yuèdòuluó sī lā fū · hā xiè kè Jaroslav Hasekzài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! | |||
罗斯拉夫·哈谢克shāng yè xué xiào chuò xué hòu， hā xiè kè méi yòu jìn yínháng qù dāng zhí yuán， què xuǎn zé liǎo xiě zuò de dào lù。 dú shū qī jiān， tā jiù jīng cháng wéi《 rén mín bào》 xiě gǎo， yī jiǔ qī nián dāng shàng liǎo《 gōng shè》 de zhù biān。 tā jīng cháng dào nèi dì duì kuàng gōng jí fǎng zhì gōng rén yǎn jiǎng， bù duàn shòu dào 'ào xiōng dì guó tè wù de jiān shì， céng yīn fǎn kàng jǐng chá zuò guò yī gè yuè de láo。 yī jiǔ bā nián tā liǎng cì wéi jǐng chá jú chuán xùn， yī cì shì yóu yú tā shì tú chě xià guà zài wēn sài sī lā sī guǎng chǎng shàng de 'ào xiōng dì guó guó qí， lìng yī cì kòng gào tā de zuì míng shì“ rǎo luàn zhì 'ān”。 yī jiǔ yī nián tā zhù biān《 dòng wù shì jiè》， cì nián， yóu yú tā biān zào liǎo yī xiē xū gòu de dòng wù xíng xiàng， bèi chū bǎn shāng fú kè sī jiě gù liǎo。
yī jiǔ sān nián tā yī dù cān jiā guò wú zhèng fǔ zhù yì zǔ zhì， yī jiǔ qī nián jiù duàn rán tóng tā men jué liè。
hā xiè kè shì yī wèi xīn qín de zuò jiā。 yī jiǔ zhì yī jiǔ bā nián jiān， tā xiě guò yī bǎi bā shí wǔ piān fěng cì xiǎo pǐn。 yī jiǔ jiǔ nián kāi shǐ xiě duǎn piān xiǎo shuō， zuì chū dēng zài yuē sài fū · lā dá（ 1887～ 1957， jí wéi běn shū zuò chā tú de nà wèi huà jiā） suǒ zhù biān de《 màn huà bào》 shàng。 tā shēng píng 'àihào tú bù lǚ xíng， bìng xǐ huān shēn rù bù lā gé xià céng shè huì。 tā zài shí wǔ nián de wén xué shēng yá zhōng， xiě liǎo bù xià yī qiān piān duǎn piān xiǎo shuō， duì zì jǐ suǒ guān chá dào de shè huì shàng zhǒng zhǒng chǒu 'è xiàn xiàng， jìn xíng liǎo wú qíng de biān dá。《 hǎo bīng shuài kè》 zuì chū yě shì yǐ yī zǔ duǎn piān xiǎo shuō de xíng shì wèn shì de。 cǐ wài， tā xiě de jù běn yě céng shàng yǎn guò。
zhèng xiàng tā suǒ chuàng zào de shuài kè zhè gè rén wù yī yàng， hā xiè kè běn rén zài xiàn shí shēng huó zhōng yě gān guò bù shǎo lìng 'ào xiōng dì guó dāng jú chēn mù qièchǐ de miào jǔ。 yī jiǔ yī yī nián， dāng 'ào xiōng dì guó dà gǎo yì huì xuǎn jǔ shí， hā xiè kè zǔ zhì liǎo yī gè suǒ wèi“ zài hé fǎ fàn wéi nèi zhù zhāng wēn hé jí hé píng de zhèng dǎng”， bìng zài yī jiā xià děng jiǔ guǎn lǐ fā biǎo“ jìng xuǎn” yǎn shuō， duì 'ào xiōng dì guó de zhèng zhì shè huì zhì dù jìn xíng liǎo měng liè pēng jī。 shì hòu tā gào sù rén shuō， zhè shì wèile tì nà jiā jiǔ guǎn zhāo lái zhù gù。 lìng yī huí fā shēng zài dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn chū qī。 tā zhù jìn bù lā gé yī jiā lǚ guǎn， zài lǚ kè dēng jì bù“ guó jí” lán tián shàng yǔ 'ào xiōng dì guóxiàng dí duì de“ é luó sī”， yòu zài“ lái cǐ hé shì” lán tián shàng“ kuī tàn 'ào dì lì cān móu bù de huó dòng”。 yú shì， chǔn zhū bān de jǐng chá jú lì jí pài rén bǎ gāi lǚ guǎn mì mì zā zā dì bāo wéi qǐ lái， yǐ wéi zhè xià kě zhuā dào liǎo yī míng zhòng yào jiàndié。 jí zhì zhēn xiāng dà bái hòu， jǐng chá yán lì zé wèn tā wèishénme zài zhàn zhēng qī jiān kāi zhè zhǒng wán xiào， hā xiè kè dài zhe yī fù zhēn chéng shén qíng huí dá shuō， tā duì 'ào dì lì jǐng chá de xiàolǜ bù dà fàng xīn， shì xiǎng kǎo yàn yī xià tā men jǐng tì xìng rú hé。 jǐng fāng kū xiào bù dé， fá tā zuò liǎo wǔ tiān láo。 yī jiǔ yī wǔ nián héng héng jí dì yī cì shì jiè dà zhàn bào fā hòu de dì 'èr nián， hā xiè kè yìng zhēng rù wǔ， cān jiā dì jiǔ shí yī bù bīng tuán， yě jiù shì shuài kè suǒ shǔ de nà gè bù duì。 qǐ chū tā men zhù zhā zài jié sī kǎi héng bù dí yóu wéi sī。
dāng nián jiǔ yuè， é jūn tū pò fáng xiàn， qiē duàn liǎo hā xiè kè suǒ shǔ bù duì tóng 'ào xiōng dì guó zhù lì jūn zhī jiān de lián xì。
hā xiè kè zhōng yú bèi 'é jūn fú lǔ。 bèi fú hòu， hā xiè kè xiān zài jī fǔ， hòu lái yòu zhuǎn yí dào wū lā 'ěr shān nán duān de tuō cí kè yī。 zài fú lǔ yíng lǐ， tā yě méi yòu jiànduàn wén xué huó dòng。 tā dāng shàng liǎo zài jī fǔ chū bǎn de yī jiā jié kè wén zá zhì《 jié kè sī luò fá kè》 de jì zhě， bìng jì xù cóng shì《 hǎo bīng shuài kè》 de xiě zuò。 yī jiǔ yī qī nián， zhè jiā zá zhì shè chū bǎn liǎo《 hǎo bīng shuài kè》 de dān xíng běn。 tā hái mó fǎng yīng guó zuò jiā dí gèng sī de《 pǐ kè wēi kè fēn chuán》， xiě liǎo《 pǐ kè wēi kè jù lè bù》， nèi róng yědōu shì duì 'ào xiōng dì guó tǒng zhì zhě hūn yōng fǔ bài de fěng cì。
dāng shí 'é jūn zài fú lǔ zhōng jiān zǔ zhì liǎo yī zhī jié kè bīng tuán yǔ 'ào xiōng dì guó zuò zhàn， yóu yú hā xiè kè yī shí rèn shí bù qīng， tā jiù bào míng cān jiā liǎo。 dàn shì hòu lái dāng zhè gè bīng tuán biàn zhì wéi 'é guó * bái wèi jūn de méng yǒu héng héng jí chòu míng zhāo zhù de jié kè sī luò fá kè shī tuán， bìng kāi wǎng mǎ lā hé qù fǎn duì bù 'ěr shí wéi kè shí， hā xiè kè táo zǒu liǎo。 tā duǒ zài sà mǎ lā xiàn wò 'ěr huò hé liú yù de mó 'ěr wéi nuò。 yī jiǔ yī bā nián， hā xiè kè zài jī fǔ yì rán cān jiā liǎo hóng jūn， yī gè yuè hòu， chéng wéi bù 'ěr shí wéi kè dǎng yuán。 nà gè fǎn dòng shī tuán xuān bù tā wéi“ mài guó zéi”， bìng xià lìng tōng jī。 jù shuō yòu yī cì tā fù sà mǎ lā wéi hóng jūn bàn shì shí， céng wéi gāi shī tuán suǒ fú。 dàn tā yòu chéng gōng dì táo diào liǎo。 tā jī jí cān jiā xuān chuán gōng zuò， dòng yuán zài 'é guó de jié kè shì bīng zhī yuán shí yuè gé mìng。 tā céng zài xīn bǐ 'ěr sī kè cān jiā zhù míng de hóng jūn dì wǔ jūn， bìng chéng wéi jūn duì hé dǎng de gān duì， hòu rèn bù gǔ 'ěr mǎ shì de bù duì fù sī lìng yuán。 yī jiǔ yī jiǔ nián tā bèi wěi rèn wéi wū fā shì wài guó gòng chǎn dǎng yuán wěi yuán huì de shū jì， tóng nián rèn hóng jiàn yìn shuà chǎng de dǎng wěi shū jì。 yī jiǔ 'èr nián rèn hóng jūn dì wǔ jūn zhèng zhì bù guó jì zǔ zǔ cháng。 hā xiè kè zài yī 'ěr kù cí kè shí， dān rèn guò dé wén zá zhì《 kuáng biāo》、 xiōng wén zá zhì《 jìn gōng》 hé bù lǐ yà tè měnggǔ wén zá zhì《 shǔ guāng》 de lǐng dǎo gōng zuò。 hā xiè kè zài yī fēng xìn zhōng céng tán dào tā zài yī 'ěr kù cí kè shí jié shí yī wèi cān jiā shí yuè gé mìng de zhōng guó jiāng jūn。 hā xiè kè gēn nà wèi jiāng jūn xué xí zhōng wén， tóng shí jiào tā jié kè wén。 tā shí fēn yí hàn dì xiě dào， zài bā wàn liù qiān gè zhōng guó fāng kuài zì zhōng jiān， tā zhǐ rèn dé bā shí gè。 jù shuō dāng shí hóng jūn gé mìng jūn shì wěi yuán huì hái céng qǐng hā xiè kè zhù biān yī zhǒng zhōng wén kān wù。
yī jiǔ 'èr nián， jié kè shè huì mín zhù dǎng pài liǎo gè fǎng sū dài biǎo tuán， tā men qǐng hā xiè kè huí guó gōng zuò。 tā lì jí tóng yì liǎo。 tóng nián shí 'èr yuè， tā huí dào bù lā gé， bìng wéi shè huì mín zhù dǎng zuǒ yì de jī guān bào《 hóng sè quán lì bào》 xiě wén zhāng。 dāng shí jié kè shì gè xīn jiàn lì de gòng hé guó。 bù jiǔ， hā xiè kè bèi zhèng dí wū miè wéi“ jiān xì”。
dàn tā jì xù bù qū bù náo dì cóng shì《 hǎo bīng shuài kè》 de xiě zuò。 yóu yú zhǎo bù dào chū bǎn zhě， yī jiǔ 'èr yī nián zài péng yǒu men de zī zhù xià， zì fèi bǎ dì yī juàn kān yìn chéng shū， bìng qiě tóng yǒu rén shàng jiē qù jiào mài， jiēguǒ dà wéi chéng gōng。 tā běn jìhuà gòng xiě chéng sì juàn。 kāi shǐ xiě dì sì juàn shí， tā dé liǎo nüè jí。 zài bìng tà shàng， tā yòng kǒu shù de fāng shì jì xù chuàng zuò。 yī jiǔ 'èr sān nián， gāng xiě wán dì sān zhāng， tā jiù yīn xīn zàng má bì hé fèi yán kè rán yǔ shì cháng cí。 shí nián hái bù mǎn sì shí。 duì jié kè， duì 'ōu zhōu， duì rén lèi jìn bù de wén xué shì yè， tā de yāo zhé dōushì mò dà de sǔn shī！ hòu lái tā de péng yǒu kǎ 'ěr · wàn ní kè bǎ quán shū xù wán， dàn yīn wén bǐ yòu xiǎn zhù chā bié， jìn nián lái de bǎn běn duō shān qù bù yòng liǎo。
jié kè zhù míng huà jiā yuē sài fū · lā dá wéi《 hǎo bīng shuài kè》 suǒ huà de chā tú shì yǔ yuán shū qí míng de bù xiǔ zhī zuò。 shì shí shàng， hā xiè kè shēng qián bìng méi kàn dào zhè xiē gēn tā de zuò pǐn zhī cǐ xiāng dé yì zhāng de chā tú。 tā jǐn jǐn zài yī jiǔ 'èr yī nián qǐng lā dá wèicǐ shū huà guò yī fú fēng miàn。 yī jiǔ 'èr sì nián， yě jí shì hā xiè kè shì shì de cì nián， lā dá cái yìng《 jié kè rì bào》 xīng qī rì tè ji de biān zhě zhī yuē， wéi《 hǎo bīng shuài kè》 zuò liǎo wǔ sì fú chā tú， zài gāi kān shàng liánzǎi， měi fú chā tú xià miàn bìng yóu huà jiā cóng yuán zhù zhòngxuǎn zhāi yī duàn zuò wéi shuō míng。 jù tǒng jì， lā dá xiān hòu céng wéi hā xiè kè de quán bù zuò pǐn huà guò yī sān sān jiǔ fú sù xiě， qí zhōng jǐn《 hǎo bīng shuài kè》 tā jiù huà liǎo jiǔ jiǔ fú， měi fú dōushì zhè me dào jìn yòu lì， lún kuò fēn míng， shū shū jǐ bǐ， jiù néng jué zhù shū zhōng rén wù héng héng yóu qí shì zhù rén gōng shuài kè héng héng de líng hún， zài shū jí chā tú shǐ shàng， bié shù yī gé。
lā dá chū shēng yú yī gè qióng xié jiàng de jiā tíng， zì yòu jiù xǐ huān huì huà。 tā zǎo qī shòu jié kè xiàn shí zhù yì huà jiā mì kè lā shì · ā liè shì（ 1852～ 1913） de yǐng xiǎng pō shēn。 shí sì suì zài yī jiā zhuāng dìng zuōfáng dāng xué tú， yīn 'ér jiē chù dào xǔ duō fù yòu chā tú de míng zhù。 cóng nà shí qǐ， tā jiù kāi shǐ lì yòng gōng yú zuò huà。 yī jiǔ sì nián， wǔ yuè chū bǎn shè dì yī cì yìn xíng liǎo tā de sì fú huà。
lā dá hái xǐ huān yán jiū mín jiān zhuāng shù， sōu jí tóng yáo。 tā de huì huà de dú chuàng xìng shì tóng jié kè fēng fù de mín zú chuán tǒng jǐn mì jié hé de。 tā de xiàn tiáo pǔ sù zì rán， sè cǎi xiān míng huó pō， bǐ xià chōng mǎn zhe mín jiān shēng huó de shī yì。
lā dá zuì chū wéi hǎo jǐ bù tóng huà zuò guò chā tú， yòu biān huì《 wǒ de zì mǔ》、《 yú kuài de shēng wù xué》 děng qǐ méng xìng dú wù。 yī jiǔ 'èr wǔ dào yī jiǔ sān wǔ nián jiān， tā zhù biān guò 'ér tóng kān wù《 xiǎo huā 'ér》、 màn huà zá zhì《 dòng wù shì jiè》， wéi《 hóng sè quán lì bào》 zuò guò huà， bìng tì lìng yī fěng cì zuò jiā hā wò lǐ qì kè · bó lǔ sī jī de zuò pǐn huà guò chā tú。 dàn shì lā dá zhù yào shì yǐ wéi《 hǎo bīng shuài kè》 suǒ zuò de zhè pī chā tú 'ér wén míng de。
xiàng shuài kè nà yàng yī gè pǔ tōng de rén， yī xiàng jiù shì lā dá huà zuò zhōng de zhù yào tí cái。 tā cóng lái bù huà méi yòu rén wù de fēng jǐng， zài tā de huà miàn shàng huó yuè zhe de zǒng shì shǒu gōng yè gōng rén、 ní shuǐ jiàng、 nóng mín、 mófáng gōng rén、 kàn lín rén、 lǎo tài pó huò xiǎo hái。 tā duì hā xiè kè zhè bù zuò pǐn yòu shēn zhàn de tǐ huì， zài chā tú fēng gé shàng yǔ yuán zuò dá dào gāo dù de hé xié， zhè shì yīn wéi tā men 'èr rén cóng yī jiǔ qī nián jiù jié xià shēn zhì de yǒu yì， zhè zhǒng yǒu yì shì jiàn lì zài tā men gòng tóng duì rén mín chì liè de rè 'ài hé duì fǎn dòng tǒng zhì zhě shēnqiè de tòng hèn shàng。 zài hā xiè kè chuàng zuò zhè bù xiǎo shuō de nián yuè lǐ， tā men yī zhí mìqiè jiāo wǎng， yī dù hái yī dào shēng huó guò。 duì hā xiè kè zuò pǐn zhōng suǒ biǎo dá de sī xiǎng gǎn qíng， lā dá liǎo jiě dé zuì wéi tòu chè。 yī jiǔ sì qī nián， jié kè zhèng fǔ céng bān gěi tā yǐ“ rén mín yì shù jiā” de guāng huī chēng hào。
Life and work
Hašek was born in Prague, Bohemia (then within Austria-Hungary, now the Czech Republic), the son of high school math teacher Josef Hašek and his wife Kateřina. Poverty forced the family, with three children—another son Bohuslav, three years Hašek's younger, and an orphan cousin Maria—to move often, more than ten times during his infancy. He never knew a real home, and this rootlessness clearly influenced his life of wanderlust. When he was thirteen, Hašek's father died from excessive alcohol intake, and his mother was unable to raise him firmly. The teenage boy dropped out of high school at the age of 15 to become a druggist, but eventually graduated from business school. He worked briefly as a bank officer and also as a dog salesman (a profession he was to attribute to his hero Švejk and from which many of the improbable anecdotes told by Švejk are drawn). He preferred, however, the liberated profession of a writer and journalist, though he had entered into the circles of gipsies and vagabonds, taking up many bad habits and becoming unruly and hard to track down.
In 1906 he joined the anarchist movement, having taken part in the 1897 anti-German riots in Prague as a schoolboy. He gave regular lectures to groups of proletarian workers and, in 1907, became the editor of the anarchist journal Komuna. As an anarchist in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, his movements were closely monitored by the police and he was arrested and imprisoned on a regular basis; his offenses include numerous cases of vandalism and at least one case of assaulting a police officer, for which he spent a month in prison. He satirised the lengths to which the Austro-Hungarian police would go to entrap suspected political subversives in the opening chapters of The Good Soldier Svejk.
Hašek met Jarmila Mayerová in 1907, and fell in love with her. However, due to his bohemian lifestyle, her parents found him an unsuitable match for their daughter. In response to this, Hašek attempted to back away from his radical politics and get a settled job as a writer. When he was arrested for desecrating a flag in Prague, Mayerová's parents took her into the country, in hope that this would end their relationship. This move was unsuccessful in that it failed to end the affair, but it did result in Hašek's renewed focus in writing. By 1909, he had sixty-four short stories published, over twice as many as in any previous year, and he was also named as the editor of the journal The Animal World. This job did not last long, however, as he was soon dismissed for publishing articles about imaginary animals which he had dreamed up (though this furnished further material for Švejk).
In 1910, he married Jarmila Mayerová. However the marriage was to prove an unhappy one, and lasted little more than three years. Mayerová went back to live with her parents in 1913 after he was caught trying to fake his own death. At the outbreak of World War I, Hašek lived spasmodically[clarification needed] with cartoonist Josef Lada, who later illustrated the Good Soldier Švejk. Eventually he was drafted and joined the army; many of the characters in Švejk are based on people he met during the war. He did not spend long fighting in the front line, being captured by the Russians in 1915. He had a relatively easy time in the Russian POW camps, he was assigned to the camp's commander as a secretary. He was allowed to leave the camp in 1916 to join the newly formed Czech Legion as a propagandist.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, he remained in Russia as a member of the Bolshevik party. He joined the Red Army and became an rmy unit commissar. During this time he also remarried (although he was still married to Jarmila). He eventually returned again to Prague in 1920 in the hope of finishing The Good Soldier Švejk. However, in some circles he was not a popular figure, being branded a traitor and a bigamist, and struggled to find a publisher for his works.
Before the war, in 1912, he published the book The Good Soldier Švejk and other strange stories (Dobrý voják Švejk a jiné podivné historky) where the figure of Švejk appeared for the first time but it was only after the war in his famous novel that Švejk became a sancta simplicitas, a cheerful idiot who joked about the war as if it were a tavern brawl. By this time, Hašek had become gravely ill and dangerously overweight. He no longer wrote, but dictated the chapters of Švejk from his bedroom in village Lipnice, where he unexpectedly died in 1923, at age 39, of tuberculosis contracted during the war.
Legacy
Since his death, all of Hašek's short stories have been collected and published in the Czech language.
For decades (until 2000) a Festival of humor and satire "Haškova Lipnice" had been held in Lipnice.
Namesakes
Asteroid 2734 Hašek was named after Jaroslav Hašek.
Asteroid 7896 Švejk was named after the main character of his most famous novel.
A EuroCity class train on the route Prague - Bratislava - Budapest operated by České dráhy bears the name Jaroslav Hašek.
Bibliography
The Good Soldier Švejk and His Fortunes in the World War, translated by Cecil Parrott, with original illustrations by Josef Lada
The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk During the World War, translated by Zenny K. Sadlon
The Red Commissar: Including further adventures of the good soldier Švejk and other stories
Bachura Scandal and Other Stories and Sketches, translated by Alan Menhenett
Biography by Cecil Parrott, The Bad Bohemian (ISBN 0-349-12698-4).