| Name and Alias： | 子文 |
| Township： | 汉中郡成固 |
| | |
"Wen Road, look for the source so that, from this day way back. Cows to dash? Wan Ma has come. ... ..." This is the Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu, Shi Rebellion in the refuge Qinzhou (now Gansu Tianshui), the writing of a poem . The poem praises the "find the source to" is the Western Han Dynasty of Zhang Qian. In Chinese history, the story of Zhang Qian Dynasty, has always already known, and put on some myth. Folklore, Zhang Qian Feng Han of life, opening the West, went to the "Western Paradise" of the Yellow River source, met with Weaver and Weaver, back to the Pegasus. Comes just as the war, social unrest the country, displaced people, concern for the fate of the poet standing on the Western Trail, can not help but think of this "Zaokong" Western corners of national prestige, for the benefit of future generations of the famous minister.
Han Jianguo, the northern nomads is facing a strong threat. This nation, initially, "Xun vend", "Xian Yun", "Yan Yun", "dirty porridge", "Christine slave" and other names found in books, later referred to as "Huns", since the Spring and Autumn, Hun step into the class the threshold of society, ministries were formed slavery small country, its king said, "Chanyu." Chu-Han War, Modu Chanyu took the opportunity to expand their influence, have conquered the surrounding tribes, off East Hu, breaking Rouzhi, control of northeastern China, northern and western regions to establish unified slave regime and powerful military machine . Hun aristocratic slave owners often led powerful cavalry, occupied the territory of the Han Dynasty, harassment and looting of the Central Plains residents. Han emperor for seven years (200 BC) in winter, Modu Chanyu rate cavalry besieged Jinyang (now Taiyuan). Liu Bang led 320,000 troops against pro-an attempt to defeat the Huns main force in one fell swoop. A result, Liu Bang was Modu siege against the white board (this Datong East), on the 7th no food, only with Chan's "odd meter", secretly Qianren take bribes in the Modu's Hsiungnu his wife, may only Disembarrassing. From then on, Liu Bang and then not using military forces in the north. Later Emperor Hui, Empress, Emperor Wen Jing, taking into account the material and financial resources is insufficient, the Huns also had to be taken, "and family", gifts and passive defense policy. But Hun nobles, still bandits endless edge. Emperor Wen of the times, or even into the Oasis Hun cavalry, advancing Chang, a serious threat to the security of the Western Han Dynasty.
Liu Che Han Dynasty, Chinese history has the inspiration of a great man. Jian-Yuan Dynasty (140 BC) ascended the throne, the age of 16 years of age. At this point, the Han Dynasty established 60 years, after several generations of early Han Dynasty emperor, followed taxes, and the "rest with the people" policy, especially the "Wenjing", political unity and centralization further strengthened restored and socio-economic development and prosperity into the era of national power has been quite abundant. According to historical records, the Government is "full of scorn to do all Yu Lin, the repository of more than money" and even "the Capital of money, accumulated 100 million giant, rotten and not consistent school; Taicang of millet, routinization, overflowing Lu product in addition, corruption can not be eaten. " In the community and is "non-event of flood and drought, the people were to the house full", and "Zhong Shu street with horses that is played between the crowds, who by exclusion of female characters and not with the party, those who keep food Liangrou Lu Yan. "Han is strong with this material and financial resources in a timely manner to counter the harassment of the Huns, from getting rid of the threat from the north, the historical mission, put on the agenda. It is this historical conditions for the generation of excellence Junjie, to Shi Zhanhong map and make great achievements.
Emperor ascended the throne soon, never drop the Hun population that, at the Dunhuang, Qilian area have lived a nomadic Taiyue Shi, China's ancient books called "Rhu's." Qin and Han, Rouzhi stronger forces, captured neighbors Wusun of land conflict with the Xiongnu. Han Dynasty, many times the failure to XiongNuMaoDu Chanyu, national power on the decline. To the old Shanyu, they were completely conquered Hun. Yuezhi old Shanyu kill the king and brought his head cut off Naqu made wine. Rouzhi after this national calamity after the forced westward. In today's northwestern Xinjiang Yili area, off the original "plug" and re-establishment of the state. But they did not forget his homeland, ready to revenge on the Huns, and would like some help, the Huns were hit. Han Under this situation, decided to co-Da Yueshi common pincer Hun. So ordered the selection of personnel, the Han Dynasty. Han's so-called "Western", with broad and narrow sense. Broadly speaking, including North and South, and today China's Xinjiang Tianshan Conglingxi (the Pamir) west of Central Asia, West Asia, India, the Caucasus, the Black Sea coast, and even up to Eastern Europe, Southern Europe. Narrowly speaking, it refers only to Dunhuang, west Qilian, Conglingxi east, north and south of Tianshan, that today's Xinjiang region. Tianshan Road, is a good natural pasture, then have all the Huns, the Huns are the right department, in the final Youxian Wang and right general jurisdiction. Ili River in northwest area of origin was a "Cypriot" and was later moved to the expulsion of the Rouzhi. The Da Yueshi then off for the Wu-sun.
Tianshannanlu, because the North resistance of Tianshan, Kunlun south barrier, special drying climate, only a small number of land suitable for growing plants, lack of pasture, early Han form 36 countries, and more on agriculture for a living, they sell livestock breeding, with outer city walls farmhouse, Therefore, "the enclosing walls of Asian countries." Its geographical distribution, by the Gansu out Yumen, Yang Guan south, beside the northern foot of Kunlun Mountains west by and did not (and did not this county), Khotan (now Yutian County), to Shache (now Shakespeare cars County), for the South Road Asian countries. The Yumen, Yang after the northbound off, regardless of division by the (Tu Lu Fan today) along the west Tianshan Mountains south by Yanqi (now Yanqi County), round table (this Luntai), Kucha (Kuqa County today ), to Kashgar, the North Road Asian countries. Between North and South Road, spans a vast expanse of the Tarim desert. These countries include the Di and Qiang, Turks, Huns, Serbs and other nationalities, a total population of about three dozen million. Western before Zhang Qian, Tianshannanlu countries have also been conquered by the Huns, and set up a "servant Dou Wei", the Permanent Yanqi, between countries have imposed food, yangmachang. South Asian countries has become a Hun invasion forces actually an important supply line; more than 300,000 elite Xiongnu peoples suffer oppression and exploitation.
When the edict issued by Emperor Wu of Han, the aspiring young Zhang Qian, to come forward should raise, decided to provoke a state and national responsibility, the courage to embark on the journey.
Jun Chen Chanyu that envoy Zhang Qian For Yuezhi, the pair of Zhang Qian said: "I Rouzhi in the North, the Han why have to? To Wu Yu to Yue, Han listen to me?" He that is to say, standing Huns position, in any case does not allow Chinese people to district by the Huns, to the ambassador Rouzhi. As the Han Dynasty through the Han envoys will not let Hun area to the south of Vietnam to the same country. Zhang Qian and his entourage were detained and placed under house arrest.
This flight is very dangerous and difficult. Fortunately, the ten-year stay in the Huns to Zhang Qian, who learn more about the road leading to the Western Regions, and learned the language of the Huns, Hu Dress they wore, it is difficult to be detected Huns. Thus they are more smoothly through the Huns in the control area.
After Zhang Qian to Dawan, to explain his mission to the King Dawan Yuezhi mission and the various experiences along the way, I hope Dawan to send both hands, and said that in the future if returned to the Han Dynasty, some Zou Ming Han emperor, to send him a lot of property, heavy reward. Dawan King had already learned of the East Han Dynasty rich and would like to exchange links with the Han, but suffered from the Huns in the stem obstruction, did not materialize. Han made the unexpected arrival made him very happy. Zhang Qian's remarks, even more so attracted him. Zhang Qian was keen on the idea of the requirements of hospitality, the faction of the guide and interpreter, Zhang Qian, who will be sent to peaceful living (now the territory of the Soviet Uzbekistan and Tajikistan). Comfortable Housing Wang Qian Ren Da Yueshi sent them.
Yuanshuo three years (126 BC) first, the military Chen Chanyu died, his brother left for the Chanyu Valley calabash WANG Zi, Chen Chanyu military offensive Prince single. Failed to escape a single Chinese. Zhang Qian civil strife have the opportunity to take advantage of the Huns, the Huns with his wife and tangyi father, fled to Chang'an. This is the first time Zhang Qian the Han Dynasty. Years from the Emperor Chien-yuan (139 BC) starting to Yuanshuo three years (126 BC) Guihan, a total of 10 calendar years. Departure is 100 people, came back leaving only two of Zhang Qian and tangyi father. The cost is how high!
Zhang Qian for the first time the Han Dynasty, is a very dangerous foreign travel, it has been a fruitful scientific investigation. Zhang Qian for the first time the Western Regions were the vast field of investigation and research. He not only personally visited all located in Xinjiang and Central Asia Dawan small, peaceful living, Taiyue Shi and large summer Asian countries, and from where they initially learned Wusun (south of Lake Balkhash and the Ili River basin ), Amami Cai (Caspian Sea, north of the Aral Sea), rest (that is, Persia, now Iran), Article support (also known as Great food, this area of Iraq), The body (also known as Tianzhu, India) and other countries in many cases . Back to Chang'an, the Zhang Qian to knowledge, a detailed report to the Emperor, on Conglingxi thing, Central Asia, West Asia, and even rest in peace, India and Southern location, specialty, population, cities, troops, etc., are explained . The basic content of the report Sima Qian in "Historical Records Dawan Biography" preserved. This is our country and world, the first time those in the most detailed and reliable records. Is still the world to study the regions and countries of ancient geography and history the most valuable information.
The Han envoy Zhang Qian to the Western Regions of the results, very satisfied, especially so in letters to Dr. Zhang Qian, the father was granted tangyi "Feng Shi Jun," in recognition of their contributions.
Prior to this, the Han emperor and also do not know, in China's southwest has a body is the existence of the country. Zhang Qian in the big summer, suddenly saw the native of Sichuan, Qiong Zhu Zhang and Shu cloth. He was very surprised, and asked their source. Great summer people told him that a big summer businessman bought from the drug itself. The body is a large country located in south-east of the summer. After returning to the Han Zhang Qian reported the situation. And concluded that among the big summer southwest China, 12,000 miles away from Chang'an, body is in great Xiadong Nan thousands of miles, from the distance itself is not toxic to the Chang'an summer than the large distance to Chang. The southwestern Sichuan Chang, body is a product of Sichuan, which proved that body is not too far from the Sichuan. Accordingly, Han Zhang Qian to the proposal, sent envoys south, from Sichuan to the southwest line and open up a body poison and Central Asian countries through the route to get through dangerous areas Qiang and the Xiongnu. Zhang Qian's inference, from the big perspective is the right direction, but distance estimates with the actual situation in sub. Of course, in the past two thousand years ago, Zhang Qian to achieve this level of understanding, is invaluable. Han-based communication with Dawan, Kangju, Rouzhi, India and rest of the direct contacts and expand their political influence, the total isolation of the purpose of the Huns, readily accepted the recommendations of Zhang Qian, Zhang Qian and ordered to Qianwei County (now in Sichuan Yibin) personal charge of the matter.
Zhang Qian-led provision of new routes from the Southwest Exploration activities, although not achieved the desired results, but the development of the southwest there is a big contribution. Zhang Qian sent messengers, has penetrated to the year built Zhuang Qiao Dian. Dian also known as Yunnan and Vietnam, as in case of war and soldiers were sitting on the elephants fight, it is also known as "take as the country." Envoys were informed about this before, Shu businessmen have often trade with goods to Vietnam and Yunnan Province. Also know that the area of ethnic minorities living in Kunming, "no long-Jun", "good Koudao." It is because of Kunming people. Firmly blocked, making the Han envoys had to halt. Prior to this, ethnic minorities throughout the Southwest, and almost nothing about the situation of the Han Dynasty. No wonder when the Chinese envoy met with Dianwang, Dianwang actually curious to ask: "Han Dian with us, compared to which country one?" Messenger to the Yelang, the Yelang Hou also raised the issue. This later became "arrogant," the origin of allusion. By Chinese envoy to explain and present, who learned of the powerful Han Dynasty. From the Han Dynasty more pay attention to Dian, Yelang and other tribal ties. To Yuanding Dynasty (111 BC), Han Dynasty formal settings fat Ke, the more Suitability Shen Li, Munsan, Wudu and other Gogun, and later set Yizhou, Cochin and other counties, basically completed in Southwest pioneering.
Chenggu county in Shaanxi, three kilometers west of Rao at Town House Ying Village.
Zhang Qian, the word sub-culture, the Western Han Dynasty into the solid (now the provincial capital of Shaanxi solid county) people. China's history, a friendly envoy of external influence. He physically robust, outgoing, full of pioneering and adventurous spirit, Wu Di to military medals and letters Bowang Hou, spin prayer Zhonglang Jiang, envoy Wusun, contingents Fushi to Dawan, peaceful living, great summer and so on, since Northwest Asian countries side with the Chinese traffic, so that exchange of the Han Dynasty to Central Asia, and to open up access to the Western Regions of North and South 2, the introduction of fine horse species, such as grape and alfalfa.
Black night a month, Zhang Qian and his party is not prepared to take advantage of the Huns, the Huns fled. Their country via truck divisions (now Xinjiang Turpan Basin), into the Yanqi (now Yanqi area), and from the Tarim Yanqi back westbound through Kucha (Kuqa, Xinjiang today East), Shule (now Xinjiang Kashgar), etc., Conglingxi climb to reach the Dawan (this charge rather dry sodium basin). Under the leadership of the wizard in the Dawan reach peaceful living (today between Lake Balkhash and the Aral Sea), and finally reach the Taiyue Shi.
However, the Taiyue Shi's conditions have changed dramatically. They moved to Gui watershed, the conquest of the neighboring big summer (now northern Afghanistan), decided to live and work in this, do not want to talk to Hun war. Meanwhile, people also believe that the Han Dynasty Rouzhi too far away from their own, can not attack the Huns were united, so Zhang Qian, "Breaking the Hungarian right arm," did not meet the purpose. Zhang Qian in the big summer inspected more than a year, in Yuanshuo first year (before 128) flight back home. Way home, Zhang Qian Hun-controlled areas to avoid, change from South Road, they turn the Conglingxi, while the line along the northern foot of Kunlun Mountains, via Shache (now Xinjiang Shache), Khotan (modern Hotan), Shanshan ( Ruoqiang today), etc., into the Qiang area of residence. But the way it was received Hun cavalry, seized more than a year. Yuanshuo three years (before 126), Hun civil strife, Zhang Qian with his wife and aides willing to father and the others, took the opportunity to flee to the Han Dynasty. Han listened to his detailed status reports on the Western Regions, are pleased to appoint him as too the doctor, giving the parent is willing to Shi Jun Feng. Zhang Qian the Han Dynasty from the please, enduring hardships and dangers, after 10 years, toured South and North and Central Asia, West Asia, parts of Central China to Central Asia was the first man.
Zhang Qian in the big summer and saw the mountains of China Qiong (now West Sichuan Xing Jing) of Zhu Zhang and Shu in the fine cloth on the market, it felt odd. A businessman asked, that is bought from the drug itself. The body in the Great Xia Dongnan thousands of miles, where people ride like war, near the sea. Big summer away from the Han Dynasty more than ten thousand in the country, located in southwest China, while the body is another country thousands of miles in large Xiaguo Dong Nam, as much a product of Shu can be seen far away from the Shu. His body is estimated to go from Sichuan to the big summer, must be a shortcut, and reduce the Huns in the hunt. He suggested that the Emperor Wu and Yi Road opened up. Emperor accepted his proposal, life Shujun, Qianwei County messengers were sent from Mang, Ji and Qiong, Bo and other four and out, open the Southwest Corridor. But the angel of the Kunming Yi by the resistance from various quarters, unable to do so. And by Dian, Yunnan area Yelang activities such as messenger, effective, economic strategy for the Emperor Wu and Yi basis. Yuanshuo six years (before 123), Zhang Qian to XiaoWei expeditions with the great general Wei Qing Hun, active, closed Bowang Hou. Yuanshou years (before 121), to Wei Yu, and Guang out of the right Peking (now northeastern Hebei) hit the Hun, Zhang Qian delayed the military period, when cut, later Marquis of Atonement, to avoid the common people.
Two years later, Zhang Qian Fu Emperor urged the Joint Wusun (now the Ili River basin), Emperor Wu ordered Zhang Qian as Zhonglang Jiang, rate 300 people, 600 horses, cattle and sheep Jinbo million number, mighty second the Han Dynasty. At this point the Hun forces have been driven out of the Hexi Corridor, the route is clear. After his arrival Wusun, please return to old haunt Wusun East. Wusun old Wang could not make decisions, ministers are afraid of the Huns, but also that the Han dynasty too far, not migration. Fushi were sent Zhang Qian to go to Dawan, Kangju, Taiyue Shi, rest in peace, The body, Khotan, Yu Mi (now Yutian Keriya Dong) and other countries diplomatic activities extensively in Central Asia, Southwest Asia over The farthest reaches messenger of the Roman Empire the Mediterranean and North Africa. Yuanding years (before 115), king of Wu-sun with a translation and guide, escort Zhang Qian returned, accompanied by dozens of Wusun messenger, this is the first time to central Xiyu Ren. Han Wang Wusun sent dozens of good horse, won the Emperor favor. Emperor Wu of the appointment of Zhang Qian as lines, which is responsible for receiving foreign envoys and guests. The next year, Zhang Qian's death. He was sent to bring the country one after another after the messenger came to Chang'an, the Han and established friendly relations with Central Asia. The angel of the Han dynasty in Central Asia continue to demand, as many as 10 times a year, from at least five or six times, all with "Bowang Hou," the name in order to gain the trust of the country. Wusun States see Han army will spread far and wide, financial strength, then attach importance to relations with the Han Dynasty, requirements, and pro. Emperor Wu to Jiangdu Jun Wang Jian-thin princess marrying the daughter of Wu-sun Wang Hoon Mok; small ruler after the death of Emperor Wu of the princess to marry again bereavement Wu Sun Wangcen corner, two long-term friendship and marriage. Han "Zaokong Western Regions", Zhang Qian was founded deal in. According to legend, grapes, alfalfa, pomegranate, walnuts, flax and other objects are all Zhang Qian from the Central Plains from the Western Regions, or not necessarily so, but the Silk Road opened Zhuo Zhang Qian to the contribution, then has praised.
Because of living in the western Huns, Zhang Qian with the opportunity to lead his staff fled to the Rouzhi. West ran several tens day oersted, to Dawan. Dawan heard of Han property rich, want to find opportunities for exchanges between the Han Dynasty. Zhang Qian is very pleased to see, and asked him where to go. Zhang Qian said: "The Han envoy for Yuezhi, blocked roads were the Huns, not to pass, now fled to your country, hope that the king could send someone leading the way, send us to, if able to reach the Rouzhi, we return after the Han Dynasty Han dynasty, King gave the property, must be not to do more than words. "Dawan think we can, send them to, and send the translation and guide them. Sent to the peaceful living, peaceful living with the transfer vehicle to transport them to Tai Yueshi. At this time, the original Taiyue Shi Wang had been killed by the Huns, established his wife for the king. Da Yueshi have to surrender a large summer and it ruled. They where fertile land, producing rich, not intrusive, relaxed state of mind happiness, but also from that far away and do not want to close from the Han Dynasty Han Dynasty, the Huns did not entirely mean revenge. Zhang Qian from the summer Rouzhi to large, have not always clear that Wang Yue Zhi. Stay more than a year later, had to return. Along Nanshan, want a place to live back from the Qiang Han, the Huns they were intercepted. Detained for more than a year, happened to Chanyu dead, Hun domestic chaos, Zhang Qian membership will be with his wife and tangyi Hun Gan father fled back to the Han Dynasty, together. Court to grant him too much in too fu office, tangyi Father Gan Shijun when on the Bong.
Creation of the background work
In the north the vast grasslands of Mongolia, the tribal infighting year after year, the Huns defeated the many nomadic tribes, took possession of their homes. Yuezhi can not escape, fled to the Eastern Han territory Rouzhi rumble, they are afraid to tell the residents of the Han Dynasty, the Huns of their own tribe who were defeated, the people were massacred, their tribal leaders were cut off the Huns head, also with a skull made of a jug. The remaining people fled in all directions, but the surrounding tribes and the Huns are not enemies, they can not win any allies; even as far away as Central Asia's nomads are not prepared to accept them, so people can only be more Rouzhi far western migration.
Second, the analysis of content and form work
Of the Han Dynasty, opened economic and cultural exchanges to promote East-West lines - the Silk Road from Chang'an through the Hexi Corridor, further divided into North and South 2,
Explanation of its meaning
First, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty only after the "complex matter and Yi"
Second envoy Zhang Qian of Han Dynasty back, the angel brought Wusun country, "because that glimpse of the Han, Zhi majority", the Wusun country after the messengers returned, "the country is increasingly important Chinese", the two countries began In the friendly exchanges on an equal basis.
To strengthen links with Central Asia, Chinese began to "make home building west of the county early home to pass the Jiuquan in Northwest China," and "all the more so arrived rest, suddenly Cai, Li Xuan (now the Roman Republic), Article branch (now in Iraq ), The body state. "Later," all persons of foreign generation hundreds of large, less by a hundred people, people turn to when operating a large release Bowang Hou, "Han and diplomatic activities in Central Asia's first orgasm began to come.
Han is not anxious, he decided to implement two-step strategy, respectively, in order to win these countries join themselves. First, he launched a war against the Huns, and achieved victory, anti-Hun 9 million soldiers. Then, in 101 BC, he captured the Dawan countries of Central Asia, Ferghana is the home of BMW. In fact, these famous horses to win only a pretext for Han. Han had several times sent messengers along the footsteps of Zhang Qian year to Dawan, at the exchange of Ferghana horse with a large amount of money, but Dawan King time and again rejected his request. The last time, sent envoys to Emperor Han is not harmful to use with a yellow
Victory over the Han army made a triumphant return, along the Central Asian countries heard of Han conquered the Dawan States, were all greatly shocked. Countries to follow the kings and nobles have sent nephew returned to the Central Plains Han, Han goes to them for the tribute, and stay in the Han as a hostage, said the loyalty of the Han Dynasty. At this point, Zhang Qian set a diplomatic and trade to expand the Han Dynasty influence in Central Asia strategy has been successful.
Zhang Qian of the Han not only open up trade with the western countries of "Silk Road", became the first in our history to go abroad messenger; the same time, through its diplomatic practice, the first equality among nations since Zhang Yang, honest exchanges foreign concept for our prosperity and future generations of opening up the Han Dynasty laid a solid foundation, had a profound impact. Zhang Qian in the second year after returning to the death. He twice the Han Dynasty, opened up a cultural exchange between the channel, strengthening Western and Western regions. Historian Sima Qian was praise of the Han Dynasty as "Zaokong", meaning "open road."
Zhang Qian, who because of communication, since the Han Dynasty and the Western economic and cultural exchanges frequently. Western Region of the grapes, walnuts, alfalfa, pomegranate, carrot, and good horses, carpets to Inland China to enrich the economic life of the Han. Han cast iron, digging, drilling techniques and silk, metal tools, spread to the Western Regions, to promote the economic development of the Western Regions.
Zhang Qian bull by the horns, twice the Han Dynasty, China's communication with the West Asia and Europe, trade relations, China's silk and silk, from the west Chang'an through the Hexi Corridor, Xinjiang today, transported to the rest (now the Iranian plateau and the two River Basin), and then transferred to West Asia from the rest of the Qin Empire and Europe (the Han dynasty in China history books, the titles of the Roman Empire), opened up the history of the famous "Silk Road."
The late Tang Dynasty murals, and the political situation similar to the Tang Dynasty, the Tibetan occupation, the decline of the Golden Age from the New Century, although the Tibetan occupation, many excellent works of art level fast approaching the Tang Dynasty, but the overall trend is in decline. In character modeling, the full grasp of the "Bone pen," the mystery, note the combination of bone and flesh. People face as many as the unification of the article Feng type, Buddha had screen in addition to the body Torsional Ni, there legs straight, waist micro-torsion, natural and harmonious attitude. Composition has been shaped by the changing picture, line drawing style of expression greatly enhanced depiction of the Koran outline form, a strong thick were tall and straight, fine by Clear Wan Rou-Li, in the performance of object texture on the very wonderful. Soil red line as people have become the stereotypical characteristics of the Tibetan line drawing. Early as rich color, but there are two different taste of the package notes: A to Babbitt as the land, blue and green mainly love the new elegant tone; the other to earth tones to ground, Zhu, Wan slightly heavier, thicker tone Khan moist. People who form the most beautiful can be said that "the poor things love to write," and "must be according to truth." Therefore, the character image of style rather "broad-mindedness", "Meditation flying" feeling. This is the style of Tibetan occupation.
Zhang Qian the Han Dynasty in the difficult course of the succession of previous good character, with their own hands-on creation of the basic norms of diplomatic activities, and also to set a shining example for future generations. The main contents are:
3) the United States love letter, letter of sincere quality to create honest and trustworthy environment friendly exchanges between the countries
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