yīng guó zuòzhělièbiǎo
bèi 'ào Beowulfqiáo sǒu Geoffrey Chaucerāi méng · bīn sài Edmund Spenser
wēi lián · suō shì William Shakespeareqióng sēn Ben Jonson 'ěr dùn John Milton
duō 'ēn John Donne wéi 'ěr Andrew Marvell léi Thomas Gray
lāi William Blakehuá huá William Wordsworth miù 'ěr · zhì Samuel Coleridge
Sir Walter Scottbài lún George Gordon Byronxuě lāi Percy Bysshe Shelley
John Keatsài · lǎng Emily Bronte lǎng níng rén Elizabeth Barret Browning
ài huá · fěi jié Edward Fitzgeralddīng shēng Alfred Tennysonluó · lǎng níng Robert Browning
ā nuò Matthew Arnold dài Thomas Hardyài lüè Thomas Stearns Eliot
láo lún David Herbert Lawrence lán · tuō Dylan Thomasmài kǎi Norman Maccaig
mài lín Somhairle Mac Gill-Eainxiū Ted Hughes jīn Philip Larkin
· qióng Peter Jonescuī ruì Denis Twitchettā nuò · tānɡ yīn Arnold Joseph Toynbee
yuē hàn · láo 'āi John Lloydyuē hàn · sēn 约翰米奇森bǎo luó · 'ěr Paul Collier
dāng · Adam Smithdài wéi · D.W.Millerduō · lāi xīn Doris Lessing
qiáo sēn · wēi Jonathan Swiftqiáo sēn · léi Jonathan Pryceqiáo sēn Jonathan
yuē hàn · màn John Man · luò Nikolas Kozloff ruì · hàn Graham Hancock
wéi 'ēn · Wayne Rooneydài wéi - shǐ David - Smithshǐ fēn · bèi Stephen Bayley
dài méng · Desmond Morrisqiáo zhì · ào wēi 'ěr George Orwellxīn . liè nóng Cynthia Lennon
shān · shǐ wēi Alexander Stillwelltáng A. mài kěn Donald Alexander Mackenzie lún · 'ěr Allen Carr
· jié Mary Jaksch dāng · jié xùn Adam J. Jacksonluó · dài wéi sēn Rosemary Davidson
· yīn Sarah Vinekǎi · cuī E.Kay Trimbergerwéi duō · bèi hàn Victoria Beckham
yuē hàn · luó · ruì 'ěr · tuō 'ěr jīn John Ronald Reuel Tolkien
yīng guó wēn suō wáng cháo  (1892niányuányuè3rì1973niánjiǔyuè2rì)

yuèdòuyuē hàn · luó · ruì 'ěr · tuō 'ěr jīn John Ronald Reuel Tolkienzài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!!
约翰·罗纳德·瑞尔·托尔金
  yuē hàn - luó - ruì 'ěr - tuō 'ěr jīn,( JohnRonaldReuelTolkien, 1892 nián 1 yuè 3 --1973 nián 9 yuè 2 ), yīng guó yán xué jiāzuò jiā yīn chuàng zuò liǎo huàn xiǎo shuō jièsān 'ér zhī míng bān jiǎn chēng wéi J.R.R. tuō 'ěr jīn
  
   shēng píng jiǎn jiè
   tuō 'ěr jīn chū shēng 'ào lán zhì yóu bāngjīn shǔ nán fēide lóng fāng dān。 3 suì shí suí qīn míng hàn xiūjià, 4 suì shí dào qīn shì de xiāo 。 1915 nián 23 suì shí tuō 'ěr jīn cóng yīng guó niú jīn xué cān jiā shì jiè zhàntuō 'ěr jīn yīn huàn " zhàn háo " ér zài yuàn dài dào liǎo zhàn jié shùzhèng shì zhè duàn zài yuàn de kāi shǐ liǎo zuì chū de xiě zuò shēng
  
   zhàn hòutuō 'ěr jīn chéng wèile míng yán xué jiā shì 1918 nián -1920 nián bǎn dexīn yīng diǎnde biān wěidàn gèng yán jiū 'àng - xùn zhù chēngzhè shǐ guǎng fàn jiē chù dào yīng guó běi 'ōu liú chuán de shén huà mín jiān chuán shuō
  
  1937 niántuō 'ěr jīn wán chéng liǎo de zuò pǐn rén xiǎn 》。 jìn guǎn zhè shì tóng huàdàn tóng yàng shì chéng rén yuè yóu zhè zuò pǐn xiāo liàng cuòchū bǎn shāng( Allen&Unwin) shuō tuō 'ěr jīn xiě zuò zhè tuō 'ěr jīn wán chéng liǎo zuì yòu míng de zuò pǐn ---- shǐ shī sān jiè》。 zhè zuò pǐn de xiě zuò chí liǎo jìn shí 'èr niánbìng shòu dào liǎo tuō 'ěr jīn de yǒu C-S- de zhī chí
  
  《 jiède kāi tóu lèi 'ér tóng zuò pǐndàn zhī hòu xiě zuò fēng xùn biàn yán hēi 'àn。《 jièshì 20 shì zuì liú xíng de wén xué zuò pǐn zhī lùn shì cóng xiāo shòu liàng hái shì zhě píng jià lái jiǎngtuō 'ěr jīn de zhòng yào yǐng xiǎng zài zài jièchéng gōng zhī hòu huàn xiǎo shuō zhè wén xué cái xùn zhǎn lái
  
   zhuànjì
   zhī fēn de tuō 'ěr jīn jiā de xiān dōushì gōng jiàng guó de Saxony。 cóng 18 shì dào liǎo yīng lánchéng wéi liǎo " kuài jié 'ér qíng de yīng lán rén "( yuán wén: becoming"quicklyandintenselyEnglish")。 tuō 'ěr jīn( Tolkien) zhè xìng shì shì yóu Tollkiehn zhè guó xìng shì yīng guó huà 'ér lái yuán shì " yǒngmán gān " de lìng wài de míng luó ( Rashbold) bèi tuō 'ěr jīn yòng zhù zuò TheNotionClubPapers zhōng de liǎng rén shēn shàng zuò wéi zhǒng shuāng guān
  
   tuō 'ěr jīn de wài gōng wài Suffield zhù zài míng hàn bìng zài shì zhōng xīn yōng yòu jiān shāng diàn。 Suffield jiā cóng 1812 nián zài zuò míng jiào LambHouse de fáng zhōng jīng yíng shū wén děng shēng
  
   tuō 'ěr jīn 1892 nián 1 yuè 3 chū shēng xiàn nán fēi 'ào lán zhì yóu bāng de lóng fāng dān - ruì 'ěr - tuō 'ěr jīn( ArthurReuelTolkien) shì wèi yínháng jīng tuō 'ěr jīn yòu HilaryArthurReuel, chū shēng 1894 nián de 2 yuè 17
  
   zài fēi zhōu zhù jiān zài huā yuán bèi zhǒng fèi fèi zhī zhū( baboonspiders) yǎo shāngzhè shì qíng wèitā hòu lái de mǒu xiē shū gōng liǎo cái。 ThorntonS.Quimby shēng zài tuō 'ěr jīn bèi yǎo hòu zhào liǎo shēng bìng de , Quimby shēng hěn néng chéng wéi liǎo tuō 'ěr jīn hòu lái shū zhōng juésè huī páo gān dào ( GandalftheGrey) de zǎo rén yuán xíng。 3 suì shítuō 'ěr jīn tóng qīn qián wǎng yīng lán jìn xíng liǎo màn cháng de tàn qīntuō 'ěr jīn de qīn suī rán suàn zài zǒu hòu dòng shēndàn què zài dòng shēn qián fēng shī ( Rheumaticfever), shī liǎo jiā tíng shōu de tuō 'ěr jīn de qīn dài zhe zhù dào liǎo tuō 'ěr jīn de wài zài míng hàn shǐ líng (StirlingRoad) de jiā zhōng
  
   ā 'ěr de yán
   tuō 'ěr jīn de xué shù shēng de wén xué chuàng zuò liǎng zhě suǒ zhōng 'ài de yán zhé xué shì fēn de zài xué shí dài zhuān gōng zhé xuébìng 1918 nián kāi shǐ tóu niú jīn yīng diǎn de biān xiě gōng zuò zhōng bèi rèn wéi céng yán jiū W wéi shǒu de xiē huìbāo kuò walrus" hǎi xiàng " de yuán -- céng tóu tòng jiǔ de huì。 1920 niántuō 'ěr jīn dān rèn yīng gāo jiǎng shībìng shēng chēng shì yīn wéi 'ér shǐ yán xué xué shēng de shù liàng yóu 5 wèi zēng jiā zhì 20 wèi céng jiào shòu yīng yīng xióng shī yīng shǐ duō yīng zhōng yīng wén běn yīng zhōng yīng zhé xué 'ěr màn zhé xué jiè shào bīng dǎo zhōng wēi 'ěr shì 。 1925 nián tuō 'ěr jīn 33 suì nián chéng gōng shēn qǐng dào 'àng xùn de Rawlinson Bosworth jiào shòu zhí quēbìng zài de 'ěr màn zhé xué de xué shēng céng chéng " wéi jīng "( VikingClub) wéi 'ào -- zài xué shēng yóu yuè kān de wéi de mào xiǎn shì jiǔ
  
   xiàtuō 'ěr jīn bèi rèn yòu guān zhǒng yán xué hán de shì yǐnbìng qiě kǎo zhù zhǒng shēng lái de yán pǐn wèi zhǒng zài 1955 nián " yīng wēi 'ěr shì " zhè chǎng yǎn jiǎng zhōng suǒ dào de " "( nativelanguage), xiāng duì yòu shí suǒ xué de yán( cradlelanguage)。 rèn wéi lán de zhōng yīng shì suǒ yōng yòu de " ", jiù tóng zài 1955 nián gěi shī rén 'ào dēng de shū xìn zhōng suǒ dào: ' zài xuè yuán shàng shì wèi lán rénbìng qiě zǎo xiān zài yǎn kàn dào lán de zhōng yīng shí jiù jiù shì wéi zhī de yán)。
  
   lìng xiàng tuō 'ěr jīn shēn wéi zhé xué jiā de zhuān chéng jiù bìng jià yòu shí shèn zhì chāo yuè 'ér shǐ de xué shù chǎn chū xiāng xíng miǎo xiǎo dejiù shì duì rén zào yán chuàng zuò de 'ài zhōng zhǎn zuì chéng shú de jiù shì kūn xīn lín liǎng zhǒng rén zào yán de yuán guān gòu chéng liǎo fèn tuō 'ěr jīn chuán shuō shì liè de xīnduì tuō 'ěr jīn lái shuō yán wén shì yōu guān měi gǎn xié yīn de zhòng yào yuán ér kūn gèng bié shì " yīn měi gǎn "( phonaesthetic) de kǎo liàng shè de chuàng zào gài niàn wéi " jīng líng dīng ", zài yīn shàng shì dīng ( Elvenlatin) wéi chǔbìng fēn lán wéi líng gǎn lái yuán
  
   tuō 'ěr jīn rèn wéi yán zhī guān lián de shén huà chuán shuō shì fēn deyīn zhōng jiū duì guó zhù yán chí bēi guān de tài zài 1930 nián yīcháng yǎn jiǎng " de zuì xíng " zhōng duì qún shì jiè de shǐ yòng zhě shuō: ' men de yán jiāng chǎn shēng shén huà ', rán 'ér zài 1956 nián què xià jié lùn: ' shì jiè duō nuò wéi děng děngzhū lèijūn shì wěi wáng de yányuǎn xiàn bèi shǐ yòng de yuǎn yán de hái yào tòuyīn wéi men de chuàng zuò zhě cóng wèi chuàng zuò rèn shì jiè de chuán shì
  
   tuō 'ěr jīn zhù zuò de liú xíng duì yán de shǐ yòngyóu shì zài huàn wén xué lèi jīng chǎn shēng wēi xiǎo dàn shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎngshèn zhì shì dwarves" ǎi rén shù) " elvish" jīng líng dejīng líng " zhè liǎng yuán běn 19 shì zhōng huò shèn zhì gèng zǎo diǎn jiù jīng zài bèi shǐ yòng de pīn zài tuō 'ěr jīn de xīng xià guǎng wéi xiàn jīn de diǎn suǒ jiē shòufēn bié dài 19 shì hòu dwarfs elfish de pīn suǒ chuàng zào de xīn eucatastrophe( jiù shú de shí huò zhí : " shàn zhàn shèng 'è ") zài tuō 'ěr jīn zhù zuòxiàng guān de wén zhāng zhōng jīng cháng bèi shǐ yòng
  
   jiè
  《 jiè》( TheLordoftheRings, yòu zhǐ huán wáng》) shì xiàn dài zhèng tǒng huàn wén xué xiǎo shuō de kāi shān yǐn liǎo lóng xià chéng lèi xíng( Dungeons&Dragons) yóu wén xué de xīng shèng
  
  《 jièzuì chū zài gōng yuán 1954 nián zhì 1955 nián zhī jiān chū bǎnshì tuō 'ěr jīn zǎo zuò pǐnhuò rén》( TheHobbit) de zuòzài nèi róng de shēn guǎng shàng dào liǎo kuò zhǎn qián bèi fān chéng 38 zhǒng yán
  
   quán shū gòng fēn liù piān :
  
   piānhēi yǐng zhòng lín (I:TheReturnoftheShadow)
  
   'èr piān jiè yuǎn zhēng duì (II:TheFellowshipoftheRing)
  
   sān piān sēn jiā de bèi pàn (III:TheTreasonofIsengard)
  
   piān zhī (IV:TheJourneytoMordor)
  
   piān jiè zhàn zhēng (V:TheWaroftheRing)
  
   liù piānwáng zhě huí guī (VI:TheReturnoftheKing)
  
   tuō 'ěr jīn yuán lái suàn chū běn kuài tóudàn shì yīn wéi zài 'èr zhàn hòu zhǐ zhāng duǎn quēsuǒ de xiǎng méi néng zhū shí xiànzuì hòu xiǎo shuō zhǐ néng fēn chéng sān chū bǎn:《 jiè shǒu - jiè tóng méng duì》 ( piān I piān II)、《 jiè 'èr - shuāng 》 ( piān III piān IV) jiè sān - guó wáng guī lái》 ( piān V piān VI, 6 , 4 suǒ yǐn )
  
   yīn wéi zhè sān běn xiǎo shuō shì guǎng fàn fēn suǒ zuò pǐn tōng cháng bèi chēng wéi jiè sān dàn shì yán lái shuō zhè shì duì deyīn wéi gòu shì jiù shì wán zhěng de zuò pǐn
  
   yīng guó chū bǎn de 7 tào zhuāng gēn suí tuō 'ěr jīn de liù piān jiàngé piān páidàn liù piān wěi de bèi chéng wéi xiàn zài suǒ kàn dào de sān měi de míng shì zài shì hòu cái jué dìng dejié liǎo tuō 'ěr jīn shēng qián de gòu měi piān de biāo zhěng zuò pǐn
  
   shì jiǎng shù zhùjué rén luó duō jīn cóng de táng 'ěr shǒu shàng dào jiè 'ěr de hǎo péng yǒu shī gān dào zhǐ shì luó duō jiāng jiè dài gěi jīng líng wáng 'ài lóngài lóng zhào liǎo fāng de dài biǎo jiā 'ài lóng huì bìng shāng tǎo chǔlǐ jièbìng gào zhī suǒ yòu rénruò jiè zhòng huí wáng suǒ lún shǒu zhōngzhōng jiāng huì miè wángzuì hòu yóu gāng duó de gāngyōu 'àn lín de gǒu shī gān dào de jīn gāng duó de luó xià 'ěr de rén luó duōshān pìn méi chéng jiè yuǎn zhēng duì》。 de shì jiāng jiè dài dào hēi 'àn de duō nèisuǒ lún zhì zào jiè de fāng -- huǒ shānjiāng xiāo miè
  
   yīng wén yuán bǎn de jiè 1954 nián lái chū bǎn liǎo hěn duō tóng de bǎn běnbìng bèi wéi duō zhǒng wén
  
   zài lín chū bǎn shè 2002 nián chū bǎn liǎo jiǎn zhōng wén bǎn de jièsān yóu sān rén fān yīn lián guàn xìng děng wèn shòu dào xiē 'àihào zhě de píng
  
   zài tái wānlián jīng chū bǎn gōng chū bǎnzhū xué héng fān de fán zhōng wén bǎn shòu dào guǎng fàn rèn mài chū shù shí wàn de jiā
  
   zuì zǎo de jièdiàn yǐng gǎi biān zuò pǐn wéituō 'ěr jīn zhī jiè》( J.R.R.Tolkien'sTheLordoftheRings, 1978 nián), yóu dòng huà shī luó - bèi ( RalphBakshi) zhí dǎoshì dòng huà diàn yǐnggāi piàn yuán běn fēn chéng 'èr tuī chūyīn yuán shǐ de biāo wéi jiè 》( TheLordoftheRingsPart1))。 diàn yǐng de shì fàn wéi bāo hán liǎo jiè xiàn shēn fèn deshuāng chéng móu》。 'èr zuò pǐnwáng zhě zài lín》( 1980 niánshì yóu lán jīn bèi gōng ( Rankin-Bass) zhì zuò de diàn shì dòng huà bié jié men zài 1977 nián zhì zuò liǎo lèi de zuò pǐnhuò rén》( TheHobbit)。 sān de gǎi biān diàn yǐng shì yóu - jié sēn zhí dǎo de jiè diàn yǐng sān 》, yóu xīn xiàn yǐng ( NewlineCinema) zhì zuòsān zuò pǐn fēn bié wéizhǐ huán wáng jiè shǐ zhě》( 2001 nián)、《 zhǐ huán wángshuāng bīng》( 2002 nián zhǐ huán wángwáng zhě guī lái》( 2003 nián)。
  
  《 zhǐ huán wángwáng zhě guī láishì 1997 nián detài tǎn hàohòu 'èr piào fáng 10 měi yuán de diàn yǐnggāi piàn tài tǎn hào yànggòng yíng 11 zuò 'ào jīn xiàng jiǎngbāo kuò " zuì jiā yǐngpiān " " zuì jiā dǎo yǎn "。 sān de diàn yǐng chéng gōng de ràng gèng duō rén rèn shí liǎo jiè liè zuò pǐn
  
   jiè zhù yào rén
  
   luó duō - jīn ( FrodoBaggins) ---- huò rénzhǐ huán wáng de zhùjuéshì jiè de chí yòu zhějiāng jiè dài wǎng huǒ shān xiāo huǐ
  
   shān shān huái - gān , SamwiseGamgee"Sam") ---- luó duō de yuán dīngpéi tóng luó duō qián wǎng huǒ shān
  
   pìn , ruì lín - ( PeregrinTook"Pippin") ---- wán xīn zhòng de huò rénshì luó duō de biǎo zhí
  
   méi , méi liè jiǔ ( MeriadocBrandybuck"Merry") ---- huò rénshì luó duō de biǎo zhí
  
   gān dào ( Gandalf/Mithrandir) ---- kāi shǐ chū chǎng shí shì huī páo shīdiē shēn yuān hòu chéng wéi bái páo shī dài lǐng yuǎn zhēng duì
  
   ā gòng( Aragorn) ---- gāng duó guó chuán rénài duó sān shí jiǔ dài qīn sūnxiǎo shí hòu( 2 suì shí qīn ( sōng ) bèi rén shā hàibèi qīn dài dào ruì wén dài 'ěr( Rivendell) qǐng qiú jīng líng wáng 'ài lóng de bìng bèi míng wéi 'ài tài 'ěr( Estel), xīn lín zhōng wàng de 。 20 suì shí 'ài shàng jīng líng gōng zhù 'ā 'ěr wēn duō jiě hòuchéng wéi gāng duó 'ěr nuò guó wáng bìng tóng shí yíng 'ā 'ěr wēn
  
   lāi ( LegolasGreenleaf) ---- shì yōu 'àn lín de jīng líng wáng lán zhī jiàn shù bǎi chuān yáng
  
   ( Gimli) ---- ǎi rén luó yīn zhī xìng jiāo 'àozuì hòu chéng wèile lāi de hǎo yǒu
  
   ā 'ěr wēn( Arwen) ---- lín ( Rivendell) de jīng líng gōng zhùāi 'ěr lóng zhī , hòu lái jià gěi 'ā gòngwèile fàng liǎo jīng líng de yǒng shēngchéng wéi rén lèi
  
   màn( Saruman) ---- bái páo shī shī men " shèng bái huì " de huì cháng 'ài xīn zhàn bài hòu rén qiǎo yán dāo shàng
  
   kǎi lán cuī 'ěr( Galadriel) ---- luò luó lín mèng lín( Lothlorien) de jīng líng shǒu lǐng zhí zhī chí yuǎn zhēng duìér qiě sòng chū liǎo jīng líng bǎo luó duō
  
   ( Gollum) ---- céng shì huò rén sān zhī zhōng shǐ 'ěr rén de míng píng míncéng shì jiè chí yòu zhěběn míng wéi 'ěr( Smeagol)。 jiǎn dào jiè bèi liàng yǐn 'ér duò luòzhī hòu jiè bèi 'ěr piàn zǒuyīn duì rén chōng mǎn xìn rènzài hòu lái zhǎo shàng liǎo luó duō de chéngbìng xiǎng qiǎng huí rèn wéi shì shǔ de jiè。( yǎn hóng miàn duì jiè de tái "myprecious!( de bǎo bèi !)" biàn chéng míng bān rèn wéi luó duō zhī qián de liǎng rèn jiè zhù rén 'ěr gēn 'ěr zhèng shì luó duō de guāng yǐng xiàng zhēng de zhèng shì luó duō bèi hēi 'àn miàn yǐn de néng xìng
  
   luó 'ěr( Boromir) ---- rén lèigāng duó shè zhèng wáng nài zhǎngzǐ qiáng shòu rén jiàn xià
  
   'ěr( Faramir) ---- rén lèigāng duó shè zhèng wáng nài zhàn hòu yíng liǎo luó hàn de 'ōu wēn( Éowyn)。
  
   nài ( Denethor) ---- rén lèigāng duó shè zhèng wáng luó 'ěr de qīnér
  
   suǒ lún( Sauron) ---- hēi 'àn zhī wáng ( Mordor) de jūn zhù jiè de zhù rén fēn liàng zào chū zhì zūn jiè duó de jiè cóng shǒu shàng xià de líng hún chū qiào duō nèishì wéi yǎn
  
   shù ( Treebeard) ---- fàn gāng sēn lín de shù rén( Ent) shǒu lǐng , shuài lǐng shù rén qún gōng xià liǎo màn de 'ài xīn
  
   sài 'ào dùn -( Théoden) ---- rén lèiluó hàn guó guó wáng
  
   sài 'ào léi -( Théodred) ---- rén lèisài 'ào dùn zhī 'ài xīn
  
   'ōu -( Ëomer) ---- rén lèisài 'ào dùn de wài shēng jiè zhàn qián wéi piàoqí sān yuán shuài zhàn hòu chéng wéi luó hàn guó wáng
  
   'ōu wēn( Éowyn) ---- rén lèisài 'ào dùn de wài shēng 'ōu de mèi mèijià gěi 'ěr
  
   āi 'ěr lóng ( Elrond) ---- lín de jīng líng lǐng zhùā 'ěr wēn de qīn zhí 'ā gòng zhǎngdà chéng rén
  
   'ěr - jīn ( BilboBaggins) ---- huò réncéng shì jiè chí yòu zhěshī rénzuò jiā


  John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, CBE (3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973), whose surname is pronounced /ˈtɒlkiːn/ (in General American also /ˈtoʊlkiːn/), was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion.
  
  Tolkien was Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University from 1925 to 1945 and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature there from 1945 to 1959. He was a close friend of C. S. Lewis—they were both members of the informal literary discussion group known as the Inklings. Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972.
  
  After his death, Tolkien's son Christopher published a series of works based on his father's extensive notes and unpublished manuscripts, including The Silmarillion. These, together with The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, form a connected body of tales, poems, fictional histories, invented languages, and literary essays about an imagined world called Arda, and Middle-earth within it. Between 1951 and 1955, Tolkien applied the term legendarium to the larger part of these writings.
  
  While many other authors had published works of fantasy before Tolkien, the great success of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings when they were published in paperback in the United States led directly to a popular resurgence of the genre. This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the "father" of modern fantasy literature—or, more precisely, of high fantasy. Tolkien's writings have inspired many other works of fantasy and have had a lasting effect on the entire field. In 2008, The Times ranked him sixth on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945". Forbes ranked him the 5th top-earning dead celebrity in 2009.
    

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