首頁>> 文學>> 军事生活>> 羅斯拉夫·哈謝剋 Jaroslav Hasek   捷剋 Czech   第一次世界大戰   (1883年四月30日1923年元月3日)
好兵帥剋 The Good Soldier Švejk
  《好兵帥剋》(The Good Soldier Švejk)全名《好兵帥剋在第一次世界大戰中的遭遇》,它是捷剋傑出的諷刺作傢哈謝剋(Jaroslav Hašek)的一部長篇政治諷刺小說。作傢以自己在奧匈帝國軍隊服役時所獲得的大量素材提煉而成。
  
  好兵帥剋-小說簡介
  
  小說以普通士兵帥剋在第一次世界大戰中的經歷為綫索,深刻揭露奧匈帝國統治者的兇殘專橫及其軍隊的腐朽墮落。他們對人民姦淫掠奪,官兵之間欺上壓下,“友軍”之間相互傾軋,他們虐待俘虜,各級軍官個個愚昧無知、貪婪腐敗。這一切,在小說中暴露無遺。小說成功地塑造了一個與人民血肉相連的普通捷剋士兵帥剋的智慧、力量以及對占領者的不滿情緒與自發反抗的精神。帥剋善良又勇敢,機智而不露聲色,貌似平凡,而且有點“愚昧”和滑稽可笑。然而他卻善於運用民間諺語、笑話,接過上司的口號,以其人之道還治其人之身,伺機巧妙地同反動統治者作鬥爭。衹要他到哪裏,那裏就被攪得雞飛狗跳、天翻地覆,把反動政權的秩序搞得一團糟,使反動統治機器無法運動。從而表達對敵人的無比仇恨和對異族統治下的人民的深切同情與無比關懷。小說出版後被譯成40多種文字,在世界各地都擁有廣泛的讀者,享有世界聲譽。


  The Good Soldier Švejk (also spelled Schweik or Schwejk, and pronounced /ˈʃveɪk/; Czech: [ˈʃvɛjk]) is the abbreviated title of an unfinished satirical novel by Jaroslav Hašek. It was illustrated by Josef Lada and George Grosz after Hašek's death. The original Czech title of the work is Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války, literally The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk During the World War.
  
  Hašek originally intended Švejk to cover a total of six volumes, but had completed only four (which are now usually merged into one book) upon his death from tuberculosis in 1923. Many critics consider the book to be one of the greatest novels of the 20th century.
  
   Themes
  
  The novel is set during World War I in Austria-Hungary, a multi-ethnic empire full of long-standing tensions. Fifteen million people died in the War, one million of them Austro-Hungarian soldiers of whom around 140,000 were Czechs. Jaroslav Hašek participated in this conflict and examined it in The Good Soldier Švejk.
  
  Many of the situations and characters seem to have been inspired, at least in part, by Hašek's service in the 91st Infantry Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Army. However, the novel also deals with broader anti-war themes: essentially a series of absurdly comic episodes, it explores both the pointlessness and futility of conflict in general and of military discipline, specifically Austrian military discipline, in particular. Many of its characters, especially the Czechs, are participating in a conflict they do not understand on behalf of a country to which they have no loyalty.
  
  The character of Josef Švejk is a development of this theme. Through possibly-feigned idiocy or incompetence he repeatedly manages to frustrate military authority and expose its stupidity in a form of passive resistance: the reader is left unclear, however, as to whether Švejk is genuinely incompetent, or acting quite deliberately with dumb insolence. These absurd events reach a climax when Švejk, wearing a Russian uniform, is mistakenly taken prisoner by his own troops.
  
  In addition to satirising Habsburg authority, Hašek repeatedly sets out corruption and hypocrisy attributed to priests of the Catholic Church.
  Plot summary
  
  The story begins in Prague with news of the assassination in Sarajevo that precipitates World War I.
  
  Švejk displays such enthusiasm about faithfully serving the Austrian Emperor in battle that no one can decide whether he is merely an imbecile or is craftily undermining the war effort. However, he is arrested by a member of the secret police, Bretschneider, after making some politically sensitive remarks, and is sent to prison. After being certified insane he is finally transferred to a madhouse, before being ejected.
  
  Švejk gets his charwoman to wheel him (he claims to be suffering from rheumatism) to the recruitment offices in Prague, where his apparent zeal causes a minor sensation. Unfortunately, he is transferred to a hospital for malingerers because of his rheumatism. He finally joins the army as batman to army chaplain Otto Katz; Katz loses him at cards to Lieutenant Lukáš, whose batman he then becomes. Lukáš is then posted with his march battalion to barracks in České Budějovice, in Southern Bohemia, preparatory to being sent to the front. After missing the train to Budějovice, Švejk embarks on a long anabasis on foot around Southern Bohemia in a vain attempt to find Budějovice, before being arrested as a possible spy and deserter (a charge he strenuously denies) and escorted to his regiment. He is then promoted to company orderly.
  
  The unit embarks on a long train journey towards Galicia and the Eastern Front. Stopping in a town on the border between Austria and Hungary, Švejk is again arrested, this time for causing an affray involving a respectable Hungarian citizen and engaging in a street fight. Before reaching the front line, Švejk is taken prisoner by his own side as a suspected Russian deserter, after arriving at a lake and trying on an abandoned Russian uniform. Narrowly avoiding execution, he manages to rejoin his unit. The unfinished novel breaks off abruptly before Švejk has a chance to be involved in any combat or enter the trenches, though it appears Hašek may have conceived that the characters would have continued the war in a POW camp, much as he had done.
  
  The book also includes a very large number of anecdotes told by Švejk (usually either to deflect the attentions of an authority figure, or to insult them in a concealed manner) which are not directly related to the plot.
  Selected characters
  
  The characters of The Good Soldier Švejk generally either are used as the butt of Hašek's absurdist humour or represent fairly broad social and ethnic stereotypes found in the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time. People are often distinguished by the dialect and register of Czech or German they speak, a quality that does not translate easily. Many German- and Polish-speaking characters, for example, are shown as speaking comedically broken or heavily accented Czech, while many Czechs speak broken German; much use is also made of slangy expressions.
  
  Some characters seem to have been partly based on real people serving with the Imperial and Royal 91st Infantry Regiment, in which Hašek served as a one-year volunteer.
  
  Josef Švejk
   The novel's hero: in civilian life a dealer in stolen dogs.
  Palivec
   The foul-mouthed landlord of Švejk's local pub - the "U Kalicha" on Na Bojišti street, Prague. Palivec is eventually arrested by Bretschneider (see below) after commenting that flies shit on the pub's portrait of Franz Joseph I of Austria.
  Bretschneider
   A secret policeman for the Austro-Hungarian government, who repeatedly tries to catch Švejk and others out on their anti-monarchist views. Is eventually eaten by his own dogs, after buying a succession of animals from Švejk in an attempt to incriminate him.
  Staff Warder Slavík
   A cruel and corrupt prison official (revealed to have himself ended up in prison under the Republic of Czechoslovakia).
  Chaplain Otto Katz
   Katz is an army chaplain with a fondness for drinking, especially good communion wine, and gambling. A convert to Catholicism, many aspects of Katz's character are something of an anti-semitic caricature. Švejk seems fond of Katz, but the latter loses the services of Švejk to Lieutenant Lukáš in a game of cards.
  Lieutenant Lukáš
   Švejk's long-suffering company commander. A Czech from South Bohemia, Lukáš is something of a womanizer but is depicted in a broadly sympathetic manner by Hašek (the records of the real-life 91st Regiment show an Oberleutnant Rudolf Lukáš at the time of Hašek's service; Hašek admired Lukáš and even wrote him a number of poems). Though Švejk's actions eventually lead to Lukáš being labelled as a notorious philanderer in the Hungarian national press, he starts to miss Švejk after the latter is promoted to company orderly.
  Colonel Friedrich Kraus von Zillergut
   An idiotic Austrian officer with a penchant for giving his colleagues long-winded, moronic explanations of everyday objects (such as thermometers and postage stamps) and situations; run over by a cart while attempting to demonstrate what a pavement is. Kraus's dog is stolen by Švejk as a gift to Lukáš; the enraged colonel subsequently arranges Lukáš's transfer to the front.
  Captain Sagner
   One of the regiment's professional officers and commander of Švejk's march battalion; an ambitious careerist, he is later revealed to have been a closet Czech patriot in his youth. A Captain Sagner appears to have served in the 91st Regiment, where he was Hašek's battalion commander.
  Colonel Schröder
   The bad-tempered colonel of Švejk's regiment, and a caricature of the typical German-speaking senior officers of the Austro-Hungarian army.
  Jurajda
   The battalion's spiritualist cook; before military service he had edited an "occultist" journal. Spends time attempting to avoid frontline service through letters he is writing to his wife, in which he details meals he is intending to cook for senior officers.
  2nd Lieutenant Dub
   Dub is a Czech schoolmaster, officer of the reserve, and commander of the battalion's 3rd company: he has strongly monarchist views. As a conservative, pro-Habsburg Czech, Dub is the subject of some of Hašek's most vicious satire. Repeatedly placed in humiliating situations, such as being found drunk in a brothel or falling off a horse (in all Slavonic languages the word 'dub' ('oak') itself is a common synonym for a dull, idiotic person). Is said to have been based on a lieutenant of the reserve, Mechalek, who served in Hašek's regiment.
  Quartermaster Sergeant-Major Vaněk
   Another recurring character, Vaněk (a chemist from Kralupy nad Vltavou in civilian life) is an example of an easy-going but self-serving senior NCO, whose main concern is to make his own existence as comfortable as possible.
  Volunteer Marek
   The character of one-year volunteer Marek is to some degree a self-portrait by the author, who was himself a one-year volunteer in the 91st. For example, Marek — like Hašek — was fired from the editorship of a natural history magazine after writing articles about imaginary animals. Is appointed the battalion historian by Sagner and occupies himself with devising memorable and heroic deaths in advance for his colleagues.
  Vodička
   A sapper friend of Švejk noted mainly for his extreme hatred of Hungarians, which leads to an unfortunate incident in Bruck an der Leitha.
  Cadet Biegler
   Biegler is a young junior officer with pretensions to nobility, despite being the middle-class son of a furrier. Biegler takes his military duties so seriously he is ridiculed even by his senior officers, and is mistakenly hospitalised as a "carrier of cholera germs" after medical staff misdiagnose (for army PR-purposes) a cognac-induced hangover.
  Captain Tayrle
   The brigade adjutant and a particularly disgusting example of a headquarters officer, whose interests appear to lie mainly in crude jokes and sampling of local prostitutes.
  General Fink von Finkenstein
   An aristocratic, vicious and near-insane senior Austrian officer and commander of the garrison fort of Przemyśl, Fink treats his men with extreme brutality. Almost succeeds in having Švejk executed after the latter is taken prisoner by his own side.
  Chaplain Martinec
   A chaplain plagued by drink-induced spiritual doubts, whose attempt to provide spiritual consolation to Švejk ends in disaster.
  "Sergeant Teveles"
   A man in possession of a silver Military Merit Medal, purchased from a Bosnian, and claiming to be a Sergeant Teveles, who had previously disappeared along with the entire 6 March Company during fighting in Belgrade.
  Baloun
   A miller from Český Krumlov in civilian life, and Švejk's successor as Lukáš's batman, Baloun is a glutton and is regularly punished for stealing Lukáš's food. Will eat raw dough, sausage skins, etc., when nothing else is available.
  
  Literary significance and criticism
  
  A number of literary critics consider The Good Soldier Švejk to be one of the first anti-war novels, predating Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front. Furthermore, Joseph Heller said that if he had not read The Good Soldier Švejk, he would never have written his novel Catch-22.
  Broader cultural influence
  
  The idiocy/subversion of Švejk has entered the Czech language in the form of words of švejkovina ("švejking"), švejkovat ("to švejk"), švejkárna (military absurdity), etc. Peter Sellers in his movie "Shot in the Dark", uses two comic bits from Svejk. From the overbearing captain "You know what a road is? - simplistic overstatement, and poor Lieutenent Lucas in despair to Svejk , "I should have shot you — who would have said anything ? who ?", (this was put to Clouseau by Captain Dreyfuss in the movie).
  Adaptations
  
   * The Czech animator Jiří Trnka adapted the novel as an animated film in 1955, including Jan Werich starring as a narrator.
   * Czech director Karel Steklý filmed the adventures in two films in 1956 and 1957, starring Rudolf Hrušínský as Švejk.
   * In West Germany the book was newly adapted in the 1960s, starring Heinz Rühmann.
   * A 13-part TV series in German, Die Abenteuer des braven Soldaten Schwejk, directed by Wolfgang Liebeneiner, was made and broadcast by the Austrian state TV (ORF) in 1972. The title role was played by Fritz Muliar.
   * Czechoslovakian puppetoon version "Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka" (1986)
   * In November 2008, BBC Radio 4 broadcasted a two-part radio adaptation starring Sam Kelly.
  
  The Good Soldier Švejk inspired Bertolt Brecht to write a play continuing his adventures in World War II. It was aptly titled Schweik in the Second World War.
  
  Švejk became the subject of comic books, films, an opera, a musical, statues, and the theme of many restaurants in a number of European countries.
  
  Arthur Koestler worked on an uncompleted sequel called The Good Soldier Schweik Goes to War Again.[citation needed]
  
   * Robert Kurka wrote an opera based on the novel, first performed in 1958.
   * The Harry Harrison science fiction series 'Bill, the Galactic Hero', begun in 1965, is a retelling of the Švejk story updated to a future galactic war.
  
  Translations and adaptations
  
  Three major English-language translations of Švejk have been published:
  
   * The Good Soldier Schweik, tr. Paul Selver, 1930.
   * The Good Soldier Svejk and His Fortunes in the World War, tr. Cecil Parrott, 1973; reprints: ISBN 0140182748 & ISBN 978-0140449914.
   * The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Svejk During the World War, Book One, Books 3 & 4 (E-book).
   * The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk During the World War, Book Two
   * The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk During the World War, Book(s) Three & Four]
  
  The first translation does not give a full impression of Hašek's original. Whole passages are missing (such as the famous imaginary-animals passage on the Animal World Magazine, and the whole of Volume 4 after Švejk's capture as a Russian), various passages are bowdlerised, and the style is somewhat stifling and unimaginative, contrary to the language used by Hašek. Succeeding translations are generally perceived as evolving from good to better.[citation needed]
  
  The translation by Sadlon (all four books) is now also available on CD, together with a collection of several dozen great works of satire from B*R Samizdat Express
  
  There is also an orchestral suite and an opera , both for wind ensemble, written by Robert Kurka, as well as a stage adaptation, Svejk, by Colin Teevan.
譯序
  說起我最早接觸《好兵帥剋》這部世界諷刺文學名著的經過,真是有點失敬,同時也說明我對歐洲文學史有多麽孤陋寡聞。
   四十年代初,我住在倫敦西北郊一所公寓裏。每逢傷風感冒,我總找點輕鬆的讀物,經常買的是企鵝叢書,因為當時每本僅六個便士,而且封面分別用不同顔色標志着其內容。譬如小說的封皮是桔黃色的,回憶錄則是藍色的。《好兵帥剋》則被列為幽默類。
   書拿起來就再也放不下了。當時我被帥剋這位絶妙人物整個吸引住了。我對這本書有了相見恨晚之感,並且責怪把它列為幽默類,未免太輕率了。後來纔知道,這部奇書是捷剋有史以來的傑作之一,已經被譯成近三十種文字。作者哈謝剋曾被歐洲批評傢與十六世紀的拉布雷(《巨人傳》的作者)和塞萬提斯(《堂吉訶德》的作者)相提並論。這是個節譯本,原作要長上三倍。我之所以挑這個節本來譯,是因為它節得很高明,略去了原作藉用天主教繁瑣教規或捷文雙關語一些費解的笑料,保留了原作的精華。
   一個極端殘暴、透頂的帝國(奧匈帝國)為了在歐洲爭奪霸權,就憑藉武力奴役另一個弱小但是倔強的民族(捷剋人民),並驅使其成員參加一場由於分贓不均而引起的大(第一次世界大戰);而以帥剋這個無與倫比的人物為代表的捷剋民族,由於處在劣勢,表面上唯唯諾諾,屈從效忠,甚至口呼“萬歲”,內心卻充滿了鄙夷和憎恨,從而采取種種使反動統治者哭笑不得的方式進行頑強的抵抗;通過主人公帥剋這個普通士兵在第一次世界大戰期間從應徵入伍到開拔前綫的經歷,作者以笑駡的筆鋒對這個色厲內荏的帝國內部的強橫暴虐、昏憒無能加以無情的暴露與控訴——這就是《好兵帥剋》這部傑出的諷刺小說的基本內容。《絞刑架下的報告》的作者、捷剋的民族英雄、卓越的反法西斯戰士伏契剋曾經對帥剋這個人物所産生的影響作出這樣高度的評價,說他“仿佛是一條蟲子,在蛀蝕(奧匈帝國)那個反動制度時是很起勁的,儘管並不是始終都很自覺的;在摧毀這座壓迫與的大廈上,他是起了作用的。”
   在某種意義上,《好兵帥剋》也可以說是一部歷史小說,因為它從內部描寫了歐洲近代史上一個最古老的王朝——奧匈帝國崩潰的過程。作品幾乎是嚴格按照第一次世界大戰編年順序寫的,從第二捲(帥剋入伍後由布拉格開拔前方)起,戰局、事件、路綫,都與當年的奧匈軍隊作戰史基本吻合,甚至帥剋所在的聯隊番號以及作品中有些人物(盧卡施、萬尼剋、杜布等)也不是虛構的。然而此書的價值並不在於它如何忠於史實,而在於作者哈謝剋以卓絶的漫畫式手法,準確、深刻地剖析了奧匈帝國的政府、軍隊、法院、機關以至醫院、教會的反動而又虛弱的本質。通過手裏拿着“叛國者”帽子到處尋找拘捕對象的特務布裏契奈德,以及那草菅人命的軍醫,我們可以看到奧匈帝國是怎樣一座黑暗、殘暴的監獄。為了揭露所謂“神職人員”這種寄生蟲,作者在卡茲和拉辛兩個神甫的形象上着了濃重的筆墨。這個帝國的一切殘酷、骯髒、荒謬與醜惡,都沒能逃脫哈謝剋那支鋒利、辛辣的筆,他無情地揭露了這個龐大帝國所加於捷剋民族的種種災難,並塑造出帥剋這個平凡而又極富於機智的不朽形象。
   當然,這部小說暴露得最徹底、抨擊得最有力的還是奧匈帝國所炫耀的軍隊。反動統治者為了驅使人民替他們那腐朽政權去當炮灰,不得不製造一些虛偽的“軍人榮譽感”,鼓吹“忠君愛國”的黷武思想,用宗教麻醉、欺騙以及特務和集中營等強製手段,硬把包括老弱病殘在內的人們推上火綫。作者形象地描寫了那個軍隊中主權式的官兵關係和掠奪者與被掠奪者之間的軍民關係,揭示出臨陣拼湊起來的“友”軍之間互相傾軋,以至職業軍官對後備軍官和自願軍官的輕衊。這樣的軍隊既談不上效率、紀律,更沒有“士氣”可言。軍官們以彼此貽誤對方的公事來報私仇,士兵比賽着怠工;列車開走了,軍官還躲在車站後面同妓女講着價錢。這樣的軍隊對“自己人”是那樣殘酷,對待俘虜和敵方老百姓更不如禽獸。《好兵帥剋》這部小說的力量就在於:它以生動有力、令人笑破肚皮的情節,富於說服力地告訴我們:一個不義的軍隊,無論它在數量上如何龐大,到頭來衹能失敗,滅亡。
   作者雅羅斯拉夫·哈謝剋(一八八三~一九二三)出生於布拉格。他的父親是一所私立德國中學的數學教員,薪俸微薄,傢境貧寒。哈謝剋十三歲喪父後,就去一傢藥鋪當學徒。一七年,當哈謝剋還是個十四歲的少年時,他就參加了反對異族統治者的活動,常常扯掉他們貼的戒嚴佈告,撕破奧匈帝國的國微,砸碎反動政府機關的窗玻璃,並曾因參加反德而被以“軍事裁判法”名義逮捕,投入牢獄。哈謝剋十六歲進了一所中等商業學校。級任老師是歷史小說傢阿洛依斯·伊拉謝剋,他在班上時常講述捷剋民族英雄的軼事,對哈謝剋的啓發極大。
   商業學校輟學後,哈謝剋沒有進銀行去當職員,卻選擇了寫作的道路。讀書期間,他就經常為《》寫稿,一九○七年當上了《公社》的主編。他經常到內地對礦工及紡織工人演講,不斷受到奧匈帝國特務的監視,曾因反抗坐過一個月的牢。一九○八年他兩次為局傳訊,一次是由於他試圖扯下挂在溫塞斯拉斯廣場上的奧匈帝國國旗,另一次控告他的罪名是“擾亂治安”。一九一○年他主編《動物世界》,次年,由於他編造了一些虛構的動物形象,被出版商弗剋斯解雇了。一九○三年他一度參加過無政府主義組織,一九○七年就斷然同他們决裂。
   哈謝剋是一位辛勤的作傢。一九○○至一九○八年間,他寫過一百八十五篇諷刺小品。一九○九年開始寫短篇小說,最初登在約塞夫·拉達(1887~1957,即為本書作插圖的那位畫傢)所主編的《漫畫報》上。他生平愛好徒步旅行,並喜歡深入布拉格下層社會。他在十五年的文學生涯中,寫了不下一千篇短篇小說,對自己所觀察到的社會上種種醜惡現象,進行了無情的鞭答。《好兵帥剋》最初也是以一組短篇小說的形式問世的。此外,他寫的劇本也曾上演過。
   正像他所創造的帥剋這個人物一樣,哈謝剋本人在現實生活中也幹過不少令奧匈帝國當局瞋目切齒的妙舉。一九一一年,當奧匈帝國大搞議會選舉時,哈謝剋組織了一個所謂“在合法範圍內主張溫和及和平的政黨”,並在一傢下等酒館裏發表“競選”演說,對奧匈帝國的社會制度進行了猛烈抨擊。事後他告訴人說,這是為了替那傢酒館招徠主顧。另一回 發生在第一次世界大戰初期。他住進布拉格一傢旅館,在旅客登記簿“國籍”欄填上與奧匈帝國相敵對的“俄羅斯”,又在“來此何事”欄填上“窺探奧地利參謀部的活動”。於是,蠢豬般的局立即派人把該旅館密密匝匝地包圍起來,以為這下可抓到了一名重要間諜。及至大白後,嚴厲責問他為什麽在戰爭期間開這種玩笑,哈謝剋帶着一副真誠神情回答說,他對奧地利的效率不大放心,是想考驗一下他們警惕性如何。警方哭笑不得,罰他坐了五天牢。
   一九一五年——即第一次世界大戰爆發後的第二年,哈謝剋應徵入伍,參加第九十一步兵團,也就是帥剋所屬的那個部隊。起初他們駐紮在捷斯凱—布迪尤維斯。當年九月,俄軍突破防綫,切斷了哈謝剋所屬部隊同奧匈帝國主力軍之間的聯繫。哈謝剋終於被俄軍俘虜。被俘後,哈謝剋先在基輔,後來又轉移到烏拉爾山南端的托茲剋伊。在俘虜營裏,他也沒有間斷文學活動。他當上了在基輔出版的一傢捷剋文雜志《捷剋斯洛伐剋》的記者,並繼續從事《好兵帥剋》的寫作。一九一七年,這傢雜志社出版了《好兵帥剋》的單行本。他還模仿英國作傢狄更斯的《匹剋威剋分傳》,寫了《匹剋威剋俱樂部》,內容也都是對奧匈帝國統治者昏庸的諷刺。
   當時俄軍在俘虜中間組織了一支捷剋兵團與奧匈帝國作戰,由於哈謝剋一時認識不清,他就報名參加了。但是後來當這個兵團變質為反白衛軍的盟友——即臭名昭著的捷剋斯洛伐剋師團,並開往馬拉河去反對布爾什維剋時,哈謝剋逃走了。他躲在薩馬拉縣沃爾霍河流域的摩爾維諾。一九一八年,哈謝剋在基輔毅然參加了紅軍,一個月後,成為布爾什維剋黨員。那個反動師團宣佈他為“賊”,並下令通緝。據說有一次他赴薩馬拉為紅軍辦事時,曾為該師團所俘。但他又成功地逃掉了。他積極參加宣傳工作,動員在的捷剋士兵支援十月。他曾在辛比爾斯剋參加著名的紅軍第五軍,並成為軍隊和黨的幹隊,後任布古爾馬市的部隊副司令員。一九一九年他被委任為烏發市外國員委員會的書記,同年任紅箭印刷廠的黨委書記。一九二○年任紅軍第五軍部國際組組長。哈謝剋在伊爾庫茲剋時,擔任過德文雜志《狂飆》、匈文雜志《進攻》和布裏亞特蒙古文雜志《曙光》的領導工作。哈謝剋在一封信中曾談到他在伊爾庫茲剋時結識一位參加十月的中國將軍。哈謝剋跟那位將軍學習中文,同時教他捷剋文。他十分遺憾地寫道,在八萬六千個中國方塊字中間,他衹認得八十個。據說當時紅軍軍事委員會還曾請哈謝剋主編一種中文刊物。
   一九二○年,捷剋社會黨派了個訪蘇代表團,他們請哈謝剋回國工作。他立即同意了。同年十二月,他回到布拉格,並為社會黨左翼的機關報《紅色權力報》寫文章。當時捷剋是個新建立的共和國。不久,哈謝剋被政敵誣衊為“姦細”。
   但他繼續不屈不撓地從事《好兵帥剋》的寫作。由於找不到出版者,一九二一年在朋友們的資助下,自費把第一捲刊印成書,並且同友人上街去叫賣,結果大為成功。他本計劃共寫成四捲。開始寫第四捲時,他得了瘧疾。在病榻上,他用口述的方式繼續創作。一九二三年,剛寫完第三章,他就因心髒麻痹和肺炎溘然與世長辭。時年還不滿四十。對捷剋,對歐洲,對人類進步的文學事業,他的夭折都是莫大的損失!後來他的朋友卡爾·萬尼剋把全書續完,但因文筆有顯著差別,近年來的版本多刪去不用了。
   捷剋著名畫傢約塞夫·拉達為《好兵帥剋》所畫的插圖是與原書齊名的不朽之作。事實上,哈謝剋生前並沒看到這些跟他的作品知此相得益彰的插圖。他僅僅在一九二一年請拉達為此書畫過一幅封面。一九二四年,也即是哈謝剋逝世的次年,拉達纔應《捷剋日報》星期日特輯的編者之約,為《好兵帥剋》作了五四○幅插圖,在該刊上連載,每幅插圖下面並由畫傢從原著中選摘一段作為說明。據統計,拉達先後曾為哈謝剋的全部作品畫過一三三九幅速寫,其中僅《好兵帥剋》他就畫了九○九幅,每幅都是這麽道勁有力,輪廓分明,疏疏幾筆,就能攫住書中人物——尤其是主人公帥剋——的靈魂,在書籍插圖史上,別樹一格。
   拉達出生於一個窮鞋匠的家庭,自幼就喜歡繪畫。他早期受捷剋現實主義畫傢密剋拉士·阿烈士(1852~1913)的影響頗深。十四歲在一傢裝訂作坊當學徒,因而接觸到許多附有插圖的名著。從那時起,他就開始利用工餘作畫。一九○四年,五月出版社第一次印行了他的四幅畫。
   拉達還喜歡研究民間裝束,搜集童謠。他的繪畫的獨創性是同捷剋豐富的民族傳統緊密結合的。他的綫條樸素自然,色彩鮮明活潑,筆下充滿着民間生活的詩意。
   拉達最初為好幾部童話作過插圖,又編繪《我的字母》、《愉快的生物學》等啓蒙性讀物。一九二五到一九三五年間,他主編過兒童刊物《小花兒》、漫畫雜志《動物世界》,為《紅色權力報》作過畫,並替另一諷刺作傢哈沃裏契剋·勃魯斯基的作品畫過插圖。但是拉達主要是以為《好兵帥剋》所作的這批插圖而聞名的。
   像帥剋那樣一個普通的人,一嚮就是拉達畫作中的主要題材。他從來不畫沒有人物的風景,在他的畫面上活躍着的總是手工業工人、泥水匠、農民、磨坊工人、看林人、老太婆或小孩。他對哈謝剋這部作品有深湛的體會,在插圖風格上與原作達到高度的和諧,這是因為他們二人從一九○七年就結下深摯的友誼,這種友誼是建立在他們共同對人民熾烈的熱愛和對反動統治者深切的痛恨上。在哈謝剋創作這部小說的年月裏,他們一直密切交往,一度還一道生活過。對哈謝剋作品中所表達的思想感情,拉達瞭解得最為透徹。一九四七年,捷剋政府曾頒給他以“人民藝術傢”的光輝稱號。
   蕭乾
   一九九○年九月
捲首語
  偉大的時代就得有偉—大的人物出現。有一種謙卑的,默默無聞的英雄,他們既沒有拿破侖的英名,也沒有他那些豐功偉業。可是把這種人的品德分析一下,連亞歷山大大帝⑴也將顯得黯然無色。今天走在布拉格的街上,你就會遇到一個人,他一點也不覺得自己在這偉大新時代的歷史上有什麽重要性。他很謙卑地走着自己的路,誰也不去驚動,同時也沒有新聞記者來驚動他,請求會見。如果你請問一下他貴姓大名,他會用樸素而謙卑的聲調說:“我是帥剋。”
   而這一聲不吭、毫無架子、穿得很寒傖的人,正是我們所熟知的好兵帥剋。當波希米亞王國⑵的公民們還在奧地利統治之下的時候,他們就交口稱贊這個驍勇、剛直的人了。今天,雖然我們成立了共和國⑶,他的光輝也不會因而消逝的。
   我很喜歡好兵帥剋。在敘述他在大戰⑷中的奇遇時,我相信讀者對這個謙卑的、默默無聞的英雄,一定也會引起共鳴的。他並沒像希羅斯特拉特⑸那個傻瓜那樣,僅僅為了自己的事跡可以登報或編入教科書,就縱火焚燒依斐蘇斯⑹的女神廟。
   僅僅這一點,就夠了。
   -
   ⑴亞歷山大大帝(公元前三五六~三二三),馬其頓國王,古代歐洲戰略傢,也是曾憑武力侵略過埃及和波斯帝國的野心傢。
   ⑵即捷剋。一五二六年,捷剋王國並入哈布斯堡帝國後,改稱為波希米亞王國。
   ⑶指第一次世界大戰結束以後一九一八年十月成立的資産階級共和國。
   ⑷指第一次世界大戰。
   ⑸希羅斯特拉持,是小亞細亞依斐蘇斯人。公元前三五六年他為了給自己製造名氣竟縱火把城裏美麗的女神廟燒了。
   ⑹依斐蘇斯是古時小亞細亞的一座城市。城以阿爾忒彌斯女神廟而出名。在希臘神話中,阿爾忒彌斯象徵大地的一切生産力。
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