měi guó měi guó nèi zhàn shí qī  (1791niánsìyuè23rì～1868niánliùyuè1rì)

kāiduān zhōngjié zàiwèi 1857nián 1861nián 

　　zhān mǔ sī · bù kǎn nán（ James Buchanan， 1791 nián 4 yuè 23 rì － 1868 nián 6 yuè 1 rì）， měi guó de dì shí wǔ rèn zǒng tǒng (1857 nián 3 yuè 4 rì – 1861 nián 3 yuè 4 rì )。
　　
　　 zǎo nián shēng yá
　　
　　 zhān mǔ sī · bù kǎn nán yú 1791 nián 4 yuè 23 rì chū shēng yú měi guó bīn xī fǎ ní yà zhōu， fù mǔ qīn lái zì 'ài 'ěr lán， bù kǎn nán shì jiā zhōng de zhǎngzǐ。
　　
　　1807 nián， bù kǎn nán jiù dú yú dí gèng sī xué yuàn， gōng dú fǎ lǜ。 1810 nián yòu dào lán kǎ shì tè shì gēn suí zhān mǔ sī · huò jīn sī xué xí fǎ lǜ。 1812 nián， bù kǎn nán zhèng shì chéng wéi lǜ shī。
　　
　　1814 nián， bù kǎn nán chéng wéi lán kǎ shì tè jùn de jùn yì yuán； 1815 nián dāng xuǎn wéi bīn zhōu zhōu yì yuán， dān rèn yì yuán qī jiān tā céng dà lì pī píng mài dí xùn zǒng tǒng、 guó huì hé lián bāng yínháng， shǐ tā dé zuì liǎo xǔ duō rén。 liǎng jiè rèn qī hòu， bù kǎn nán zài fù qīn yǐng xiǎng xià jìng xuǎn guó huì yì yuán， dàn zuì zhōng luò xuǎn。
　　
　　1819 nián， bù kǎn nán céng yǔ 'ān nī · kē 'ěr màn dìng hūn， dàn yīn wéi nǚ fāng fù qīn fǎn duì hé rén men yáo chuán bù kǎn nán yǐ yòu nǚ yǒu， zhè xiàng hūn yuē suì gào chuī。 hòu lái nǚ fāng fú yào guò liàng 'ér sǐ wáng， cóng cǐ bù kǎn nán yě zhōng shēn wèi hūn， chéng wéi měi guó lì shǐ shàng wéi yī yī wèi dān shēn de zǒng tǒng。 hòu rén huái yí yīn bù kǎn nán yòu tóng xìng liàn de qīng xiàng， ér dǎo zhì 'ān nī bēi fèn 'ér sǐ。
　　
　　1820 nián， bù kǎn nán dài biǎo lián bāng dǎng dāng xuǎn zhòng yì yuán。 qí hòu bù kǎn nán zhuǎn tóu mín zhù dǎng， bèi jié kè xùn zǒng tǒng rèn mìng wéi zhù 'é gōng shǐ， zài rèn qī jiān tā jī jí tuò zhǎn měi 'é guān xì。 1833 nián bù kǎn nán cí qù zhù 'é dà shǐ zhī zhí， huí guó jìng xuǎn cān yì yuán， dàn bù xìng luò bài。 1834 nián， bù kǎn nán bèi dì bǔ wéi cān yì yuán， bìng dān rèn cǐ zhí dá shí yī nián zhī jiǔ。 zhān mǔ sī · bō tè dāng xuǎn zǒng tǒng hòu， bù kǎn nán chū rèn guó wù qīng， qī jiān dé kè sà sī gòng hé guó bìng rù měi guó， mò xī gē zhèng fǔ jí wéi bù mǎn， měi mò zhàn zhēng suì bào fā， yǐ měi guó qǔ dé dà shèng shōu chǎng。 1848 nián， bù kǎn nán xiè rèn guó wù qīng。
　　
　　 zǒng tǒng rèn nèi
　　
　　1856 nián， bù kǎn nán huò dé mín zhù dǎng tí míng， bìng dāng xuǎn wéi dì shí wǔ rèn měi guó zǒng tǒng。
　　
　　 yóu yú dāng shí nǚ xìng yì shí gāo zhǎng， nǚ xìng yào qiú yǔ nán xìng xiǎng yòu tóng děng shòu jiào yù quán lì， gù bù kǎn nán tōng guò liǎo yī xiē bǎo zhàng nán nǚ píng děng de fǎ 'àn。 1857 nián， yóu yú yī jiā rén shòu bǎo xiǎn gōng sī tū rán xuān bù pò chǎn， chù fā gè dì yínháng de jǐ duì fēng cháo， quán guó xiàn rù jīng jì kǒng huāng， dàn bù kǎn nán zhèng fǔ què bù cǎi qǔ rèn hé xíng dòng， shǐ qí zhèng fǔ shēng wàng shòu sǔn。
　　
　　 suī rán bù kǎn nán yòu wéi nán běi hé píng zuò chū nǔ lì， dàn nán běi chōng tū bì jìng zài tā rèn nèi jī huà liǎo。 dāng lín kěn dāng xuǎn dì shí liù jiè zǒng tǒng 'ér bù kǎn nán shàng wèi xiè rèn shí， nán kǎ luó lái nà zhōu shǒu xiān tuì chū lián bāng， gé yī gè yuè yòu yòu liù gè zhōu tuì chū。 bù kǎn nán duì zhè xiē zhōu de tuō lí réng cǎi yòng huái róu zhèng cè， dǎo zhì quán tǐ gé yuán fǎn duì 'ér jí tǐ chéng cí。 dāng bù kǎn nán lí kāi bái gōng shí， mín zhù dǎng yǐ yī fēn wéi 'èr， shí yī gè yǔn xǔ nú lì zhì de zhōu fā dòng liǎo pàn luàn， měi guó xiàn rù liǎo nèi zhàn。

　　James Buchanan, Jr. (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was the 15th President of the United States from 1857–1861 and the last to be born in the 18th century. To date he is the only President from the state of Pennsylvania and the only president to remain a lifelong bachelor.
　　
　　A popular and experienced politician prior to his presidency, Buchanan represented Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives and later the Senate, and served as Secretary of State under President James K. Polk. After turning down an offer for an appointment to the Supreme Court, he served as Minister to the United Kingdom under President Franklin Pierce, in which capacity he helped draft the inflammatory Ostend Manifesto, which suggested the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused to sell Cuba. The Ostend Manifesto was never acted upon and greatly damaged the Pierce administration.
　　
　　Despite unsuccessfully seeking the Democratic presidential nomination several times, Buchanan's nomination in the election of 1856 was a compromise between the two sides of the slavery issue and occurred while he was away on business. His subsequent election was largely due to the even more divided state of the opposition. As President he was a "doughface", a Northerner with Southern sympathies who battled with Stephen A. Douglas for the control of the Democratic Party. Buchanan's efforts to maintain peace between the North and the South alienated both sides, and as the Southern states declared their secession in the prologue to the American Civil War, Buchanan's opinion was that secession was illegal, but that going to war to stop it was also illegal; hence, he remained inactive. By the time he left office, popular opinion had turned against him, and the Democratic Party had split in two. His handling of the crisis preceding the Civil War has led to his consistent ranking by historians as one of the worst Presidents in American history.