阅读尼克·李森 Nick Leeson在百家争鸣的作品!!! | |||
李森秘密地于1992年开始做投机买卖，虽然只有很粗略但是仍然是易辨的追踪纪录。回溯的发生开始是在1995年1月16日，当李森在新加坡和东京股市交易市场为衍生性证券投资了卖出跨式（又称卖出鞍式,，short straddle，放空交易的一种），整夜主要都在打赌股市的指数不会移动。然而，在1月17日发生了神户地震，把整个亚洲股市都打乱了，且李森的投资也跟随着这些股市遭殃。李森企图回复他的损失，而作了一系列越来越多高风险的新投资，这次打赌日经会从下跌中快速地回复回来，但是这些都无法实现且他只有继续地往下挖掘更深的洞。李森最后到达了14亿美金的损失，也就是两倍于银行可以交易的资本，导致银行在发现之后便倒闭了。
李森逃到马来西亚，文莱，最后到德国之后被逮捕，并且于1995年3月2日引渡到新加坡。而他有起初的卖出跨式的授权，尽管某些观察家对于银行自己有缺陷的审核制度和风险管理惯例给了很多的责备，但他对于有关交易行为之风险和损失的量级来欺骗上级的诈欺行为被起诉。判决宣判他必须在新加坡监狱关六年半，最后在1999年被释放出来，被诊断检查出罹患结肠癌。
李森回到英国并且发行他的传记《Ａ钱大玩家》（Rogue Trader）详细描述他的行为。这本书后来以同样的名字拍成电影，由伊万·迈克格雷戈和安娜·弗瑞尔（Anna Friel）主演。
尼克·李森现在居住在爱尔兰西部的Galway郡的Barna。而在狱中离婚了，现在他再婚且为餐后演说的一般观众。他在 2005年4月 被任命为Galway United Football Club的商务经理。
于2005年6月23日，尼克·李森推出新书Back from the Brink: Coping with Stress。它续接《Ａ钱大玩家》所留下的尼克·李森故事。它诉说著尼克·李森他完整的个人故事，与顶尖心理学家Ivan Tyrrell的深度对谈中，显示了跟我们所有人有关的不间断压力等级如何影响尼克·李森的心理和生理健康。
作品
《Ａ钱大玩家》（Rogue Trader） ISBN 0751517089
Back from the Brink: Coping with Stress (2005) - ISBN 0753510758
Early life
Leeson was born in Watford, where he attended Parmiter's School and excelled
, becoming a prefect. After receiving his O-Level results which consisted of an A in maths and seven passes, he went on to sit his A-levels in which he got a D in maths. After finishing school in 1985, having been in the Sixth Form, he landed a job as a clerk with a private bank, Coutts. He then moved to Morgan Stanley in 1987 for two years eventually ending up with Barings in 1989.
Career
In 1992, following his first marriage, he was appointed general manager of a new operation in futures markets on the Singapore International Monetary Exchange (SIMEX). Barings had held a seat on SIMEX for some time, but did not activate it until Leeson was sent over. Leeson was sent to Singapore after he was denied a broker's license in the U.K. because of fraud on his application. Neither Leeson nor Barings disclosed this denial when Leeson applied for his license in Singapore.
From 1992, Leeson made unauthorized speculative trades that at first made large profits for Barings; £10 million which accounted for 10% of Barings' annual income. He earned a bonus of £130,000 on his salary of £50,000 for that year.
However, his luck soon went sour, and he used one of Barings' error accounts (accounts used to correct mistakes made in trading) to hide his losses. The account was numbered 88888 – 8 being a number considered to be very lucky in Chinese numerology. Leeson claims that this account was first used to hide an error made by one of his colleagues; rather than buy 20 contracts as the customer had ordered, she had sold them, costing Barings £20,000.
However, Leeson used this account to cover further bad trades. He insists that he never used the account for his own gain, but in 1996 the New York Times quoted "British press reports" as claiming that investigators had located approximately $35 million in various bank accounts tied to him.
Management at Barings Bank also allowed Leeson to remain Chief Trader while also being responsible for settling his trades, jobs usually done by two different people. This made it much simpler for him to hide his losses from his superiors.
Fall
By the end of 1992, the account's losses exceeded £2 million, which ballooned to £208 million by the end of 1994.
There were clues in Leeson's lifestyle off the trading floor that he was headed for trouble. In October 1994, he was arrested by Singapore police and spent a night in a jail after an incident in which he exposed his buttocks in public to two Chinese women. His superiors at Barings persuaded The International Financing Review to re-write a planned reference to the incident in its gossip column to cover it up.
The beginning of the end occurred on 16 January 1995, when Leeson placed a short straddle in the Singapore and Tokyo stock exchanges, essentially betting that the Japanese stock market would not move significantly overnight. However, the Kobe earthquake hit early in the morning on 17 January, sending Asian markets, and Leeson's trading positions, into a tailspin. Leeson attempted to recoup his losses by making a series of increasingly risky new trades (using a Long-Long Future Arbitrage), this time betting that the Nikkei Stock Average would make a rapid recovery. However, the recovery failed to materialize.
Leeson left a note reading "I'm Sorry" and fled Singapore on 23 February. Losses eventually reached £827 million (US$1.4 billion), twice the bank's available trading capital. After a failed bailout attempt, Barings was declared insolvent on 26 February.
After fleeing to Malaysia, Thailand, and finally Germany, Leeson was arrested and extradited back to Singapore on 20 November 1995, though his wife Lisa was allowed to return to England. While he had authorisation for the 16 January short straddle, he was charged with fraud for deceiving his superiors about the riskiness of his activities and the scale of his losses. Several observers (and Leeson himself) have placed much of the blame on the bank's own deficient internal auditing and risk management practices. Indeed, the Singapore authorities' report on the collapse was scathingly critical of Barings management, claiming that senior officials knew or should have known about the "five eights" account.
Leeson pleaded guilty to two counts of "deceiving the bank's auditors and of cheating the Singapore exchange", including forging documents. Sentenced to six and a half years in Changi Prison in Singapore, he was released from prison in 1999, having been diagnosed with colon cancer, which he survived despite grim forecasts at the time.
While in prison, in 1996, Leeson published an autobiography, Rogue Trader, detailing his acts. A review in the financial columns of the New York Times stated, "This is a dreary book, written by a young man very taken with himself, but it ought to be read by banking managers and auditors everywhere." In 1999, the book was made into a film of the same name starring Ewan McGregor and Anna Friel.
The events also form the subject matter of a 1996 documentary film made by Adam Curtis, entitled 25 Million Pounds.
Aftermath
Nick Leeson's first wife Lisa divorced him while he was in prison. He married an Irish beautician, Leona Tormay, in 2003 and they now live in Barna, County Galway, in the west of Ireland. He is a regular guest on the after-dinner speaking circuit. He was appointed Commercial Manager of Galway United Football Club in April 2005, rising to the position of General Manager in late November 2005. By July 2007 he had become the club's CEO. He still finds time to deal in the stock markets, but only with his own money.
In June 2005, Leeson released a new book, Back from the Brink: Coping with Stress. It picks up his story where Rogue Trader left off, including in-depth conversations with psychologist Ivan Tyrrell asserting that the prolonged periods of severe stress that affected Leeson's mental and physical health have parallels in many other people's lives.
Trading jacket
On 5 April 2007, the Guardian newspaper reported that KPMG, the liquidators of Barings PLC, had sold a trading jacket thought to have been worn by Nick Leeson while trading on SIMEX in Singapore. The jacket was offered for sale on eBay but it failed to reach its reserve price despite a highest bid of £16,100. It was subsequently sold for £21,000. In October 2007 a similar jacket used by Leeson's team but not thought to have been worn by Leeson himself sold at auction for £4,000.
Publication
Rogue Trader: How I Brought Down Barings Bank and Shook the Financial World by Nick Leeson and Edward Whitley (Mar 1996, hardcover) ISBN 0-316-51856-5; (1997, softcover) ISBN 0-7515-1708-9
Back from the Brink: Coping with Stress (2005) – ISBN 0-7535-1075-8