閱讀葛瑞姆·漢卡剋 Graham Hancock在百家争鸣的作品!!! | |||||
葛瑞姆·汉卡克英國記者、考古歷史類暢銷書作傢。其作品包括《超自然》(Supernatural)，《失落的約櫃》(TheSignandtheSeal)，《上帝的指紋》(FingerprintsofGods)，《創世紀的守護神》(KeeperofGenesis)(與羅伯特·鮑威爾(RobertBauvel)合着）(美版譯名:斯芬剋斯的信息)(ThemenssageofSphinx)，《火星的秘密》(TheMarMystery)，《天之鏡》(Heaven'sMirror)(與妻子桑沙·法伊亞(SanthaFaiia)合着)，《上帝的魔島》和《護身符：神聖的城市，神秘的信仰》(與羅伯特·鮑威爾合着)。他也參與製作並主持了英國第四頻道的紀錄片《水下世界:冰河期被洪水淹沒的王國》。
《超自然:與人類遠古智慧的接觸》是他最新的着作,分別於2005年和2006年在英國和美國開始發行。漢卡剋在書中用大衛路易斯-威廉姆斯(DavidLewisWilliams)的神經心理學考古方法，通過舊石器時代的岩洞藝術，來研究現代人類大腦的進化發展。
漢卡剋的主要研究對象是遠古時代的迷團和巨石建築,遠古神話和遠古天文學和占星學方面的資料數據。在他很多的書中始終貫穿的一個主題是一個全球性的母文明，他認為所有的文明都是從這個母文明中分散出來的。儘管他的書已經在全世界有了500萬的銷量並被譯成了27種語言，但他的研究方法和結論並沒有得到權威機構的支持，並被批評為是一個偽科學。漢卡剋坦率的承認自己沒有受過正規的考古學訓練，並認為自己是面對正統學術體係，社會媒體不可能給予承認和支持時，給予自己所考證出的結果的一個巨大的支持和補充。
自傳
雖然出生於愛丁堡,但由於父親在印度做醫生的緣故，他成長的歲月也就在那裏度過。返回英國後,他於1973年從杜倫大學畢業,並得到了社會學的一等榮譽學位。
作為一名記者，漢卡剋曾撰稿於多傢英國報紙，如泰晤士報，星期日泰晤士報，獨立報，衛報。他在1976年-1979年是英國新國際主義者雜志的合作編輯雜志，1981-1983是英國經濟學人雜志在東非的記者。
獵戶三星相對應理論
"獵戶三星相對應理論"是漢卡剋很多書中經常出現的一個主題，它首次於1983年由比利時埃及考古專傢羅伯特.鮑威爾提出，然後在和漢卡剋合着的書和兩人各自獨立的作品中被進一步解釋。它闡述了古代埃及的吉薩三大金字塔的相對位置與獵戶星座三星腰帶的相對位置相一致。
最初他們衹是闡述了兩樣事物的驚人相似。(…三座金字塔難以置信的成為了獵戶星座三星在地球上的星圖；參考漢卡剋的上帝的指紋,1995,p.375)。隨後他們便在創世紀的守護者中推測獅身人面像的年齡。按書中所說：獅身人面像是在公元前一萬五百年前的上舊石器時代建造的。（…獅子的形體在公元前10450時春分日的黎明恰好面嚮東方正對獅子星座）；參考漢卡剋的上帝的指紋，1995,p.483)。在1998年與羅伯特.鮑威爾合着的火星秘密中，他們認為獅身人面像與吉薩三大金字塔還有尼羅河的安排佈局可以說是當時獅子星座與獵戶三星還有銀河的在地面的相對應天文圖。
所以距今12500年前的那個時期，漢卡剋認為，有一個遠古的發達文明影響並輻射出我們世界的古代文明發展。但是正統埃及學和考古學堅持認為現有證據表明吉薩金字塔群和獅身人面像是在公元前2500年左右的古埃及第四王朝時期建立的。漢卡剋並沒有就年代進行爭論，但他堅持認為它們一定是按照差不多八千年前的天文而修建的。
由漢卡剋，鮑威爾及其他人,比如阿德裏安?吉爾伯特(AdrianGilbert)和安東尼?維斯特(AnthonyWest),所提出的這個觀點被很多的科學家在着作中予以批評和駁斥。
在駁斥的聲音中，來自美國洛山基格裏菲斯天文觀測臺(GriffithObservatory)的天文學家愛德格裏普(EdKrupp)和南非開普頓大學的安東尼費爾羅(AnthonyFairall)教授的研究引人關註。他們利用天文儀器，各自獨立的研究了在漢卡剋等人提到的那個時期時，三星腰帶和北方向的角度（由於分點歲差的影響，這個角度和我們今天所觀察的角度或和第四王朝時期的都各不相同）。結果發現，當時三星與北方向的角度是４７度至５０度之間，而金字塔與北方向的角度是３８度。
格裏普還指出，吉薩三金字塔構成的直綫是嚮北偏離，而有獵戶三星構成的腰帶確實嚮南。如果使一個與另一個相一致，衹能把其中一條綫的高的一端拉低。這也確實就是鮑威爾和吉爾伯特在他們合着的書中所做的改動，他們用倒轉的金字塔圖片同三星圖相對比並且沒有說明。
格裏普和費爾羅還發現了他們理論中的其他問題。包括如果像他們宣稱的獅身人面像代表了獅子星座的話，那麽它按照星圖應該被建在尼羅河的另一邊，而不是和金字塔在同側。還有公元前10500年時，春分點應該是在黃道中的處女座而不是獅子座。而黃道的概念是由古美索不達米亞的文明創造。埃及直到很晚的希臘羅馬化時代纔開始使用。一位名叫喬安妮?考曼(JoanneConmen)的評論傢曾用“罪惡”二字形容格裏普在着作中對這個理論的強有力的駁斥。還是這位評論傢，他也批評了格裏普的一些關於古埃及天文學方面的說法。認為漢卡剋等人的理論是很遺憾，由於一些各種原因。
這個關於古老的獅身人面像的理論在主流科學中得到了更多的支持，着名的地理學家羅伯特?斯科奇(RobertSchoch)從獅身人面像周身的流水腐蝕痕跡和周圍環境的痕跡做比較，認為一部分獅身人面像的最遲也應是於公元前5000到7000年前修建的。斯科奇的分析得到了另一位地質學家大衛?考伊剋爾(DavidCoxill)的支持。他認為獅身人面像經過了大量的雨水衝刷，而吉薩高原衹有在王朝以前的時期纔有過這種氣候。第三位地質學家科林?裏德(ColinReader)認為修建的時間比公認的時間衹早幾百年。這些觀點被主流的埃及學者和相當數量的地質學家所駁斥。他們將獅身人面像表面的腐蝕痕跡歸因於當今世界的工業污染而産生了風載塵對雕像的酸化和溫度的變化對石頭表面的影響。
BBC(英國廣播公司)地平綫節目事件
漢卡剋遭到了很多駁斥自己的觀點和事件，其中最着名的是BBC第二頻道的地平綫節目事件。1999年１１月４日，地平綫推出名為亞特蘭蒂斯再生(AtalantisReborn)的記錄片。片子認為：漢卡剋宣稱一些古代建築群的建設與天象相應，而我們也可以在美國紐約着名的標志性建築中得到很多所謂的相應。它也認為漢卡剋有選擇的忽略一些建築的位置從而故意與自己的觀點相吻合，並忽略了建築的能夠解釋其建造時間和原因的真正涵義。漢卡剋認為自己被節目污衊了。他和羅伯特.鮑威爾將BBC公司侮辱他們和他們的研究成果的行徑告到了英國廣電標準委員會(BroadcastingStandardCommission)。
"節目將漢卡剋變成了一個烘製理論的高級知識騙子，他沒有得到捍衛自己理論的機會。"
英國廣播公司方面沒有對漢卡剋本人和他的理論做評價，而是除了指控中提到的節目中的一段話外，否認了其他的一切內容有詆毀傾嚮。他們認為節目製作人是抱着公正的思想來審視和評論漢卡剋先生和鮑威爾先生的觀點的。指控並不成立。
委員會認為，節目不公正的刪除了一位批評漢卡剋先生理論的發言者的觀點。地平綫節目隨後提供了一個經過修改的新版本，其中把一個支持他們的理論的觀點加了進去。節目於２０００年１２月１４日播出。雖然片子大部分還是反駁的立場，但是漢卡剋在自己的官方網站上宣佈，英國廣播公司支持自己和羅伯特?鮑威爾的觀點。並衹是引用了有利的部分。
註解、參考
1.臺灣先智出版社發行了FingerprintsofGods、Heaven'sMirror、Underworld三本書，並將其書名翻譯為「上帝的指紋」、「天之鏡」以及「上帝的魔島」，合計上下兩册共六本書。
His most recent non-fiction book, Supernatural: Meetings With the Ancient Teachers of Mankind, was released in the UK in October 2005 and in the US in 2006. In it, Hancock examines paleolithic cave art in the light of David Lewis-Williams' neuropsychological model, exploring its relation to the development of the fully-modern human mind..
His first novel, "Entangled: The Eater of Souls," the first in a fantasy series, was released in the UK in April 2010 and in the US in October 2010. The book makes use of Hancock's prior research interests and as he has noted, "What was there to lose, I asked myself, when my critics already described my factual books as fiction?"
Hancock's chief areas of interest are ancient mysteries, stone monuments or megaliths, altered states of consciousness, ancient myths and astronomical/astrological data from the past. One of the main themes running through many of his books is the possible global connection with a "mother culture" from which he believes all ancient historical civilizations sprang. Although his books have sold more than five million copies worldwide and have been translated into twenty-seven languages, his methods and conclusions have found little support among academics. Often criticised for being a pseudoarchaeologist, Hancock, who freely admits he has no formal training in archaeology, sees himself as providing a counterbalance to what he perceives as the "unquestioned" acceptance and support given to orthodox views by the education system, the media, and by society at large.
Biography
Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Hancock's formative years were spent in India, where his father worked as a surgeon. Having returned to the UK, he graduated from Durham University in 1973, receiving a First Class Honours degree in Sociology.
As a journalist, Hancock worked for many British papers, such as The Times, The Sunday Times, The Independent, and The Guardian. He was co-editor of New Internationalist magazine from 1976–1979 and East Africa correspondent of The Economist from 1981-1983. In 1996 he appeared in The Mysterious Origins of Man.
Orion Correlation Theory
Main article: Orion Correlation Theory
Representation of the central tenet of the OCT - the outline of the Giza pyramids superimposed over a photograph of the stars in Orion's Belt. To achieve this concordance the pyramids have been rotated and scaled to suit. The validity of this match has been called into question by Hancock's critics, as noted in the text.
A recurring theme in several of Hancock's works has been an exposition on the "Orion Correlation Theory" (or OCT), first put forward by Belgian writer Robert Bauval and then further expounded in collaborative works with Hancock, as well as in their separate publications.
BBC Horizon controversy
BBC 2's Horizon TV series broadcast a programme, "Atlantis Reborn", on 4 November 1999 that challenged the ideas presented by Hancock. It detailed one of Hancock's claims that the arrangement of an ancient temple complex was designed to mirror astronomical features and demonstrated that the same thing could be done with perhaps equal justification using famous landmarks in New York. It also alleged that Hancock had selectively moved or ignored the locations of some of the temples to fit his own theories, and had ignored the texts on the temples themselves explaining why and when they had been built.
Hancock claimed he was misrepresented by the programme, and he and Robert Bauval made complaints to the Broadcasting Standards Commission against the way Horizon had portrayed them and their work. Eight points were raised by Hancock, two by Bauval (one of which duplicated a complaint of Hancock's). This included the complaint:
The programme had created the impression that he [Hancock] was an intellectual fraudster who had put forward half baked theories and ideas in bad faith, and that he was incompetent to defend his own arguments.
The BSC dismissed all but one of the complaints. Overall, the BSC concluded that "the programme makers acted in good faith in their examination of the theories of Mr Hancock and Mr Bauval". The complaint which was upheld was that "The programme unfairly omitted one of their arguments in rebuttal of a speaker who criticised the theory of a significant correlation between the Giza pyramids and the belt stars of the constellation Orion (the "correlation theory")", which the Commission did find to be unfair. Horizon subsequently offered to broadcast a revised transmission of the programme which takes into account the one point which was found in the writers' favour. This went to air under the name Horizon: Atlantis Reborn Again on 14 December 2000.
Cultural reference
In 2009, Roland Emmerich released his blockbuster disaster movie 2012 citing Fingerprints of the Gods in the credits as an inspiration for the film, stating: "I always wanted to do a biblical flood movie, but I never felt I had the hook. I first read about the Earth's Crust Displacement Theory in Graham Hancock's Fingerprints of the Gods."
Book
Hancock, Graham (1985). Ethiopia: The Challenge of Hunger. London: V. Gollancz. ISBN 057503680X.
Hancock, Graham; Enver Carim (1986). AIDS: The Deadly Epidemic. London: V. Gollancz. ISBN 0575038373.
Hancock, Graham (1989). Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0871132532.
Hancock, Graham (1992). The Sign and the Seal: The Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant. New York: Crown. ISBN 0517578131.
Hancock, Graham (1995). Fingerprints of the Gods: The Evidence of Earth's Lost Civilization. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0517593483.
Hancock, Graham; Robert Bauval (1996). The Message of the Sphinx: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0517705036. Published in the United Kingdom as Hancock, Graham; Robert Bauval (1996). Keeper of Genesis: A Quest for the Hidden Legacy of Mankind. London: Heinemann. ISBN 0434003026.
Hancock, Graham (1998). The Mars Mystery: A Tale of the End of Two Worlds. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 0718143140.
Hancock, Graham; Santha Faiia (1998). Heaven's Mirror: Quest for the Lost Civilization. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0517708116.
Hancock, Graham; Santha Faiia (2001). Fingerprints of the Gods: The Quest Continues (New Updated Edition). New York: Crown Century. ISBN 0712679065.
Hancock, Graham (2002). Underworld: The Mysterious Origins of Civilization. New York: Crown. ISBN 1400046122.
Hancock, Graham; Robert Bauval (2004). Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith. Tisbury: Element Books. ISBN 0007190360.
Hancock, Graham (2005). Supernatural: Meeting with the Ancient Teachers of Mankind. London: Century. ISBN 1844136817.
Hancock, Graham (2010). Entangled: The Eater of Souls. New York: The Disinformation Company. ISBN 978-1934708569.