yuèdòuyǎ kē bù · gé lín Jacob Grimmzài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! | |||
yǎ kē bù · gé lín (1785-1863)， dé guó zhù míng yǔ yán xué jiā，《 ér tóng yǔ jiā tíng tóng huà jí》 de biān zuǎn zhě， hé dì dì wēi lián · gé lín céng tóng làng màn zhù yì zhě jiāo wǎng， sī xiǎng què qīng xiàng yú zī chǎn jiē jí zì yóu pài。 tā men zhù yì mín jiān wén xué， sōu jí mín jiān tóng huà， qīn zì jì lù， jiā yǐ zhěng lǐ。 qí zhōng yòu xǔ duō huàn xiǎng fēng fù de shén qí gù shì biǎo dá chū rén mín de yuàn wàng hé shì fēi gǎn： tān lán de fù yòu zhě dé bù dào hǎo xià chǎng； bèi yā pò、 bèi qí shì de láo dòng zhě hé 'ér tóng jīng guò chóngchóng zāinàn， zuì hòu dé dào shèng lì； nóng mín hé shǒu gōng yè zhě zài shòu rén qīng shì huò líng rǔ shí xiǎn shì chū jīng rén de zhì huì， ér bào jūn、 dì zhù zì yǐ wéi yòu quán yòu shì， shí jì shàng què yú chǔn wú zhī， zài rén qián diū chǒu； zhōng chéng lǎo shí、 bèi “ cōng míng rén ” cháo xiào de“ shǎ guā” zǒng shì dé dào tóng qíng hé zàn yáng。 dàn zhè xiē tóng huà de lán běn dà dū shì fēng jiàn shè huì de chǎn wù， gèng jiā yǐ biān zuǎn zhě de wéi xīn zhù yì shì jiè guān de jú xiàn， qí zhōng bù shǎo shì dài yòu nóng hòu de zōng jiào qíng xù， xuān yáng fēng jiàn dào dé， gǔ lì 'ānfèn shǒu jǐ de chǔshì tài dù de。
yǎ kē bù · gé lín， dé guó mín jiān wén xué yán jiū zhě， yǔ yán xué jiā， mín sú xué jiā。 yǎ kē bù · gé lín yú 1785 nián 1 yuè 4 shēng yú měi yīn hé pàn hā nǎo de yī gè lǜ shī jiā tíng， yú 1863 nián 9 yuè 20 rì zú yú bólín。 yǎ kē bù · gé lín yú 1802 nián rù mǎ 'ěr bǎo dà xué xué fǎ lǜ。 1808 nián yǎ kē bù zài kǎ sài 'ěr rèn ná pò lún de dì dì wēi sī tè fǎ lún guó wáng rè luó mò de sī rén tú shū guǎn guǎn lǐ yuán。 1813 nián ná pò lún bīng bài zhī hòu， wēi sī tè fǎ lún wáng guó bèi fèi chú， jiàn lì liǎo hēi sēn gōng guó， yǎ kē bù rèn gōng shǐ guǎn cān zàn， cān jiā liǎo wéi yě nà huì yì。 dì dì wēi lián cóng 1814 nián qǐ rèn kǎ sài 'ěr tú shū guǎn mì shū。 1816 nián yǎ kē bù cí qù wài jiāo zhí wù， dān rèn kǎ sài 'ěr tú shū guǎn dì 'èr guǎn yuán。 1819 nián yǎ kē bù · gé lín huò mǎ 'ěr bǎo dà xué míng yù bó shì xué wèi。 1829 nián xiōng dì liǎ yìng hàn nuò wēi guó wáng de yāo qǐng dào gé tíng gēn， yǎ kē bù chú rèn dà xué jiào shòu wài， hái hé dì dì yī qǐ rèn gē tíng gēn dà xué tú shū guǎn guǎn yuán， shāo hòu wēi lián yě dān rèn liǎo dà xué jiào shòu。 1837 nián gé lín xiōng dì hé lìng wài 5 wèi jiào shòu yīn xiě xìn kàng yì hàn nuò wēi guó wáng pò huài xiàn fǎ 'ér bèi miǎn qù jiào shòu zhí wù， zhè 7 wèi jiào shòu bèi chēng wéi gé tíng gēn qī jūn zǐ。 yǎ kē bù · gé lín bèi zhú， hòu huí dào kǎ sài 'ěr。 1840 nián dǐ gé lín xiōng dì yìng pǔ lǔ shì guó wáng wēi lián sì shì zhī yāo qù bólín， rèn huáng jiā kē xué yuàn yuàn shì， bìng zài dà xué zhí jiào。 1848 nián yǎ kē bù bèi xuǎn wéi fǎ lán kè fú guó mín yì huì dài biǎo。 xiōng dì liǎ qù shì hòu dū zàng yú bólín mǎ tài jiào táng mù dì。
cóng 1806 nián kāi shǐ， yǎ kē bù · gé lín jiù zhì lì yú mín jiān tóng huà hé chuán shuō de sōu jí、 zhěng lǐ hé yán jiū gōng zuò， chū bǎn liǎo《 ér tóng hé jiā tíng tóng huà jí》（ liǎng juàn jí） hé《 dé guó chuán shuō jí》（ liǎng juàn）。 yǎ kē bù hái chū bǎn liǎo《 dé guó shén huà》， 1806～ 1826 nián jiān yǎ kē bù tóng shí hái yán jiū yǔ yán xué， biān xiě liǎo 4 juàn jù zhù《 dé yǔ yǔ fǎ》， shì yī bù lì shǐ yǔ fǎ， hòu rén chēng wéi rì 'ěr màn gé yǔ yán de jī běn jiào chéng。 zài《 dé yǔ yǔ fǎ》 1822 nián de xiū dìng bǎn zhōng， tā tí chū liǎo yìn 'ōu zhū yǔ yán yǔ yīn yǎn biàn de guī zé， hòu rén chēng zhī wéi gé lín dìng lǜ。 tā zhǐ chū， zài yìn 'ōu yǔ xì zhōng rì 'ěr màn yǔ zú lì shǐ shàng， fǔ yīn fēn zǔ yǎn biàn， zài yīng yǔ hé dī dì dé yǔ zhōng biàn liǎo yī cì， hòu lái zài gāo dì dé yǔ zhōng yòu zài biàn yī cì。 shì shí shàng， gé lín dìng lǜ zhǐ shì dà tǐ shàng zhèng què， hòu lái yóu K.A. wéi 'ěr nà jiā yǐ bǔ chōng。 1838 nián dǐ gé lín xiōng dì kāi shǐ biān xiě《 dé yǔ cí diǎn》， 1854～ 1862 nián gòng chū bǎn dì yī zhì sān juàn。 zhè xiàng hào dà de gōng chéng xiōng dì liǎ shēng qián wèi néng wán chéng， hòu lái dé guó yǔ yán xué jiā jì xù zhè xiàng gōng zuò， zhì 1961 nián cái quán bù wán chéng。
yǎ kē bù · gé lín duì mín jiān wén xué fā shēng xīng qù zài yī dìng chéng dù shàng shòu làng màn pài zuò jiā bù lún tǎn nuò hé 'ā 'ěr ní mǔ de yǐng xiǎng。 tā shōu jí mín jiān tóng huà yòu yī tào kē xué de fāng fǎ， shàn yú jiàn bié zhēn wěi， tā de tóng huà yī fāng miàn bǎo chí liǎo mín jiān wén xué yuán yòu de tè sè hé fēng gé， tóng shí yòu jìn xíng liǎo tí liàn hé rùn sè， fù yú tā men yǐ jiǎn pǔ、 míng kuài、 fēng qù de xíng shì。 zhè xiē tóng huà biǎo dá liǎo dé guó rén mín de xīn yuàn、 huàn xiǎng hé xìn yǎng， fǎn yìng liǎo dé guó gǔ lǎo de wén huà chuán tǒng hé shěn měi guān niàn。《 gé lín tóng huà jí》 yú 1857 nián gé lín xiōng dì shēng qián chū liǎo zuì hòu yī bǎn， gòng shōu tóng huà 216 piān， wéi shì jiè wén xué bǎo kù zēng tiān liǎo guī bǎo。 gé lín xiōng dì zài yǔ yán xué yán jiū fāng miàn chéng guǒ fēng shuò， tā men shì rì 'ěr màn yǔ yán xué de diàn jī rén。
yǎ kē bù · gé lín - zhù yào zuò pǐn
yǎ kē bù · gé lín hé dì dì wēi lián dōushì dé guó mín jiān wén xué sōu jí zhěng biān zhě。 chū shēn guān yuán jiā tíng， jūn céng zài mǎ 'ěr bǎo dà xué xué fǎ lǜ， yòu tóng zài kǎ sài 'ěr tú shū guǎn gōng zuò hé rèn gé yán gēn dà xué jiào shòu， 1841 nián tóng shí chéng wéi gé lín kē xué yuàn yuàn shì。 tā liǎ gòng tóng biān chéng《 ér tóng yǔ jiā tíng tóng huà jí》（ 1857 nián chū zuì hòu yī bǎn， gòng 216 piān gù shì）。 qí zhōng de《 huī gū niàn》、《 bái xuě gōng zhù》、《 xiǎo hóng mào》、《 yǒng gǎn de xiǎo cái féng》 …… děng míng piān， yǐ chéng wéi shì jiè gè guó 'ér tóng xǐ 'ài de jié zuò。 cǐ wài， gé lín xiōng dì cóng 1808 nián qǐ， kāi shǐ sōu jí dé guó mín jiān chuán shuō， chū bǎn《 dé guó chuán shuō》 liǎng juàn， gòng 585 piān。 tā men hái biān xiě liǎo《 dé yǔ yǔ fǎ》（ 1819～ 1837）、《 dé guó yǔ yán shǐ》（ 1848） jí《 dé yǔ dà cí diǎn》（ 1852） qián 4 juàn děng xué shù zhù zuò， wéi rì 'ěr màn yǔ yán xué de fā zhǎn zuò chū liǎo gòng xiàn。 shēng huó zài 19 shì jì dé guó de gé lín xiōng dì， tā men shì yǔ yán xué jiā hé gǔ wén huà yán jiū zhě。 liǎng rén zài shàng dà xué qī jiān jié shí liǎo hǎi dé bǎo làng màn pài shī rén bù lún tǎ nuò hé 'ā 'ěr ní mǔ， tā men sōu jí zhěng lǐ de dé guó mín gē jí《 nán tóng de shén qí hào jiǎo》 gěi liǎo xiōng dì 'èr rén qǐ fā。 hòu lái， zhè gē liǎ zài hēi sēn、 měi yīn hé děng dì fǎng wèn shàn yú jiǎng tóng huà de rén， shōu jí tā men kǒu zhōng de gù shì， jǐ nián xià lái jìng yòu bǎi yú piān。
1812 nián， zhè xiē gù shì jié jí chéng《 ér tóng hé jiā tíng tóng huà jí》 de dì yī juàn， yú shèng dàn jié qián xī zài bólín wèn shì， dà shòu huān yíng。 cǐ hòu zhí dào 1857 nián， gé lín xiōng dì bù duàn bǔ chōng gù shì， bìng yī zài xiū dìng， gòng tuī chū qī gè bǎn cì。 dì qī bǎn hòu lái chéng wéi zài gè guó liú chuán de yuán zhù bǎn běn， zhì jīn yǐ yì chéng shù shí zhǒng yǔ yán， xǔ duō gù shìdōu guǎng wéi liú chuán。
《 gé lín tóng huà》《 gé lín tóng huà》 shì 18 shì jì chū liǎng wèi dé guó lì shǐ xué jiā jiān yǔ yán xué jiā sōu jí zhěng lǐ de mín jiān chuán shuō、 tóng huà gù shì jí， tā men shì yī duì bǐ cǐ jí yǒu 'ài de xiōng dì héng héng yǎ gè bù · gé lín hé wēi lián · gé lín， hòu rén xí guàn chēng hū tā men gé lín xiōng dì。 gé lín tóng huà lǐ de gù shì bù dàn zhēng fú liǎo dé guó de hái zǐ men， yě ràng quán shì jiè de hái zǐ men zhè me cháng jiǔ dì wéi zhī zháomí。 bù shì gé lín tóng huà xuǎn zé liǎo hái zǐ， ér shì hái zǐ xuǎn zé liǎo gé lín tóng huà。 xū yào tè bié qiáng diào， gé lín tóng huà bù shì chuàng zuò de tóng huà。 gé lín xiōng dì shì zuò xué wèn de rén， tā men zhì lì yú shōu jí zhěng lǐ mín jiān de tóng huà、 shén huà、 zhuànjì， hěn zhōng shí dì bǎ shōu jí dào de dōng xī zhěng lǐ chéng wéi wén zì， rán hòu hái hěn yán jǐn dì kǎo zhèng zhè xiē tóng huà de chū chù。
《 xiǎo hóng mào》 cóng qián yòu gè rén jiàn rén 'ài de xiǎo gū niàn， xǐ huān dài zhe zǔ mǔ sòng gěi tā de yī dǐng hóng sè tiān 'é róng de mào zǐ， yú shì dà jiā jiù jiào tā xiǎo hóng mào。 yòu yī tiān， mǔ qīn jiào tā gěi zǔ mǔ sòng shí wù， bìng zhǔ fù tā bù yào lí kāi dà lù， zǒude tài yuǎn。 xiǎo hóng mào zài sēn lín zhōng yù jiàn liǎo láng， tā cóng wèi jiàn guò láng， yě bù zhī dào láng xìng cán rěn， yú shì bǎ lái sēn lín zhōng de mùdì gào sù liǎo láng。 láng zhī dào hòu yòu piàn xiǎo hóng mào qù cǎi yě huā， zì jǐ páo dào lín zhōng xiǎo wū qù bǎ xiǎo hóng mào de zǔ mǔ chī liǎo。 bìng zhuāng chéng zǔ mǔ， děng xiǎo hóng mào lái zhǎo zǔ mǔ shí， láng yī kǒu bǎ tā chī diào liǎo。 hòu lái yī gè liè rén bǎ xiǎo hóng mào hé zǔ mǔ cóng láng dù lǐ jiù liǎo chū lái。
yǎ kē bù · gé lín - zuò pǐn fēng gé
yǎ kē bù · gé lín hé dì dì biān ji de zhù yào zuò pǐn《 gé lín tóng huà》 shì shì jiè wén xué míng zhù pǔ jí běn。 jīng diǎn piān mù， wán zhěng bǎn běn， yī liú yì wén。 zài dāng jīn zhè gè shì jiè shàng， kě yǐ shuō， yòu hái zǐ de dì fāng jiù yòu“ gé lín tóng huà”； nián qīng de bà bà mā mā、 yòu 'ér yuán de lǎo shī gěi hái zǐ men jiǎng de dì yī gè gù shì shì“ gé lín tóng huà”； shì jiè shàng liú chuán zuì guǎng de wén xué zuò pǐn shì“ gé lín tóng huà”。 zhè shì wèishénme ní？ yīn wéi“ gé lín tóng huà” shì shì jiè wén xué míng zhù， shì yī dài dài 'ér tóng xīn 'ài de dú wù， tā men yǐ qí fēng fù de xiǎng xiàng、 měi lì de chōng jǐng hé gāo shàng de qíng cāo qǐ dí liǎo hái zǐ men de xīn fēi。“ gé lín tóng huà” zì 1815 nián wèn shì yǐ lái， zài jìn liǎng bǎi nián de shí jiān lǐ， yǐ bèi yì chéng shì jiè shàng yī bǎi sì shí yú zhǒng wén zì， qí zhōng《 qīng wā wáng zǐ》、《 huī gū niàn》、《 bái xuě gōng zhù》、《 bù lái méi chéng de yuèshī》、《 shuì měi rén》 děng……
róng jìn yòu 'ér xīn lǐ tè diǎn de yì shù huàn xiǎng
tóng huà zhī zhōng bǐ jiào qiǎn jìn、 shì hé yú yòu 'ér tīng shǎng de zuò pǐn jiù shì yòu 'ér tóng huà， tā shì yòu 'ér zuì xǐ 'ài de yī zhǒng wén xué yàng shì。 yòu 'ér tóng huà jù yòu yī bān tóng huà de gòng xìng， yóu yú yòu 'ér de nián líng xīn lǐ tè zhēng， tā yě yòu zì jǐ de yī xiē gè xìng。
tóng huà zhōng de xiǎo xióng、 sōng shǔ、 méi huā què zì rán dōushì hàoqí hàodòng de xiǎo hái zǐ， tā men chén jìn zài měi miào de huàn xiǎng qíng jìng lǐ， huó pō dì yóu wán， nà kuài lè de xīn qíng ràng xiǎo péng yǒu gǎn tóng shēn shòu。
jīng guò xuǎn zé、 jiā gōng、 tí liàn， biǎo dá chū yòu 'ér chún zhēn měi hǎo de gǎn qíng， zuò pǐn fù yú měi gǎn， ràng yòu 'ér zài sī xiǎng shàng dé dào qǐ dí， qíng cāo shàng shòu dào táo yě。
yǎ kē bù · gé lín - rén wù píng jià
yǎ kē bù · gé lín diàn yǐng jù zhào yǎ kē bù · gé lín（ 1785-1863） céng zài mǎ 'ěr bǎo dà xué xué fǎ lǜ， zài kǎ sài 'ěr tú shū guǎn gōng zuò hé rèn gé yán gēn dà xué jiào shòu， 1841 nián chéng wéi gé lín kē xué yuàn yuàn shì。 shì dé guó de bó xué duō shí de xué zhě héng héng mín jiān wén xué yán jiū jiā、 yǔ yán xué jiā、 lì shǐ xué jiā。 dàn tā zuì zhuó yuè de chéng jiù， què shì zuò wéi shì jiè zhù míng de tóng huà gù shì sōu jí jiā， yǐ jǐ shí nián shí jiān（ 1812-1857） wán chéng de《 ér tóng hé jiā tíng tóng huà jí》， jí xiàn zài sú chēng de“ gé lín tóng huà”， tā bāo kuò 200 duō piān tóng huà hé 600 duō piān gù shì。 qí zhōng de dài biǎo zuò rú《 qīng wā wáng zǐ》、《 huī gū niàn》、《 bái xuě gōng zhù》、《 xiǎo hóng mào》 děng jūn kuài zhì rén kǒu。 yóu yú zhè xiē tóng huà yuán zì mín jiān gù shì， zuò wéi xué zhě de gé lín xiōng dì yòu lì tú bǎo chí tā men de yuán mào， yīn cǐ qí zhōng piān zhāng dà duō xiǎn dé bǐ jiào cū cāo， gèng shì hé dī yòu 'ér tóng yuè dú。
yǎ kē bù · gé lín shēng yú lāi yīn hé pàn de hā nǎo， fù qīn shì yī míng xiǎo guān lì。 tā de qīng nián shí dài shì zài ná pò lún zhàn lǐng dé guó shí qī dù guò de。 dāng shí， dé guó zāo shòu yì zú qīn lüè hé qiáng dà de fēng jiàn shì lì de shuāngchóng yā pò。 tā dà xué bì yè hòu， mái tóu yán jiū lì shǐ， zài dé guó làng màn pài zuò jiā 'ā 'ěr ní mǔ hé bù cāng tǎ nuò hé biān de mín gē jí《 ér tóng de qí yì hào jiǎo》 de qǐ fā xià， yú 1806 nián kāi shǐ sōu jí， zhěng lǐ mín jiān tóng huà hé gǔ lǎo chuán shuō， bìng yú 1814、 1815、 1822 nián lù xù chū bǎn liǎo 3 juàn běn de《 dé guó 'ér tóng yǔ jiā tíng tóng huà jí》。
1814 nián ná pò lún zhàn bài hòu， ōu zhōu gè guó fǎn dòng shì lì chóngxīn tái tóu， dé guó fēn liè zhuàng kuàng réng rán shí fēn yán zhòng。 zhè shǐ yǎ kē bù · gé lín chǎn shēng zhèng zhì bì xū gǎi gé de xìn xīn。 1837 nián， yǎ kē bù · gé lín děng 7 míng zhù míng de dà xué jiào shòu， wéi kàng yì hàn nuò wēi gōng jué wéi bèi zhì xiàn nuò yán 'ér shī qù jiào shòu zhí wèi。 zài zhè gè shí qī， yǎ kē bù · gé lín nǔ lì bǎ yán jiū lì shǐ yí chǎn yǔ rén mín duì zì yóu、 mín zhù、 tǒng yī de yào qiú jié hé qǐ lái。 yǎ kē bù · gé lín yán jiū dé guó yǔ yán， biān xiě liǎo《 dé yǔ yǔ fǎ》 hé《 dé guó yǔ yán shǐ》， hái yòu wèi wán chéng de《 dé yǔ cí diǎn》 zhè xiē yán jiū gōng zuò， kāi chuàng liǎo yán jiū rì 'ěr màn yǔ yán xué de xiān hé， yě wéi dé yì zhì mín zú shì gè tǒng yī de mín zú tí gōng liǎo lùn zhèng。 1863 nián yǎ gè bù · gé lín shì shì。
Grimm was born in Hanau, in Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel). His father, who was a lawyer, died while he was a child, and his mother was left with very small means; but her sister, who was lady of the chamber to the Landgravine of Hesse, helped to support and educate her numerous family. Jakob, with his younger brother Wilhelm (born on 24 February 1786), was sent in 1798 to the public school at Kassel.
In 1802 he proceeded to the University of Marburg, where he studied law, a profession for which he had been destined by his father. His brother joined him at Marburg a year later, having just recovered from a long and severe illness, and likewise began the study of law.
Up to this time Jakob Grimm had been actuated only by a general thirst for knowledge and his energies had not found any aim beyond the practical one of making himself a position in life. The first definite impulse came from the lectures of Friedrich Karl von Savigny, the celebrated investigator of Roman law, who, as Wilhelm Grimm himself says in the preface to the Deutsche Grammatik (German Grammar), first taught him to realize what it meant to study any science. Savigny's lectures also awakened in him a love for historical and antiquarian investigation, which forms the basis of all his work. The two men became personally acquainted, and it was in Savigny's well-stocked library that Grimm first turned over the leaves of Bodmer's edition of the Old German minnesingers and other early texts, and felt an eager desire to penetrate further into the obscurities and half-revealed mysteries of their language.
In the beginning of 1805 he received an invitation from Savigny, who had moved to Paris, to help him in his literary work. Grimm passed a very happy time in Paris, strengthening his taste for the literatures of the Middle Ages by his studies in the Paris libraries. Towards the close of the year he returned to Kassel, where his mother and Wilhelm had settled, the latter having finished his studies. The next year he obtained a position in the war office with the very small salary of 100 thalers. One of his grievances was that he had to exchange his stylish Paris suit for a stiff uniform and pigtail. But he had full leisure for the prosecution of his studies.
In 1808, soon after the death of his mother, he was appointed superintendent of the private library of Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, into which Hesse-Kassel had been incorporated by Napoleon. Jerome appointed him an auditor to the state council, while he retained his other post. His salary was increased in a short interval from 2000 to 4000 francs, and his official duties were hardly more than nominal. After the expulsion of Jerome and the reinstalment of an elector, Grimm was appointed in 1813 secretary of legation, to accompany the Hessian minister to the headquarters of the allied army. In 1814 he was sent to Paris to demand restitution of the books carried off by the French, and in 1814–1815 he attended the congress of Vienna as secretary of legation. On his return he was again sent to Paris on the same errand as before.
Meanwhile Wilhelm had received an appointment in the Kassel library, and in 1816 Jakob was made second librarian under Volkel. Upon the death of Volkel in 1828, the brothers expected to be advanced to the first and second librarianships respectively, and were dissatisfied when the first place was given to Rommel, the keeper of the archives. Consequently, they moved next year to Göttingen where Jakob received the appointment of professor and librarian, and Wilhelm that of under-librarian. Jakob Grimm lectured on legal antiquities, historical grammar, literary history, and diplomatics, explained Old German poems, and commented on the Germania of Tacitus.
At this period he is described as small and lively in figure, with a harsh voice, speaking a broad Hessian dialect. His powerful memory enabled him to dispense with the manuscript on which most German professors relied, and he spoke extemporaneously, referring only occasionally to a few names and dates written on a slip of paper. He regretted that he had begun the work of teaching so late in life, but as a lecturer he was not successful: he had no aptitude for digesting facts and suiting them to the level of comprehension of his students. Even the brilliant, terse, and eloquent passages in his writings lost much of their effect when jerked out in the midst of a long array of dry facts.
In 1837, having been one of the seven professors who signed a protest against the King of Hanover's abrogation of the constitution established some years before, he was dismissed from his professorship and banished from the kingdom of Hanover. He returned to Kassel together with his brother, who had also signed the protest, and remained there until 1840, when they accepted an invitation from the King of Prussia to move to Berlin, where they both received professorships, and were elected members of the Academy of Sciences. Not being under any obligation to lecture, Jakob seldom did so, but together with his brother worked at their great dictionary. During their time in Kassel Jakob regularly attended the meetings of the academy, where he read papers on the most varied subjects. The best known of these are those on Lachmann, Schiller, and his brother Wilhelm (who died in 1859), on old age, and on the origin of language. He also described his impressions of Italian and Scandinavian travel, interspersing his more general observations with linguistic details, as is the case in all his works.
Grimm died in Berlin at the age of 78, in Berlin, working even at the end.
He was never seriously ill, and worked all day without haste and without pause. He was not at all impatient of interruption, but seemed rather to be refreshed by it, returning to his work without effort. He wrote for the press with great rapidity, and hardly ever made corrections. He never revised what he had written, remarking with a certain wonder on his brother, Wilhelm, who read his own manuscripts over again before sending them to press. His temperament was uniformly cheerful, and he was easily amused. Outside his own special work he had a marked taste for botany. The spirit that animated his work is best described by himself at the end of his autobiography:
"Nearly all my labors have been devoted, either directly or indirectly, to the investigation of our earlier language, poetry and laws. These studies may have appeared to many, and may still appear, useless; to me they have always seemed a noble and earnest task, definitely and inseparably connected with our common fatherland, and calculated to foster the love of it. My principle has always been in these investigations to under-value nothing, but to utilize the small for the illustration of the great, the popular tradition for the elucidation of the written monuments."
Linguistic work
The purely scientific side of Grimm's character developed slowly. He seems to have felt the want of definite principles of etymology without being able to discover them, and indeed even in the first edition of his grammar (1819) he seemed to be often groping in the dark. As early as 1815 we find August Wilhelm von Schlegel reviewing the Altdeutsche Wälder (a periodical published by the two brothers) very severely, condemning the lawless etymological combinations it contained, and insisting on the necessity of strict philological method and a fundamental investigation of the laws of language, especially in the correspondence of sounds. This criticism is said to have had a considerable influence on the direction of Grimm's studies.
Grimm's scientific character is notable for its combination of breadth and unity. He was as far removed from the narrowness of the specialist who has no ideas or sympathies beyond just one author or corner of science as he was from the shallow dabbler who feverishly attempts to master the details of a half-dozen unrelated pursuits. The same concentration exists within his own special studies. The very foundations of his nature were harmonious; his patriotism and love of historical investigation received their fullest satisfaction in the study of the language, traditions, mythology, laws and literature of his own countrymen and their kin. But from this centre, he pursued his investigations in every direction as far as his instinct allowed. He was equally fortunate in the harmony that existed between his intellectual and moral nature. He cheerfully made the heavy sacrifices that science demands from its disciples, without envy or bitterness; although he lived apart from his fellow men, he was full of human sympathies, and has had a profound influence on the destiny of mankind.
History of the German Language
Of all his more general works the boldest and most far-reaching was his Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (History of the German Language), in which the linguistic elements are emphasized. The subject of the work is the history hidden in the words of the German language (the oldest natural history of the Teutonic tribes determined by means of language). For this purpose he laboriously collected the scattered words and allusions found in classical writers, and endeavoured to determine the relationship between the German language and those of the Getae, Thracians, Scythians, and many other nations whose languages were at the time known only through doubtfully identified, often extremely corrupted remains preserved by Greek and Latin authors. Grimm's results have been greatly modified by the wider range of comparison and improved methods of investigation that now characterize linguistics, and many questions he raised will probably remain obscure, but his book's influence has been profound.
German Grammar
Grimm's famous Deutsche Grammatik (German Grammar) was the outcome of his purely philological work. The labors of past generations from the humanists onwards resulted in an enormous collection of materials in the form of text-editions, dictionaries, and grammars, although most of it was uncritical and untrustworthy. Something had even been done in the way of the comparison and determination of general laws, and the concept of a comparative Germanic grammar had been clearly grasped by the illustrious Englishman George Hickes by the beginning of the 18th century in his Thesaurus. Ten Kate in Holland had afterwards made valuable contributions to the history and comparison of the Germanic languages. Even Grimm himself did not at first intend to include all the languages in his Grammar, but he soon found that Old High German postulated Gothic, and that the later stages of German could not be understood without the help of other West Germanic varieties including English, and that the rich literature of Scandinavia could not be ignored either. The first edition of the first part of the Grammar (which appeared in 1819), and is now extremely rare, treated of the inflections of all these languages, and included a general introduction, in which he vindicated the importance of an historical study of the German language against the a priori, quasi-philosophical methods then in vogue.
In 1822 this volume appeared in a second edition (really a new work, for, as Grimm himself says in the preface, it cost him little reflection to mow down the first crop to the ground). The wide distance between the two stages of Grimm's development in these two editions is significantly shown by the fact that while the first edition gives only the inflections, in the second volume phonology takes up no fewer than 600 pages, more than half of the whole volume. Grimm had, at last, awakened to the full conviction that all sound philology must be based on rigorous adhesion to the laws of sound change, and he never afterwards swerved from this principle, which gave to all his investigations, even in their boldest flights, that iron-bound consistency, and that force of conviction that distinguishes science from dilettanteism. Prior to Grimm's time, philology was nothing but a more or less laborious and conscientious dilettanteism, with occasional flashes of scientific inspiration.
His advances must be attributed mainly to the influence of his contemporary Rasmus Christian Rask. Rask was born two years later than Grimm, but his remarkable precocity gave him something of a head start. In Grimm's first editions, his Icelandic paradigms are based entirely on Rask's grammar, and in his second edition, he relied almost entirely on Rask for Old English. His debt to Rask can be appreciated only by comparing his treatment of Old English in the two editions; the difference is very great. For example, in the first edition he declines disg, dceges, plural dcegas, without having observed the law of vowel-change pointed out by Rask. There can be little doubt that the appearance of Rask's Old English grammar was the primary impetus for Grimm to recast his work from the beginning. To Rask also belongs the merit of having first distinctly formulated the laws of sound-correspondence in the different languages, especially in the vowels (those more fleeting elements of speech previously ignored by etymologists).
The Grammar was continued in three volumes, treating principally derivation, composition and syntax, the last of which was unfinished. Grimm then began a third edition, of which only one part, comprising the vowels, appeared in 1840, his time being afterwards taken up mainly by the dictionary. The Grammar stands alone in the annals of science for its comprehensiveness, method and fullness of detail. Every law, every letter, every syllable of inflection in the different languages was illustrated by an almost exhaustive mass of material, and it has served as a model for all succeeding investigators. Diez's grammar of the Romance languages is founded entirely on its methods, which have also exerted a profound influence on the wider study of the Indo-European languages in general.
Grimm's Law
Main article: Grimm's law
Grimm's Law, also known as 'Rask's-Grimm's Rule' is the first law in linguistics concerning a non-trivial sound change. It was a turning point in the development of linguistics, allowing the introduction of a rigorous methodology to historic linguistic research. It concerns the correspondence of consonants in the older Indo-European, and Low Saxon and High German languages, and was first fully stated by Grimm in the second edition of the first part of his grammar. The correspondence of single consonants had been more or less clearly recognized by several of his predecessors including Friedrich von Schlegel, Rasmus Christian Rask and Johan Ihre, the last having established a considerable number of literarum permutationes, such as b for f, with the examples bœra = ferre, befwer = fiber. Rask, in his essay on the origin of the Icelandic language, gave the same comparisons, with a few additions and corrections, and even the very same examples in most cases. As Grimm in the preface to his first edition expressly mentioned this essay of Rask, there is every probability that it inspired his own investigations. But there is a wide difference between the isolated permutations of his predecessors and his own comprehensive generalizations. The extension of the law to High German is entirely his own work, however.
The only fact that can be adduced in support of the assertion that Grimm wished to deprive Rask of his claims to priority is that he does not expressly mention Rask's results in his second edition. But this is part of the plan of his work, to refrain from all controversy or reference to the works of others. In his first edition he expressly calls attention to Rask's essay, and praises it most ungrudgingly. It is true that a certain bitterness of feeling afterwards sprang up between Grimm and Rask, but this may have well been the fault of the latter, who, impatient of contradiction and irritable in controversy, refused to play with the value of Grimm's views when they involved modification of his own.
German Dictionary
Grimm's monumental German dictionary, (Deutsches Wörterbuch, or literally German Dictionary), remains a standard work of reference to the present day.
The dictionary was undertaken on so large a scale as to make it impossible for him and his brother to complete it themselves. The dictionary, as far as it was worked on by Grimm himself, has been described as a collection of disconnected antiquarian essays of high value.
Literary work
The first work Jakob Grimm published, Über den altdeutschen Meistergesang (1811), was of a purely literary character. Yet even in this essay Grimm showed that Minnesang and Meistersang were really one form of poetry, of which they merely represented different stages of development, and also announced his important discovery of the invariable division of the Lied into three strophic parts.
His text-editions were mostly prepared in conjunction with his brother. In 1812 they published the two ancient fragments of the Hildebrandslied and the Weissenbrunner Gehet, Jakob having discovered what till then had never been suspected—namely the alliteration in these poems. However, Jakob had little taste for text editing, and, as he himself confessed, working on a critical text gave him little pleasure. He therefore left this department to others, especially Lachmann, who soon turned his brilliant critical genius, trained in the severe school of classical philology, to Old and Middle High German poetry and metre.
Both Brothers were attracted from the beginning by all national poetry, whether in the form of epics, ballads or popular tales. They published In 1816–1818 a collection of legends culled from diverse sources and published the two-volume Deutsche Sagen (German Legends). At the same time they collected all the folktales they could find, partly from the mouths of the people, partly from manuscripts and books, and published in 1812–1815 the first edition of those Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children's and Household Tales), which has carried the name of the brothers Grimm into every household of the western world. The closely related subject of the satirical beast epic of the Middle Ages also held great charm for Jakob Grimm, and he published an edition of the Rejnhart Fuchs in 1834. His first contribution to mythology was the first volume of an edition of the Eddaic songs, undertaken jointly with his brother, and published in 1815. However, this work was not followed by any others on the subject.
The first edition of his Deutsche Mythologie (German Mythology) appeared in 1835. This great work covered the whole range of the subject, tracing the mythology and superstitions of the old Teutons back to the very dawn of direct evidence, and following their evolution to modern-day popular traditions, tales and expressions.
Jakob Grimm and politics
Jakob Grimm's work tied in strongly to his views on Germany and its culture. His work with fairy tales and his philological work dealt with German origins. He loved his people and wished for a united Germany. In the German revolution of 1848, he was given a chance to make these views known when he was elected to the Frankfurt National Parliament. The people of Germany had demanded a constitution, so the Parliament, formed of elected members from various German states, met to form one. Grimm was selected for the office in a large part because of his part in the University of Goettingen's refusal to swear to the king of Hanover expounded upon above. He then went to Frankfurt, where he did not play a very big part, but did make some speeches, which tended to stray into the realms of history and philology rather than whatever political question was at hand. Grimm was adamant on one subject, however; he wanted the duchy of Holstein of Denmark to be under German control. He talked passionately about this subject, which showed his fierce German nationalism.
Grimm was not made to be a politician, and also soon realized that the National Assembly was not getting anywhere (it was eventually dissolved without establishing a constitution), and so asked to be released from his duties and returned with relief to his former studies. His political career did not bloom into anything great, but it does illustrate his characteristics- his nationalism and his moralism. He believed that good would triumph in the Parliament, and pushed for human rights legislation just as he wished for a unified Germany.
Works
The following is a complete list of his separately published works. Those he published with his brother are marked with a star (*). For a list of his essays in periodicals, etc., see vol. V of his Kleinere Schriften, from which the present list is taken. His life is best studied in his own Selbstbiographie, in vol. I of the Kleinere Schriften. There is also a brief memoir by K Gdeke in Göttinger Professoren (Gotha (Perthes), 1872).
Über den altdeutschen Meistergesang (Göttingen, 1811)
*Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Berlin, 1812–1815) (many editions)
*Das Lied von Hildebrand und des Weissenbrunner Gebet (Kassel, 1812)
Altdeutsche Wälder (Kassel, Frankfurt, 1813–1816, 3 vols.)
*Der arme Heinrich von Hartmann von der Aue (Berlin, 1815)
Irmenstrasse und Irmensäule (Vienna, 1815)
*Die Lieder der alten Edda (Berlin, 1815)
Silva de romances viejos (Vienna, 1815)
*Deutsche Sagen (Berlin, 1816–1818, 2nd ed., Berlin, 1865–1866)
Deutsche Grammatik (Göttingen, 1819, 2nd ed., Göttingen, 1822–1840) (reprinted 1870 by Wilhelm Scherer, Berlin)
Wuk Stephanowitsch' Kleine Serbische Grammatik, verdeutscht mit einer Vorrede (Leipzig and Berlin, 1824) Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic - Serbian Grammer
Zur Recension der deutschen Grammatik (Kassel, 1826)
*Irische Elfenmärchen, aus dem Englischen (Leipzig, 1826)
Deutsche Rechtsaltertumer (Göttingen, 1828, 2nd ed., 1854)
Hymnorum veteris ecclesiae XXVI. interpretatio theodisca (Göttingen, 1830)
Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1834)
Deutsche Mythologie (Göttingen, 1835, 3rd ed., 1854, 2 vols.)
Taciti Germania edidit (Göttingen, 1835)
Über meine Entlassung (Basel, 1838)
(together with Schmeller) Lateinische Gedichte des X. und XI. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 1838)
Sendschreiben an Karl Lachmann über Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1840)
Weistümer, Th. i. (Göttingen, 1840) (continued, partly by others, in 5 parts, 1840–1869)
Andreas und Elene (Kassel, 1840)
Frau Aventure (Berlin, 1842)
Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (Leipzig, 1848, 3rd ed., 1868, 2 vols.)
Des Wort des Besitzes (Berlin, 1850)
*Deutsches Wörterbuch, Bd. i. (Leipzig, 1854)
Rede auf Wilhelm Grimm und Rede über das Alter (Berlin, 1868, 3rd ad., 1865)
Kleinere Schriften (F. Dümmler, Berlin, 1864–1884, 7 vols.).
vol. 1 : Reden und Abhandlungen (1864, 2nd ed. 1879)
vol. 2 : Abhandlungen zur Mythologie und Sittenkunde (1865)
vol. 3 : Abhandlungen zur Litteratur und Grammatik (1866)
vol. 4 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze part I (1869)
vol. 5 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze part II (1871)
vol. 6 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze part III
vol. 7 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze part IV (1884)