yuèdòuāi dé méng duō · dé · yà mǐ qì sī Edmondo De Amiciszài散文天地dezuòpǐn!!! | |||
dé · yà mǐ qì sī， 1846 nián 10 yuè 31 rì shēng yú yì dà lì de yī gè xiǎo zhèn， zì yòu kù 'ài xué xí hé xiě zuò， shì yī wèi duō chǎn zuò jiā， shì yì dà lì mín zú fù xīng yùn dòng shí qī de 'ài guó zhì shì。 qīng nián shí dài， tā yāo zhì cóng jūn， lì zhēng qǔ zǔ guó de dú lì、 zì yóu hé mín zhù 'ér zhàn dǒu， zéngshēn jiā yī bā liù liù nián jiě fàng yì dà lì de zhàn dǒu。 èr shí suì shí tā cóng jūn xiào bì yè， jiā rù jūn duì， kāi shǐ xiě yī xiē jù yòu 'ài guó fēng wèi de duǎn piān gù shì， bìng chū bǎn liǎo tā de dì yī běn shū《 yì dà lì jūn lǚ shēng huó》。 hòu lái， tā dān rèn jūn shì kān wù《 zhàn dǒu de yì dà lì》 de tè pài jì zhě。 tā xiě liǎo bù shǎo tōng xùn、 bào dào hé duǎn piān xiǎo shuō， bǎ mín zú fù xīng yùn dòng shí qī de yì dà lì jūn duì， zuò wéi zǔ guó jiě fàng hé fù xīng de zhòng yào lì liàng yú yǐ rè qíng de sòng yáng。 èr shí 'èr suì nà nián， tā fā biǎo chǔnǚ zuò《 jūn yíng shēng huó》， jiù shì zhè duàn nán wàng de shēng huó de jié jīng， ér kuài jiǔ rén kǒu de xiǎo shuō《 kǎ 'ěr měi lā》 jiù shì qí zhōng de yī piān jiā zuò。 1886 nián，《 ài de jiào yù》 chū bǎn， wèitā yíng dé shì jiè shēng yù， shǐ tā de chuàng zuò shēng yá dá dào dǐng fēng。
《 ài de jiào yù》
dé · yà mǐ qì sī céng zhōu yóu shì jiè gè guó， zhuàn xiě liǎo xǔ duō yóu jì， qí zhōng zhù míng de yòu《 xī bān yá》、《 lún dūn yóu jì》、《 mó luò gē》、《 bā lí yóu jì》， yǐ míng kuài、 xīn yíng de bǐ chù， jì xù gè guó de fēng tǔ rén qíng， tóng shí guàn chuàn liǎo zuò zhě xiàng yì dà lì rén mín jìn xíng 'ài guó zhù yì jiào yù de zōng zhǐ。 tā shì bó 'ài zhù yì zhě。 tā de xǔ duō zuò pǐn， rú《 péng yǒu men》、《 zài hǎi yáng shàng》， tè bié shì miáo xiě shàonián shēng huó de tè xiě jí《 xīn》（ jiù yì《 ài de jiào yù》，， yǐ zhēn zhì、 huǒ rè de xīn， fǎn yìng liǎo zhōng xià céng rén mín qióng kùn de shēng huó hé chún hòu、 pǔ zhí、 yǒu 'ài de pǐn dé， tóng shí tí chàng liàng jiě、 bó 'ài de jīng shén， yǐ shí xiàn gè jiē jí gǎn qíng de róng hé , dì wèi de píng děng。 tā jiē jìn shè huì zhù yì yùn dòng hòu， bǎ shè huì zhù yì sī xiǎng tóng bó 'ài jīng shén róng wéi yī tǐ， xiě liǎo cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 yī gè jiào shī de xiǎo shuō》、 duǎn piān xiǎo shuō jí《 xué xiào hé jiā tíng zhī jiān》， tí chàng píng mín jiào yù， qǐ tú yǐ cǐ xié diào bù tóng shè huì jiē jí zhī jiān de guān xì。 tā de lìng yī bù cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 wǔ yuè yī rì》 zuò yú 1889 nián， shēng qián yī zhí bù yuàn gōng kāi fā biǎo， zhí dào 1980 nián shǐ chū bǎn。 tā tōng guò yī gè jiào shòu de kǎn kě jì yù， fǎn yìng 19 shì jì mò zhī shí fènzǐ duì shè huì qián tú de tàn suǒ hé yì dà lì shè huì zhù yì yùn dòng de dàn shēng。
dé · yà mǐ qì sī - rén wù bèi jǐng
zài wén yì lǐ lùn lǐng yù， dé · sāng kè dì sī cóng zī chǎn jiē jí mín zhù zhù yì de lì chǎng chū fā， duì wén xué chuàng zuò de tè zhēng、 guī lǜ xìng， duì yì dà lì wén xué fā zhǎn de lì shǐ jìn chéng， zuò liǎo jīng bì de fēn xī hé zǒng jié， tǐ xiàn chū mín zú fù xīng yùn dòng de sī xiǎng chéng guǒ， duì qì jīn wéi zhǐ de yì dà lì wén yì lǐ lùn yǔ pī píng fā shēng zhòng dà de yǐng xiǎng。
mín zú fù xīng yùn dòng yǐ 1870 nián shí xiàn mín zú dú lì、 tǒng yī bìng jiàn lì jūn zhù lì xiàn de yì dà lì wáng guó xuān gào jié shù。 shàng céng zī chǎn jiē jí tóng fēng jiàn dì zhù jiē jí de tuǒ xié， shǐ yì dà lì zī chǎn jiē jí gé mìng jù yòu bù chè dǐ xìng。 zī běn zhù yì zài běi fāng bù duàn gǒng gù hé fā zhǎn， nán fāng nóng cūn yǐ rán bǎo cún zhe fēng jiàn guān xì。 zài zī běn zhù yì xīn zhì xù hé jiù de fēng jiàn guān xì de shuāngchóng yā pò xià， láo dòng rén mín xiàn rù xīn de kǔ nán。 19 shì jì 70 nián dài chū xiàn bìng zài wén tán zhàn zhù dǎo dì wèi de zhēn shí zhù yì wén xué， shì zhè yī tè dìng de shè huì lì shǐ tiáo jiàn de chǎn wù。
zhēn shí zhù yì shǔ yú pī pàn xiàn shí zhù yì fàn chóu， dàn shòu dào fǎ guó zì rán zhù yì de yī dìng yǐng xiǎng。 19 shì jì mò， ér tóng wén xué yě huò dé chéng guǒ。 āi dé méng duō · dé · yà mǐ qì sī miáo xiě shàonián shēng huó de tè xiě jí《 xīn》（ jiù yì《 ài de jiào yù》，） hé qí tā fǎn yìng jiào shī shēng huó、 xué xiào tóng shè huì de guān xì de zuò pǐn， yě chǎn shēng liǎo guǎng fàn de yǐng xiǎng。
zhēn shí zhù yì de jié chū dài biǎo shì qiáo wàn ní □ wéi 'ěr jiā。 tā de duǎn piān xiǎo shuō xù shù nóng mín、 gōng rén héng zāo dì zhù、 zī běn jiā、 guān lì、 shén fǔ de cán kù bō xuē hé yā pò， duì rén wù de xìng gé hé zài huán jìng yǐng xiǎng xià de jīng shén tè zhēng， duì xī xī lǐ gǔ lǎo de fēng sú shì tài， dū zuò liǎo xì zhì de miáo huì。 cháng piān xiǎo shuō《 mǎ lā wò lì yà yī jiā》、《 táng · jié sū 'ā duō shī fù》， biǎo xiàn xī xī lǐ yú mín、 nóng mín tóng zì rán yǔ xiàn shí de bó dǒu， jiē lù liǎo zī běn zhù yì jīn qián shì lì dài lái de zāinàn。 tā sù zào de yī xì liè “ bèi zhēng fú zhě ” de diǎn xíng， shēn kè dì jiē shì chū zài qiáng dà de zī běn zhù yì de chōng jī xià nóng cūn chuán tǒng de shè huì guān xì de wǎ jiě hé láo dòng rén mín bēi cǎn de mìng yùn， chù dòng liǎo zī běn zhù yì xīn zhì xù de yīn 'àn miàn， xiǎn lù liǎo zhēn shí zhù yì wén xué de pī pàn fēng máng。 wéi 'ěr jiā de zuò pǐn zhōng yě liú lù chū pī pàn xiàn shí zhù yì zuò jiā bù kě bì miǎn de bēi guān、 shī wàng。
wéi 'ěr jiā de chuàng zuò yǐng xiǎng liǎo yī zhěng dài zuò jiā。 yī pī fù yòu cái huá de zuò jiā zài zhēn shí zhù yì de qí zhì xià， xuǎn qǔ zì jǐ de gù xiāng huò zuì shú xī de dì qū， fǎn yìng tā men suǒ rè 'ài de rán 'ér yòu shì bù gōng zhèng de shì jiè。 mǎ dì 'ěr dé · sài lā 'ào de xiǎo shuō miáo shù nà bù lè sī dǐ céng láo dòng qún zhòng de qī liáng shēng huó， bào lù zī běn zhù yì jīn qián guān xì hé fēng jiàn dào dé guān niàn duì tā men de qiāng hài。 lìng yī míng nà bù lè sī zuò jiā sà 'ěr wǎ duō léi · dí · jiǎ kē mò yòng fāng yán xiě de xiǎo shuō hèshī gē xù shù dāng dì píng mín、 ér tóng de xīn suān jìng yù， shū fā rè 'ài xiāng tǔ de qíng huái。 sǎ dīng dǎo nǚ zuò jiā gé lā qí yà · dài lāi dá yǐ xiān xiù de bǐ chù kè huá gǔ lǎo de zōng fǎ guān xì zài sǎ dīng dǎo qióng xiāng pì rǎng de jiě tǐ hé zī běn zhù yì wén míng tóng xiāng cūn wén míng chōng tū de tú jǐng。 āi mǐ lì 'ào · dé · mǎ 'ěr jī de yōu xiù zuò pǐn bǎ zhēn shí zhù yì tóng màn zuǒ ní de wén xué chuán tǒng jié hé qǐ lái， gē sòng xià céng qún zhòng de gāo shàng pǐn gé。
dé · yà mǐ qì sī - sī xiǎng
dé · yà mǐ qì sī rèn wéi jiào yù wèn tí jù yòu zhòng dà yì yì。 tā suǒ chàng dǎo de 'ài de jiào yù， bāo kuò rè 'ài xué xí、 rè 'ài láo dòng、 rè 'ài zǔ guó、 tóng qíng ruò xiǎo、 lè yú zhù rén、 zūn shī 'ài shēng、 tǐ tiē fù mǔ děng rén lèi měi hǎo de jīng shén， zài zuò zhě yǎn zhōng tōng guò yī xiē xiǎo gù shì biǎo xiàn dé qīnqiè gǎn rén， jù yòu hěn qiáng de yì shù gǎn rǎn lì。 zhè shǒu xiān shì yīn wéi zuò zhě dú tā suǒ miáo xiě de duì shēng huó de shú xī， tè bié shì duì hái zǐ xīn lǐ rù mù sān fēn de dòng chá， xiě lái jiù zì rán shēng dòng， gěi rén yìn xiàng shēn kè。
dé · yà mǐ qì sī - zuò pǐn
yì bǎn《 ài de jiào yù》
《 ài de jiào yù》， yuán míng《 Coure》（ kǎo lāi， yì dà lì wén ‘ xīn ’ de yì sī）。 tā cǎi yòng rì jì de xíng shì， yǐ yī gè xiǎo nán hái 'ān lì kē de yǎn guāng， cóng 10 yuè fèn 4 nián jí kāi xué dì yī tiān kāi shǐ xiě qǐ； yī zhí xiě dào dì 'èr nián 7 yuè fèn， quán shū gòng 100 piān wén zhāng， bāo kuò fā shēng zài 'ān lì kē shēn biān gè shì gè yàng gǎn rén de xiǎo gù shì、 fù mǔ zài tā rì jì běn shàng xiě de quàn jiè qǐ fā xìng de wén zhāng， yǐ jí 10 zé lǎo shī zài kè táng shàng xuān dú de jīng cǎi de“ měi yuè gù shì”。 měi zhāng měi jié， dū bǎ“ ài” biǎo xiàn dé jīng suǐ shēn rù、 lín lí jìn zhì， dà zhì guó jiā、 shè huì、 mín zú de dà wǒ zhī 'ài， xiǎo zhì fù mǔ、 shī cháng、 péng yǒu jiān de xiǎo wǒ zhī 'ài， chù chù kòu rén xīn xián、 gǎn rén fèi fǔ。 100 duō nián lái cǐ shū yī zhí chàng xiāo bù shuāi， bìng qiě céng duō cì bèi gǎi biān wéi dòng huàpiān、 diàn yǐng、 lián huán huà， dú zhě biàn bù quán shì jiè。
dào yī jiǔ sì nián， yuán wén bǎn《 ài de jiào yù》 zài jǐn yòu liǎng sān qiān wàn rén kǒu de yì dà lì yǐ chóngyìn jìn bǎi cì， ér qiě xiān hòu yòu dà liàng de wài wén yì běn chū xiàn， chéng wéi guǎng shòu quán shì jiè huān yíng de wén xué míng zhù。
jiù zài yì dà lì yuán wén bǎn《 ài de jiào yù》 chóngbǎn jìn bǎi cì hòu de dì wǔ gè nián tóu jí 1909 nián 2 yuè， shāng wù yìn shū guǎn chuàng bàn de《 jiào yù zá zhì》 yuè kān zì chuàng kān hào qǐ， dào cì nián de dì yī qī， liánzǎi liǎo yī bù“ tiān xiào shēng” de“ jiào yù xiǎo shuō”《 xīn 'ér jiù xué jì》。 zhè bù míng yuē chuàng zuò jí“ zhù” de xiǎo shuō， qí shí shì yì yì、 suō biān hé gǎi xiě liǎo de pǔ jí 'ér tóng dú wù， yǐ jù de jiù shì rì běn wén yì běn《 ài de jiào yù》。《 xīn 'ér jiù xué jì》 shì zhōng guó zuì zǎo de《 ài de jiào yù》“ yì běn”。
Early career
Born in Oneglia (part of the city of Imperia), he went to military school in Modena, and became an Army officer in the new Kingdom of Italy. De Amicis fought in the battle of Custoza during the Third Independence War, a defeat of Savoy forces against the Austrian Empire; the spectacle left him disappointed, and contributed to his later decision to leave military life.
In Florence, he wrote his first sketches dealing with his frontline experience, collected as La vita militare ("Military Life", 1868), and first published by the journal of the Ministry of Defense, L'Italia Militare. In 1870, he joined the staff of the journal La Nazione in Rome, and his correspondence at the time later served as base for his travel writings: Spagna (1873), Olanda (1874), Ricordi di Londra (1874), Marocco (1876), Costantinopoli (1878), Ricordi di Parigi (1879). A new edition of Costantinopoli was published in 2005, with a foreword by Umberto Eco.
[edit]Heart success
Main article: Heart
Heart was issued by Treves on 17 October 1886, the first day of school in Italy. Its success was immense: in a few months it was printed in 40 Italian editions and translated into dozens of languages. Its praise for the creation of Italy in the previous decade contributed to its reception, but also made it draw criticism from some Roman Catholic politicians for failing to depict the nature of the Holy See's opposition to the annexation of Rome.
[edit]Later years
The nationalist message visible in De Amicis' works was soon fused with a commitment to socialism (a trend visible within Heart). In 1896, he adhered to the Italian Socialist Party.
His later works include: Sull'oceano (1889), dealing with the plight of Italian emigrants overseas, Il romanzo di un maestro (1890), Amore e ginnastica (1892), Maestrina degli operai (1895), La carrozza di tutti (1899), L'idioma gentile (1905), and Nuovi ritratti letterari e artistici (1908). At the same time, he contributed to the Turin-based Il Grido del Popolo - his articles were collected as Questione sociale ("Social Issues", 1894).
De Amicis died in Bordighera. His last years were marked by tragedy and spent in reclusion; he was marked by his mothers' death, and the frequent conflicts with his wife - ultimately, these were the source of an even greater emotional shock for De Amicis, as they led to his son Furio's suicide (as schoolchildren, Furio and his brother Ugo had served as inspiration for Heart).