体心理的发展和心理的过程都看作物质因素相互作用所致。他说：“这些物质因素逐步产生的结果，便是一个迟钝的生物，一个有感觉的生物，一个有思想的生物。”
他除了主编《百科全书》，其他主要著作有《对自然的解释》（1754年）、《关于物质和运动的哲学原理》、《达兰贝尔和狄德罗的谈话》和《生理学基础》，以及一些小说、剧本、评论论文集以及写给很多朋友和同事的才华横溢的书信。
著作目录
由于审查的关系，狄德罗很多作品在身后才得以发表。
翻译
- 《论美德与德性》，英国沙夫茨伯里，Essai sur le mérite et la vertu, by Shaftesbury (1745)
- 《医学通用词典》，英国Robert James（1746-1748）
- 《百科全书；或艺术与科学通用字典》，英国伊弗雷姆·钱伯斯（1750）
论文
- 《哲学沈思》 Pensées philosophiques, essay (1746)
- 《怀疑者漫步》La Promenade du sceptique (1747)
- 《论盲人书信集》Lettre sur les aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voient (1749)
- 《论聋哑者书信集》Lettre sur les sourds et muets (1751)
- 《对解释自然的思考》Pensées sur l'interprétation de la nature, (1751)
- 《关于<私生子>一剧的谈话》 Entretiens sur le Fils naturel (1757)
小说
- 《八卦珠宝》Les bijoux indiscrets, novel (1748)
- 《修女》la religieuse
- 《宿命论雅克和他的主人》Jacques le fataliste
戏剧
- 私生子 Le Fils naturel (1757)
- 《一家之主》 Le père de famille (1758)
编纂
- 《百科全书》L'Encyclopédie, (1750–1765)
参看
 | 维基语录上的相关摘录： 德尼·狄德罗 |
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 金常政. 百科全书的故事. 北京: 北京图书馆出版社. 2005-03. ISBN 7501326231.
延伸阅读
- Anderson, Wilda C. Diderot's Dream. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.
- App, Urs (2010). The Birth of Orientalism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-4261-4, pp. 133–87 on Diderot's role in the European discovery of Hinduism and Buddhism.
- Azurmendi, Joxe (1984). Entretien d'un philosophe: Diderot (1713-1784), Jakin, 32: 111-121.
- Ballstadt, Kurt P. A. Diderot: Natural Philosopher. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2008.
- Blom, Philipp (2010). The Wicked Company. New York: Basic Books
- Blum, Carol (1974). Diderot: The Virtue of a Philosopher
- Brewer, Daniel. Using the Encyclopédie: Ways of Knowing, Ways of Reading. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2002.
- Clark, Andrew Herrick. Diderot's Part. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2008.
- Caplan, Jay. Framed Narratives: Diderot's Genealogy of the Beholder. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1986.
- Crocker, Lester G. (1974). Diderot's Chaotic Order: Approach to a Synthesis
- De la Carrera, Rosalina. Success in Circuit Lies: Diderot's Communicational Practice. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford UP, 1991.
- Fellows, Otis E. (1989). Diderot
- France, Peter (1983). Diderot
- Fontenay, Elisabeth de, and Jacques Proust. Interpréter Diderot Aujourd'hui. Paris: Le Sycomore, 1984.
- Furbank, P. N. (1992). Diderot: A Critical Biography. New York: A. A. Knopf,. ISBN 0-679-41421-5.
- Gregory Efrosini, Mary (2006). Diderot and the Metamorphosis of Species (Studies in Philosophy). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-95551-3.
- Havens, George R. (1955) The Age of Ideas. New York: Holt ISBN 0-89197-651-5.
- Hayes, Julia Candler. The Representation of the Self in the Theater of La Chaussée, Diderot, and Sade. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, 1982.
- Kavanagh, Thomas. "The Vacant Mirror: A Study of Mimesis through Diderot's Jacques le Fataliste," in Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 104 (1973).
- Korolev, Serguei V. La Bibliothèque de Diderot: Vers une reconstitution. Ferney-Voltaire: Centre international d'etude du XVIIIe siecle, 2014. ISBN 978-2-84559-093-9
- Kuzincki, Jason. Diderot, Denis (1713–1784). (编) Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute: 124–5. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. （原始内容存档于2019-07-23）.
- Mason, John H. (1982). The Irresistible Diderot
- Peretz, Eyal (2013). "Dramatic Experiments: Life according to Diderot" State University of New York Press
- Rex, Walter E. Diderot's Counterpoints: The Dynamics of Contrariety in His Major Works.Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1998.
- Saint-Amand, Pierre. Diderot. Saratoga, Calif.: Anma Libri, 1984.
- Simon, Julia (1995). Mass Enlightenment. Albany: State University of New York Press,. ISBN 0-7914-2638-6.
- Tunstall, Kate E. (2011). Blindness and Enlightenment. An Essay. With a new translation of Diderot's Letter on the Blind. Continuum
- Wilson, Arthur McCandless (1972). Diderot, the standard biography
- Vasco, Gerhard M. (1978). "Diderot and Goethe, A Study in Science and Humanism", Librairei Slatkine, Libraire Champion.
主要来源
- Diderot, Denis, ed. A Diderot Pictorial Encyclopedia of Trades and Industry, Vol. 1 (1993 reprint) excerpt and text search
- Diderot, Denis. Diderot: Political Writings ed. by John Hope Mason and Robert Wokler (1992) excerpt and text search, with introduction
- Main works of Diderot in English translation
- Hoyt, Nellie and Cassirer, Thomas. Encyclopedia, Selections: Diderot, D'Alembert, and a Society of Men of Letters. New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1965. LCCN 65--26535. ISBN 0-672-60479-5.
Denis Diderot (French: [dəni did(ə)ʁo]; 5 October 1713 – 31 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. He was a prominent figure during the Age of Enlightenment.
Diderot initially studied philosophy at a Jesuit college, then considered working in the church clergy before briefly studying law. When he decided to become a writer in 1734, his father disowned him. He lived a bohemian existence for the next decade. In the 1740s he wrote many of his best-known works in both fiction and non-fiction, including the 1748 novel The Indiscreet Jewels.
In 1751, Diderot co-created the Encyclopédie with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. It was the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors and the first to describe the mechanical arts. Its secular tone, which included articles skeptical about Biblical miracles, angered both religious and government authorities; in 1758 it was banned by the Catholic Church and in 1759 the French government banned it as well, although this ban was not strictly enforced. Many of the initial contributors to the Encyclopédie left the project as a result of its controversies and some were even jailed. d'Alembert left in 1759, making Diderot the sole editor. Diderot also became the main contributor, writing around 7,000 articles. He continued working on the project until 1765. He was increasingly despondent about the Encyclopédie by the end of his involvement in it and felt that the entire project may have been a waste. Nevertheless, the Encyclopédie is considered one of the forerunners of the French Revolution.
Diderot struggled financially throughout most of his career and received very little official recognition of his merit, including being passed over for membership in the Académie française. His fortunes improved significantly in 1766, when Empress Catherine the Great, who heard of his financial troubles, paid him 50,000 francs to serve as her librarian. He remained in this position for the rest of his life, and stayed a few months at her court in Saint Petersburg in 1773 and 1774.
Diderot's literary reputation during his life rested primarily on his plays and his contributions to the Encyclopédie; many of his most important works, including Jacques the Fatalist, Rameau's Nephew, Paradox of the Actor, and D'Alembert's Dream, were published only after his death.