倭马亚王朝时期
(
606年～
680年5月6日)
穆阿威叶·本·阿比·苏富扬即穆阿威叶一世（阿拉伯文：معاوية بن أبي سفيان，约606年—680年5月6日）伊斯兰教的哈里发（661年—680年在位）。他是统治被称为“阿拉伯帝国”（欧洲文献中称之为萨拉森帝国）的广大穆斯林国家的倭马亚王朝的创建者。
穆阿维叶一世出生于麦加古来氏族中的倭马亚家族，是阿布·苏富扬的次子。阿布·苏富扬以反对先知穆罕默德传布伊斯兰教著称；穆阿维叶亦随父参加了多次反对穆斯林的战役。但在629年麦加被穆罕默德占领后，穆阿维叶与父亲一同皈依了伊斯兰教。
穆阿维叶于633年参加伊斯兰军队对叙利亚的征服之战，战后成为大马士革总督。在其堂兄奥斯曼·伊本·阿凡任哈里发时期，穆阿维叶被任命为叙利亚总督（640年）。655年，他在“船桅之战”中率阿拉伯舰队战胜了东罗马帝国的海军。
656年，奥斯曼被来自伊拉克和埃及的反对者刺杀之后，穆阿维叶坚决反对先知的侄子阿里·伊本·艾比·塔里卜继任哈里发。他公开展示奥斯曼和其妻子的血衣，暗示奥斯曼为阿里所害。双方矛盾尖锐，终于在657年爆发了绥芬之战。在这次战斗中，穆阿维叶命令士兵把许多本古兰经挑在枪尖上，要求阿里接受安拉的裁决。阿里无奈地接受了这一要求，而裁决结果是“双方均放弃哈里发职位”。当然，穆阿维叶可能在其中了手脚；阿里的追随者因之发生分裂。661年，分裂出的一派哈瓦利吉派刺杀了阿里。穆阿维叶没有了竞争对手，他在哈瓦利吉派的支持下被推举为哈里发。
穆阿维叶一世定都大马士革。在去世前，穆阿维叶设法使宗教领袖们接受他的儿子叶齐德为其继承人。这样就破坏了哈里发的选举制度，正式建立了倭马亚王朝。穆阿维叶一世是倭马亚王朝的第一位、也是最有政治才能的哈里发。他是那个时代最强有力的人物之一，还是一位大外交家。他的政策庇护了阿拉伯部落贵族的权益。
穆阿维叶一世的直系后代只传了3代，到他的孙子穆阿维叶二世时就绝嗣了。这一家族被称为苏富扬支。从马尔万一世开始的历代倭马亚王朝哈里发是穆阿维叶一世的叔叔的后代。
Muawiyah I (Arabic: معاوية بن أبي سفيان; Transliteration: Muˁāwīya ibn ˁAbī Sufyān); (602-680) is the first Caliph in the Ummayad Dynasy. In Sunni Islam he is perceived as having two main parts to his life which are of major historical note. The first part was as one of the staunchest enemies of Mohammad and of Islam, indeed Muawiya was after the Battle of Badr the heir-apparent to the pagan throne of Mecca which was occupied in effect by his father Abu Sofyan and mother Hinda. After the defeat of his family following the fall of Mecca in 8AH Muawiya said that he was then a Muslim and hence is regarded within Sunni Islam as a Sahabi (companion) of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. also he was Katib Al-waḥi (Inspiration writter) - he later became a member of the Umayyad caliphate in Damascus. Shia Muslims refuse to recognise the sincerity of his conversion, and cite as evidence his allegedly being cursed by Mohammad (see section on physical appearances below) and Muawiya's waging of continual civil war against the caliphate led by Ali, al-Hassan and many of the early companions. He engaged in a major civil war against the fourth and fifth (final) Rashidun (Rightly Guided Caliphs), Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib) (Muhammad's son-in-law) and Muhammad's eldest grandson Al-Hassan, and Mu'awiya met with considerable military success, including the seizure of Egypt. He assumed the caliphate after Ali's assassination and forcing the abdication of al-Hassan by threatening further bloodshed in 661 and led until 680.
Because of his involvement in the Battle of Siffin against Ali, whom the Shia Muslims believe was Muhammad's true successor (see Succession to Muhammad), the belief that he broke the treaty he made with Hasan ibn Ali by appointing his son Yazid as ruler and the belief that he was responsible for the deaths of various companions, Mu'awiyah has been hated and reviled by generations of Shi'a and is not regarded as a rightly guided caliph by some Sunni Muslims.