yuèdòuhè 'ěr màn · mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr Herman Melvillzài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! | |||
mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr (1819～ 1891)Melville.Herman， měi guó zuò jiā。 1819 nián 8 yuè 19 rì shēng yú niǔ yuē de yī gè shāng rén jiā tíng， 1891 nián 9 yuè 28 rì zú yú tóng dì。 mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de zǔ xiān shì sū gé lán de yī gè míng mén wàng zú， zǎo zài mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr zǔ fù nà yī bèi， jiù yǐ jīng lái liǎo měi guó， bìng qiě cān jiā liǎo dú lì zhàn zhēng， zài shè huì shàng yòu yī dìng de yǐng xiǎng。 zài tā shàonián shí dài， fù qīn pò chǎn， jiā tíng yī xià zǐ cóng fù yù duò rù liáo dǎo zhī zhōng。 ěr wéi 'ěr １ ２ suì shí bù xìng sàng fù，１ ５ suì shí jiù jié shù liǎo jǐn jǐn sì nián de xué xiào shēng huó。 yīn jiā jìng 'è huà， shǐ tā bù dé bù zǒu xiàng shè huì dú zì móu shēng。 tā xiān hòu zuò guò yínháng zhí yuán、 nóng chǎng gōng rén、 xiāng cūn jiào shī， bèi cháng liǎo rén shì jiān de lěng nuǎn。 yīn fù qīn pò chǎn， wèi chéng nián biàn lí kāi xué xiào， zì lì móu shēng。 cǐ hòu bù jiǔ， tā bù dé bù cóng yínháng zhí yuán zuò qǐ， xiān hòu zuò guò diàn yuán、 nóng chǎng gōng rén hé xiǎo xué jiào shī， cháng jìn liǎo shēng huó de suān tián kǔ là。
mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr zuò pǐn
1837 nián， 18 suì de mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr huái zhe mǎn qiāng de fèn mèn hé duì shè huì de dǐ chù， táo shàng liǎo yī sōu fān chuán， kāi shǐ liǎo tā de háng hǎi shēng yá。 dì yī cì de háng hǎi zhǐ shì jī qǐ liǎo tā gèng qiáng liè de yuàn wàng， 1839 nián， dào yī sōu wǎng fǎn yú měi guó niǔ yuē hé yīng guó lì wù pǔ zhī jiān de lún chuán shàngdàng fú wù yuán， kāi shǐ liǎo 5 nián hǎi shàng shēng huó。 qí jiān céng zài jǐ sōu bǔ jīng chuán hé yóu lún shàng dāng guò yú chā shǒu hé pǔ tōng shuǐ shǒu， zú jì tà biàn sì dà yáng， hái céng liú luò dào tǎ xī tí dǎo hé mǎ kè sà sī dǎo shàng， zài yòu shí rén fēng qì de tǔ zhù bù luò zhōng shēng huó guò yī gè shí qī， bìng zuò wéi shuǐ bīng zài měi guó hào zhàn jiàn shàng fú guò yì。 cóng 1841 nián qǐ， tā kāi shǐ dēng shàng bǔ jīng chuán zuò shuǐ shǒu liǎo。 zài suí hòu de 3 nián jiān， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr suí zhe bǔ jīng chuán dào liǎo shì jiè shàng de hěn duō dì fāng， dà dà kāi kuò liǎo yǎn jiè。 bù jǐn rú cǐ， tā hái hé bǔ jīng chuán shàng de qí tā huǒ bàn yī qǐ， tóng bǔ jīng chuán shàng de zhuān zhì xíng wéi zuò liǎo yī dìng de dǒu zhēng， bìng qiě hái céng yīn bào dòng děng yuán yīn bèi jiān jìn。 hòu lái， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr jiā rù liǎo měi guó jūn jiàn “ měi guó hào ”， zài jiàn shàng fú yì， zhí dào 1844 nián tā zài bō shì dùn shàng 'àn， jié shù zì jǐ de háng hǎi shēng yá。 zhè xiē jīng lì wéi rì hòu tā de chuàng zuò tí gōng liǎo fēng fù de sù cái。
1841 nián dào 1844 nián de háng hǎi shēng yá duì mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de yī shēng yǐng xiǎng hěn dà， ér zhè qí zhōng， xiāng dāng de shí jiān shì zài bǔ jīng chuán shàng， zhè yàng， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de sī xiǎng jī běn shàng bèi diàn dìng liǎo。 kǎn kě de jīng lì、 fēng fù de shēng huó hé qiáng liè de sī xiǎng gòu chéng liǎo yǐ hòu mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr xiě zuò shēng yá de jī chǔ。 tā de zuò pǐn shì tā shēng huó de xiě zhào， yě shì tā sī xiǎng de xiě zhào。
1844 nián， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr tuì wǔ huí dào niǔ yuē， kāi shǐ chuàng zuò shēng huó。 zuì chū de cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 tài bǐ》、《 ào mù》、《 mǎ 'ěr dí》 dōushì yǐ tā zài nán tài píng yáng de shēng huó wéi yǐ jù xiě chéng。 qí zhōng《 tài bǐ》 miáo xiě liǎo tā zài mǎ kè sà sī dǎo shàng de shí rén bù luò tài bǐ rén zhōng de jīng xiǎn jīng lì， jiē shì liǎo zī běn zhù yì wén míng gěi dāng dì tǔ zhù rén de chún pǔ shēng huó dài lái de pò huài， yīn cǐ shòu dào jiào huì de qiǎn zé。 lìng wài liǎng bù cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 léi dé běn》 hé《 bái wài tào》 yě shì miáo xiě hǎi yáng shēng huó de。 zhè xiē zuò pǐn gěi měi guó wén xué dài lái liǎo zhǎn xīn de lǐng yù hé nèi róng， zài měi guó dú zhě zhōng guǎng shòu huān yíng， zuò zhě yīn cǐ yíng dé liǎo hǎi yáng wén xué jiā de chēng yù。
wéi rào zhe mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr， yī qiēdōu shì bēi jù。 chuàng zuò bēi jù zuò pǐn běn shēn bìng bù shì bēi jù， zhǐ yòu chuàng zuò bēi jù zuò pǐn de rén chéng liǎo xiàn shí bēi jù zhōng de zhù rén gōng shí， zhēn zhèng de bēi jù cái chǎn shēng liǎo。 méi 'ěr wéi 'ěr zuì chū de liǎng běn shū《 tài pí》 (1846) hé《 ōu mù》 (1847)， shì gēn jù tā zài tài pí hé tǎ xī tí de jiàn wén jīng guò yì shù jiā gōng 'ér xiě chéng de yóu jì。 1847 nián méi 'ěr wéi 'ěr kāi shǐ chuàng zuò《 mǎ dì》， bìng tóng niǔ yuē wén yì jiè jiē chù， jīng cháng wéi wén yì kān wù xiě gǎo。 1849 nián méi 'ěr wéi 'ěr chū bǎn《 léi dé běn》， 1850 nián chū bǎn《 bái wài yī》， dū xiě háng hǎi shēng huó， yědōu huò dé hǎo píng。 zhè nián xià tiān tā yǔ huò sāng xiāng shí， liǎng rén chéng wéi lín jū hé péng yǒu。 1866 zhì 1885 nián tā zài niǔ yuē rèn hǎi guān jiǎn chá yuán。 1866 nián tā zì fèi yìn xíng dì 1 bù shī jí《 zhàn shì jí》。 1876 nián yòu zì fèi chū bǎn yǐ zōng jiào wéi tí cái de 18000 xíng cháng shī《 kè lā ruì 'ěr》， 1888 nián hé 1891 nián zì fèi chū bǎn shī jí《 yuē hán · mǎ 'ěr hé qí tā shuǐ shǒu》 hèshī jí《 tī mó lǐ 'áng》， gè yìn 25 cè。
méi 'ěr wéi 'ěr yú 1891 nián 9 yuè 28 rì qù shì。 yī shēng liáo dǎo bù dé yì， tā de zuò pǐn zài dāng shí dà duō yě bù shòu huān yíng， 1851 nián， tā fā biǎo liǎo zì jǐ de dài biǎo zuò《 bái jīng》（ yòu míng《 mò bǐ dí kè》）， dàn méi yòu yǐn qǐ dú zhě hé píng lùn jiè de zhòng shì， zhè shǐ tā shí fēn shī wàng。《 bái jīng》 zhī hòu， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr hòu qī zuò pǐn zhōng bǐ jiào zhòng yào de yòu xiǎo shuō《 bǐ 'āi 'ěr》（ 1852 nián）、《 yī sà léi 'ěr bō tè》（ 1855 nián）、《 piàn zǐ》（ 1857 nián）、 cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 bǐ lì bā dé》（ sǐ hòu yú 1924 nián bèi zhěng lǐ fā biǎo） hé duǎn piān gù shì jí《 guǎng chǎng gù shì》（ 1856 nián）。 dàn shì yǐ shàng zhè xiē zuò pǐn zài dāng shí dū shòu dào dú zhě de lěng yù， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr běn rén yě jīhū bèi rén yí wàng。 1891 nián， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr zài shì rén de mò bù guān xīn zhōng shì shì yú niǔ yuē héng héng héng tā de chū shēng dì。 sǐ hòu 3 tiān，《 niǔ yuē shí bào》 cái zài yī gè bù qǐ yǎn de wèi zhì kān dēng liǎo zhè gè bù xìng de xiāo xī。 zhè xiē zuò pǐn cháng qī méi yòu dé dào zhòng shì。 zhí dào 20 shì jì 20 nián dài， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de jià zhí cái bèi měi guó wén xué jiè“ chóngxīn fā xiàn”， què lì liǎo tā zài měi guó wén xué shǐ shàng yīngyǒu de dì wèi。 xī fāng píng lùn jiā cái duì mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de hòu qī zuò pǐn， yóu qí shì《 bái jīng》 fēi cháng gǎn xīng qù， zàn yù tā wéi yī bù měi guó wén xué jīng diǎn zhù zuò。 1956 nián 06 yuè 27 rì， yóu dǎo yǎn yuē hàn · xiū sī dùn JohnHuston gēn jù xiǎo shuō gǎi biān de diàn yǐng《 bái jīng jì》（ yòu míng MobyDick） zài měi guó shàng yìng。
hè 'ěr màn · mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr - zhù yào zhù zuò
1851 nián méi 'ěr wéi 'ěr chū bǎn tā zuì zhòng yào de zuò pǐn《 bái jīng》， zhè bù xiǎo shuō yǐ chōng shí de sī xiǎng nèi róng、 shǐ shī bān de guī mó hé chén yù guī qí de wén bǐ， chéng wéi jié chū de zuò pǐn， dàn zài dāng shí què méi yòu dé dào zhòng shì。 méi 'ěr wéi 'ěr de xiǎo shuō zuò pǐn hái yòu《 pí 'āi 'ěr》 (1852) hé《 yī sī léi 'ěr · bō tè》 (1855)。 tā de duǎn piān xiǎo shuō hé sǎnwén yòu《 dài bǐ zhě bā tè bèi》 (1853)、《 mí wǎng de dǎo yǔ》 (1854)、《 bān ní tuō · xī lán nuò》 (1855) děng， hòu lái jí chéng《 guǎng chǎng gù shì》 yú 1856 nián chū bǎn。 1857 nián chū bǎn de cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 piàn zǐ de huà zhuāng biǎo yǎn》。 tā qù shì qián suǒ xiě de yī bù cháng piān xiǎo shuō shì《 bì lì · bó dé》 (1924)， zài tā sǐ hòu 30 duō nián cái chū bǎn。 méi 'ěr wéi 'ěr wǎn nián zhuǎn 'ér xiě shī。 1866 nián tā zì fèi yìn xíng dì 1 bù shī jí《 zhàn shì jí》。 1876 nián yòu zì fèi chū bǎn yǐ zōng jiào wéi tí cái de 18000 xíng cháng shī《 kè lā ruì 'ěr》， 1888 nián hé 1891 nián zì fèi chū bǎn shī jí《 yuē hán · mǎ 'ěr hé qí tā shuǐ shǒu》 hèshī jí《 tī mó lǐ 'áng》， gè yìn 25 cè。
hè 'ěr màn · mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr - shí dài bèi jǐng
1851 nián， měi guó zuò jiā mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr wán chéng liǎo tā de cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 bái jīng》。《 bái jīng》 chū bǎn hòu， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr céng gěi huò sāng xiě guò yī fēng xìn。 tā zài xìn zhōng chēng：“ wǒ gāng gāng xiě liǎo yī běn huài shū， xiàn zài wǒ gǎn dào zì jǐ xiàng gāo yáng yī yàng chún jié。”
mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr zuò pǐn
zì chēng xiě liǎo yī běn“ huài shū”， què“ gǎn dào zì jǐ xiàng gāo yáng yī yàng chún jié”， zhè huà tīng qǐ lái yòu xiē xuán miào， wú lùn guò qù hái shì xiàn zài， zhè yàng de zì bái dōubù néng bù gěi dú zhě dài lái jǐ fēn mí huò。 jiū jìng shì mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr běn rén duì rú hé píng jià zì jǐ de zuò pǐn quē fá dòng jiàn， hái shì yòu yì yǐ qiān bēi de zī tài， qǔ yuè tā suǒ chóng jìng de zuò jiā？ cóng mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr yǔ huò sāng de gè rén yǒu qíng kàn， sì hū liǎng zhě jiān 'ér yòu zhī。 bù guò， gèng yòu qù yě gèng zhòng yào de， shì zuò jiā wú yì zhōng zài zhè yī duàn huà lǐ xiǎn lù chū de mǒu zhǒng wēi miào de xīn lǐ zhuàng tài： duì xiě chū zhè bù dà yòu bié yú pǔ tōng dú zhě kǒu wèi de《 bái jīng》， dài yòu jǐ fēn zì cháo， huái zhe mǒu zhǒng qiàn yì， tóng shí yòu liú lù chū zuò pǐn tuō shǒu hòu nán yǐ yì zhì de xǐ yuè。 zài qiàn yì yǔ xǐ yuè jiāo cuò xiāng róng de qíng xù zhī jiān， zhè míng xiǎn dì 'àn shì zhe shénme， sì hū zuò jiā yì shí dào zì jǐ jiē jìn liǎo yī gè hóng dà de mù biāo， qiě yòu chōng fēn de bǎ wò tiē jìn hé bǔ zhuō tā； bìng qiě， zài zhuī xún hé bǔ zhuō zhè hóng dà mù biāo de guò chéng zhōng， tā de xīn líng dé dào liǎo shēng huá， yòu yī zhǒng jié bái rú xuě de yú yuè gǎn。 nà me， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr yù yán yòu zhǐ， yǐn 'ér bù tán de dào dǐ shì shénme？
shēn jiū zhè gè wèn tí， 1851 nián zhè gè nián tóu jué bù néng hū shì， tā shì yī bǎ bì bù kě shǎo de rù mén de yàoshì。 yīn wéi jīn tiān chóngxīn jiě dú《 bái jīng》， wǒ men bù néng zhǐ guān xīn wén běn， bù néng bǎ yuè dú sǐ sǐ dì kuàng zài wén běn de xiǎo láo lóng lǐ， xiāng fǎn， qià qià yīnggāi zài yī dìng chéng dù shàng yòu yì shí dì fàng qì zài wén běn de qū zhé xiǎo jìng lǐ liú lián pái huái de“ xì dú” fāng fǎ， ràng lì shǐ huí dào yuè dú hé pī píng zhōng lái， yǐ cóng zhěng tǐ shàng lǐ jiě mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de xiě zuò yǐ jí zuò jiā suǒ chù de shí dài。
yī dàn ràng lì shǐ zhī mén chǎng kāi， wǒ men jiù bù néng bù kàn dào《 bái qíng》 jué bù shì mǒu zhǒng xiàng yá tǎ zhōng de xiě zuò， bù néng bù kàn dào zhè bù zuò pǐn yǔ lì shǐ zhī jiān nà zhǒng qū zhé yǐn bì de guān xì， bìng jiāng qí shì wéi páng zá lì shǐ xì tǒng de yī bù fēn。 zhè duàn lì shǐ jiù shì 1848～ 1875 nián qián hòu zī běn zhù yì duì quán qiú de kuò zhāng hé zhēng fú。 duì xīn xīng de zī běn zhù yì 'ér yán， zhè yī shí duàn jí wéi xiǎn hè， jiè yòng huò bù sī bào mǔ de huà shuō：“ zī běn zhù yì zài 1848 nián qián de 60 nián lǐ yǐ jīng huò dé lì shǐ xìng de tū pò， zài jīng jì zhèn xiàn、 zhèng zhì héng yì shí xíng tài zhèn xiàn shàng jiē qǔ dé shèng lì。” zài qí《 zī běn de nián dài》 yī shū zhōng， huò bù sī bào mǔ bù jǐn gài shù liǎo zī běn zhù yì gōng yè huà chū qī de zhòng yào shì jiàn， fēn xī liǎo yī xiē shì jiàn de zhèng fù miàn yǐng xiǎng， hái tè bié qiáng diào liǎo zhè yī shí qī jīng jì hé jì shù fāng miàn de chéng jiù：“ quán shì jiè jiāo zhù liǎo jǐ bǎi wàn dūn de tiě， chuān yuè gè dà zhōu de mián yán tiě lù， héng kuà dà xī yáng de hǎi dǐ diàn lǎn， sū yī shì yùn hé de kāi záo， zhī jiā gē děng měi guó zhōng xī bù chǔnǚ dì shàng bá dì 'ér qǐ de dà chéng shì ……” děng děng。 lì shǐ xué jiā rèn wéi“ zhè shì yī chū 'ōu zhōu hé běi měi qiáng quán zhù yǎn de xì jù， shì jiè bèi cǎi zài tā men zú xià。”
huò bù sī bào mǔ hái jiāng 1851 nián qián hòu de yí mín huó dòng， chēng wéi“ lì shǐ shàng zuì wěi dà de yī cì yí mín làng cháo”， tā zhù yì dào 1846～ 1875 nián zhī jiān， yuē yòu 900 duō wàn rén lí kāi 'ōu zhōu， qí zhōng dà bù fēn dào liǎo měi guó。 kè luó sī bǐ zài《 shēng tài kuò zhāng zhù yì》 yī shū zhōng， fēn xī dà yuē zhěng gè 'ōu zhōu rén kǒu de 1/5 yí jū měi zhōu de tuī dòng lì shí， rèn wéi zhù yīn shì“ rén kǒu bào zhà jí yóu cǐ dǎo zhì de gēng dì duǎn quē， mín zú jiān de zhēng dǒu， duì shǎo shù mín zú de pò hài。”
duì bǐ zhī xià， huò bù sī bào mǔ de guān diǎn bǐ jiào wēn hé， tā rèn wéi zào chéng yí mín dà cháo de zhí jiē yuán yīn， shè jí dào dāng shí 'ōu zhōu dū shì huà làng cháo hé xiāng cūn pǔ biàn de pín kùn huà， hái yīn wéi“ yòu jǐ pī yí mín shì cóng jiào zāo gāo de nóng yè huán jìng lí kāi， qiān yí dào jiào hǎo de nóng yè huán jìng dìng jū。” zài zhè lǐ， huò bù sī bào mǔ de bǐ chù yǐ jīng diǎn dào liǎo shēng tài huán jìng， dàn bìng wèi bǎ tā dàngchéng dà wèn tí rèn zhēn tàn jiū。 bù guò， zhè wèi lì shǐ xué jiā zhǐ chū， dà pī 'ōu zhōu yí mín yí jū měi guó de hòu guǒ， zài 1867～ 1883 nián duǎn duǎn de shí jǐ nián jiān xiǎn xiàn chū lái， zhè jiù shì dà yuē 1300 wàn yìn dì 'ān rén cǎn zāo tú shā（ bāo kuò 'ōu zhōu rén dài rù de tiān huā、 huò luàn děng jí bìng gěi yuán zhù mín zào chéng de shēng tài zāinàn）， shèn zhì lián yìn dì 'ān rén lài yǐ shēng cún de jǐ bǎi wàn yě niú yě zài xīn yí mín de qiāng kǒu xià miè jué。 zhí dé zhù yì de shì， suī rán zhǐ chū zī běn zhù yì zài quán qiú de kuò zhāng jí qí tàn xiǎn huó dòng， yǐ jīng jiāng“ shì jiè dì tú shàng de kòngbái zhú jiàn tián mǎn”， dàn huò bù sī bào mǔ hái shì shū lòu liǎo yī gè guǎng kuò de lǐng yù : hǎi yáng。
mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr zuò pǐn
lìng yī wèi lì shǐ xué jiā wò lè sī tǎn zài duì zī běn zhù yì tǐ xì jìn xíng lì shǐ xìng dòng tài fēn xī shí， zhù yì dào zǎo zài 17 shì jì chū， huò gèng zǎo yī xiē shí jiān， hé lán zài shì jiè jīng jì tǐ xì zhōng qǔ dé liǎo bà quán dì wèi zhī hòu， bù jǐn lǒng duàn liǎo běi hǎi de fēi yú bǔ lāo yè， hái lǒng duàn liǎo bīng dǎo yǐ jí sī pǐ cí bēi 'ěr gēn de jīng yú bǔ lāo yè， shèn zhì tǒng zhì liǎo shì jiè hǎi yùn mào yì。 dāng shí de hé lán de zào chuán yè yǐ jīng shí fēn fā dá， zài 'ā mǔ sī tè dān“ yòu yī xì liè xiāng hù lián guàn de gōng yè bù mén : lǎn shéng gōng chǎng、 miàn bāo fáng、 gōng yìng chuán yòng zá huò， yǐ jí zhì zào háng hǎi yí qì hé huì zhì hǎi tú de bù mén。”
bù luó dài 'ěr zé zài tā zhù míng de lì shǐ zhù zuò《 15 zhì 18 shì jì de wù zhì wén míng、 jīng jì hé zī běn zhù yì》 zhōng tí gōng liǎo lìng yī fú tú jǐng：“…… ā mǔ sī tè dān zǒng shì chuán mǎn wéi huàn， yī míng lǚ xíng zhě yú 1738 nián shuō： ‘ wǒ cóng wèi jiàn guò rú cǐ jīng rén de qí jǐng。 rú guǒ méi yòu qīn yǎn mù dǔ， bù néng xiǎng xiàng yòu 2000 tiáo chuán zài tóng yī gǎng nèi de jué miào chǎng miàn。 ’ 1701 nián de yī běn lǚ xíng zhǐ nán tán dào， gǎng nèi de 8000 tiáo chuán，‘ qiáng wéi lín lì， zhē tiān bì rì’。 chuán zhǐ shù mù dào dǐ shì 2000 huò 8000, wǒ men bù bì shēn jiū。 kě yǐ kěn dìng de shì， cóng dān mǔ guǎng chǎng fàng yǎn wàng qù， zhǐ jiàn dào chù dōushì chuán qí。…… zhēn shì ràng rén bù néng xiāng xìn， gèng yuǎn chù shì zhuān mén cóng shì bǔ jīng de dà chuán。” zhè shì duō me páng dà de chuán duì。 jù tuī cè， dāng shí zào yī sōu dà chuán xū yào 2000 kē shù líng dá 100 nián de xiàng shù， ér shēngzhǎng 2000 kē xiàng shù nà shí xū yào 500 yīng mǔ de tǔ dì。 wò lè sī tǎn rèn dìng， zǎo zài 16 shì jì， yóu yú zào chuán děng qí tā jīng jì yīn sù“ zhì shǐ xī 'ōu、 yì dà lì、 xī bān yá hé dì zhōng hǎi zhū dǎo de sēn lín miàn jī huǎn màn 'ér wěn bù dì jiǎn shǎo。”
qí shí， zhēng fú hǎi yáng de xíng dòng zǎo yǐ kāi shǐ， zuò jiā fǎ lì · mò 'è tè zài《 tú hǎi》 zhōng duì cǐ zuò liǎo xiáng xì miáo shù， cóng tā zhǎng wò de zī liào kàn， 1851 nián qián hòu， zhěng gè zī běn zhù yì shì jiè duì hǎi yáng de zhēng fú， duì hǎi yáng shēng wù de wéi jiǎo yǔ tóng yī shí qī cǎn shā měi zhōu yìn dì 'ān rén de xíng dòng xiāng bǐ， tóng děng de xuè xīng、 tóng děng de fēng kuáng。 àn zhào mò 'è tè de kǎo zhèng， bǔ jīng rén zài wài hǎi bǔ shā mǒ xiāng jīng hòu， xīn yīng gé lán rén biàn chéng zhēn zhèng de bǔ jīng zhě。 dào 1765 nián， yòu 120 duō tiáo xīn yīng gé lán de bǔ jīng chuán zài wài hǎi bǔ jīng。 tā men bǔ shā mǒ xiāng jīng、 zuò tóu jīng、 hái yòu hēi sè lù jǐ jīng， bǔ shā liàng jīng rén。 xīn yīng gé lán bǔ jīng chuán duì zǔ jiàn hòu， huán rào liǎo zhěng gè dì qiú， tā men zài nán dà xī yáng、 nán běi tài píng yáng hé yìn dù yáng xún liè。 zài 1804 zhì 1807 nián jiān， gòng bǔ shā liǎo 20 duō wàn tóu jīng。 hēi sè lù jǐ jīng chéng wéi bèi liè shā de mù biāo hòu， jǐn 50 duō nián shí jiān lǐ jīhū zài shì jiè fàn wéi miè jué。 àn zhào mò 'è tè de fēn xī， ōu zhōu rén shǒu cì dào dá běi měi dà lù shí， jǐn běi dà xī yáng zhōng yòu 15 wàn tóu gé líng lán jīng。 mò 'è tè rèn wéi， bā sī kè rén、 yīng guó rén、 sū gé lán rén、 hé lán rén、 dé guó rén yǐ jí měi guó rén， zài bǎi yú nián nèi jiāng gé líng lán jīng miè jué。 1847 nián qián hòu， měi guó rén chéng liǎo bǔ jīng yè hòu lái jū shàng de bà zhù， tā yōng yòu 3 bèi yú 'ōu zhōu de bǔ jīng chuán， shù liàng dá 700 sōu， cóng shì bǔ jīng de rén guò liǎng wàn。 měi guó de bǔ jīng chuán duì jǐn yòng 50 nián shí jiān， wán quán miè jué liǎo tài píng yáng zhōng de gōng tóu jīng。 kě yǐ xiǎng xiàng， dāng fēi zhōu de hēi rén bèi zuò wéi nú lì fàn mài， hǎi yáng zhōng jīng yú de nǎo、 xū、 chǐ bèi shì wéi 'áng guì de shāng pǐn， hái yòu shénme dōng xī bù kě yǐ chéng wéi zī běn hé lì rùn suǒ zhuī zhú de mù biāo。 xīn xīng de zī běn zhù yì yǐ rú tóng yī tóu wú bǐ tān lán de dà guài shòu， qí wú xiū zhǐ de tūn shì xíng jìng， qí máng mù、 fēng kuáng de lüè jué huó dòng， bù jǐn dào chù zhì zào zāinàn， ér qiě zài tā suǒ zhēng fú de yī qiē lǐng yù liú xià liǎo mǒ bù diào de xuè xīng yìn jì。 zhèng shì yǐ kào zhè yàng yī xì liè cán kù de duì shì jiè de fā xiàn hé kāi fā， cóng 16 shì jì zhì 18 shì jì de 200 duō nián jiān， zī běn zhù yì chéng gōng dì jiāng zì jǐ de shì lì kuò zhǎn dào dì qiú de gè gè jiǎo luò。 1848 nián， mǎ kè sī hé 'ēn gé sī duì cǐ yòu guò shēn kè de gài kuò：“ tā 'àn zhào zì jǐ de miàn mào wéi zì jǐ chuàng zào chū yī gè shì jiè”。
zhè jiù shì mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr suǒ shēng huó de shí dài， zhè jiù shì 1851 nián qián hòu chù chù mí màn zhe zhēng fú hé zhàn yòu qì xī de shè huì fēn wéi。 mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr zhè wèi fù yòu háng hǎi jīng lì de zuò jiā， suī rán bù néng shuō zhèng chù yú xīn xīng zī běn zhù yì de zhōng xīn， dàn tā què zhì shēn yú zhè yī lì shǐ fā zhǎn zuì mǐn gǎn de dì dài， yīnggāi gǎn shòu dào nà gè shí dài de qì xī， bǎ wò dào qí mài bó。 zài dāng shí， zī běn zhù yì suī rán yǐ jīng zài 'ōu zhōu、 zài běi měi， zài dōng xī nán běi bù tóng de dì lǐ qū yù，“ àn zhào zì jǐ de miàn mào wéi zì jǐ chuàng zào chū yī gè shì jiè”， dàn tā zài rú hé chè dǐ dì kòng zhì dà zì rán， rú hé wán zhěng dì zhàn yòu dà zì rán zhè yī shì guān zī běn zhù yì wèi lái de zhòng dà wèn tí shàng， hái méi yòu wéi zì jǐ de xíng dòng zhǎo dào hé qíng hé lǐ de jiě shì， bìng méi yòu wéi zì jǐ de shā lù hé tān yù zhǎo dào kě gōng jiǎn huǎn xīn lǐ yā lì jí kě zī xiào fǎng de 'ǒu xiàng。 huò xǔ， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr bìng wèi zhēn zhèng yì shí dào zhè shì xīn xīng zī chǎn jiē jí de jí pò xū yào， tā yǔ zī běn zhù yì tǐ xì de lì shǐ mìng yùn xiāng lián jié， shì yǔ zhè yī tǐ xì gòng cún wáng de dà zhù tí。 dàn tā shì shí dì xíng dòng liǎo， bìng zài wén xué xiě zuò zhōng zuì dà xiàn duódì fā huī liǎo gè rén xiǎng xiàng ¾¾ zhè xiē xiǎng xiàng míng xiǎn zhí gēn yú yuè dú qián rén zuò pǐn（ péi gēn、 suō shì bǐ yà、 āi sī kù luó sī、 kǎ lāi 'ěr、《 shèng jīng》） huò dé de líng gǎn， zhí gēn yú nà yī shí dài de zhěng tǐ fēn wéi、 zhū duō cì jī xìng yīn sù hé pǔ biàn xìng qíng xù zhī zhōng。 mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de xiě zuò bù kě néng chāo yuè shí dài。
hè 'ěr màn · mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr - mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr yǔ《 bái jīng》 jiǎn jiè
《 bái jīng》
1851 nián wán chéng de cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 bái jīng》 ( jí《 mò bǐ · dí kè》 ) shì mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de dài biǎo zuò。 zhè shì yī bù yù yì fēng fù、 shēn kè、 bǐ chù xióng hún de cháng piān xiǎo shuō。 tā jì shù zài 19 shì jì shàng bàn yè měi guó bǔ jīng yè péng bó fā zhǎn de nián dài， cóng shì bǔ jīng yè 40 nián de péi guī tè hào bǔ jīng chuán chuán cháng yà hā zài tóng yī tiáo jù dà xiōng měng de bái jīng mò bǐ · dí kè bó dǒu zhōng chuán pò shēn wáng de jīng lì， fǎn yìng chū zuò zhě duì dāng shí zī běn zhù yì jù dà fā zhǎn de yí lǜ hé huáng kǒng xīn qíng。
shū zhōng miáo xiě liǎo hǎi shàng háng xíng hé fēn fán de bǔ jīng shēng huó， bèi yù wéi " bǔ jīng yè de bǎi kē quán shū "。 zhěng bù zuò pǐn， yù yì shēn kè、 yǔ yán liú chàng、 gǎn qíng níng zhòng、 qièhé zhù tí， bìng yòng xiàng zhēng xìng shǒu fǎ， jiē shì liǎo zī běn zhù yì de zuì 'è， rén wù kè huà xǔ xǔ rú shēng， nèi xīn miáo xiě wěi wǎn shēng dòng。
dàn shì， zhè jué bù shì yī bù dān chún dì xù shù fā shēng zài hǎi yáng shàng de yī gè rén yǔ qíng shēng sǐ xiāng bó de chuán qí gù shì ; mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr duì hǎi yáng hé hǎi yáng shēng wù de yán kù tài dù bǐ gù shì běn shēn gèng ràng rén jīng xīn dòng bó。 zài tā jiǎng shù de kě pà 'ér cán rěn de gù shì lǐ， zuò jiā jué wú yī sī 'ài lián hǎi yáng shēng wù zhī yì， tā shì wéi nà xiē lái bù jí xǐ zhuó shuāng shǒu de hǎi yáng zhēng fú zhě léi xiǎng zhàn gǔ， wéi nà xiē yǐ xuè xīng fāng shì zhēng fú dà zì rán dǒu shì men de fēng kuáng xíng dòng， jìn zuì dà kě néng jìn xíng hé lǐ xìng biàn jiě。 xìng yùn de mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr chéng gōng liǎo： zhuī shā bái jīng de xuè xīng gù shì huò dé liǎo yī juàn cǎi hóng de guāng huán， chéng wéi yī bù bù xiǔ de zhù zuò， chéng wéi xī fāng wén xué zhōng de jīng diǎn， mí dǎo liǎo yī dài yòu yī dài dú zhě。《 bái jīng》 yī shū shì měi guó wén xué shǐ shàng gōng rèn de jīng diǎn wén xué zhù zuò， shì shǐ shī bān de xiǎo shuō。 tā qì shì bàng bó， chǎng jǐng hóng dà。 bù jǐn fǎn yìng liǎo měi guó shuǐ shǒu xiàng dà zì rán jìn jūn de jiān xīn lì chéng， ér qiě yě biǎo dá liǎo rén lèi bù duàn jìn qǔ de jiān qiáng xìn xīn。
《 bái jīng》 de zuò zhě mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr１２ suì shí bù xìng sàng fù，１５ suì shí jiù jié shù liǎo jǐn jǐn sì nián de xué xiào shēng huó。 yīn jiā jìng 'è huà， shǐ tā bù dé bù zǒu xiàng shè huì dú zì móu shēng。 tā xiān hòu zuò guò yínháng zhí yuán、 nóng chǎng gōng rén、 xiāng cūn jiào shī， bèi cháng liǎo rén shì jiān de lěng nuǎn。１ ８ ３ ７ nián， tā tà shàng yī tiáo měi guó shāng chuán dāng fú wù yuán， kāi shǐ jiē chù hǎi yáng shēng huó。１８ ４１ nián yòu zhuǎn yí dào bǔ jīng chuán shàngdàng shuǐ shǒu。
《 bái jīng》 jiù qǔ cái yú zhè yī shí qī de hǎi shàng shēng huó。 hǎi shàng４ nián shì tā yī shēng zhōng zuì zhòng yào de jīng lì， tā xì chēng zì jǐ shì zài shòu " hā fó dà xué hé yé lǔ dà xué " de jiào yù。 zhè duàn shēng huó duì tā de chuàng zuò qǐ dào liǎo guān jiàn zuò yòng。 suí hòu， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr suí bǔ jīng chuán màn yóu liǎo shì jiè xǔ duō dì fāng， kāi kuò liǎo yǎn jiè， tóng shí yě wéi chuàng zuò xiǎo shuō jī lěi liǎo fēng fù de sù cái。１８４２ nián céng bèi nán tài píng yáng mǎ kè sà 'ēn qún dǎo shàng tài pí 'ěr zú fú hòu táo tuō， niǎn zhuǎn dào yī tiáo 'ào dà lì yà shāng chuán shàngdàng shuǐ shǒu， yòu yīn wéi fǎn jì lǜ bèi qiú zài tǎ mìng tí qún dǎo。 yuè yù hòu， tā yòu chóngxīn huí dào bǔ jīng chuán shàngdàng tóu chā shǒu，１８４３ nián zhèng shì tóu rù měi guó jūn jiàn " měi guó " hào shàng fú yì， zhì１８４４ nián tuì yì hòu， cái jié shù liǎo zì jǐ de hǎi shàng shēng yá。 cǐ jiān， duì mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de sī xiǎng chǎn shēng liǎo jí dà de yǐng xiǎng， kǎn kě de jīng lì、 fēng fù de shēng huó、 qiáng liè de yuàn wàng， diàn dìng liǎo mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr xiě zuò de fēng hòu jī chǔ。
《 bái jīng》 yě kě yǐ shuō shì mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de shēng huó xiě zhào。 xiǎo shuō de chuàng zuò shǐ yú１８５ ０ nián２ yuè， tuō gǎo yú１８５１ nián， bìng yú tóng nián chū bǎn。 nà nián mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr cái３２ suì。 mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr wǎn nián qián xīn shī gē chuàng zuò， zì fèi chū bǎn sān bù shī jí。１８ ６６ nián～１８８６ nián， tā zài niǔ yuē hǎi guān dāng jiǎn chá yuán， dàn yě méi yòu gǎi biàn tā de 'è yùn， tā zhōng yú zài qióng kùn liáo dǎo zhōng mò mò wú wén dì sǐ qù， zhí dào２０ shì jì zhōng qī， tā de chuàng zuò tiān cái zhōng yú bèi rén men fā xiàn， bìng bèi rén men gōng rèn wéi shì jiè jí zuò jiā， qí zuò pǐn yě suí zhī fèng wéi jīng diǎn wén xué zhù zuò。
xiě zuò sī xiǎng
tiào kāi 1851 nián， zhàn zài 21 shì jì de shì diǎn chóngxīn shěn dú《 bái jīng》， xì xīn de dú zhě jiāng huì fā xiàn，《 bái jīng》 cóng shǐ dào zhōng guàn chuān yī tiáo zhù xiàn： rén yī dàn zhì shēn yú dà zì rán zhōng， wéi yī de xuǎn zé zhǐ yòu chōng dāng zhēng fú zhě， tā yǔ bèi zhēng fú duì xiàng de guān xì bì rán shì duì lì de， liǎng zhě shì bǐ cǐ chóu shì de、 hù bù xiāng róng de。 mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr duì yà hā chuán cháng de sù zào yóu qí tū chū liǎo zhè yī diǎn， shǐ qí chéng wéi《 bái jīng》 zhè bù shū de líng hún。 zài mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr bǐ xià， xū nǐ de dà hǎi yǔ zhēn shí de dà hǎi xiāng qù shèn yuǎn， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de dà hǎi yǒng yuǎn shì biàn huàn mò cè、 chōng mǎn xiǎn 'è de， tā shì“ lěng kù 'è dú de”， tā yòu“ yōu líng shìde bái làng tāo tāo de yáng miàn”， jí shǐ qíng lǎng de tiān qì，“ zài tā nà yī pài wèi lán de、 róu hé de dǐ lǐ， yǐn cáng yòu yī zhǒng xié 'è de mó lì。” zhè jiù shì“ dà shòu yī shìde hǎi yáng”， yī qiē xié 'è jiē lái zì tā de zuì shēn chù， tā yùn yù liǎo xiōng cán wú bǐ de dà bái jīng， hái yòu shì rén xuè de mǒ xiāng jīng， ér dà bái jīng zài dà hǎi zhōng héng xíng wú jì， jiǎn zhí jiù xiàng gè“ rú dòng de hǎi mó wáng”。
zǒng zhī， zài zuò zhě de miáo shù hé gòu lè xià， fān dòng zhe bái sè làng huā de dà hǎi yǔ yōu líng bān de bái jīng， liǎng zhě zài yīn xiǎn、 xié 'è de guǐ dào shàng róng wéi yī tǐ。 wéi shǐ yuè dú zhě zhēn qiē dì gǎn shòu dà hǎi de xiǎn 'è， zuò zhě cóng《 bái jīng》 zuì chū de zhāng jié qǐ shǐ， jié lì xuàn rǎn jǐn zhāng、 kǒng jù de qì fēn， tā yǐn lǐng dú zhě zǒu jìn yǔ guān cái xié yīn de“ bǐ dé · kē fēn” dà jīng kè diàn， nà zhuāng shì gǔ guài de jū suǒ chù chù shǎn lù zhe xiōng zhào， shǐ rén lián xiǎng dào wú chù bù zài de sǐ shén。 lián rén men xún qiú xīn líng bì hù de jiào táng， yě wú fǎ shǐ nǐ bǎi tuō duì sǐ wáng de kǒng jù， miàn duì yī zuò zuò zàng shēn yú dà hǎi de hǎi yuán mù bēi， dú zhě zhí jiē gǎn shòu nà suǒ qǔ rén xìng mìng de yuán xiōng pò jìn de qì xī。 shén fù de bù dào gèng shì yì hū xún cháng， tā“ yè cháng 'ér zhuāng yán de shēng diào， yòu rú yī zhǐ xiàn zài mí wù de hǎi shàng de chuán zhǐ nà zhǒng bù duàn qiāo jī de zhōng shēng”， tā de yín sòng jiāng rén men de kǒng jù tuō zhì shēn yuān：“ dà jīng de kǒng bù hé lē gǔ / kùn wǒ zài yīn sēn kě pà zhōng / shén guāng pǔ zhào de làng tāo gǔn gǔn 'ér guò / bǎ wǒ gāo gāo jǔ qǐ / chóngchóng pāo jìn huǐ miè zhī dū……” sì hū zhè hái yuǎn yuǎn bù gòu， shén fù fǎn fù xuān jiǎng《 shèng jīng》 zhōng“ yé hé huá 'ān pái yī tiáo dà yú tūn liǎo yuē ná” de nà yī duàn luò， jiāng dà hǎi， jí dà hǎi zhōng de shēng wù tóng jī dū jiào lì shǐ shén huà lián jiē qǐ lái， jiāng rén de kǒng jù、 rén de sǐ wáng guī zuì yú dà hǎi， jiāng rén yǔ dà hǎi、 yǔ dà hǎi zhōng nà“ yī tiáo dà yú” de duì lì yǔ chōng tū shì wéi lì shǐ de bì rán。 shèn zhì nà sōu yǐ miè wáng de yìn dì 'ān bù luò míng chēng mìng míng de“ péi kuò dé” hào bǔ jīng chuán， yě shì yǐn yù“ sǐ wáng yǔ jué dǒu”。 zhè sōu“ yòng tā liè zhú dào de dí rén de hái gǔ lái dǎ bàn zì jǐ de chuán zhǐ”， jìng shì yòng huā bái de jīng gǔ dǎ zào de。
mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr zuò pǐn
zhè xiē miáo xiě hé xù shù bù jǐn jiāng dà zì rán 'è mó huà， ér qiě bù kě huǎn jiě de chóu hèn yā dǎo liǎo yī qiē。 chóu hèn de duì xiàng jù tǐ 'ér míng què， jiù shì nà tóu chū méi yú dà hǎi zhòngxié 'è wú bǐ de bái jīng， rén yǔ dà hǎi、 yǔ hǎi zhōng jù shòu de duì lì hé fù chóu qíng xù， yǐ shì jiàn zài xián shàng bù néng bù fā。 zài cǐ， rén men bù néng bù tí chū yí wèn， zài zhēn shí de rén lèi shòu liè lì shǐ huó dòng zhōng， mǒu yī zhǒng shòu liè huó dòng， zài tā de zhǔn bèi zhuàng tài， zài qí xíng dòng de qián qī jiē duàn， guǒ zhēn yào zài liè shǒu de xīn líng zhōng guàn shū hé qiáng huà duì suǒ liè qǔ duì xiàng de kǒng jù qíng xù， zhí zhì bǎ zhè zhǒng qíng xù yǐn xiàng chóu hèn má？ zhè shì róng yì bèi yuè dú zhě hū lüè de cháng shí xìng wèn tí。 dá 'àn dāng rán shì fǒu dìng de。 zuò jiā zài zhè lǐ míng xiǎn jìn xíng liǎo yòu yì de wāi qū hé gǎi xiě， qí zhōng yǐn hán liǎo zuò jiā xiě zuò de shēn céng dòng jī hé mùdì。 yuè dú hé liǎo jiě rén lèi xué jiā suǒ jìzǎi de shòu liè bù zú xí sú， wǒ men jiāng huì fā xiàn， wú lùn zài yìn dì 'ān bù luò、 hái shì zài 'ài sī jī mó rén zhōng， wú lùn zài fēi zhōu hé yà zhōu céng yǐ shòu liè wéi shēng de yuán zhù mín zhōng jiān， tā men yǔ liè qǔ duì xiàng de jiē chù huò zāo yù， gèng duō de shì xīn xǐ， tóng shí bàn suí zhe jiǔ yuǎn de jìng wèi（ lèi sì de chǎng jǐng， hái néng cóng měi guó diàn yǐng《 yǔ láng gòng wǔ》 suǒ fù yuán de yìn dì 'ān bù luò xí sú zhōng kàn dào piàn duàn）。 jiǎ rú mǒu gè liè shǒu duì mǒu zhǒng liè wù yòu liǎo yuàn hèn， bù guǎn tā shì bù zú tóu rén hái shì shǒu lǐng， dōubù huì bǎ gè rén de yuàn hèn tí shēng wéi zhěng gè bù zú de chóu hèn， nà jiāng yǐn fā fēng kuáng de làn shā， huò tuì 'ér bì zhī， quán bù zú xuǎn zé qiān xǐ zhī lù。 dàn zhè shì bì wēi jí qún tǐ de shēng cún， shèn zhì huǐ diào zhěng gè bù zú de shēng jì。 wèicǐ， wǒ men bù néng bù zhuī wèn， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr shì fǒu fàn liǎo cháng shí xìng cuò wù， jiāng tā suǒ miáo shù de liè shǒu duì liè wù de chóu hèn dàngchéng rén lèi gù yòu de、 yuán fā de、 pǔ biàn huà de gòng tōng xiàn xiàng？ zhè lǐ gèng kě néng de shì， zuò jiā bìng bù zhǐ shì jiǎn dān dì fàn xià cháng shí cuò wù。 tàn jiū qí yuán yóu， gēn běn yuán yīn kǒng pà hái zài yú mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr suǒ chù shè huì huán jìng de biàn huà， zhè biàn huà shì qián suǒ wèi yòu de、 lái shì xiōng xiōng de、 nán yǐ dǐ dǎng de。 1851 nián qián hòu de nà yī shí duàn， yī zhǐ kàn bù jiàn de dà shǒu jiāng lì shǐ zhé wéi liǎng jié： bèi fān guò de nà yī yè， wú lùn qí duō me màn cháng（ bāo kuò suǒ wèi fēng jiàn shè huì）， cóng zǒng tǐ shàng shuō rén lèi duì dà zì rán qǔ yī zhǒng jìng wèi de tài dù， zài jīng jì shēng chǎn hé shè huì shēng huó zhōng dōushì wéi chí dī xiàn dù shēng cún shuǐ zhǔn， yǐ tóng dà zì rán bǎo chí xiāng duì xié diào； fān guò de zhè yī yè， shì yǐ“ zī běn hé lì rùn” wéi tuī dòng lì de lì shǐ xīn kāi duān， zhēng fú hé zhàn yòu dà zì rán chéng wéi tā de tí zhōng yīngyǒu zhī yì。 měi guó xīn lǐ xué jiā fú luó mǔ zài tā《 zhàn yòu hái shì shēng cún》（ 1976 nián chū bǎn） yī shū zhōng duì cǐ yòu guò shēn kè de lùn shù， tā rèn dìng“ shí bā shì jì de zī běn zhù yì zhú bù dì fā shēng liǎo yī zhǒng shēn kè de biàn huà， jīng jì xíng wéi yǔ lún lǐ xué hé rén de jià zhí guān niàn fēn lí kāi lái。” tā rèn wéi zī běn zhù yì yǐ shì“ yī gè yòu zhe zì jǐ de dòng lì hé guī lǜ de yùn dòng zhe de xì tǒng”。 tā fēn xī liǎo zhòng zhàn yòu hé chóngshēng cún zhè liǎng zhǒng bù tóng de shēng cún fāng shì， zhuī sù qí lì shǐ yuān yuán， cóng zhōng dé chū de jié lùn shì：“ zhè liǎng zhǒng shēng cún fāng shì de qū fēn yǐ jí 'ài huó wù hé 'ài sǐ wù zhè liǎng zhǒng bù tóng xíng shì de 'ài， shì rén lèi shēng cún de zhì wéi guān jiàn de wèn tí。” háo wú yí wèn， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr quán shēn xīn dì chén jìn zài lèi sì yú“ ài sǐ wù” de nà yàng yī zhǒng chōng dòng zhōng， tā jié lì xuàn rǎn rén yǔ dà zì rán de duì lì qíng xù， jiāng zhè yī qíng xù yǐn xiàng chóu hèn。 zhè zhǒng chóu hèn yī dàn hé fǎ huà， jiù néng wéi nà xiē zhuī zhú lì rùn de rén men， wéi tān lán dé fā fēng de zī chǎn jiē jí， wéi zhěng gè zī běn zhù yì tǐ xì suí zhī 'ér lái de zài gèng dà de hǎi yù、 zài gèng guǎng kuò de dà zì rán zhōng， jìn xíng gèng fēng kuáng de tú shā， wú xiū zhǐ de zhàn yòu， zhǎo dào liǎo wú suǒ gù jì de xíng dòng kǒu shí， qīng chú liǎo zhēng fú zhě de xīn lǐ zhàng 'ài。
“ zhēng fú hé zhàn yòu” què shí shì 1851 qián hòu nà gè shí dài de dà zhù tí， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr jǐn jǐn dì zhuā zhù liǎo tā， yòu zài《 bái qíng》 xiě zuò zhōng zhàn yòu liǎo tā。
《 bái jīng》 wéi dú zhě tí gōng liǎo zhè yàng yī duàn yòu qù de chǎng jǐng： yà hā chuán cháng yī zhǐ shǒu zhuā zhe hù wéi suǒ， yī zhǐ shǒu gāo jǔ zhe yī méi xī bān yá jīn bì， kǒu zhōng gāo hǎn zhe：“ nǐ men suí biàn nǎ yī gè gěi wǒ fā xiàn zhè tiáo bái jīng， jiù kě yǐ ná dào zhè méi jīn bì， péng yǒu men！” zài dà hǎi zhōng， zài háng chuán shàng， yǐ xī bān yá jīn bì xuán shǎng dì yī gè zài wéi gān shàng fā xiàn liè wù de rén， zhè yàng de qíng jǐng lìng rén yǎn shú， kěn dìng zài nǎ lǐ fā shēng guò。 tā yǔ mǒu yī duàn lì shǐ， mǒu wèi shēng míng xiǎn hè de zhēng fú zhě yòu guān。 chá yī chá，《 gē lún bù háng hǎi rì zhì》 zhōng jiù yòu lèi sì de jì shù， nà yīnggāi shì 1492 nián 10 yuè zhì 12 yuè de mǒu yī tiān， gē lún bù chéng“ píng tǎ” hào tàn xiǎn chuán háng xíng zài dà xī yáng shàng， tā jiù shì yǐ tóng yàng de zī tài， tóng yàng de kǒu qì， yǐ xī bān yá guó wáng de míng yì xuān bù： dì yī gè zài wéi gān shàng fā xiàn lù dì de rén jiāng dé dào shǎng jīn。 zhè shì lì shǐ de zhào bān hé kè yì fù zhì má？ jiū jìng shì mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr wú yì zhōng shè zhì liǎo zhè yī qíng jié， hái shì yīn wéi dà hǎi hé háng chuán děng xiāng sì de chǎng jǐng， shǐ tā xià yì shí dì tào yòng liǎo dāng nián zhí mín kuò zhāng shí gē lún bù de jiāo lǜ？ zhè yī shí nán yǐ rèn dìng。 dàn yòu yī diǎn kě yǐ kěn dìng， liǎng gè fā shēng yú bù tóng shí dài de gù shì， jì rán shǐ yòng liǎo xiāng tóng de qíng jié， bì rán zài mǒu xiē fāng miàn yòu nèi zài de lián xì： zhù rén gōng（ huò dāng shì rén） yì shí dào zhēng fú hé zhàn yòu shì tā cǐ xíng de wéi yī mùdì， yì shí dào jīn qián suǒ jù yòu de wú fǎ kàng jù de mó lì。 cóng zhè fù yòu xiàng zhēng hé yǐn yù sè cǎi de qíng jié zhōng， dú zhě huò xǔ yīnggāi bù nán zhǎo dào zhè yàng yī zhǒng lián xì： zài mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de qián yì shí zhōng， gē lún bù， huò zhè yī lèi rén shì zhí dé xiào fǎng de jiē mó： tā yào zuò yī zhuāng dà shì qíng， tā yào wán chéng yòu yī gè dà fā xiàn， tā yào zhēng fú yī gè dà mù biāo。 zhè zhēng fú yù， yě jiù shì fú luó mǔ suǒ shuō de“ ài sǐ wù” de yù wàng。 zhè yī yù wàng tōng guò 'ài 'ěr wéi 'ěr suǒ xū gòu de rén wù hé gù shì yī diǎn yī dī dì biǎo lù chū lái。
zhè lǐ yào tè bié zhǐ chū， zài《 bái jīng》 de zhěng tǐ jié gòu zhōng， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr hái wéi biǎo shù zhè yī yù wàng（ yě shì wèile yíng hé mǒu zhǒng shè huì yù wàng） zhuān mén shè zhì liǎo zú gòu de xù shù kōng jiān。 zhè biǎo xiàn yú： zài gù shì de xù shù guò chéng zhōng， zuò jiā zài sān zài sì dì zhōng duàn xù shù， zào chéng xù shù de jiàngé， zài zhè xiē jiàngé zhōng chā rù dà liàng de fēi xù shù xìng wén zì。 ér zhè yī duī duī chā rù de wén zì rú zhuì shēng wù， míng xiǎn dì shǐ zhè bù zuò pǐn xiǎn dé yōng zhǒng 'ér páng zá。 yòu yì sī de shì，《 bái jīng》 jié gòu shàng zhè zhǒng yōng zhǒng hé zá luàn， fǎn bèi yī xiē píng lùn jiā rèn wéi jù yòu zhī shí de hán liàng、 lì shǐ de hòu dù， chēng qí wéi bǔ jīng fāng miàn de bǎi kē quán shū。 rán 'ér， zhè yàng de píng jià hū lüè liǎo zhè xiē chā rù de fēi xù shù xìng wén zì qí shí lìng jù gōng néng， lìng yòu yì yì。 zài mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de xīn mù zhōng， tā men yǔ xiǎo shuō zhōng de xù shù xìng wén zì jù yòu tóng děng zhòng yào de zuò yòng， zhè yě shì xiǎn 'ér yì jiàn de。
mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr zài“ jīng lèi xué” zhāng jié zhōng， yòu yì zhǎn shì liǎo tā suǒ zhǎng wò de yòu guān jīng lèi de fēng fù zhī shí， bù jǐn jiāng bù tóng de jīng jìn xíng fēn lèi miáo shù， hái zài miáo shù qí xíng tài hé xí xìng de guò chéng zhōng， zhǐ chū nǎ yī zhǒng jīng de“ shāng yè jià zhí yòu shì zuì gāo de； yīn wéi tā shì rén men néng gòu cóng tā shēn shàng huò dé guì zhòng de dōng xī， jí jīng nǎo de wéi yī dòng wù”； cóng nǎ yī zhǒng jīng de“ zuǐ bā lǐ suǒ tí liàn chū lái de fēn xiāng kě kǒu de yóu shì jí qí míng guì de， shì zhū bǎo shāng hé zhōng biǎo jiàng suǒ jié lì sōu qiú de dōng xī。” tā chū shì shōu jí dào de zī liào， hái tán dào dú jiǎo jīng de jiǎo， shēng chēng zài gǔ dài tā shì bèi“ dàngzuò kàng dú de líng jì de， yīn cǐ， tā de zhì jì shòu jià hěn gāo。” dàn yòu guān zhè zhǒng dú jiǎo jīng de xìn xī shǎo zhī yòu shǎo， zhǐ yòu zài 1576 nián de wén xiàn zhōng yòu duàn jìzǎi， nà shì yīng guó de mǎ dīng · fú luó bǐ xiē jué shì tàn xiǎn guī lái， jiāng yī zhǐ dú jiǎo jīng de jiǎo xiàn gěi liǎo yī lì suō bái nǚ wáng。 zhì yú jīng lèi de shí yòng jià zhí， xì xīn de zuò jiā bìng méi yòu hū lüè， tā zài“ zuò cài de jīng” yī zhāng zhōng jīn jīn yòu wèi dì tán dào， 300 nián qián， fǎ guó jiù bǎ“ lù jǐ jīng de shé tóu dàngzuò yī zhǒng zhēn yáo měi wèi， ér qiě jià gé mài dé fēi cháng gāo。” shuō dào xiǎo mǒ xiāng jīng，“ bǎ tā de nǎo suǐ dàngchéng yī yàng shàng děng cài。 yòng yī bǎ fǔ tóu， jiāng zhè zhǒng jīng qiǎo de nǎo ké qiāo kāi hòu， féi féi bái bái de liǎng dà pán jiù zhé liè kāi， rán hòu bǎ tā men hé zhe miàn fěn， zhǔ chéng yī zhǒng zuì rě rén xǐ huān de shí pǐn， wèi dào zhī fēn fāng， yòu diǎn xiàng xiǎo niú nǎo……”
hěn míng xiǎn， zuò jiā zài zhè lǐ shì xiàng yī dà pī wéi shù zhòng duō de yǐn xíng dú zhě sù shuō。 zhè pī dú zhě duì liè qǔ hé tú shā méi yòu xīng qù， tā men bù yuàn zì jǐ de shuāng shǒu rǎn shàng xuè jì， dàn tā men què yòu hěn gāo de xiāo fèi qù wèi， yòu hěn qiáng de hàoqí xīn， tā men de guān zhù diǎn jí zhōng zài zhēn xī wù pǐn shàng。 wèile mǎn zú zhè xiē yǐn xíng dú zhě de tè shū kǒu wèi， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr bèi“ zī běn hé lì rùn” jìn tòu guò de shāng pǐn yì shí yǐ yì yú yán biǎo。 cóng zhè yī jiǎo dù yuè dú“ gē yóu”、“ róng tǎn”、“ hǎi dé bǎo dà tǒng”、“ lóng xián xiāng”、“ shǒu de róu niē”、“ liàn yóu jiān” děng zhāng jié， cóng nà dà duàn dà duàn gōng chǎng huà cāo zuò de miáo shù zhōng， bèi qiān zhe bí zǐ rào lái rào qù de dú zhě zhōng huì fā xiàn， yuán lái zhè lǐ tán jí de， cái shì yuǎn yáng bǔ jīng de zhēn shí mùdì， tā yǔ jīn qián hé lì rùn zhí jiē guà gōu， tā shì bǔ jīng、 liè jīng、 tú jīng de yuán chū dòng jī， yǔ suǒ wèi de“ fù chóu” hé“ chóu hèn” gēn běn jiù méi yòu shénme guā gé。 zài zhè tiáo guǐ dào shàng hái tán shénme zhèng yì yǔ xié 'è！ tǒng pò zhè yī céng chuāng hù zhǐ， dú zhě huò xǔ yòu shàngdàng shòu piàn zhī gǎn。 tè bié shì zài“ mǒ xiāng jīng tóu héng héng duì bǐ tú” hé“ lù jǐ jīng héng héng duì bǐ tú” zhè liǎng gè zhāng jié， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr yǐn lǐng dú zhě yǐ zhàn yòu zhě de zī tài bǎ wán shǒu zhōng de liè wù， tā chù mō jīng de chún、 shé、 xū， bǎ wán jīng de tóu lú， jiāng jīng de“ zhěng gè tóu dàngchéng yī zhǐ dà tí qín， ér nà xiē gè pēn kǒng， jiù shì dà tí qín de shēng bǎn shàng de bì kǒng。” tā xì xì dì guān shǎng jīng“ tóu dǐng shàng de qí tè、 lóng qǐ、 jī guān xíng de fù gài wù héng héng zhè zhǒng bì lǜ 'ér chán lái chán qù de dōng xī……” tā fān kàn jīng de yá chǐ hé zuǐ bā，“ zhè zhǐ zuǐ bā zhēn shì duō me piào liàng yǎ zhì yā！ cóng dì bǎn dào tiān huā bǎn dōuyòu xiāng lǐ， huò zhě bù rú shuō shì yòng yī céng bái sè báomó biǎo bèi de， guāng huī shǎn shuò， wǎn rú xīn niàn chuān de duàn zǐ。” zhè qíng jǐng qià rú yī zhǐ lǎo māo bǎ wán zhǎo xià de xiǎo lǎo shǔ。 gòu liǎo， zhè dào dǐ biǎo xiàn liǎo yī zhǒng shénme xīn lǐ？ yǔ bǔ jīng shǒu de xīn tài（ wú lùn zěn me shuō《 bái jīng》 hái shì yǐ bǔ jīng wéi zhù xiàn） shì fǒu xiāng fú？ wǒ men bù néng bù yòu suǒ zhì yí。 cóng rén lèi xué jiā tài lè、 fú léi zé de zhuān zhù zhōng bù nán fā xiàn， shòu liè bù zú liè huò zhī hòu tōng cháng shì yǐ jìng wèi de xīn qíng fǔ wèi zì jǐ de liè wù， ān wèi tā， tǎo hǎo tā， bìng yǐ duō zhǒng fāng shì wéi zì jǐ de xíng wéi kāi tuō、 xiè zuì， zhè bù zhǐ shì bù zú chéng yuán zì jué lǚ xíng de xí sú， ér shì tā men zì rán xìn yǎng de yī bù fēn， tóng tā men de shēng cún fāng shì hé wéi yī tǐ。 zhè yàng de xí sú zài yà zhōu、 zài zhōng guó de běi fāng， zài xī bó lì yà de mì lín zhōng， yī zhí yán xù dào 20 shì jì 60 nián dài。 rú jīn， zài shì jiè mǒu xiē biān yuǎn dì qū de bù zú wén huà zhōng réng rán cún liú zhe。 měi guó zuò jiā hǎi míng wēi zài tā de《 lǎo rén yǔ hǎi》（ chū bǎn yú 1952 nián） zhōng， jiù yǐ lìng rén xìn fú de xì jié miáo shù liǎo lǎo yú mín yǔ yī tiáo dà yú bó dǒu de jīng guò， qí qián chéng、 jìng wèi de xīn jìng hé liè qǔ dà yú hòu de shī luò gǎn， gěi rén yǐ kè gǔ míng xīn de jì yì。 xiǎn rán， mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr qīng chǔ dì yì shí dào tā miàn duì（ huò zhě shuō tā gǎn xīng qù de） de shì shénme yàng de dú zhě： zhè shì yī gè xīn xīng de qiáng lì jí tuán， shì tè shū qún tǐ， zhè yī qún tǐ de xíng wéi xīn lǐ tè zhēng zǎo yǔ chuán tǒng xiāng bèi， tè bié zài duì dài dà zì rán、 duì dài zì jǐ zhàn yòu wù de tài dù shàng， tóng gǔ lǎo de chuán tǒng yòu liǎo běn zhì bié。
mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr zuò pǐn
xiàn zài hái shì ràng wǒ men huí dào 1851 nián， huí dào mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr hé tā de《 bái jīng》 bā。 suī rán mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr zài tā de xiǎo shuō de fēi xù shù xìng zhāng jié zhōng， sài jìn liǎo dà liàng jìn tòu hé xuàn rǎn liǎo zhàn yòu de kuài gǎn， yě jiù shì“ ài sǐ wù” de kuài gǎn de wén zì， zhí jiē biǎo shù liǎo dài yòu zī běn zhù yì yuán shǐ zī běn jī lěi shí qī qiáng liè tè zhēng de jià zhí guān niàn， bù guò zhè bì jìng shì gòu chéng xiǎo shuō de cì yào jié gòu yīn sù。 mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr de zhù yào gòng xiàn shì sù zào liǎo yī gè jīng diǎn de rén wù xíng xiàng yà hā chuán cháng。 cóng《 bái jīng》 wèn shì yǐ lái， rú hé kàn dài mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr bǐ xià de yà hā chuán cháng， yī zhí shì rén men zhēng lùn bù xiū de huà tí。 1988 nián chū bǎn de《 gē lún bǐ yà měi guó wén xué shǐ》， duì yà hā chuán cháng jǐyǔ hěn gāo de píng jià， zài tán dào zhè yī rén wù gěi yuè dú zhě dài lái de lì shǐ xìng lián xiǎng shí， rèn wéi yà hā de duì shǒu bái jīng， shì“ yī tiáo‘ yuē bó de jīng’， shì hé nà xiē yuán shǐ de chuán shuō zhōng de 'è lóng hé hǎi guài tóng shǔ yī lèi de， shì nà xiē sì nüè yú chuàng shì zhī jì de hùn dùn de lì liàng xiàng zhēng； ér yà hā zé shì bǎi xiū sī、 shèng qiáo zhì shì de rén wù， zì yuàn dān dāng qǐ jiù shì de zhòng rèn， qù shí xiàn《 yǐ sài yà shū》 zhōng de yù yán， qù‘ tú shā hǎi lǐ de 'è lóng’。” zài zhè yàng yī gè shén huà de yìng zhào xià， yà hā hái shì“ yī wèi shí jiǔ shì jì de sī xiǎng jiā。”
àn zhào zhè yī sī lù， yà hā chuán cháng yǎn rán shì wéi zhèng yì 'ér xíng dòng de bēi jù xìng yīng xióng， tā zài sī xiǎng yǔ xíng dòng shàng yǔ《 shèng jīng》 zhōng de yīng xióng shén huà、 yīng xióng rén wù yī mài xiāng chéng。 zài zhè piān duǎn wén lǐ， bù biàn tǎo lùn jī dū jiào zǎo qī zì rán guān de lì bì dé shī， yǐn rén zhù yì de què shì mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr wéi bǎ yà hā chuán cháng、 shèn zhì jiāng zhěng bù《 bái jīng》 tóng jī dū jiào shén huà chuán shuō lián xì qǐ lái de zhǒng zhǒng nǔ lì。 tā zài《 bái jīng》 yōng cháng de yǐn wén lǐ， lì shù shèng diǎn zhōng yòu guān“ jù shòu”、“ dà yú”、“ dà jīng” de jìzǎi， jiè yòng shén huà xiě zuò de fāng fǎ， jiāng yà hā chuán cháng zhuāng bàn chéng bàn rén bàn shén de xíng xiàng， tā de chóu dí yě bèi fù yú mǒu zhǒng chāo zì rán de lì liàng， xíng chéng liǎo xū nǐ xìng xù shì yǔ shén huà xìng xū nǐ liǎng zhǒng biǎo shù fāng shì xiāng hù jiāo róng de xù shù cè lüè。 zhè zhǒng xiě zuò cè lüè yì xū yì shí、 yì shén yì guǐ， róng yì shǐ yuè dú zhě chǎn shēng lèi sì fú yòng mí huàn yào nà zhǒng xū shí diān dǎo de huàn jué。 yà hā chuán cháng yī chū chǎng， jiù xiàng“ yī gè gāng cóng huǒ xíng zhù shàng jiě xià lái de rén，……… yī tiáo xì cháng de、 qīng bái sè biān hén shìde dōng xī， xiàng gēn xiàn yī bān cóng tā nà cù huī fā lǐ wān yán 'ér chū， zhí shùn zhe tā nà jiāo huáng sè de bàn biān liǎn hé bó zǐ 'ér xià， xiāo shī zài yī shān lǐ。” zuò zhě bìng bù diǎn míng zào chéng zhè fù shāng cán miàn kǒng de zhí jiē yuán yīn， ér shì yǐn dǎo yuè dú zhě 'àn zhào tā de 'àn shì qù xiǎng xiàng。 zuò zhě gòu huà liǎo yà hā chuán cháng bàn yǐ bàn zhàn de lún kuò， qiáng diào de què shì tā de nà tiáo cán tuǐ， gào zhī dú zhě tā shì yòng“ mǒ xiāng jīng de 'è gǔ jiā yǐ mó guāng xiū zhěng zuò chéng de”， shěng lüè liǎo zào chéng zhè wèi bǔ jīng chuán cháng shāng cán shì jiàn de yuán yóu。 jiāng yī gè bǎo shòu shāng hài de xíng xiàng tuī dào dú zhě miàn qián， shǐ dú zhě méi yòu jī huì sī kǎo nà zhuāng shì jiàn de yuán fā guò chéng： jiū jìng shì liè shǒu gōng jī liè wù zài xiān， hái shì shāng cán liǎo de liè wù bèi dòng fǎn pū zài hòu？ zài zhè lǐ， yī gè qián tí， yī gè bì bù kě shǎo de liè qǔ hé zhàn yòu de dòng jī bèi qiāoqiāo dì yǎn gài liǎo。 nà tóu dà jīng biàn chéng liǎo tiān shēng de 'è mó， tā chéng liǎo bǔ jīng shǒu de“ tiān dí”（ jìn 'ér yě jiù chéng liǎo rén de tiān dí）。 ér zhè wèi shòu shāng hài zhě suǒ yòu de chóu hèn， suǒ yòu de fù chóu xíng dòng yīn cǐ biàn dé zhèng dāng， biàn chéng qíng lǐ zhī zhōng de shì qíng。 zuò zhě qīng sōng dì huá guò liǎo duì nà tóu dà jīng， duì dà hǎi， duì zhěng gè dà zì rán kǒng jù hé chóu hèn qǐ yīn de jiě shì， yǐ chún cuì de fù chóu yǎn gài liǎo yī qiē， yǎn gài liǎo yuǎn bǐ zǎi shā yī tóu 'è shòu gèng wéi shí zài de tú móu。 tóng shí， xiǎo shuō wéi yà hā de fēng kuáng hé piān zhí， wéi nà xiē tóng tā de xíng wéixiàng lèi shìde jǔ dòng， zhǎo liǎo kě biàn jiě de lǐ yóu：“ tā duì yú bái jīng de bào fù xīn lǐ kě néng huì duō shǎo kuò dà dào yī qiē mǒ xiāng jīng，…… tā yuè duō shā jù shòu， jiù yuè zēng jiā jī huì， yīn wéi zhè yàng yī tiáo tiáo dì shā xià qù， zuì hòu de yī tiáo jīng jiù huì shì tā suǒ yào liè jī de kě hèn de jīng liǎo。”
zhè shì tuī chū yà hā zhè yī xíng xiàng de tú móu suǒ zài， yě shì zhè yī xíng xiàng de gōng yòng hé jià zhí suǒ zài。 wú lùn zuò zhě zěn yàng zhē yǎn， zhè yī rén wù xiǎn rán shì wéi“ kuò zhāng hé zhēng fú” de mùdì sù zào de， tā jù bèi zhè yī mùdì suǒ xū yào de yī qiē tè zhēng： tā tóu nǎo zhōng zhǐ yòu yī gè mù biāo， xiōng zhōng fān dòng de zhǐ shì yī zhǒng qíng xù： tā yào chè dǐ huǐ diào nà tóu jīng， nǎ pà zhuī shā dào dì yù de jìn tóu。 tā chéng liǎo chí chěng yú dà hǎi zhī shàng wú suǒ wèi jù de chāo rén， tā shì“ chuán shàng de kèhán， hǎi zhōng de zhī wáng， yě shì dà hǎi shòu de tài jūn”； tā chéng liǎo lì liàng de xiàng zhēng，“ shī xíng yī zhǒng suí xīn suǒ yù de bà quán”； tā shì yǐ zì wǒ yì zhì wéi zhōng xīn de jīng qí shǒu， bù gù“ péi kuò dé” hào chuán yuán de shēng sǐ， xíng wéi wán quán bèi suǒ wèi de“ dǒu zhì hé yì zhì” suǒ zhī pèi。 zhè wèi yǔ gǔ dài jūn wáng tóng míng de bǔ jīng chuán cháng， zuì zhōng yǐ sān tiān sān yè de bó dǒu， wán chéng liǎo yīng xióng de zhēng chéng， àn zhào zuò zhě de shè jì yǐ xùn dào de fāng shì yǔ bái jīng yī dào chén rù hǎi dǐ。 zhì cǐ， zhè bù xū nǐ zuò pǐn shì fàng liǎo quán bù néng liàng， bǎ jǐn zhāng、 kǒng jù、 chóu hèn、 fù chóu de jí duān huà qíng xù sài jìn liǎo dú zhě de jì yì， jìn 'ér chéng wéi cháng qī cún zài de gōng zhòng xíng xiàng jì yì de yī bù fēn。 bù guǎn rén men xǐ huān hái shì bù xǐ huān， yà hā chuán cháng zuì zhōng chéng liǎo yī zūn zài dà zì rán miàn qián bù fù rèn hé zé rèn， háo wú jìng wèi hé chàn huǐ zhī xīn de lěng miàn 'ǒu xiàng。 zài hòu lái xiāng dāng cháng de yī duàn shí jiān lǐ， zhè yī xíng xiàng zhùzhǎng liǎo zài dà zì rán zhōng wú suǒ gù jì、 fēng kuáng de xíng dòng， yǐng xiǎng liǎo zhèyīháng wéi xiàng gèng dà de fàn wéi màn yán。 zhè yī diǎn， rén men kě yǐ cóng 1851 nián zhī hòu de nà yī duàn lì shǐ， cóng zhěng gè zī běn zhù yì tǐ xì zài lù dì、 zài hǎi yáng， sì wú jì dá de kuò zhāng zhōng， cóng lù dì shēng wù hé hǎi yáng shēng wù dà liàng miè jué de jìng kuàng zhōng yòu suǒ gǎn wù。
mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr què shí bǔ zhuō dào liǎo yī gè dà mù biāo， tā wéi zǎo qī zī běn zhù yì duì dài dà zì rán de tài dù， gòu huà chū dà tǐ lún kuò， yě yù shì liǎo qí wèi lái。 mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr zài《 bái qíng》 suǒ tuò zhǎn de mǔ tí yǐ jí xiāng guān de qì fēn、 jī diào hé rén wù， zài hòu lái de wén xué hé yì shù fā zhǎn zhōng bèi bù duàn dì yīn xí hé fù zhì， yī gè duō shì jì yǐ lái jìng rán cháo qǐ cháo luò， cóng wèi tíng xiē。 zhí zhì 20 shì jì zhōng yè， měi guó de diàn yǐng gōng sī hái tuī chū yǔ《 bái jīng》 xiāng lèi shìde hǎi yáng kǒng bù gù shì， tā jiù shì yǐngpiān《 dà bái shā》。 wú lùn cóng shénme jiǎo dù kàn，《 dà bái shā》 dōushì《 bái jīng》 de xiàn dài fù zhì bǎn。 wǒ xiāng xìn， lèi sì de xù shù xìng zuò pǐn jīn hòu hái huì lù xù wèn shì， zhǐ bù guò tā de bèi jǐng hěn kě néng bù zài jǐn jǐn shì hǎi yáng， ér shì màn wú biān jì de dì qiú wài céng kōng jiān。
kě yǐ shuō， zhè jiù shì《 bái jīng》 xiě zuò de mí dǐ。 duì rén lèi shè huì de jìn bù 'ér yán， wú lùn tā shì yī běn hǎo shū， hái shì yī běn“ huài shū”， yǐ shì lì shǐ de yī bù fēn， chéng wéi zhī chí zī běn zhù yì tǐ xì de zhōng xīn huà yǔ de zhòng yào bù fēn， yǔ dāng jīn rén men de shēng huó jǐn mì xiāng lián， yǔ rén lèi de wèi lái shēng sǐ yōu guān。 jiāng 1851 nián de mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr yǔ zī běn zhù yì tǐ xì kǔn bǎng zài yī qǐ， jìn xíng pī pàn xìng sī kǎo， yòu rú fān nòng yī běn chén nián jiù zhàng， dàn zhǐ yào néng gěi yǎn xià bèi shēng tài huán jìng wèn tí kùn rǎo bù 'ān de rén men， dài lái yī xiē yòu yì de qǐ shì， jiù shì zhí dé de。
nèi hán yù yì
mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr zuò pǐn
zhù rén gōng yà hā chuán cháng hé bái jīng mò bǐ dí kè shì yī duì jiān ruì de máo dùn， zhè gè máo dùn jí zhōng dài biǎo liǎo rén lèi yǔ zì rán jiè de qiáng liè de chōng tū。 yòng wǒ men guān yú rén yǔ zì rán de guān xì lái héng liàng， zhè gè chōng tū de fā shēng shì kè guān de、 bì rán de、 bù kě huí bì de， shì rén yǔ zì rán de guān xì de yī gè fēi cháng xíng xiàng huà de tǐ xiàn。 yà hā chuán cháng shì rén lèi zài zì rán miàn qián de dài biǎo， shì rén lèi pài lái zhēng fú zì rán de。 tā shì pǔ tōng de rén， què yòu zhe pǔ tōng rén suǒ méi yòu de jiān yì gāng qiáng hé bùwèi míng lì suǒ dòng de zhǒng zhǒng měi dé， dàn tóng shí， zài tā de shēn shàng wǒ men hái fā xiàn liǎo fēng kuáng、 zì sī、 gāng bì zì yòng děng zhǒng zhǒng liè jì， shǐ wǒ men duì zhè yī xíng xiàng chǎn shēng liǎo quán miàn lì tǐ de rèn shí。 cóng tā de měi dé kàn， tā jìn hū shén míng， ràng rén xìn fènghè jī dòng bù yǐ； cóng tā de yīn 'àn de yī miàn kàn， tā yòu yuè lái yuè jiē jìn mò bǐ dí kè 'ér chéng wèile yī gè 'è mó， ràng rén gǎn dào kě zēng yòu kě pà。 zhèng yīn wéi rú cǐ， yà hā chuán cháng cái shì yī gè zhēn shí 'ér qiáng dà de rén， zhǐ yòu tā cái néng wán chéng rén lèi suǒ fù yú de jiǎo miè bái jīng de shǐ mìng。 duì yú yà hā lái jiǎng， zhè shǐ mìng shì shén shèng de， shì lì shǐ xìng de。 rén lèi zhēng fú zì rán de guò chéng shì yóu wú shù gè jiǎo miè bái jīng yī yàng de guò chéng zǔ chéng de， měi yī gè guò chéng dōuyòu yī gè yà hā zuò wéi lǐng xiù。 zhè lǐng xiù fēi yà hā mò shǔ。 yīn wéi yà hā jì qiáng dà wēi yán dé xiàng yī gè shén， yòu què shí shì yī gè rén。 rén lèi bù kě néng yǐ kào shén lì lái zhēng fú hé gǎi zào zì rán， nà zhǐ shì bèi chēng zuò shén huà de měi hǎo yuàn wàng。 yà hā dān qǐ liǎo jìn jī zì rán de shǐ mìng， tā yíng dé liǎo suǒ yòu yǒng gǎn de rén de zūn jìng hé 'ài dài， tā zhāo zhì zài zì rán miàn qián suō shǒu suō jiǎo de nuò ruò de rén de kǒng huāng shèn zhì zēng hèn。 yú shì， rén lèi zì shēn de máo dùn chǎn shēng liǎo， bìng qiě yī bù bù jiā jù， jǐn cì yú rén yǔ zì rán de máo dùn。 rén lèi zài zhēng fú zì rán de guò chéng zhōng， bì xū jiě jué hǎo nèi bù de máo dùn， bì xū kè fú zì shēn de zhǒng zhǒng ruò diǎn， zhǐ yòu zhè yàng， cái néng zài yǔ zì rán de jiào liàng zhōng huò dé chéng gōng。
yà hā chuán cháng jiǎo miè bái jīng de guò chéng bāo kuò liǎo yǐ shàng zhǒng zhǒng de yīn sù。“ péi kuò dé hào” shì rén lèi shè huì běn shēn de yī gè gāo dù gài kuò， shì nà gè nián dài rén lèi zhuàng tài de yī gè suō yǐng。 yà hā chuán cháng jiǎo miè bái jīng de guò chéng shì rén lèi zhēng fú zì rán de guò chéng zhōng de yī gè nóng suō， shì wú shù cì shū sǐ dǒu zhēng zhōng de yī cì。 bái jīng mò bǐ dí kè shì zì rán de dài biǎo， dāng rán tā yě shì zì rán zhèn yíng zhōng zuì jié chū de dài biǎo。 mò bǐ dí kè shì yī zhǒng zì rán lì liàng de xiàng zhēng， shì tóng yàng qiáng dà de zì rán de yī zhǒng jù tǐ tǐ xiàn。 zì rán yóu qiáng dà de mò bǐ dí kè hé wú shù gè píng yōng de qí tā zǔ chéng， zhèng xiàng rén lèi yóu qiáng dà de yà hā hé wú shù gè píng yōng de sī dá bā kè、 sī tǎ bù hé fú lā sī kè zǔ chéng yī yàng。 zì rán shì fēng hòu hé dà dù de， tā shì rén lèi de yǐ kào， shì rén lèi lài yǐ shēng cún de bǎo kù， shì rén lèi de yī shí fù mǔ， shī qù liǎo tā， rén lèi jiāng bù fù cún zài。 zì rán shì lìn sè de， tā cóng láidōu bù zhù dòng gěi rén lèi shénme， rén lèi cóng tā shēn shàng dé dào de yī qiē， dōushì kào zhe zì jǐ suǒ qǔ shèn zhì lüè duó 'ér shí xiàn de。 suǒ yǐ， rén lèi gǎo bù qīng zì rán jiū jìng shì rén lèi de 'ēn rén hái shì chóu rén， hái shì shí 'ér shì 'ēn rén shí 'ér shì chóu rén， zhè yī diǎn， kǒng pà tā zì jǐ yě gǎo bù qīng chǔ， yīn 'ér cái rú cǐ de máo dùn chóngchóng。 dàn shì， jǐn jiù dà jīng 'ér yán， zì rán hé rén lèi de chōng tū zhǐ kě néng shì nǐ sǐ wǒ huó de， yīn wéi， rén lèi xíng wéi fāng shì zài dà jīng de shēn shàng zhǐ tǐ xiàn chū duì zì rán zuì cán kù hé zuì wú dào de yī miàn， tóng yàng， dà jīng suǒ huí bào gěi rén lèi de yě zhǐ yòu shū sǐ de fǎn kàng hé yīn xiǎn de bào fù。
zài zhè yàng wú shù de máo dùn zhī zhōng， wú shù de chōng tū chǎn shēng liǎo。 mò bǐ dí kè chōng dāng zhe zì rán jiè de qiú cháng， zì mìng wéi zì rán de shǒu hù shén， yīn 'ér yà hā hé mò bǐ dí kè de chōng tū bù kě bì miǎn。 zài zì rán yǔ rén lèi de chōng tū zhōng， jié jú de shèng fù shì shì guān zhòng yào de， tā yǐng xiǎng zhe shì jiè de qián tú， zì rán yě jué dìng zhe rén lèi hé zì rán de mìng yùn。 zuì zhōng yà hā hé mò bǐ dí kè tóng guī yú jìn liǎo。 rén lèi hé zì rán shuí yě zhēng fú bù liǎo shuí， tā men jiù xiàng shì dì qiú de liǎng gè jí yī yàng， hù wéi yǐ kào， hù wéi bǔ chōng， wéi chí zhe shì jiè de yùn zhuǎn。 rén lèi hé zì rán， shì zuò dí rén hái shì zuò péng yǒu， zhè gè wèn tí zhǎo bù dào dá 'àn。 shì qù liǎo de yà hā hé mò bǐ dí kè jiě jué bù liǎo zhè gè nán tí， xiàn dài rén bù zhī néng fǒu jiě jué。 rén lèi rú hé miàn duì zì rán， shì rén lèi suǒ yǒng jiǔ miàn lín de yī gè huà tí， shì rén lèi néng fǒu bǎo chí zì shēn de yī gè guān jiàn。
《 bái jīng》 shì wěi dà de zuò pǐn， shì lì liàng hé sī xiǎng de suǒ zài， shì měi guó wén xué shǐ shàng de shǐ shī zhī zuò。 zuò zhě cóng fù yòu dào pín kùn de zhuǎn zhé jué dìng liǎo tā kǎn kě 'ér shǎn yào zhe guāng cǎi de mìng yùn， ér mìng yùn de duō chuǎn hé duì mìng yùn de bù duàn kàng zhēng， zé jué dìng liǎo tā rén shēng de lì dù hé zuò pǐn de lì dù。
hè 'ěr màn · mài 'ěr wéi 'ěr - làng màn zhù yì wén xué sī cháo
《 bái jīng jì》 diàn yǐng hǎi bào
làng màn zhù yì wén xué chǎn shēng yú 18 shì jì mò， zài 19 shì jì shàng bàn yè dá dào fán róng shí qī， shì xī fāng jìn dài wén xué zuì zhòng yào de sī cháo zhī yī。 zài zòng xiàng shàng， làng màn zhù yì wén xué shì duì wén yì fù xīng shí qī rén běn zhù yì lǐ niàn de jì chéng hé fā yáng， yě shì duì jiāng huà de fǎ guó gǔ diǎn zhù yì de yòu lì fǎn bō； zài héng xiàng shàng， làng màn zhù yì wén xué hé suí hòu chū xiàn de xiàn shí zhù yì wén xué gòng tóng gòu chéng xī fāng jìn dài wén xué de liǎng dà tǐ xì， zào jiù 19 shì jì xī fāng wén xué shèng jí yī shí de fán róng jú miàn， duì hòu lái de xiàn dài zhù yì hé hòu xiàn dài zhù yì wén xué chǎn shēng liǎo shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng。
làng màn zhù yì wén xué shì xī fāng jìn dài wén xué liǎng dà zhù liú tǐ xì zhī yī， duì zhěng gè xī fāng wén xué chǎn shēng de yǐng xiǎng shì wù yōng zhì yí de。 zòng xiàng shàng kàn， làng màn zhù yì qiáng diào chuàng zuò de jué duì zì yóu， chè dǐ cuī huǐ liǎo tǒng zhì 'ōu zhōu wén tán jǐ qiān nián de gǔ diǎn zhù yì de qīng guī jiè lǜ， shì xī fāng wén xué zài jìn dài lì shǐ shàng de yòu yī cì“ wén yì fù xīng”。 20 shì jì de xiàn dài zhù yì wén xué de zhū liú pài， dōukě yǐ kàn zuò shì làng màn zhù yì wén xué tuì biàn、 yǎn jìn de jiēguǒ。 hěn duō xiàn dài zhù yì zhě zì chēng“ xīn làng màn pài”， kě jiàn làng màn zhù yì wén xué yǔ xiàn dài zhù yì wén xué zhī jiān mìqiè de lián xì。
zài hóng kuò de shè huì lì shǐ bèi jǐng zhōng kàn， rén lèi lì shǐ shàng méi yòu rèn hé yī gè wén xué sī cháo hé fēng yún biàn huàn de shè huì biàn gé rú cǐ mìqiè de jié hé。 làng màn zhù yì wén xué shì jìn dài lì shǐ shàng rén men duì kē xué lǐ xìng、 wù zhì zhù yì dài lái de yì huà xiàn xiàng de yī cì chè dǐ de jiǎn shì hé qīng suàn。 làng màn zhù yì diān fù liǎo xī fāng zī běn zhù yì jiù de jià zhí lǐ xìng， yǐ qiáng liè de fǎn pàn jīng shén gòu jiàn liǎo yī gè xīn de wén huà mó shì。
cǐ wài， xǔ duō làng màn zhù yì zhě zhòng shì duì mín gē、 tóng huà děng mín jiān wén xué de zhěng lǐ hé sōu jí， zài hěn dà chéng dù shàng bǎo cún bìng fā yáng liǎo xī fāng wén xué de mín jiān chuán tǒng。 zài dé guó hé yīng guó， làng màn zhù yì jiù shì cóng sōu jí mín jiān wén xué kāi shǐ de。 làng màn pài guǎng fàn cóng mín jiān chuán shuō、 shén huà、 tóng huà zhōng xié qǔ tí cái， jí dà de fēng fù liǎo wén xué de biǎo xiàn shǒu fǎ， wéi xiàn dài zhù yì wén xué tí cái de fán róng diàn dìng liǎo jī chǔ。
Early life, education, and family
Herman Melville was born in New York City on August 1, 1819, the third child of Allan and Maria Gansevoort Melvill. After her husband Allan died, Maria added an "e" to the family surname. Part of a well-established and colorful Boston family, Melville's father spent a good deal of time abroad as a commission merchant and an importer of French dry goods. The author's paternal grandfather, Major Thomas Melvill, an honored survivor of the Boston Tea Party who refused to change the style of his clothing or manners to fit the times, was depicted in Oliver Wendell Holmes's poem "The Last Leaf". Herman visited him in Boston, and his father turned to him in his frequent times of financial need. The maternal side of Melville's family was Hudson Valley Dutch. His maternal grandfather was General Peter Gansevoort, a hero of the Battle of Saratoga; in his gold-laced uniform, the general sat for a portrait painted by Gilbert Stuart, which is described in Melville's 1852 novel, Pierre, for Melville wrote out of his familial as well as his nautical background. Like the titular character in Pierre, Melville found satisfaction in his "double revolutionary descent."
Allan Melvill sent his sons to the New York Male School (Columbia Preparatory School). Overextended financially and emotionally unstable, Allan tried to recover from his setbacks by moving his family to Albany in 1830 and going into the fur business. The new venture, however, was unsuccessful; the War of 1812 had ruined businesses that tried to sell overseas and he was forced to declare bankruptcy. He died soon afterward, leaving his family penniless, when Herman was 12. Although Maria had well-off kin, they were concerned with protecting their own inheritances and taking advantage of investment opportunities rather than settling their mother's estate so Maria's family would be more secure. Herman's younger brother, Thomas Melville, eventually became a governor of Sailors Snug Harbor.
Melville attended the Albany Academy from October 1830 to October 1831, and again from October 1836 to March 1837, where he studied the classics.
[edit]Early working life
Historical marker at the site of the family home in Albany, NY.
Melville's roving disposition and a desire to support himself independently of family assistance led him to seek work as a surveyor on the Erie Canal. This effort failed, and his brother helped him get a job as a cabin boy on a New York ship bound for Liverpool. He made the voyage, and returned on the same ship. Redburn: His First Voyage (1849) is partly based on his experiences of this journey.
The three years after Albany Academy (1837 to 1840) were mostly occupied with teaching school, except for the voyage to Liverpool in 1839. Near the end of 1840 he once again decided to sign ship's articles. On January 3, 1841, he sailed from New Bedford, Massachusetts on the whaler Acushnet, which was bound for the Pacific Ocean. He was later to comment that his life began that day. The vessel sailed around Cape Horn and traveled to the South Pacific. Melville left little direct information about the events of this 18-month cruise, although his whaling romance, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, probably gives many pictures of life on board the Acushnet. Melville deserted the Acushnet in the Marquesas Islands in July 1842. For three weeks he lived among the Typee natives, who were called cannibals by the two other tribal groups on the island—though they treated Melville very well. Typee, Melville's first novel, describes a brief love affair with a beautiful native girl, Fayaway, who generally "wore the garb of Eden" and came to epitomize the guileless noble savage in the popular imagination.
Melville, always a reluctant subject, sat for this portrait in 1846/47.
Melville did not seem to be concerned about repercussions from his desertion from the Acushnet. He boarded another whaler bound for Hawaii and left that ship in Honolulu. While in Honolulu, he became a controversial figure for his vehement opposition to the activities of Christian missionaries seeking to convert the native population. After working as a clerk for four months, he joined the crew of the frigate USS United States, which reached Boston in October 1844. These experiences were described in Typee, Omoo, and White-Jacket, which were published as novels mainly because few believed their veracity.
Melville completed Typee in the summer of 1845, though he had difficulty getting it published. It was eventually published in 1846 in London, where it became an overnight bestseller. The Boston publisher subsequently accepted Omoo sight unseen. Typee and Omoo gave Melville overnight notoriety as a writer and adventurer, and he often entertained by telling stories to his admirers. As writer and editor Nathaniel Parker Willis wrote, "With his cigar and his Spanish eyes, he talks Typee and Omoo, just as you find the flow of his delightful mind on paper". The novels, however, did not generate enough royalties for him to live on. Omoo was not as colorful as Typee, and readers began to realize Melville was not just producing adventure stories. Redburn and White-Jacket had no problem finding publishers. Mardi was a disappointment for readers who wanted another rollicking and exotic sea yarn.
[edit]Marriage and later working life
Elizabeth Shaw Melville
Melville married Elizabeth Shaw, daughter of chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Lemuel Shaw, on August 4, 1847; the couple honeymooned in Canada. They had four children: two sons and two daughters. In 1850 they purchased Arrowhead, a farm house in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, now a museum. Here Melville lived for 13 years, occupied with his writing and managing his farm. While living at Arrowhead, he befriended the author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, who lived in nearby Lenox. Melville, an intellectual loner for most of his life, was tremendously inspired and encouraged by his new relationship with Hawthorne during the period that he was writing Moby-Dick (dedicating it to Hawthorne), though their friendship was on the wane only a short time later, when he wrote Pierre there.
Arrowhead, home of Melville, Pittsfield, Massachusetts
However, these works did not achieve the popular and critical success of his earlier books. Indeed, The New York Day Book on September 8, 1852, published a venomous attack on Melville and his writings headlined HERMAN MELVILLE CRAZY. The item, offered as a news story, reported, "A critical friend, who read Melville's last book, 'Ambiguities," between two steamboat accidents, told us that it appeared to be composed of the ravings and reveries of a madman. We were somewhat startled at the remark, but still more at learning, a few days after, that Melville was really supposed to be deranged, and that his friends were taking measures to place him under treatment. We hope one of the earliest precautions will be to keep him stringently secluded from pen and ink." Following this and other scathing reviews of Pierre by critics, publishers became wary of Melville's work. His publisher, Harper & Brothers, rejected his next manuscript, Isle of the Cross which has been lost. On April 1, 1857, Melville published his last full-length novel, The Confidence-Man. This novel, subtitled "His Masquerade", has won general acclaim in modern times as a complex and mysterious exploration of issues of fraud and honesty, identity and masquerade, but when it was published, it received reviews ranging from the bewildered to the denunciatory.
Melville in 1885, age 66.
To repair his faltering finances, Melville listened to the advice of friends and decided to enter what was for others the lucrative field of lecturing. From 1857 to 1860, he spoke at lyceums, chiefly on the South Seas. Turning to poetry, he gathered a collection of verse that failed to interest a publisher. In 1863, he and his wife resettled, with their four children, in New York City. After the end of the American Civil War, he published Battle Pieces and Aspects of the War, (1866) a collection of over 70 poems that generally was ignored by the critics, though a few gave him patronizingly favorable reviews. In 1866, Melville's wife and her relatives used their influence to obtain a position for him as customs inspector for the City of New York (a humble but adequately paying appointment), and he held the post for 19 years. In a notoriously corrupt institution, Melville soon won the reputation of being the only honest employee of the customs house. (The customs house was coincidentally on Gansevoort St., named after his mother's prosperous family.) But from 1866, his professional writing career can be said to have come to an end.
Melville spent years writing a 16,000-line epic poem, Clarel, inspired by his earlier trip to the Holy Land. His uncle, Peter Gansevoort, by a bequest, paid for the publication of the massive epic in 1876. But the publication failed miserably, and the unsold copies were burned when Melville was unable to afford to buy them at cost.
Plaque outside 104 East 26th street, New York
As his professional fortunes waned, Melville's marriage was unhappy. Elizabeth's relatives repeatedly urged her to leave him, and offered to have him committed as insane, but she refused. In 1867, his oldest son, Malcolm, shot himself, perhaps accidentally. While Melville worked, his wife managed to wean him off alcohol, and he no longer showed signs of agitation or insanity. But recurring depression was added to by the death of his second son, Stanwix, in San Francisco early in 1886. Melville retired in 1886, after several of his wife's relatives died and left the couple legacies that Mrs. Melville administered with skill and good fortune.
As English readers, pursuing the vogue for sea stories represented by such writers as G. A. Henty, rediscovered Melville's novels, he experienced a modest revival of popularity in England, though not in the United States. Once more he took up his pen, writing a series of poems with prose head notes inspired by his early experiences at sea. He published them in two collections, each issued in a tiny edition of 25 copies for his relatives and friends: John Marr (1888) and Timoleon (1891).
One of these poems further intrigued him, and he began to rework the headnote to turn it into first a short story and then a novella. He worked on it on and off for several years, but when he died in September 1891, he left the piece unfinished, and not until the literary scholar Raymond Weaver published it in 1924 did the book – which is now known as Billy Budd, Sailor – come to light.
The grave of Herman Melville and his wife
Melville died at his home in New York City early on the morning of September 28, 1891, age 72. The doctor listed "cardiac dilation" on the death certificate. He was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York. A common story says that his New York Times obituary called him "Henry Melville", implying that he was unknown and unappreciated at his time of death, but the story is not true.
From about age 33, Melville ceased to be popular with a broad audience because of his increasingly philosophical, political, and experimental tendencies. His novella Billy Budd, Sailor, unpublished at the time of his death, was published in 1924. Later it was turned into an opera by Benjamin Britten, a play, and a film by Peter Ustinov.
In Herman Melville's Religious Journey, Walter Donald Kring detailed his discovery of letters indicating that Melville had been a member of the Unitarian Church of All Souls in New York City. Until this revelation, little had been known of his religious affiliation. Hershel Parker in the second volume of his biography makes it clear that Melville became a nominal member only to placate his wife. Melville despised Unitarianism and its associated "ism", Utilitarianism. (The great English Unitarians were Utilitarians.) See the 2006 Norton Critical Edition of The Confidence-Man for more detail on Melville and religion than in Parker's 2002 volume.
[edit]Publications and contemporary reactions
Title page of the first U.S. edition of Moby-Dick, 1851.
Most of Melville's novels were published first in the United Kingdom and then in the U.S. Sometimes the editions contain substantial differences; at other times different printings were either bowdlerized or restored to their pre-bowdlerized state. (For specifics on different publication dates, editions, printings, etc., please see entries for individual novels.)
Moby-Dick; or, The Whale has become Melville's most famous work and is often considered one of the greatest literary works of all time. It was dedicated to Melville's friend Nathaniel Hawthorne. It did not, however, make Melville rich. The book never sold its initial printing of 3,000 copies in his lifetime, and total earnings from the American edition amounted to just $556.37 from his publisher, Harper & Brothers. Melville also wrote Billy Budd, White-Jacket, Israel Potter, Redburn, Typee, Omoo, Pierre, The Confidence-Man and many short stories, including "Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street" and "Benito Cereno," and works of various genres.
Melville is less well known as a poet and did not publish poetry until later in life. After the Civil War, he published Battle Pieces and Aspects of the War, which did not sell well; of the Harper & Bros. printing of 1200 copies, only 525 had been sold ten years later. Again tending to outrun the tastes of his readers, Melville's epic length verse-narrative Clarel, about a student's pilgrimage to the Holy Land, was also quite obscure, even in his own time. Among the longest single poems in American literature, Clarel, published in 1876, had an initial printing of only 350 copies. The critic Lewis Mumford found a copy of the poem in the New York Public Library in 1925 "with its pages uncut"—in other words, it had sat there unread for 50 years.
His poetry is not as highly critically esteemed as his fiction, although some critics place him as the first modernist poet in the United States; others would assert that his work more strongly suggest what today would be a postmodern view. A leading champion of Melville's claims as a great American poet was the poet and novelist Robert Penn Warren, who issued a selection of Melville's poetry prefaced by an admiring and acute critical essay.
[edit]Critical response
[edit]Contemporary criticism
Melville was not financially successful as a writer, having earned just over $10,000 for his writing during his lifetime. After the success of travelogues based on voyages to the South Seas and stories based on misadventures in the merchant marine and navy, Melville's popularity declined dramatically. By 1876, all of his books were out of print. In the later years of his life and during the years after his death he was recognized, if at all, as only a minor figure in American literature.
[edit]Melville revival
A confluence of publishing events in the 1920s brought about a reassessment now commonly called "the Melville Revival". The two books generally considered most important to the Revival were Raymond Weaver's 1921 biography Herman Melville: Man, Mariner and Mystic and his 1924 edition of Melville's last great but never quite finished manuscript, Billy Budd, which Melville's granddaughter gave to Weaver when he visited her for research on the biography. The other works that helped fan the Revival flames were Carl Van Doren's The American Novel (1921), D. H. Lawrence's Studies in Classic American Literature (1923), and Lewis Mumford's biography, Herman Melville: A Study of His Life and Vision (1929). In 1945, the Melville Society was formed as a nonprofit organization dedicated to celebrating Melville’s literary legacy. Jay Leyda, better known for his work in film, spent more than a decade gathering documents and records for the day by day Melville Log (1951). In the same year Newton Arvin published the critical biography Herman Melville, which won the nonfiction National Book Award.
In the 1960s, Northwestern University Press, in alliance with the Newberry Library and the Modern Language Association, established ongoing publication runs of Melville's various titles. This alliance sought to create a "definitive" edition of Melville's works. Titles republished under the Northwestern-Newberry Library include Typee, Piazza Tales and Other Prose Pieces, Omoo, Israel Potter, Pierre or the Ambiguities, Confidence-Man, White Jacket or the World in a Man-of-War, Moby Dick, Mardi and a Voyage Thither, Redburn, Clarel , as well as several volumes of Melville's poems, journals, and correspondence.
[edit]Themes of gender and sexuality
Although not the primary focus of Melville scholarship, there has been an emerging interest in the role of gender and sexuality in some of Melville's writings. Some critics, particularly those interested in gender studies, have explored the existence of male-dominant social structures in Melville's fiction. For example, Alvin Sandberg claimed that "The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids" offers "an exploration of impotency, a portrayal of a man retreating to an all-male childhood to avoid confrontation with sexual manhood" from which the narrator engages in "congenial" digressions in heterogeneity. In line with this view Warren Rosenberg argues the homosocial "Paradise of Bachelors" is shown to be "superficial and sterile." David Harley Serlin observes in the second half of Melville's diptych, "The Tartarus of Maids," the narrator gives voice to the oppressed women he observes: "As other scholars have noted, the "slave" image here has two clear connotations. One describes the exploitation of the women's physical labor, and the other describes the exploitation of the women's reproductive organs. Of course, as models of women's oppression, the two are clearly intertwined." In the end the narrator is never fully able to come to terms with the contrasting masculine and feminine modalities. Issues of sexuality have been observed in other works as well. Rosenberg notes Taji, in "Mardi", and the protagonist in "Pierre" "think they are saving young "maidens in distress" (Yillah and Isabel) out of the purest of reasons but both are also conscious of a lurking sexual motive." When Taji kills the old priest holding Yillah captive, he states "remorse smote me hard; and like lightning I asked myself whether the death deed I had done was sprung of virtuous motive, the rescuing of a captive from thrall, or whether beneath the pretense I had engaged in this fatal affray for some other selfish purpose, the companionship of a beautiful maid." In "Pierre" the motive for his self-sacrifice for Isabel is admitted: "womanly beauty and not womanly ugliness invited him to champion the right." Rosenberg argues "This awareness of a double motive haunts both books and ultimately destroys their protagonists who would not fully acknowledge the dark underside of their idealism. The epistemological quest and the transcendental quest for love and belief are consequently sullied by the erotic."
Melville fully explores the theme of sexuality in his major poetical work "Clarel." When the narrator is separated from Ruth, with whom he has fallen in love, he is free to explore other sexual (and religious) possibilities before deciding at the end of the poem to participate in the ritualistic order marriage represents. In the course of the poem "he considers every form of sexual orientation - celibacy, homosexuality, hedonism, and heterosexuality - raising the same kinds of questions as when he considers Islam or Democracy."
Some passages and sections of Melville's works demonstrate his willingness to address all forms of sexuality, including the homoerotic, in his works. Commonly given examples from Moby Dick are the interpretation of male bonding from what is termed the "marriage bed" episode involving Ishmael and Queequeg, and the "Squeeze of the Hand" chapter describing the camaraderie of sailors extracting spermaceti from a dead whale. Billy Budd's physical attractiveness is described in quasi-feminine terms: "As the Handsome Sailor, Billy Budd's position aboard the seventy-four was something analogous to that of a rustic beauty transplanted from the provinces and brought into competition with the highborn dames of the court." Some critics argue that "Ahab's pursuit of the whale, which can be associated with the feminine in its shape, mystery, and in its naturalness, represents the ultimate fusion of the epistemological and sexual quest."
[edit]Law and literature
In recent years, Billy Budd has become a central text in the field of legal scholarship known as law and literature. In the novel, Billy, a handsome and popular young sailor impressed from the merchant vessel Rights of Man to serve aboard H.M.S. Indomitable in the late 1790s, during the war between Revolutionary France and Great Britain and her monarchic allies, excites the enmity and hatred of the ship's master-at-arms, John Claggart. Claggart devises phony charges of mutiny and other crimes to level against Billy, and Captain the Honorable Edward Fairfax Vere institutes an informal inquiry, at which Billy convulsively strikes Claggart because his stammer prevents him from speaking. Vere immediately convenes a drumhead court-martial, at which, after serving as sole witness and as Billy's de facto counsel, Vere then urges the court to convict and sentence Billy to death. The trial is recounted in chapter 21, the longest chapter in the book, and that trial has become the focus of scholarly controversy: was Captain Vere a good man trapped by bad law, or did he deliberately distort and misrepresent the applicable law to condemn Billy to death?
[edit]Legacy
In 2010 it was announced that a new species of extinct giant sperm whale, Livyatan melvillei was named in honor of Melville. The paleontologists who discovered the fossil are all fans of Moby-Dick and wanted to dedicate their discovery to Melville.