yuèdòuluó 'ěr dé · dá 'ěr Roald Dahlzài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! | |||
tā bǐ jiào zhù míng de zuò pǐn yòu： chá lǐ yǔ qiǎo kè lì gōng chǎng（ CharlieandtheChocolateFactory）、 zhān mǔ sī yǔ dà xiān táo（ JamesandtheGiantPeach）、 mǎ dì 'ěr dá（ Matilda）、 nǚ wū（ TheWitches）、 chuī mèng jù rén（ TheBFG） hé KissKiss。
yī、 shēng píng
luó 'ěr dé dá 'ěr zài 1916 nián 9 yuè 13 rì chū shēng yú wéi 'ěr sī kǎ dì fū de lán dá fū， luó 'ěr dé de fù qīn shì hā lā 'ěr dé dá 'ěr（ HaraldDahl）， mǔ qīn shì sū fěi mǎ dé lián dá 'ěr（ SofieMagdaleneDahl）， dōushì nuó wēi rén。 dá 'ěr yī jiā zài 1880 nián dài yóu nuó wēi qiān wǎng kǎ dì fū。 luó 'ěr dé shì yīn yī gè dāng shí nuó wēi de mín zú yīng xióng běi jí tàn xiǎn jiā luó 'ěr dé yà mèng sēn 'ér dé míng de。 tā zài jiā zhōng gēn tā de fù mǔ jí zǐ mèi shuō de shì nuó wēi yǔ。 dá 'ěr hé tā de zǐ mèi zài kǎ dì fū nuó wēi shuǐ shǒu de jiào huì shī xǐ jí mìng míng， nà lǐ shì tā men fù mǔ shàng de jiào huì。
zài 1920 nián， luó 'ěr dé 3 suì de shí hòu， tā 7 suì de zǐ zǐ 'ài sī cuì dé（ Astrid） sǐ yú máng cháng yán。 dà yuē yī gè yuè zhī hòu， tā fù qīn sǐ yú fèi yán， shí nián 57 suì。 tā de mǔ qīn suī rán kě yǐ xuǎn zé huí dào nuó wēi yǔ qīn qī yī qǐ shēng huó， dàn tā hái shì jué dìng liú zài yīng guó， yīn wéi luó 'ěr dé de fù qīn shēng qián yī zhí shí fēn xī wàng tā de 'ér nǚ néng zài yīng guó jiē shòu jiào yù， tā rèn wéi yīng guó de jiào yù shì zuì hǎo de。
luó 'ěr dé zuì chū jiù dú yú tiān zhù jiào lán dá fū xué xiào（ LlandaffCathedral）。 8 suì nà nián， tā hé sì gè péng yǒu fàng liǎo yī zhǐ sǐ lǎo shǔ zài “ lìn sè yòu tǎo rén yàn ” de pǔ lāi qì tài tài（ Mrs.Pratchett） diàn zhōng de táng guǒ guàn lǐ， xiào cháng wèicǐ dǎ liǎo tā men yī dùn。
yú shì， luó 'ěr dé bèi zhuǎn dào yī suǒ jì sù xué xiào， dàn zài nà lǐ tā guò dé fēi cháng bù yú kuài。 tā shí fēn xiǎng jiā， jīhū měi tiān dū huì gěi jiā lǐ xiě xìn， bù guò tā cóng láidōu méi yòu zài xìn lǐ xiǎn shì chū tā de bù kāi xīn。 zài mǔ qīn qù shì hòu， tā cái fā xiàn tā shōu cáng liǎo suǒ yòu dāng shí wǎng lái de xìn jiàn。
zài dé bǐ jùn de lì pǔ dùn gōng xué， tā shì jí cháng de xiǎo gēn bān， zài tā de zǎo nián bǐ jiào zhòng yào de yī bù fèn zhōng， tā yōng yòu liǎo tā zì jǐ de xiǎo shū zhuō。 tā de gè zǐ hěn gāo， zài chéng nián hòu yòu 1.98 mǐ， tā shàn cháng yùn dòng， yīn 'ér chéng wéi xué xiào de bì shǒu qiú hé huí lì qiú duì de duì cháng， hái shì xué xiào zú qiú duì de chéng yuán， zhè lìng tā shí fēn shòu rén huān yíng。 nà gè shí hòu， tā zhú jiàn xǐ huān shàng liǎo shè yǐng。 zài tā jiù dú zhè suǒ xué xiào qī jiān， jí bǎi lì shí pǐn gōng sī（ Cadbury）， yī jiā qiǎo kè lì zhì zào chǎng， ǒu 'ěr huì jì xīn de qiǎo kè lì chǎn pǐn dào tā de xué xiào ràng xué shēng cè shì wèi dào。 dá 'ěr cháng cháng xiǎng zì jǐ fā míng yī xiē xīn de qiǎo kè lì， xī wàng dé dào jí bǎi lì shí pǐn gōng sī de zàn yáng， ér zhè yě chù fā liǎo tā de líng gǎn， bìng yǐ cǐ xiě chū tā de dì sān běn shū，《 chá lǐ yǔ qiǎo kè lì gōng chǎng》。
zài tóng nián hé qīng shàonián shí qī， tādōu huì zài shǔ jiǎ shí huí tā fù mǔ qīn de zǔ guó nuó wēi， duō shù shí jiān dōushì qù xiǎng shòu hǎi 'àn biān de xiá wān。 tā zìzhuàn tǐ de zuò pǐn，《 nán hái： wǒ de tóng nián wǎng shì》（ Boy:TalesofChildhood） jiù zhù yào shì jiǎng shù nà duàn tóng nián shí guāng。
zài wán chéng xué yè hòu， tā yòng liǎo 3 gè yuè zài niǔ fēn lán yǔ yī gè chēng wéi gōng xué tàn xiǎn zǔ zhì（ PublicSchools'ExploringSociety） de duì wǔ yuǎn zú。 zài 1934 nián 7 yuè， tā jiā rù liǎo ké pái gōng sī（ ShellPetroleum）。 jīng guò 2 nián zài yīng guó de xùn liàn hòu， tā bèi diào dào tǎn gé ní kā（ jīn shǔ tǎn sāng ní yà） de dá lěi sī sà lā mǔ。 tā yǔ qí tā liǎng wèi gù yuán qián wǎng nà lǐ， jū zhù zài dá lěi sī sà lā mǔ wài wéi dì qū de gāo jí fáng wū， yòu zhe yī gè chú shī hé sī jiā pú rén。 zài gōng zuò shàng， tā dé héng yuè tǎn gé ní kā tí gōng shí yóu gěi gù kè， tā céng zài tú zhōng zāo dào shù yǎn jìng shé、 shī zǐ hé qí tā yě shēng dòng wù de xí jī。
1、 dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn
zài 1939 nián de 8 yuè， dì 'èr cì shì jiè dà zhàn bī jìn de shí hòu， yòu yī gè jìhuà yào jiāng zài dá lěi sī sà lā mǔ de shù bǎi gè dé guó rén bāo wéi。 dá 'ěr hé 14 gè dá lěi sī sà lā mǔ de yīng guó rén， zài tǎn sāng ní yà bèi rèn mìng wéi jūn guān， měi rén zhǐ huī yī zǔ yīng huáng fēi zhōu bù qiāng duì（ King'sAfricanRifles） mín bīng。 dá 'ěr duì cǐ hé bāo wéi xíng dòng gǎn dào shí fēn jiāo lǜ bù 'ān， dàn tā hái shì wán chéng liǎo zhè mìng lìng。
zhī hòu， zài 1939 nián 11 yuè， tā jiā rù liǎo huáng jiā kōng jūn。 zài jīng guò dá lěi sī sà lā mǔ dào nài luò bǐ de 600 gōng lǐ chē chéng hòu， tā huò xǔ yǔ qí tā 20 gè rén jìn xíng fēi xíng xùn liàn， tā men dāng zhōng yòu 17 rén hòu lái sǐ yú kōng zhàn。 tā yǐ DH hǔ 'é shì fēi jī（ DeHavillandTigerMoth） jìn xíng liǎo 7 xiǎo shí 40 fēn zhōng de dān fēi shí xí。 zài tā de fēi xíng guò chéng zhōng， tā shí fēn xiǎng shòu niǎo kàn nà xiē kěn ní yà de yě shēng dòng wù。 tā jì xù wǎng yī lā kè bā gé dá fù jìn huáng jiā kōng jūn de hǎi běn ní yà kōng jūn jī dì（ RAFHabbaniya） jìn xíng gāo jí fēi xíng xùn liàn。 jià shǐ 6 gè yuè huò kè hā tè shì shuāng yì fēi jī（ HawkerHarts） hòu， tā chéng wéi liǎo yī gè kōng jūn shàowèi， bèi fēn pài dào huáng jiā kōng jūn dì 80 zhōng duì， jià shǐ lǎo shì de“ dǒu jiàn zhě hào”（ Gladiator）。 dá 'ěr zài zhī dào zì jǐ bù huì wéi kōng zhàn 'ér shòu xùn， shèn zhì bù huì jiē shòu jià shǐ“ dǒu jiàn zhě hào” de xùn liàn shí gǎn dào shí fēn jīng yà。
zài 1940 nián 9 yuè 19 rì， dá 'ěr bèi mìng lìng jià shǐ tā de“ dǒu jiàn zhě hào” yóu 'āi jí de AbuSuweir dào 'ā mǐ lì yà bǔjǐ rán liào， ér hòu yòu dào lì bǐ yà Fouka dì 'èr cì bǔjǐ rán liào， zài fēi wǎng mǎ tè lǔ gǎng nán fāng 30 gōng lǐ de dì 80 zhōng duì xiǎo xíng jī chǎng。 zài zuì hòu yī duàn háng chéng， tā zhǎo bù dào xiǎo xíng jī chǎng， ér qiě yè sè jiāng jìn， rán liào yù lái yù shǎo， tā bèi pò shì tú jiàng luò zài shā mò zhōng。 bù xìng dì， qǐ luò jià zhuàng shàng jù lì， lìng fēi jī zhuì huǐ， tā de tóu gǔ cuò shāng， bí zǐ xiàn dào liǎn jiá zhī zhōng， liǎng yǎn shòu shāng。 tā miǎn lì bǎ zì jǐ tuō chū nà rán shāo zhe de fēi jī cán hái。 hòu lái， tā zài dì yī běn chū bǎn de zuò pǐn（ hòu xù） zhōng tí jí guò zhè yī cì fēi jī zhuì huǐ de shì。 huáng jiā kōng jūn fā xiàn zhè yī cì fēi jī zhuì huǐ shì yīn wéi dá 'ěr bèi tōng zhī de fēi xíng dì diǎn wán quán cuò wù， dá 'ěr cuò wù dì fēi wǎng yīng guó yǔ yì dà lì shì lì fàn wéi jiān de huǎn chōng dì dài， yīn 'ér dǎo zhì zhè cì shì jiàn de fā shēng。
dá 'ěr huò jiù bìng bèi sòng wǎng mǎ tè lǔ gǎng（ MersahMatruh） de jí jiù zhàn。 tā zài nà lǐ huī fù liǎo zhī jué， dàn tā de shì jué méi yòu tóng shí huī fù。 zhī hòu tā bèi sòng dào liǎo yà lì shān dà gǎng de huáng jiā hǎi jūn yī yuàn。 tā 'ài shàng liǎo nà lǐ de yī gè hù shì， mǎ lì wēi lán（ MaryWelland）， yě shì tā 8 xīng qī hòu huī fù liǎo shì lì hòu dì yī gè kàn dào de rén。（ zài tā hái wèi néng kàn jiàn de shí hòu zhǐ shì 'ài shàng tā de shēng yīn。 huī fù liǎo shì lì hòu tā jué dìng bù zài 'ài tā liǎo） yī shēng men shuō tā zài yě méi yòu jī huì fēi xíng liǎo， dàn zài 1941 nián 2 yuè， tā bèi sòng wǎng yī yuàn de 5 gè yuè hòu， tā bèi yǔn xǔ lí kāi， yòu tóu rù fēi xíng gōng zuò。
zài zhè shí hòu， 80 zhōng duì zài kào jìn xī là yǎ diǎn de Elevsis， pèi bèi hǎo huò kè xíng de jù fēng shì zhàn jī zài xī là zhī zhàn zhōng yǔ yīng guó yuǎn zhēng jūn bìng jiān zuò zhàn。 tā zài 1941 nián 4 yuè jià shǐ lìng yī zhǒng zhàn jī dài tì jù fēng shì zhàn jī fēi yuè dì zhōng hǎi， tā zhǐ yòu shǎo xǔ cāo zuò zhǐ nán hé 7 xiǎo shí de liàn xí shí jiān。 zài zhè gè zhàn zhēng de jiē duàn huáng jiā kōng jūn zhǐ yòu 18 jià zhàn dǒu jī zài xī là， 14 jià huò kè xíng de jù fēng shì zhàn jī hé 4 jià bù lún hǎi mǔ hōng zhà jī。
4 yuè 15 rì， tā zài gāo xī sī（ Chalcis） jìn xíng liǎo tā de dì yī cì kōng zhàn， yǔ sì jià zhèng zài gōng jī chuán zhǐ de hōng zhà jī duì zhàn， bìng cāo zòng tā de jù fēng shì zhàn jī dǎ xià yī jià róng kè 88 xíng fǔ chōng hōng zhà jī。 zài 4 yuè 16 rì de lìng yīcháng kōng zhàn zhōng， tā dǎ xià liǎo lìng yī jià róng kè 88 xíng fǔ chōng hōng zhà jī。 zài 4 yuè 20 rì dá 'ěr yǔ kōng jūn zhōng duì cháng jí tā de péng yǒu dài wéi kù kè（ DavidCoke） jì xù cānyù yǎ diǎn zhī zhàn， dǎ xià yī xiē dí jī。
zài dé guó réng zài duì yǎ diǎn jìn xíng yā zhì shí， dá 'ěr fèng mìng chè huí 'āi jí。
80 zhōng duì chóngxīn bèi zhào jí dào bā lè sī tǎn de hǎi fǎ（ Haifa）。 yòu sì gè xīng qī， dá 'ěr měi tiān dū dé jìn xíng fēi xíng rèn wù， zài 6 yuè 8 rì tā dǎ xià liǎo dí fāng de zhēn chá xíng bō tài 63 xíng zhàn dǒu jī； 6 yuè 15 rì， dǎ xià liǎo dí fāng de róng kè 88 xíng fǔ chōng hōng zhà jī， dàn zhī hòu tā kāi shǐ tóu tòng， ér qiě zài fēi jī jí sù zhuànxiàng huò biàn sù de shí hòu， chǎn shēng duǎn zàn shī míng huò hūn huàn de zhèng zhuàng， tā yīn cǐ tuì yì huí dào yīng guó。 zhè shí tā de jūn jiē shì kōng jūn shàng wèi。
1942 nián， tā zài bèi diào wǎng huá shèng dùn hòu kāi shǐ xiě zuò。 tā dì yī běn chū bǎn de zuò pǐn shì ShotDownOverLibya， miáo shù tā 「 dǒu jiàn zhě hào 」 de zhuì huǐ shì jiàn， zài 1942 nián 8 yuè 1 rì fā biǎo yú《 xīng qī liù wǎn bào》（ SaturdayEveningPost）。 fú léi sī tè（ C.S.Forester） yuán xiān shì xī wàng dá 'ěr néng xiān xiě yī diǎn huáng jiā kōng jūn de qù shì， tā zài jiā yǐ rùn shì shǐ qí gèng jù gù shì xìng。 bù guò dāng fú léi sī tè dú liǎo dá 'ěr gěi tā de gù shì hòu， tā jué dìng nèi wén bù xū zài jīng rèn hé xiū gǎi。 yuán běn de biāo tí shì APieceofCake， hòu lái de biāo tí gèng jù xì jù xiào guǒ， dàn hū lüè liǎo fēi jī zhuì huǐ yǔ dí fāng xíng dòng háo wú guān xì de shì shí。
zài zhàn zhēng qī jiān， fú léi sī tè zài yīng guó xìn xī fú wù（ BritishInformationService） gōng zuò， bìng wéi tóng méng guó zhuàn xiě xuān chuán wén xuān， zhù yào zài yú xuān chuán měi guó rén de xiāo hào。 zhè ràng dá 'ěr jiā rù liǎo jiàndié huó dòng， lì shǔ yú yīng guó 'ān quán xié diào chù（ BritishSecurityCoordination）， tā de shàng sī jiù shì yǐ yǒng gǎn wén míng de jiā ná dà jiàndié tóu zǐ wēi lián shǐ dì fēn xùn（ WilliamStephenson， huò chēng Intrepid）。 zài zhàn zhēng qī jiān， dá 'ěr tí gōng huá shèng dùn de qíng bào gěi shǐ dì fēn xùn。 dāng dá 'ěr huí dào yīng guó， yóu yú dà shǐ guǎn guān yuán huái yí tā duì guó jiā de zhōng chéng， lìng tā shòu dào bù hé lǐ de duì dài， dá 'ěr huí yì dào：“ nà xiē dà nán hái bǎ wǒ yī jiǎo tī chū（ qíng bào dān wèi）。”（ dà nán hái cǐ zhǐ nián qīng huò jīng yàn bù zú de guān yuán）。 shǐ dì fēn xùn zhī hòu jìn shēng liǎo tā de guān zhí， bìng bǎ tā sòng huí huá shèng dùn de gōng zuò gǎng wèi。 zhàn hòu， dá 'ěr xiě liǎo yī xiē guān yú shén mì zǔ zhì de lì shǐ， tā hé shǐ dì fēn xùn jí shǐ zài zhàn zhēng jié shù shù shí nián hòu réng rán wéi chí zhe péng yǒu guān xì。
zhàn zhēng wán jié shí， dá 'ěr shì huáng jiā kōng jūn de zhōng xiào。 tā 5 cì kōng zhàn shèng lì de jì lù jīng yóu zhàn hòu diào chá zhèng shí， zhóu xīn guó de jì lù yě kě yǐ yǔ cǐ hù xiāng duì zhào zhèng shí。
2、 hòu qī de shēng huó
① jiā tíng
dá 'ěr céng yǔ 'ào sī kǎ jīn xiàng jiǎng dé zhù de měi guó nǚ yǎn yuán pài cuì xī yà nà 'ā 'ěr（ PatriciaNeal） gòng dù liǎo 30 nián de hūn yīn shēng huó（ 1953 nián － 1983 nián）。 tā men yòu 5 gè hái zǐ： ào lì wéi yà（ Olivia， 7 suì shí sǐ yú má zhěn）、 tài suō（ Tessa）、 xī 'ào（ Theo）、 ōu fěi lì yà（ Ophelia） hé lù xī（ Lucy）。
dāng xī 'ào 4 gè yuè dà de shí hòu， zuò de yīng 'ér chē bèi chū zū chē zhuàng dào， dǎo zhì tā de nǎo dài shòu dào zhòng shāng， dé liǎo nǎo shuǐ zhǒng， yǎn jīng yě jīhū xiā diào。 luó 'ěr dé wèicǐ yǔ jǐ wèi zhuān jiā gòng tóng yán jiū chū liǎo WDT（ Wade-Dahl-Till）， yī zhǒng kě yǐ shǐ zhèng zhuàng jiǎn qīng de yī liáo pǐn。 xī 'ào yīn 'ér kāng fù， zhī hòu shùn lì zhǎngdà chéng rén。
1965 nián， pài cuì xī yà nà 'ā 'ěr zài huái zhe dì wǔ gè hái zǐ lù xī shí， céng sān dù zhòngfēng。 luó 'ěr dé shì liǎo gè zhǒng fāng fǎ ràng tā màn màn dì kāng fù guò lái， zhòngfēng yī nián hòu， nà 'ā 'ěr yòu néng chóngxīn xíng zǒu、 shuō huà liǎo， tā men zài 1983 nián lí hūn。 tā qí hòu qǔ liǎo fú lì xī dì kè luó sī lán（ FelicityCrosland）， zhè chǎng hūn yīn jiù yī zhí yán xù zhì luó 'ěr dé shì shì wéi zhǐ。
ōu fěi lì yà dá 'ěr yǔ yī shēng bǎo luó fǎ mò（ PaulFarmer） gòng tóng jiàn lì liǎo jiàn kāng huǒ bàn（ PartnersinHealth）， yī jiān zhǐ zài wéi nà xiē pín kùn de xiǎo qū tí gōng yī liáo fú wù de fēi yíng lì zǔ zhì， tā tóng shí yě shì gāi zǔ zhì de fù zé rén。 lù xī dá 'ěr， shì luò shān jī de yī gè jù zuò jiā。 tài suō de nǚ 'ér sū fěi dá 'ěr（ SophieDahl， luó 'ěr dé zuò pǐn chuī mèng jù rén zhōng de huǒ bàn de líng gǎn lái yuán） shì yī wèi zhī míng de mó tè 'ér yǔ zuò jiā。 tā miáo shù wài zǔ fù wéi“ fēi cháng tè bié de rén héng fēi cháng qiáng zhuàng、 zǒng shì chǔyú zhù dǎo dì wèi …… tā bù xiàng mǐ fó zǐ mèi de fù qīn zài wū zǐ zhōng dà shēng jiào hǎn， qǔ 'ér dài zhī de shì què záo 'ér yòu bǎ wò de xíng shì。”
② fǎn yóu tài zhù yì
dá 'ěr xuān chēng tā shì fǎn yóu tài zhù yì zhě， wèicǐ tā zài yǐ sè liè zāo shòu dào lián hé dǐ zhì。
1983 nián xià， tā zài《 wén xué píng lùn》 xiě liǎo yī piān shū píng， pī píng tōng lì kè lǐ fū dùn（ TonyClifton） fā biǎo zài《 xīn wén zhōu kān》 de《 GodCried》 héng héng yī běn jù gāo dù zhēng yì xìng、 miáo shù yǐ sè liè rù qīn lí bā nèn de tú huà shū。 dá 'ěr de pī píng zhǐ chū zài 1982 nián 6 yuè de lí bā nèn zhàn zhēng shí，“ wǒ mendōu kāi shǐ hèn yǐ sè liè rén”。 zhè běn shū róng yì shǐ dú zhě cǎi qǔ jí duān de fǎn yóu tài lì chǎng。 gēn jù zhuànjì zuò zhě jié ruì mǐ tè léi gé luó 'ēn（ JeremyTreglown） de shuō fǎ， dá 'ěr qǐ chū xiě liǎo“ wǒ mendōu kāi shǐ hèn yóu tài rén”， dàn《 wén xué píng lùn》 de biān ji jī lián gé lín wēi（ GillianGreenwood） bǎ dá 'ěr xiě de“ yóu tài rén” gǎi wéi“ yǐ sè liè rén”。 gēn jù cǐ bǎn běn de yì wén， dá 'ěr shùn lǐ shēng chēng：“ wǒ bù shì fǎn yóu tài zhù yì zhě。 wǒ shì fǎn yóu tài fù guó zhù yì zhě。” jù chēng， dá 'ěr rèn wéi yóu yú fā biǎo zhè xiē fǎn yóu tài de yán lùn， shǐ zì jǐ bù néng chéng wéi yī zhí hěn xiǎng dāng shàng de jué shì。 gēn jù zài 2003 nián pī lù de zhèng fǔ wén jiàn suǒ shì， dá 'ěr céng jīng zài 1986 nián jù jué jiē shòu bù liè diān dì guó guān zuǒ xūn zhāng， lǐ yóu kě néng zhèng shì yīn wéi tā tài xiǎng yào huò dé jué shì tóu xián。
gēn jù zhì shǎo liǎng wèi zhuànjì zuò jiā de shuō fǎ， zài dá 'ěr wéi zì jǐ de pī píng zuò biàn hù shí， tā gào sù yī wèi jì zhě：“ yóu tài rén yòu yī zhǒng tè xìng， tā men tiǎo qǐ chóu hèn…… wǒ de yì sī shì， wú lùn zài rèn hé dì fāng fǎn duì rèn hé dōng xī， zǒng shì huì yòu gè yuán yīn； jí shǐ shì xiàng xī tè lè bān kě bǐ de rén yě bù shì méi yòu yuán yīn dì xuǎn zé tā men de。” dàn shì gēn jù tè léi gé luó 'ēn de shuō fǎ， dá 'ěr réng jiù yǔ yóu tài rén péng yǒu sī xià bǎo chí yǒu yì。
zài wǎn nián， dá 'ěr 'ǒu 'ěr shì tú dàn huà yī xiē duì yú fǎn yóu tài zhù yì de zhǐ zé， zài zuò pǐn《 dān fēi》（ GoingSolo） zhōng， yòu yī xiē chāqǔ tóng qíng dì miáo xiě liǎo dé guó yóu tài rén de liú wáng zhě； zhù zhāng yě yǔ zhī qián bù tóng， xuān chēng tā fǎn duì de shì bù gōng zhèng， ér bù shì yóu tài rén。 tā cóng bù céng cóng tā duì yú yǐ sè liè qiáng yìng de lì chǎng tuì suō， dàn shì zài 1990 nián， lí tā shì shì bù yuǎn zhī qián tā gào sù yīng guó dú lì bào：“ wǒ wú yí dì shì fǎn yǐ sè liè de， qiě wǒ zhú jiàn chéng wéi fǎn yóu tài zhù yì。”
③ shì shì yǔ yí chǎn
1990 nián 11 yuè 23 rì， luó 'ěr dé dá 'ěr yú zì zhái sǐ yú yī zhǒng hǎn jiàn de jí bìng， bái xuè bìng qián qī bìng fā zhèng（ myelodysplasticanaemia）， xiǎng nián 74 suì。 yí tǐ zàng yú qí suǒ shǔ jiào qū de mù dì。 jù tā de sūn nǚ biǎo shì， jiā rén wèitā jǔ bàn liǎo yīcháng běi 'ōu hǎi dào shì de sānglǐ。 péi zàng wù yòu snooker yóu xì、 hóng pú táo jiǔ、 qiǎo kè lì táng、 HB qiān bǐ hé diàn jù。 wèile jì niàn tā， yú kào jìn 'ài 'ěr sī bó lǐ de bái jīn hàn jùn jùn lì bó wù guǎn nèi shè lì liǎo luó 'ěr dé dá 'ěr 'ér tóng huà láng。
2002 nián， yī gè wéi 'ěr sī shǒu fǔ jiā de fū de dì biāo， OvalBasinplaza， jiāng míng chēng gēnggǎi wéi“ luó 'ěr dé dá 'ěr guǎng chǎng”（ RoaldDahlPlass）。“ Plass” jí nuó wēi yǔ zhōng de guǎng chǎng， zhè yě shì duì yú zuò jiā nuó wēi jí de rèn tóng。 yě yòu xǔ duō hū shēng yào qiú zài gōng zhòng chǎng hé wèitā shù lì yǒng jiǔ xìng de diāo xiàng。
dá 'ěr duì shén jīng xué、 xuè yè xué hé wén xué de cí shàn juān zèng zài tā guò shì hòu， chí xù yóu qí wèi wáng rén jiè yóu“ luó 'ěr dé dá 'ěr jī jīn huì” lái jǐyǔ zàn zhù。 zài 2005 nián 6 yuè，“ luó 'ěr dé dá 'ěr bó wù guǎn yǔ gù shì zhōng xīn” wèile jì niàn luó 'ěr dé dá 'ěr zài wén xué shàng de gòng xiàn yú GreatMissenden kāi mù。
èr、 xiě zuò
jiè yóu fú léi sī tè suǒ jī fā de líng gǎn， dá 'ěr chū bǎn liǎo dì yī běn zuò pǐn ShotDownOverLibya（ hòu gǎi míng wéi APieceofCake）， miáo shù guān yú tā zài zhàn zhēng shí qī de lì xiǎn gù shì。 zhè piān gù shì bèi《 xīng qī liù wǎn bào》 yǐ 900 yuán mǎi xià， zhè dài lǐng tā zǒu xiàng chéng wéi zuò jiā de dào lù shàng。 sǒng dòng de shū míng qí shí yǔ shì shí bìng bù fú hé： dá 'ěr bù shì bèi shè shāng， ér shì zài quē fá rán liào de pò jiàng shí zhuàng jī dì miàn 'ér shòu shāng。
tā de dì yī běn 'ér tóng wén xué zuò pǐn shì《 xiǎo wán pí》（ TheGremlins）， nèi róng jiǎng shù yī zhǒng chū xiàn zài RAF chuán tǒng mín sú zhōng wán pí de xiǎo dòng wù。 huá tè dí sī ní céng yòu yì jiāng qí gǎi biān wéi diàn yǐng， dàn zhōng jiù méi yòu chéng gōng， shū yú 1943 nián chū bǎn。 dá 'ěr jì xù chuàng zuò yī xiē 20 shì jì 'ér tóng xǐ 'ài de gù shì， rú《 chá lǐ yǔ qiǎo kè lì gōng chǎng》、《 mǎ dí dá》 hé《 guài táo lì xiǎn jì》。
tā zài chuàng zuò kě pà 'ér kǒng bù de chéng rén duǎn piān gù shì fāng miàn yì shí fēn chéng gōng， wǎng wǎng dōuyòu hēi 'àn de yōu mò yì shí jí lìng rén jīng yà de jié jú。 hěn duō běn lái fā biǎo zài měi guó zá zhì， jiù xiàng fù nǚ jū jiā zá zhì（ LadiesHomeJournal）、 hā pō zá zhì（ Harper's）、 huā huā gōng zǐ hé niǔ yuē kè， dá 'ěr zhī hòu jiāng zhè xiē wén zhāng shōu lù yú wén xuǎn jí zhōng fā biǎo， zuò pǐn huò dé liǎo quán qiú xìng de zàn shǎng。 dá 'ěr xiě guò chāo yú 60 gè duǎn piān gù shì， zhè shì yī gè shí fēn jù dà de shù mù， dàn zhǐ yòu yī bù fēn zài tā sǐ hòu chū bǎn chéng shū（ jiàn luó 'ěr dé dá 'ěr duǎn piān gù shì liè biǎo）。 tā de gù shì yì gěi tā dài lái liǎo sān gè 'ài lún pō jiǎng： zài 1954 nián， SomeoneLikeYou； 1959 nián， gù shì TheLandlady； 1980 nián， yǐ Skin diàn yǐng wéi jī chǔ xiě zuò dídí duǎn piān gù shì TalesoftheUnexpected。
tā jiào zhù míng de chéng rén xiǎo shuō， xī yān zhě（ TheSmoker）， huò chēng ManfromtheSouth， pāi shè chéng yǐng jí AlfredHitchcockPresents, bìng gǎi biān chéng 1995 nián diàn yǐng FourRooms zhōng kūn tíng tǎ lún dì nuò（ QuentinTarantino） de bù fēn。 tā de duǎn piān gù shì jí TalesoftheUnexpected chéng gōng dì gǎi biān wéi tóng míng de diàn shì yǐng jí。 duǎn piān gù shì zhōng yòu yī bù fēn jīng cāi cè shì chū zì yú tā xū gòu de shū shū 'ào sī wò de rì jì， zhè xiē gù shì zhōng de zhùjué， yī wèi fù yòu de shēn shì。
zài dá 'ěr xiāng jiào zhī xià bǐ jiào méi nà me chéng gōng de 1960 nián dài， tā kāi shǐ xiě diàn yǐng jù běn。 qí zhōng liǎng bù yóu yī 'ēn fú lāi míng（ IanFleming） gǎi biān wéi xiǎo shuō： zhān mǔ shì páng dé（ JamesBond） de YouOnlyLiveTwice hé ChittyChittyBangBang。 tā yě gǎi biān zì jǐ de zuò pǐn， rú《 wēi lì wàng kǎ yǔ qiǎo kè lì gōng chǎng》（ WillyWonkaandtheChocolateFactory）。
yǔ qī zǐ fú lì xī dì hé zhe de MemorieswithFoodatGipsyHouse yú guò shì hòu zài 1991 nián chū bǎn， shū nèi chuān chā zhe shí pǔ héng jiā rén yǔ dá 'ěr gòng tóng huí xiǎng yǔ chén sī chū de、 yǐ xǐ 'ài chī de shí wù wéi zhù de shí pǔ， rú qiǎo kè lì、 yáng cōng hé hóng pú táo jiǔ。
tā de dà bù fēn 'ér tóng wén xué zuò pǐn de chā tú dōushì kūn dīng bù léi kè（ QuentinBlake） huà de。
dá 'ěr de 'ér tóng wén xué zuò pǐn cháng cháng cóng yī gè xiǎo hái de guān diǎn jì shù， tōng cháng huì bāo kuò chéng rén fǎn pài juésè héng zēng hèn bìng nüè dài xiǎo hái de rén， zhì shǎo yòu yī” hǎo de” dà rén lái jiǎn qīng fǎn pài juésè dài lái de yǐng xiǎng（ jù yī fèn huò xǔ zāo dào làn yòng de cān kǎo wén xiàn， dá 'ěr cháng jiāng qí zài jì sù xué xiào de jīng yàn róng rù zuò pǐn zhōng）。 nèi róng dà duō bāo hán hēi sè yōu mò、 gǔ guài de qíng jié hé kě pà de bào lì。《 nǚ wū》 yǔ《 mǎ dí dá》 jí tào yòng liǎo zhè gè gōng shì。《 chuī mèng jù rén》 zūn shǒu bìng jiā yǐ tuī guǎng zhè gè gōng shì：“ hǎo jù rén”（ theBFG huò BigFriendlyGiant） dài biǎo nà xiē“ hǎo de” dà rén de yuán xíng， ér qí tā jù rén dài biǎo zhe“ huài de” dà rén。 zhè gōng shì yě chū xiàn zài yī bù fēn dá 'ěr de jù běn zhōng， rú ChittyChittyBangBang。 jiē jí yì shí de zhù tí， rú yǐ shì fǒu dài miàn zhào jué dìng shēn fèn dì wèi， yě chū xiàn zài yī xiē zuò pǐn zhōng rú《 hú lí bà bà wàn suì》（ FantasticMrFox） hé《 zán men shì shì jiè zuì jiā dā dàng》（ Danny,theChampionoftheWorld）。 zài dá 'ěr shū zhōng de lìng yī tè sè shì， féi pàng de juésè tōng cháng huì shì 'ér tóng， rú《 chá lǐ yǔ qiǎo kè lì gōng chǎng》 de gǔ lǔ（ AugustusGloop）、《 nǚ wū》 de bù lǔ nuò zhān jīn sī（ BrunoJenkins） hé《 mǎ dí dá》 de bù lǔ shì bō gé tuō（ BruceBogtrotter）， bù guò zhè yě yòu lì wài： yòu yī wèi“ jù dà” de yào jiǎo AuntSponge chū xiàn zài《 guài táo lì xiǎn jì》。
dá 'ěr de mǔ qīn cháng cháng gěi tā hé tā de zǐ mèi men shuō gù shì， shuō guān yú chuán shuō zhōng de jù rén hé qí tā xū gòu de nuó wēi de dōng xī， yīn cǐ yòu yī xiē tā de 'ér tóng wén xué zuò pǐn rú《 chuī mèng jù rén》 děngdōu huì chū xiàn zhè xiē jù rén děng xū gòu zhī wù。
sān、 zuò pǐn liè biǎo
1、 ér tóng wén xué zuò pǐn
① ér tóng gù shì
1943 nián： dǎo luàn xiǎo jīng líng（ TheGremlins）
1961 nián： zhān mǔ sī yǔ dà xiān táo（ JamesandtheGiantPeach）
1964 nián： chá lǐ hé qiǎo kè lì gōng chǎng（ CharlieandtheChocolateFactory）
1966 nián： mó fǎ shǒu zhǐ（ TheMagicFinger）
1970 nián： liǎo bù qǐ de hú lí bà bà（ FantasticMrFox）
1973 nián： chá lǐ hé dà bō lí shēng jiàng jī（ CharlieandtheGreatGlassElevator），《 chá lǐ yǔ qiǎo kè lì gōng chǎng》 de xù jí。
1975 nián： shì jiè guànjūn dān ní（ DannytheChampionoftheWorld）
1977 nián： TheWonderfulStoryofHenrySugarandSixMore
1978 nián： dà dà dà dà de 'ě yú（ TheEnormousCrocodile）
1980 nián： chǔn tè fū fù（ TheTwits）
1981 nián： xiǎo qiáo zhì de shén qí mó yào（ George'sMarvelousMedicine）
1982 nián： hǎo xīn yǎn 'ér jù rén（ TheBFG）
1983 nián： nǚ wū（ TheWitches）
1985 nián： cháng jǐng lù、 xiǎo tí 'ér hé wǒ（ TheGiraffeandthePellyandMe）
1988 nián： mǎ dì 'ěr dá（ Matilda）， huò yì《 xiǎo mó nǚ》
1989 nián： wèi gū wū 'ài qíng zhòu（ EsioTrot）
1991 nián： TheMinpin
1991 nián： TheVicarofNibbleswicke
② ér tóng shī gē
1982 nián： RevoltingRhyme
1983 nián： DirtyBeast
1989 nián： RhymeStew
2、 chéng rén xiǎo shuō
① cháng piān xiǎo shuō
1948 nián： SometimeNever:AFableforSupermen
1979 nián： chāo wán měi qíng fū（ MyUncleOswald）
② duǎn piān xiǎo shuō jí
1946 nián： OverToYou:TenStoriesofFlyersandFlying
1953 nián： SomeoneLikeYou
1960 nián： KissKi
1969 nián： Twenty-NineKissesfromRoaldDahl
1979 nián： dá 'ěr jīng qí xiǎo shuō xuǎn yī： nán měi guài kè（ TalesoftheUnexpected）
1974 nián： SwitchBitchISBN0140041796
1980 nián： dá 'ěr jīng qí xiǎo shuō xuǎn 'èr： kāi luó yàn yù（ MoreTalesoftheUnexpected）
1978 nián： luó 'ěr dé dá 'ěr jīng xuǎn jí（ TheBestofRoaldDahl）
1983 nián： luó 'ěr dé dá 'ěr de guǐ gù shì（ RoaldDahl'sBookofGhostStories）
1989 nián： ā， měi miào shén mì de shēng mìng（ Ah,SweetMysteryofLife:TheCountryStoriesofRoaldDahl）
1991 nián： dá 'ěr duǎn piān gù shì jí（ TheCollectedShortStoriesofDahl）
1986 nián： TwoFable
1997 nián： TheGreatAutomaticGrammatizator
2000 nián： TheMildenhallTreasure
2006 nián： RoaldDahl:CollectedStorie
3、 fēi xiǎo shuō lèi
1984 nián： hǎo xiǎo zǐ héng wǒ de tóng nián gù shì（ Boy – TalesofChildhood） zhì 16 suì de shēng píng shù jù， yóu qí zài 20 shì jì chū zài yīng guó de xué xí shēng yá。
1986 nián： dān fēi（ GoingSolo） zìzhuàn de xù biān， jì shù liǎo tā zài bèi ké shí yóu gōng sī hé zài tǎn shàng ní yà zhàn qián de gōng zuò。
1986 nián： Measles,aDangerousIllne
1991 nián： MemorieswithFoodatGipsyHouse
1991 nián： RoaldDahl'sGuidetoRailwaySafety
1993 nián： MyYear
1993 nián： TheRoaldDahlOminibu
4、 jù běn
1955 nián： TheHoneys chuàng zuò yú bǎi lǎo huì cháng mǔ jù chǎng。
5、 diàn yǐng jù běn
1967 nián： YouOnlyLiveTwice
1968 nián： ChittyChittyBangBang
1971 nián： TheNightDigger
1971 nián： wēi lì。 wàng kǎ yǔ qiǎo kè lì gōng chǎng（ WillyWonka&theChocolateFactory）
Born in Llandaff, Cardiff, to Norwegian parents, he served in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, in which he became a flying ace and intelligence agent, rising to the rank of Wing Commander. Dahl rose to prominence in the 1940s with works for both children and adults, and became one of the world's bestselling authors. He has been referred to as "one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century". In 2008 The Times placed Dahl sixteenth on their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". His short stories are known for their unexpected endings, and his children's books for their unsentimental, often very dark humour.
Some of his better-known works include James and the Giant Peach, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Fantastic Mr Fox, Matilda, The Witches, and The Big Friendly Giant.
Early life
Roald Dahl was born at Villa Marie, Fairwater Road, Llandaff, Glamorgan, in 1916, to Norwegian parents, Harald Dahl and Sofie Magdalene Dahl (née Hesselberg). Dahl's father had moved from Sarpsborg in Norway and settled in Cardiff in the 1880s. His mother came over to marry his father in 1911. Dahl was named after the polar explorer Roald Amundsen, a national hero in Norway at the time. He spoke Norwegian at home with his parents and sisters, Astri, Alfhild, and Else. Dahl and his sisters were christened at the Norwegian Church, Cardiff, where their parents worshipped.
In 1920, when Dahl was still three years old, his seven-year-old sister, Astri, died from appendicitis. Weeks later, his father died of pneumonia at the age of 57. With the option of returning to Norway to live with relatives, Dahl's mother decided to remain in Wales, because her husband Harald had wished to have their children educated in British schools, which he considered the world's best.
Dahl first attended The Cathedral School, Llandaff. At the age of eight, he and four of his friends (one named Thwaites) were caned by the headmaster after putting a dead mouse in a jar of gobstoppers at the local sweet shop, which was owned by a "mean and loathsome" old woman called Mrs Pratchett. This was known amongst the five boys as the "Great Mouse Plot of 1924". This was Roald's own idea.
Thereafter, he transferred to a boarding school in England: Saint Peter's in Weston-super-Mare. Roald's parents had wanted him to be educated at a British public school and, at the time, because of a then regular ferry link across the Bristol Channel, this proved to be the nearest. His time at Saint Peter's was an unpleasant experience for him. He was very homesick and wrote to his mother every week, but never revealed to her his unhappiness, being under the pressure of school censorship. Only after her death in 1967 did he find out that she had saved every single one of his letters, in small bundles held together with green tape. Dahl wrote about his time at St. Peter's in his autobiography Boy: Tales of Childhood.
From 1929, he attended Repton School in Derbyshire, where, according to Boy: Tales of Childhood, a friend named Michael was viciously caned by headmaster Geoffrey Fisher, the man who later became the Archbishop of Canterbury and crowned the Queen in 1953. (However, according to Dahl's biographer Jeremy Treglown, the caning took place in May 1933, a year after Fisher had left Repton. The headmaster concerned was in fact J.T. Christie, Fisher's successor.) This caused Dahl to "have doubts about religion and even about God". He was never seen as a particularly talented writer in his school years, with one of his English teachers writing in his school report "I have never met anybody who so persistently writes words meaning the exact opposite of what is intended," Dahl was exceptionally tall, reaching 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) in adult life. He excelled at sports, being made captain of the school fives and squash teams, and also playing for the football team. He developed an interest in photography. During his years at Repton, Cadbury, the chocolate company, would occasionally send boxes of new chocolates to the school to be tested by the pupils. Dahl apparently used to dream of inventing a new chocolate bar that would win the praise of Mr. Cadbury himself, and this proved the inspiration for him to write his third book for children, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1963) and include references to chocolate in other books for children.
Throughout his childhood and adolescent years, Dahl spent his summer holidays with his mother's family in Norway. His childhood and first job selling kerosene in Midsomer Norton and surrounding villages in Somerset are subjects in Boy: Tales of Childhood. The main child character in his 1983 book The Witches is a British boy of Norwegian origin; his grandmother is still living in Norway.
After finishing his schooling, he spent three weeks hiking through Newfoundland with the Public Schools' Exploring Society (now known as BSES Expeditions).
Prewar career and fighter ace
In July 1934, Dahl joined the Shell Petroleum Company. Following two years of training in the UK, he was transferred to Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika (now Tanzania). Along with the only two other Shell employees in the entire territory, he lived in luxury in the Shell House outside Dar-es-Salaam, with a cook and personal servants. While out on assignments supplying oil to customers across Tanganyika, he encountered black mambas and lions, amongst other wildlife.
Roald Dahl
13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990 (aged 74)
Place of birth Llandaff, Cardiff, Wale
Place of death Oxford, England
Allegiance United Kingdom
Service/branch British Army (August–November 1939)
Royal Air Force (November 1939–1945)
Years of service 1939–1945
Rank Wing Commander
Battles/wars World War II
Other work Author
In August 1939, as World War II loomed, plans were made to round up the hundreds of Germans in Dar-es-Salaam. Dahl was made an officer in the King's African Rifles, commanding a platoon of Askaris, indigenous troops serving in the colonial army.
In November 1939, Dahl joined the Royal Air Force as an Aircraftman. After a 600-mile (970 km) car journey from Dar-es-Salaam to Nairobi, he was accepted for flight training with 16 other men, and was one of only three who survived the war. With seven hours and 40 minutes experience in a De Havilland Tiger Moth, he flew solo; Dahl enjoyed watching the wildlife of Kenya during his flights. He continued to advanced flying training in Iraq, at RAF Habbaniya, 50 miles (80 km) west of Baghdad. He was promoted to Leading Aircraftman on 24 August 1940. Following six months' training on Hawker Harts, Dahl was made an Acting Pilot Officer.
He was assigned to No. 80 Squadron RAF, flying obsolete Gloster Gladiators, the last biplane fighter aircraft used by the RAF. Dahl was surprised to find that he would not receive any specialised training in aerial combat, or in flying Gladiators. On 19 September 1940, Dahl was ordered to fly his Gladiator from Abu Sueir in Egypt, on to Amiriya to refuel, and again to Fouka in Libya for a second refuelling. From there he would fly to 80 Squadron's forward airstrip 30 miles (48 km) south of Mersa Matruh. On the final leg, he could not find the airstrip and, running low on fuel and with night approaching, he was forced to attempt a landing in the desert. The undercarriage hit a boulder and the aircraft crashed, fracturing his skull, smashing his nose, and temporarily blinding him. He managed to drag himself away from the blazing wreckage and passed out. Later, he wrote about the crash for his first published work.
Dahl was rescued and taken to a first-aid post in Mersa Matruh, where he regained consciousness, but not his sight, and was then taken by train to the Royal Navy hospital in Alexandria. There he fell in and out of love with a nurse, Mary Welland. An RAF inquiry into the crash revealed that the location to which he had been told to fly was completely wrong, and he had mistakenly been sent instead to the no man's land between the Allied and Italian forces.
In February 1941, Dahl was discharged from hospital and passed fully fit for flying duties. By this time, 80 Squadron had been transferred to the Greek campaign and based at Eleusina, near Athens. The squadron was now equipped with Hawker Hurricanes. Dahl flew a replacement Hurricane across the Mediterranean Sea in April 1941, after seven hours flying Hurricanes. By this stage in the Greek campaign, the RAF had only 18 combat aircraft in Greece: 14 Hurricanes and four Bristol Blenheim light bombers. Dahl saw his first aerial combat on 15 April 1941, while flying alone over the city of Chalcis. He attacked six Junkers Ju-88s that were bombing ships and shot one down. On 16 April in another air battle, he shot down another Ju-88.
On 20 April 1941, Dahl took part in the "Battle of Athens", alongside the highest-scoring British Commonwealth ace of World War II, Pat Pattle and Dahl's friend David Coke. Of 12 Hurricanes involved, five were shot down and four of their pilots killed, including Pattle. Greek observers on the ground counted 22 German aircraft downed, but because of the confusion of the aerial engagement, none of the pilots knew which plane they had shot down. Dahl described it as "an endless blur of enemy fighters whizzing towards me from every side".
In May, as the Germans were pressing on Athens, Dahl was evacuated to Egypt. His squadron was reassembled in Haifa. From there, Dahl flew sorties every day for a period of four weeks, shooting down a Vichy French Air Force Potez 63 on 8 June and another Ju-88 on 15 June, but he then began to get severe headaches that caused him to black out. He was invalided home to Britain. Though at this time Dahl was only an Acting Pilot Officer, in September 1941 he was simultaneously confirmed as a Pilot Officer and promoted to Flying Officer.
Dahl began writing in 1942, after he was transferred to Washington, D.C. as Assistant Air Attaché. His first published work, in 1 August 1942 issue of The Saturday Evening Post, was "Shot Down Over Libya" which described the crash of his Gloster Gladiator. C. S. Forester had asked Dahl to write down some RAF anecdotes so that he could shape them into a story. After Forester read what Dahl had given him, he decided to publish the story exactly as Dahl had written it. The original title of the article was "A Piece of Cake" but the title was changed to sound more dramatic, despite the fact that he was not actually shot down.
Dahl was promoted to Flight Lieutenant in August 1942. During the war, Forester worked for the British Information Service and was writing propaganda for the Allied cause, mainly for American consumption. This work introduced Dahl to espionage and the activities of the Canadian spymaster William Stephenson, known by the codename "Intrepid".
During the war, Dahl supplied intelligence from Washington to Stephenson and his organisation known as British Security Coordination, which was part of MI6. He was revealed in the 1980s to have been serving to help promote Britain's interests and message in the United States and to combat the "America First" movement, working with such other well known agents as Ian Fleming and David Ogilvy. Dahl was once sent back to Britain by British Embassy officials, supposedly for misconduct – "I got booted out by the big boys," he said. Stephenson promptly sent him back to Washington—with a promotion to Wing Commander. Towards the end of the war, Dahl wrote some of the history of the secret organisation and he and Stephenson remained friends for decades after the war.
Upon the war's conclusion, Dahl held the rank of a temporary Wing Commander (substantive Flight Lieutenant). Owing to his accident in 1940 having left him with excruciating headaches while flying, in August 1946 he was invalided out of the RAF. He left the service with the substantive rank of Squadron Leader. His record of five aerial victories, qualifying him as a flying ace, has been confirmed by post-war research and cross-referenced in Axis records, although it is most likely that he scored more than that during 20 April 1941 when 22 German aircraft were shot down.
Postwar life
Family
Patricia Neal and Roald Dahl
Dahl married American actress Patricia Neal on 2 July 1953 at Trinity Church in New York City. Their marriage lasted for 30 years and they had five children: Olivia, Tessa, Theo, Ophelia, and Lucy.
On 5 December 1960, four-month-old Theo Dahl was severely injured when his baby carriage was struck by a taxicab in New York City. For a time, he suffered from hydrocephalus, and as a result, his father became involved in the development of what became known as the "Wade-Dahl-Till" (or WDT) valve, a device to alleviate the condition.
In November 1962, Olivia Dahl died of measles encephalitis at age seven. Dahl subsequently became a proponent of immunization and dedicated his 1982 book The BFG to his deceased daughter.
In 1965, wife Patricia Neal suffered three burst cerebral aneurysms while pregnant with their fifth child, Lucy; Dahl took control of her rehabilitation and she eventually relearned to talk and walk, and even returned to her acting career.
Following a divorce from Neal in 1983, Dahl married Felicity "Liccy" Crosland the same year at Brixton Town Hall, South London, with whom he was in a relationship prior to this. According to a biographer, Donald Sturrock, Liccy gave up her job and moved into 'Gipsy House', Great Missenden, which had been Dahl's home since 1954.
He is the father of the author Tessa Dahl, grandfather of author, cookbook writer, and former model Sophie Dahl (whom Sophie in The BFG is named after) and father-in-law to actor Julian Holloway (son of actor Stanley Holloway).
Death and legacy
Dahl's gravestone, St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire
Roald Dahl died on 23 November 1990, at the age of 74 of a blood disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, in Oxford, and was buried in the cemetery at St. Peter and St. Paul's Church in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire, England. According to his granddaughter, the family gave him a "sort of Viking funeral". He was buried with his snooker cues, some very good burgundy, chocolates, HB pencils and a power saw. In his honour, the Roald Dahl Children's Gallery was opened in November 1996, at the Buckinghamshire County Museum in nearby Aylesbury.
In 2002, one of Cardiff Bay's modern landmarks, the historic Oval Basin plaza, was re-christened "Roald Dahl Plass". "Plass" means "place" or "square" in Norwegian, referring to the acclaimed late writer's Norwegian roots. There have also been calls from the public for a permanent statue of him to be erected in the city.
Dahl's charitable commitments in the fields of neurology and haematology have been continued by his widow since his death, through Roald Dahl's Marvellous Children's Charity, formerly known as the Roald Dahl Foundation. In June 2005, the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre opened in Great Missenden to celebrate the work of Roald Dahl and advance his work in literacy education.
In 2008, the UK charity Booktrust and Children's Laureate Michael Rosen inaugurated The Roald Dahl Funny Prize, an annual award to authors of humorous children's fiction. On 14 September 2009 (the day after what would have been Dahl's 93rd birthday) the first blue plaque in his honour was unveiled in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales. Rather than commemorating his place of birth, however, the plaque was erected on the wall of the former sweet shop (and site of "The Great Mouse Plot of 1924") that features in the first part of his autobiography Boy. It was unveiled by his widow Felicity and son Theo.
In honour of Roald Dahl, Gibraltar Post issued a set of four stamps in 2010 featuring Quentin Blake’s original illustrations for four of the children’s books written by Dahl during his long career; The BFG, The Twits, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Matilda. Dahl's influence has extended beyond literary figures, and he connected with film director Tim Burton with his "mixture of light and darkness, and not speaking down to kids, and the kind of politically incorrect humour that kids get". Regarded as "one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century", Dahl was listed as one of the greatest British writers since 1945. He ranks amongst the world's bestselling fiction authors, with sales estimated at over 100 million. In 2003, the UK survey entitled The Big Read carried out by the BBC in order to find the "nations best loved novel" of all time, four of Dahl's books were named in the Top 100, with only works by Charles Dickens and Terry Pratchett featuring more.
Roald Dahl Day
The anniversary of Dahl's birthday on 13 September is celebrated as "Roald Dahl Day" in Africa, the United Kingdom, and Latin America.
Writing
Roald Dahl's story "The Devious Bachelor" was illustrated by Frederick Siebel when it was published in Collier's (September 1953).
Dahl's first published work, inspired by a meeting with C. S. Forester, was "A Piece Of Cake." in August 1, 1942. The story, about his wartime adventures, was bought by The Saturday Evening Post for $1000 (a substantial sum in 1942) and published under the title "Shot Down Over Libya".
His first children's book was The Gremlins, about mischievous little creatures that were part of RAF folklore. All the RAF pilots blamed the gremlins for all the problems with the plane. The book, which First Lady of the U.S. Eleanor Roosevelt read to her grandchildren, was commissioned by Walt Disney for a film that was never made, and published in 1943. Dahl went on to create some of the best-loved children's stories of the 20th century, such as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Matilda, James and the Giant Peach, The Witches, Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, The BFG, George's Marvellous Medicine and Fantastic Mr Fox.
Dahl also had a very successful parallel career as the writer of macabre adult short stories, usually with a dark sense of humour and a surprise ending. The Mystery Writers of America presented Dahl with three Edgar Awards for his work, and many were originally written for American magazines such as Collier's, Ladies Home Journal, Harper's, Playboy and The New Yorker. Works such as Kiss Kiss subsequently collected Dahl's stories into anthologies, gaining worldwide acclaim. Dahl wrote more than 60 short stories; they have appeared in numerous collections, some only being published in book form after his death (See List of Roald Dahl short stories). His three Edgar Awards were given for: in 1954, for the collection Someone Like You; in 1959, for the story "The Landlady"; and in 1980, for the episode of Tales of the Unexpected based on "Skin".
One of his more famous adult stories, "The Smoker" (also known as "Man From the South"), was filmed twice as both 1960 and 1985 episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and also adapted into Quentin Tarantino's segment of the 1995 film Four Rooms. This bizarre, oft-anthologised suspense classic concerns a man residing in Jamaica who wagers with visitors in an attempt to claim the fingers from their hands. The 1960 Hitchcock version stars Steve McQueen and Peter Lorre.
His short story collection Tales of the Unexpected was adapted to a successful TV series of the same name, beginning with "Man From the South". When the stock of Dahl's own original stories was exhausted, the series continued by adapting stories by authors that were written in Dahl's style, including the writers John Collier and Stanley Ellin.
He acquired a traditional Romanichal Gypsy wagon in the 1960s, and the family used it as a playhouse for his children. He later used the vardo as a writing room, where he wrote the book Danny, the Champion of the World.
A number of his short stories are supposed to be extracts from the diary of his (fictional) Uncle Oswald, a rich gentleman whose sexual exploits form the subject of these stories. In his novel My Uncle Oswald, the uncle engages a temptress to seduce 20th Century geniuses and royalty with a love potion secretly added to chocolate truffles made by Dahl's favourite chocolate shop, Prestat of Piccadilly.
Memories with Food at Gipsy House, written with his wife Felicity and published posthumously in 1991, was a mixture of recipes, family reminiscences and Dahl's musings on favourite subjects such as chocolate, onions, and claret.
Children's fiction
Dahl's children's works are usually told from the point of view of a child. They typically involve adult villains or villainesses who hate and mistreat children, and feature at least one "good" adult to counteract the villain(s). These stock characters are possibly a reference to the abuse that Dahl stated that he experienced in the boarding schools he attended. They usually contain a lot of black humour and grotesque scenarios, including gruesome violence. The Witches, George's Marvellous Medicine and Matilda are examples of this formula. The BFG follows it in a more analogous way with the good giant (the BFG or "Big Friendly Giant") representing the "good adult" archetype and the other giants being the "bad adults". This formula is also somewhat evident in Dahl's film script for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Class-conscious themes – ranging from the thinly veiled to the blatant – also surface in works such as Fantastic Mr Fox and Danny, the Champion of the World.
Dahl also features in his books characters that are very fat, usually children. Augustus Gloop, Bruce Bogtrotter, and Bruno Jenkins are a few of these characters, although an enormous woman named Aunt Sponge is featured in James and the Giant Peach and the nasty farmer Boggis in Fantastic Mr Fox features as an enormously fat character. All of these characters (with the possible exception of Bruce Bogtrotter) are either villains or simply unpleasant gluttons. They are usually punished for this: Augustus Gloop drinks from Willy Wonka's chocolate river, disregarding the adults who tell him not to, and falls in, getting sucked up a pipe and nearly being turned into fudge. Bruce Bogtrotter steals cake from the evil headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, and is forced to eat a gigantic chocolate cake in front of the school. Bruno Jenkins is turned into a mouse by witches who lure him to their convention with the promise of chocolate, and, it is speculated, possibly disowned or even killed by his parents because of this. Aunt Sponge is flattened by a giant peach.)
Dahl's mother used to tell him and his sisters tales about trolls and other mythical Norwegian creatures and some of his children's books contain references or elements inspired by these stories, such as the giants in The BFG, the fox family in Fantastic Mr Fox and the trolls in The Minpins.
Screenplay
For a brief period in the 1960s, Dahl wrote screenplays. Two – the James Bond film You Only Live Twice and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang – were adaptations of novels by Ian Fleming, though both were rewritten and completed by other writers. Dahl also began adapting his own novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, which was completed and rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines, and produced as the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971). Dahl later disowned the film, saying he was "disappointed" because "he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie". He was also "infuriated" by the deviations in the plot devised by David Seltzer in his draft of the screenplay. This resulted in his refusal for any more versions of the book to be made in his lifetime.
Influence
Not surprisingly, a major part of Dahl's literary influences stemmed from his childhood. In his younger days, he was an avid reader, especially awed by fantastic tales of heroism and triumph. Amongst his favourite authors were Rudyard Kipling, William Thackeray, Frederick Marryat and Charles Dickens and their works went on to make a lasting mark on his life and writing. Dahl was also a huge fan of ghost stories and claimed that Trolls by Jonas Lie was one of the finest ghost stories ever written. While he was still a youngster, his mother, Sofie Dahl, would relate traditional Norwegian myths and legends from her native homeland to Dahl and his sisters. Dahl always maintained that his mother and her stories had a strong influence on his writing. In one interview he mentioned, "She was a great teller of tales. Her memory was prodigious and nothing that ever happened to her in her life was forgotten." When Dahl started writing and publishing his famous books for children, he created a grandmother character in The Witches and later stated that she was based directly on his own mother as a tribute.
Television
Way Out
In 1961, Dahl hosted and wrote for a science fiction and horror television anthology series called Way Out, which preceded the Twilight Zone series on the CBS network for 14 episodes from March to July. Dahl's comedic monologues rounded off the episodes, frequently explaining exactly how to murder one's spouse without getting caught. In one introduction, Dahl ruminated about the popularity of the crewcut at the time and how it seemed to make some men feel tougher. The former fighter pilot dryly observed that "....it really doesn't help when the chips are down, though, does it?"
One of the last dramatic network shows shot in New York City, the entire series is available for viewing at The Paley Center for Media in New York City and Los Angeles.
Tales of the Unexpected
Tales of the Unexpected is a British television series that originally aired between 1979 and 1988, made by Anglia Television for ITV. The series had been released to tie in with Dahl's Tales of the Unexpected, which had introduced readers to many motifs that were common in his writing.
The series was an anthology of different tales, initially based on Dahl's short stories. The stories were sometimes sinister, sometimes wryly comedic, and usually had a twist ending. Dahl introduced on camera all the episodes of the first two series, which bore the full title Roald Dahl's Tales Of The Unexpected. Dahl also chose the stories not written by him to be adapted for the second series, and a small number of additional Dahl stories were adapted for the third series onwards following his departure.
List of work
Children's storie
The Gremlins (1943)
James and the Giant Peach (1961) — Film: James and the Giant Peach (live-action/animated) (1996)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964)[nn 1] — Films: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
The Magic Finger (1 June 1966)
Fantastic Mr Fox (9 December 1970) — Film: Fantastic Mr. Fox (animated) (2009)
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator (9 January 1972)[nn 1] A sequel to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.
Danny, the Champion of the World (30 October 1975) — Film: Danny the Champion of the World (TV movie) (1989)
The Enormous Crocodile (24 August 1978)
The Twits (17 December 1980)
George's Marvellous Medicine (21 May 1981)
The BFG (14 October 1982) — Film: The BFG (animated) (1989)
The Witches (27 October 1983) — Film: The Witches (1990)
The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me (26 September 1985)
Matilda (21 April 1988) — Film: Matilda (1996)
Esio Trot (19 April 1989)
The Vicar of Nibbleswicke (9 May 1990)
The Minpins (8 August 1991)
Children's poetry
Revolting Rhymes (10 June 1982)
Dirty Beasts (25 October 1984)
Rhyme Stew (21 September 1989)
Adult fiction
Novel
Sometime Never: A Fable for Supermen (1948)
My Uncle Oswald (1979)
Short story collection
Over To You: Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying (1946)
Someone Like You (1953)
Lamb to the Slaughter (1953)
Kiss Kiss (1960)
Twenty-Nine Kisses from Roald Dahl (1969)
Switch Bitch (1974)
The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More (1977)
The Best of Roald Dahl (1978)
Tales of the Unexpected (1979)
More Tales of the Unexpected (1980)
Roald Dahl's Book of Ghost Stories (1983). Edited with an introduction by Dahl.
The Roald Dahl Omnibus (Dorset Press, 1986)
Two Fables (1986). "Princess and the Poacher" and "Princess Mammalia".
Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life: The Country Stories of Roald Dahl (1989)
The Collected Short Stories of Dahl (1991)
The Roald Dahl Treasury (1997)
The Great Automatic Grammatizator (1997). (Known in the USA as The Umbrella Man and Other Stories).
Skin And Other Stories (2000)
Roald Dahl: Collected Stories (2006)
See the alphabetical List of Roald Dahl short stories. See also Roald Dahl: Collected Stories for a complete, chronological listing.
Non-fiction
The Mildenhall Treasure (1946, 1977, 1999)
Boy – Tales of Childhood (1984) Recollections up to the age of 20, looking particularly at schooling in Britain in the early part of the 20th century.
Going Solo (1986) Continuation of his autobiography, in which he goes to work for Shell and spends some time working in Tanzania before joining the war effort and becoming one of the last Allied pilots to withdraw from Greece during the German invasion.
Measles, a Dangerous Illness (1986)
Memories with Food at Gipsy House (1991)
Roald Dahl's Guide to Railway Safety (1991)
My Year (1993)
Roald Dahl's Revolting Recipes by Felicity Dahl, et al. (1994), a collection of recipes based on and inspired by food in Dahl's books, created by Roald & Felicity Dahl, and Josie Fison
Roald Dahl's Even More Revolting Recipes by Felicity Dahl, et al. (2001)
Play
The Honeys (1955) Produced at the Longacre Theater on Broadway.
Film script
The Gremlins (1943)
36 Hours (1965)
You Only Live Twice (1967)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
The Night Digger (1971)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Television
Way Out (1961) Horror series hosted by Roald Dahl and produced by David Susskind
Alfred Hitchcock Presents: "Lamb to the Slaughter" (1958)
Alfred Hitchcock Presents: "Dip in the Pool" (1958)
Alfred Hitchcock Presents: "Poison" (1958)
Alfred Hitchcock Presents: "Man from the South" (1960) with Steve McQueen and Peter Lorre
Alfred Hitchcock Presents: "Mrs. Bixby and the Colonel's Coat" (1960)
Alfred Hitchcock Presents: "The Landlady" (1961)
Tales of the Unexpected (1979–88), episodes written and introduced by Dahl
^ a b Published in 1978 in an omnibus edition titled The Complete Adventures of Charlie and Willy Wonka
Controversie
In 1983 Dahl reviewed Tony Clifton's God Cried, a picture book about the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon depicting Israelis killing thousands of Beirut inhabitants by bombing civilian targets. Dahl's review stated that this invasion was when "we all started hating Israel", and that the book would make readers "violently anti-Israeli", writing, "I am not anti-Semitic. I am anti-Israel." Dahl told a reporter in 1983, "There’s a trait in the Jewish character that does provoke animosity... I mean there is always a reason why anti-anything crops up anywhere; even a stinker like Hitler didn’t just pick on them for no reason." Dahl maintained friendships with a number of Jews, including philosopher Isaiah Berlin, who said, "I thought he might say anything. Could have been pro-Arab or pro-Jew. There was no consistent line. He was a man who followed whims, which meant he would blow up in one direction, so to speak." In later years, Dahl included a sympathetic episode about German-Jewish refugees in his book Going Solo, and professed to be opposed to injustice, not Jews.