阅读彼得·赖特 Peter Wright在小说之家的作品!!! | |||
他参与了几次行动，本以为可以大展身手，可是接连的失败令他很是受挫折，特别是失败的方式令他产生了情报局里的高层有苏联人的“鼹鼠”的想法，为了情报局的“纯洁”，也为了给自己一个交待吧，他开始执拗的试图在情报局里挖出他想像的那个“鼹鼠”，一直挖到局长大人的脚下，最后为自己的事业挖了个坟墓。
他曾经参与为某国的苏联大使馆安装窃听装置，可是当苏联人来接收建筑时，几乎是拿着配置图纸，挨个把他们安装的窃听器一个个全起了出来。这令包括他在内的一些人开始怀疑情报局里有人泄密。
还有一次为另一国的苏联大使馆装窃听器，这次装得更加隐密。这次苏联人没能全部起出窃听器，但苏联人似乎知道哪些地方有、哪些地方没有窃听器，在有窃听器的地方从不谈机密的事情，当有机密要谈的时候就去已经打扫干净的密室。这再次令彼得·赖特等人心生疑惑。
彼得·赖特还参与了通过侦听无线电信号定位、发现并抓获苏联间谍朗斯代尔的工作，并因此立功。但事后他对朗斯代尔的异常行为进行分析认为苏联人已经知道朗斯代尔暴露的事，但为了保护情报来源，没有采取让朗斯代尔逃跑的做法，而是让他留在英国等待被抓。他的这种观点令那些因朗斯代尔一案而功成名就的同僚大为气恼。
这还不算完，彼得·赖特根据自己的“泄密”理论还得出“潘科夫斯基”一案也是苏联人使的阴谋，为的是借机将一名在苏联进行间谍工作的英国特工人赃并获，以便用其与朗斯代尔进行交换。潘科夫斯基也根本不是个投向西方的英雄，而是个诱饵。这下观点不但得罪了因潘科夫斯基立功的英国情报局的官员，还得罪了不少美国同行。
彼得·赖特的这些想法源自一个叛逃的苏联间谍戈利岑灌输给他的苏联正在执行“情报欺骗”宏大战略的理论。
由于“铁幕”的封锁，西方在很长一段时间里对苏联的情况非常陌生，只有一批叛逃到西方的苏联间谍带来一些零星的信息，这其中戈利岑最重要的叛逃者之一，他是前克格勃重要官员，能掌握和参与许多重要机密。他先与英国的情报机构合作，后来去了美国。他向西方的情报部门介绍说克格勃主席贝利亚被处决后，由老资格的契卡人员谢罗夫接任，后来谢罗夫转任内务部长，克格勃主席由谢列平接任。在两谢任内决定了一项针对西方的“情报欺骗”战略，通过对西方国家进行情报欺骗，目的是使西方国家错判苏联的国家战略，许多向西方国家传递情报的变节者和叛逃者都是这一战略的执行者。戈利岑还说他看过许多机密情报，包括许多西方国家政府的重要机密文件，说明在西方国家政府机构的重要部门里有许多苏联的“鼹鼠”。
戈利岑的教义在英国和美国都有信徒，在美国是同样负责抓间谍的安格尔顿，在英国就是彼得·赖特。照我看戈利岑本人倒向是个骗子，他辨认间谍的办法就是看这个人是否到过中国、是否是同性恋等等，后来连中苏交恶也被说成是欺骗战略的一部分，戈利岑就渐渐的没人相信了。
Father's footsteps
Replica of the Great Seal which contained "The Thing" a Soviet bugging device, on display at the NSA's National Cryptologic Museum.
Peter Wright was born in 26 Cromwell Road, Chesterfield, Derbyshire, the son of (George) Maurice Wright, who was the Marconi Company's director of research, and one of the founders of signals intelligence during World War II. It was said that he arrived prematurely because of shock to his mother, Lous Dorothy, née Norburn, caused by a nearby Zeppelin raid. Peter was a sickly child; he stammered, suffered from rickets, and wore leg irons almost into his teens. Raised in Chelmsford, Essex, he attended Bishop's Stortford College until 1931, where he was an excellent student. He then worked for a while as a farm labourer in Scotland before joining the School of Rural Economy at Oxford University in 1938. On 16 September 1938, he married Lois Elizabeth Foster-Melliar (b. 1914/15), with whom he had two daughters and a son. Despite showing an early aptitude for wireless work, during the Great Depression Peter Wright was obliged to get work as a farm labourer to help make ends meet. He did study for one year at Oxford University, but was obliged to leave since his father had been laid off and could not find a new job.
During World War II, however, he joined the Admiralty's Research Laboratory. After the war, Wright joined Marconi's research department and, according to Spycatcher, he was instrumental in resolving a difficult technical problem. The CIA sought Marconi's assistance over a covert listening device (or "bug") that had been found in a replica of the Great Seal of the United States presented to the U.S. Ambassador in Moscow in 1945 by the Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union. Wright determined that the bugging device, dubbed The Thing, was actually a tiny capacitive membrane (a condenser microphone) that became active only when 330 MHz microwaves were beamed to it from a remote transmitter. A remote receiver could then have been used to decode the modulated microwave signal and permit sounds picked up by the microphone to be overheard. The device was eventually attributed to Soviet inventor, Léon Theremin.
[edit]Intelligence
In 1954, Wright was recruited as principal scientific officer for MI5. According to his memoirs, he then was either responsible for, or intimately involved with, the development of some of the basic techniques of ELINT, for example:
Operation ENGULF: acoustic cryptanalysis of Egyptian Hagelin cipher machines in 1956;
Operation RAFTER: remote detection of passive radio receivers used by Soviet agents through detecting emanations from the local oscillator, in 1958 (a technique now more commonly used to enforce payment of television licences); and
Operation STOCKADE, analysis of compromising emanation from French cipher machines in 1960.
In addition, Wright claimed that he was regularly involved in black bag jobs to illegally install bugs for the government, and that MI5 was so well organised for this they even had expert tradesmen on hand to rapidly and undetectably effect repairs in the event that someone bungled and made a mess whilst installing a bug. He also claimed that a cabal inside MI5 was involved in a conspiracy to remove Labour prime minister Harold Wilson.
[edit]Claims about Roger Hollis
Wright was convinced that the KGB was infiltrating British institutions; among the theories he looked into was the idea that the Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell had been killed by the KGB, a notion put forward by CIA chief of counter-intelligence James Jesus Angleton. With like-minded MI5 officers, Wright became convinced that senior figures in the intelligence world, in politics, and in the trade unions were Soviet agents. After Kim Philby's defection in 1963 following a tip-off, Wright became convinced that the KGB had penetrated the higher reaches of the intelligence agencies. In 1964 he became chairman of a joint MI5/MI6 committee, codenamed Fluency, appointed to find the traitor and investigate the whole history of Soviet penetration of Britain. As claimed in Spycatcher, Wright believed that Roger Hollis was the highest traitor in MI5. However, operation Fluency involved others not necessarily given to this view, and began to systematically examine evidence.
According to Wright, his suspicions were first raised by Hollis' seeming obstruction of any attempt to investigate information from several defectors that there was a mole in MI5, but he then discovered that Hollis had concealed relationships with a number of suspicious persons, including:
a longstanding friendship with Claud Cockburn, a communist journalist who was at the time suspected of ties to Soviet intelligence; and,
an acquaintance with Agnes Smedley whilst Hollis was in Shanghai, at a time when Smedley was in a relationship with Richard Sorge, a proven Soviet spymaster.
Later during his investigations, he looked into the debriefings of a Soviet defector Igor Gouzenko, and found to his surprise that the revelations of that debriefing were not reported or recorded. After a lengthy check, he discovered that it had been Hollis who was sent to Canada to interview Gouzenko. Gouzenko had provided Hollis with clear information about Alan Nunn May's meetings with his handlers. Gouzenko also noted that the man who met him seemed to be in disguise, not interested in his revelations and discouraged him from further disclosures. Gouzenko had not known about Klaus Fuchs, but he had named a low level suspected GRU agent, Israel Halperin, a mathematician, who was later completely cleared. When the Royal Canadian Mounted Police searched Halperin's lodgings, they found Fuchs' name in his address book. Fuchs immediately broke off contact with his handler, Harry Gold, and shortly afterward took a long vacation to Mexico. Wright alleges in Spycatcher that Gouzenko himself deduced later that his interviewer might have been a Soviet double agent and was probably afraid that he might recognise him from case photos that Gouzenko might have seen in KGB or GRU files, which would explain why Hollis was disguised.
The 'FLUENCY' committee, which examined Hollis' record of service in great detail, unanimously concluded that Hollis was the best fit for the Soviet spy allegations; however, Hollis had retired in late 1965 as MI5 Director-General, by the time the committee finished its report.
A retired civil servant, Burke Trend, later Lord Trend, was brought in during the early 1970s to review the Hollis case. Trend studied the case for a year, and concluded that the evidence was inconclusive for either convicting or clearing Hollis; this was announced by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1983.
Wright's sights were also focused on Labour prime minister Harold Wilson, whom he suspected to be a Soviet agent. The ‘Wilson plot’ resulted in an investigation into Wilson's background by MI5. This, however, did not result in any conclusive evidence. When Wright retired in 1976, Harold Wilson was again prime minister.
The primary case around which Spycatcher is based, that the Director General of MI5 - Roger Hollis - was a Russian spy, is brought up-to-date by Chapman, Pincher (2009). Treachery: Betrayals, Blunders, and Cover-ups: Six Decades of Espionage Against America and Great Britain. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6807-4.
[edit]Retractions
Peter Wright reportedly made a retraction of at least one aspect of his memoirs, "Spycatcher." Dame Stella Rimington, a former MI5 director who was in MI5 while Peter Wright was still working there, says that he retracted his statement about the MI5 group of thirty officers who plotted to overthrow Wilson's government. She also criticised Wright as a disruptive and ineffective officer, taking case files that interested him off other officers, failing to return them to their proper place and failing to write up any interviews he conducted.
[edit]Later life
When Wright retired from MI5, bitter over disagreements over his pension rights, he moved from Britain to Australia, settling in Tasmania. He subsequently returned to Britain at the request of Victor Rothschild, who asked him to help dispel rumours that he was a Soviet agent. Wright agreed, and the result was Chapman Pincher's Their Trade is Treachery (1981), which carried the allegations that Hollis (by then dead) had been a traitor. When Wright's role in supplying information for the book became known, journalists besieged him. Because of the interest and because of the rancour following the pension, in 1985, he decided to publish his memoirs in Australia in order to make ends meet. The British government did all it could to suppress publication, under the pretext that such a publication would be in violation of the Official Secrets Act. They brought an injunction against Wright in Sydney. The Australian court, however, ruled against the British government, thus turning a book that might have had moderate success into an international best seller. Furthermore, the verdict not only vindicated Wright but also represented a victory for press freedom. The publication of Spycatcher temporarily unlocked the doors of official secrecy as far as former intelligence officers were concerned. With the enactment of the Official Secrets Act 1989, an absolute prohibition on revelations by serving or former intelligence officers was imposed.
Wright went on to publish The Encyclopaedia of Espionage in 1991, which had little impact. By this stage of his life he had become increasingly reclusive, suffering from diabetes and heart trouble; a year before his death in Tasmania on 27 April 1995 (aged 78), he was diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease.