美国 现代美国  (1943年11月7日)

 商界精英 the business circle elite： 《诺贝尔之路》 阅读伯烈特·史宾斯 Michael Spence在百家争鸣的作品!!!

　　史宾斯（Michael Spence）经济学家，世界银行的增长与发展委员会主席，诺贝尔奖得主、美国斯坦福大学商学院前院长。
　　史宾斯著有《诺贝尔之路——十三历经济奖得主的故事》一书。本书包含十三位杰出人物的生平自述，他们之间有下列三项共同点：首先，都是经济学家；其次，都曾荣获诺贝尔经济学奖；第三，都到过得克萨斯州圣安东尼奥（SanAntonio）的三一大学（TrinityUniversity）亲自讲述个人的生平事迹。

　　Andrew Michael Spence (born November 7, 1943) is an American economist and recipient of the 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, along with George A. Akerlof and Joseph E. Stiglitz, for their work on the dynamics of information flows and market development. He conducted this research while at Harvard University. In the current technological environment—with ever more abundant information flows about market development, prices, profit margins, investment instruments and rates of return—their work is more relevant than ever.
　　Michael Spence is probably most famous for his job-market signaling model, which essentially triggered the enormous volume of literature in this branch of contract theory. In this model, employees signal their respective skills to employers by acquiring a certain degree of education, which is costly to them. Employers will pay higher wages to more educated employees, because they know that the proportion of employees with high abilities is higher among the educated ones, as it is less costly for them to acquire education than it is for employees with low abilities. For the model to work, it is not even necessary for education to have any intrinsic value if it can convey information about the sender (employee) to the recipient (employer) and if the signal is costly.
　　Spence did his middle and high school education at the University of Toronto Schools of the University of Toronto. In 1966, he was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship at Oxford University upon graduation from Princeton University with a degree in Philosophy. He studied Mathematics at Oxford. Spence is a former Dean of the Stanford Graduate School of Business and is presently the Chairman of the Commission on Growth and Development.
　　Spence joined the faculty of New York University Stern School of Business on September 1, 2010.