| xìng： | qián | ||||||||||||||||||
| míng： | ēn héng | ||||||||||||||||||
| zì： | bīn sì | ||||||||||||||||||
| wǎngbǐhào： | gōng shā ; liáng yǐn ; yǔ wàng ; gū yún | ||||||||||||||||||
| jíguàn： | jiāng sū wú xī | ||||||||||||||||||
yuèdòuqián mù Qian Muzài历史大观dezuòpǐn!!! yuèdòuqián mù Qian Muzài百家争鸣dezuòpǐn!!! | |||||||||||||||||||
钱穆（1895年7月30日－1990年8月30日），原名恩鑅，字宾四，江苏无锡人，中华民国中央研究院院士，历史学家，儒学学者，教育家，香港新亚书院及新亚中学创校人。与吕思勉、陈垣、陈寅恪并称为严耕望所评选的“现代四大史学家”。中国现代历史学家。江苏省无锡人。字宾四。笔名公沙、梁隐、与忘、孤云。
钱穆九岁入私塾，熟习中国的传统文献典籍。十三岁入常州府中学堂学习，1912年因家贫辍学，后自学。1913-1919年任小学教员。1923年后，曾在厦门、无锡、苏州等地任中学教员。1930年以后，历任燕京、北京、清华、四川、齐鲁、西南联大等大学教授，也曾任无易江南大学文学院院长。1949年迁居香港，创办了新亚书院，任院长，从事教学和研究工作至1964年退休为止，期间曾获得香港大学、美国耶鲁大学名誉博士称号。1966年，钱穆移居台湾台北市，在“中国文化书院（今中国文化大学)”任职，为“中央研究院”院士，“故宫博物院”特聘研究员。1990年8月在台北逝世。
钱穆是完全靠自修苦读而在学术界确立地位的一个学者。其治学颇受清儒章学诚“六经皆史”思想的影响。对中国历史尤其是对中国历代思想家及其思想源流的研究和考辨，均自成一家之言。提出，先秦时期，儒、墨二家是后来诸子各派的发端，由此分源别派，旁通四达，互相中国古代文化的源流。他在儒学方面的研究成果也非常突出，如认为司马迁的《史记·孔子世家》真伪混杂，次序颠倒，后世传说亦不可轻信，遂详细考辨孔子的生平事迹，包括、生卒年月、父母、志学、初仕、设教、适齐、适卫、过匡、过宋、仕鲁、至陈、至蔡、及晚年居鲁等，以及孔子的政治活动和著述等，具有很高的学术价值。又如对晚清今文经学家如谬平、康有为等认定刘歆伪造古文经一呈，钱穆撰《刘向歆父子年谱》，以令人信服的证据否定了今文经学家的观点，了结了晚清道咸以来的经学今古文争论的公案，在北方学术界一举成名。。此外，钱穆对宋明理学尤其是朱熹之学、对清代学术尤其是乾嘉学派等，都有很深的研究。
在历史研究中，重视中国历史发展的特殊性和悠久的传统，在通史、文化史、思想史、史学理论与方法等方面都有深入研究，闻名海内外。钱穆重视探求中华民族文化的内在精华，并给予其以高度评价，他认为“我民族国家之前途，仍将于我先民文化所贻自身内部获其生机”。晚年的钱穆比较偏重于文化哲学的研究，并就中西文化的问题作了很多深入的思想考，在其一生的最后一篇文章《中国文化对人类未来可有的贡献》（载于刘梦溪主编的《中国文化》1991年第4期）中，他对中国传统哲学的“天人合一”思想有了新的体认，并“深信中国文化对世界人类未来求生存之即在此。”
钱穆著述颇丰，专著多达80种以上。其代表作有《先秦诸于系年》、《中国近三百年学术史》、《国史大纲》、《中国文化史导论》、《文化学大义》、《中国历代政治得失》、《中国历史精神》、《中国思想史》、《宋明理学概述》、《中国学术通义》和《从中国历史来民族性及中国文化》等。此外还有结集出版论文集多种，如《中国学术思想史论丛》、《中国文化丛谈》等。
生平年表
1894 清光绪廿一年,生于江苏省无锡县
1900 七岁 入私塾读书
1903 十岁 进果育小学就读
1905 十二岁 父逝
1906 十三岁 入常州中学堂
1910 十七岁转入南京私立钟英中学，适逢武昌起义，学校停办，遂辍学
1911 十八岁任教无锡三兼小学，为教学生涯之始
1918 廿四岁任教鸿模学校，即原果育小学，出版《论语文解》
1919 廿五岁任后宅泰伯市初小校长
1922 廿八岁赴厦门任教集美学校为任职中学教师之始
1923 廿九岁任教江苏省无锡第三师范学校
1927 卅三岁转任教苏州中学
1928 卅四岁妻殁、儿殇、兄亡连遭三丧
1930 卅六岁发表《刘向、歆父子年谱》，后任教北京燕京大学为任教大学之始
1931 卅七岁任教北京大学历史系，并兼课清华、燕京、北师大
1935 四一岁出版《先秦诸子系年》
1937 四三岁随政局南迁，任西南联合大学教授
1939 四五岁《国史大纲》脱稿，回苏州侍母一载
1941 四七岁往成都任教齐鲁大学国学研究所及武汉大学
1943 四九岁先后任教于华西大学、四川大学
1944 五十岁撰文《中国历史上青年从军先例》号召知识分子投笔从戎
1946 五二岁赴昆明任教五华学院、兼任云南大学
1948 五四岁任无锡江南大学文学院院长课余撰《湖上闲思录》
1949 五五岁赴港任亚洲文商学院院长
1950 五六岁成立新亚书院、应邀赴台讲演
1951 五七岁为筹办新亚书院台湾分校滞台数月，未果。
1952 五八岁 4月，在淡江文理学院惊声堂讲演，屋顶泥块坠落击中头部晕厥送医。
1955 六一岁新亚研究所成立，访日，“教育部”颁赠学术奖章香港大学授予名誉博士学位
1956 六二岁新亚书院农圃道校舍暑期落成，为自有校舍之始与胡美琦女士九龙缔婚
1957 六三岁新亚书院增设艺术专修科
1960 六六岁赴耶鲁大学讲学，课余撰《论语新解》耶大颁赠名誉博士学位后赴欧访问
1961 六七岁新亚书院理学院成立
1963 六九岁香港中文大学成立，曾辞新亚书院院长职
1965 七一岁正式卸任新亚书院院长，离港赴吉隆坡马来亚大学讲学
1967 七三岁 十月迁居台北
1968 七四岁迁入素书楼，膺选“中央研究院”院士
1969 七五岁任“中国文化学院历史研究所”教授、“故宫博物院”聘为研究员
1974 八十岁撰《八十忆双亲》
1976 八二岁是年冬，胃病剧作，几不治
1978 八四岁该年常病，目不能视，抱病赴港任新亚书院"钱宾四先生学术文化讲座"主讲人。
1979 八五岁赴港出席新亚三十年纪念会
1980 八六岁与三子、幼女会于香港，卅二载未见，得七日相聚
1981 八七岁与长女、长侄晤聚香港，五子女两年内分别见面
1984 九十岁获颁行政院文化奖章
1986 九二岁为文化大学历史研究所学生上最后一课
1988 九四岁在家中授课至是年方休
1989 九五岁赴港参加新亚四十年纪念会
1990 九六岁 六月一日迁出素书楼八月卅日逝于杭州南路寓所
1992 归葬苏州太湖之滨
Ch'ien Mu or Qian Mu (Chinese: 錢穆; 30 July 1895 – 30 August 1990) was a Chinese historian, philosopher and writer. He is considered to be one of the greatest historians and philosophers of 20th-century China. Ch'ien, together with Lü Simian, Chen Yinke and Chen Yuan, was known as the "Four Greatest Historians" of Modern China (現代四大史學家).
Life
Early Life: Jiangsu, Beijing
Ch'ien Mu was from the prestigious Qian (Ch'ien) family in Wuxi. His ancestor was said to be Qian Liu (852–932), founder of the Wuyue Kingdom (907–978) during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. He was born in Qifang Qiao Village (七房橋; "Seven Mansions Bridge Village"), in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. His biographer Jerry Dennerlien described his childhood world as the "small peasant cosmos" of rituals, festivals, and beliefs held the family system together. He received little formal education, but gained his knowledge on Chinese history and culture through traditional family school education and continuous self-study.
He started his teaching career as a primary school teacher in his hometown when he was eighteen.
Recommended and invited by another famous historian Gu Jiegang, Ch'ien Mu was hired as a lecturer in Yenching University in 1930. He began his teaching career at several other universities like Tsinghua University and Peking University until 1937, when Peking was occupied by the Japanese army.
Hong Kong
Amidst communist victory in the civil war, Ch'ien arrived in Hong Kong at Chang Chi-yun's suggestion in 1949. With help from the Yale-China Association, along with Tang Chun-i, Tchang Pi-kai and other scholars, he cofounded New Asia College. He served as the president of New Asia College from 1949 until 1965. This college has graduated many great scholars and outstanding members of various communities. After New Asia College became a member college of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and moved to Ma Liu Shui, Sha Tin, he resigned. Publicly he said that he wanted to devote more time to his scholarship, but in private he revealed that he felt that the college lost its freedom and might eventually disappear. He then founded New Asia Middle School as a non-profit-making Chinese secondary school at the former campus of the college. He later received honorary doctorates from both Yale University and the University of Hong Kong.
He taught at the University of Malaya before returning to Hong Kong.
Taiwan
Ch'ien relocated to Taiwan in October 1967 after accepting an invitation from the President Chiang Kai-shek in response to the Hong Kong 1967 leftist riots. In 1968, he was selected as a member of the Academia Sinica, which remedied a little his lifelong regret for not being able to be elected as a member of this Institute in the first election in 1948.
He was given land in Waishuangxi in the Shilin District to build his home Sushulou (素書樓) while continuing as a freelance academic researching and giving lectures at universities in Taiwan.
Ch'ien retired from teaching in 1984. After becoming one of the three constituent colleges of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, in 1978 New Asia College inaugurated the Ch'ien Mu Lectures in his honor.
On June 1, 1990, two Democratic Progressive Party politicians, Chen Shui-bian and Chou Po-lun, accused Ch'ien of occupying public land as the nature of gifting the land for Sushulou by Chiang Kai-shek to a private citizen was deemed to be illegal. Ch'ien and his wife moved out of Sushulou and relocated to a high-rise apartment in downtown Taipei City.
Ch'ien died on August 30, 1990, a little less than three months after being forced to move out of Sushulou. Many of Ch'ien's supporters condemned the practice Chen and Chou of using Ch'ien for scoring political points against the Kuomintang. Both Chen and Chou have since apologized for the damages of their accusations towards Ch'ien, and Sushulou is now the location of the Ch'ien Mu Memorial.
Works
Ch'ien wrote extensively on Chinese classics, history and Confucian thought. Unlike many 20th-century Chinese intellectuals influenced by the New Culture Movement of the 1910s who were fundamentally skeptical of traditional Chinese thought and Confucianism, he insisted on the importance of traditional values of Chinese culture. By the time of his death in 1990, his objections to the rejection of tradition of Confucianism had gained wider credence, partly through the influence of his student at New Asia College, Yu Ying-shih.
Ch'ien Mu was an extremely industrious and prolific scholar who had about 76 works published during his life, which exceeded 17 000 000 words in total. After his death, his complete works were collected and edited into 54 volumes, published in 1994 by Linking Publishing Company in Taipei. In 2011, a revised edition of his complete works was published in Beijing by Jiuzhou Publishing Company in traditional Chinese characters.
Representative works:
- A General History of China (Guoshi dagang 國史大綱);
- Comments on the chin wen/ku wen (New Text/Old Text) Controversy in Han (Lianghan jingxue jin gu wen pingyi 兩漢經學今古文評議)
- A New Biography of Zhu Xi's Academic Life (Zhuzi xin xue'an 朱子新學案)
- A Scholastic History of China in Late 300 Years (Zhongguo jin sanbai nian xueshu shi 中國近三百年學術史)
- History of the Qin and Han Dynasty (Qin Han shi 秦漢史)
- Neo-Confucianism during Song and Ming Dynasty (Song Ming Lixue 宋明理學)
- Examining Chinese People and Culture Through Chinese History (Cong Zhongguo lishi lai kan Zhongguo minzu xing ji Zhongguo wenhua 從中國歷史來看中國民族性及中國文化)
Criticism
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Critics of Ch'ien's ideas, such as Li Ao, tend to focus on his superficial knowledge of non-Chinese currents of thoughts when he wrote his treatises on cultural studies, and his lack of objective, scientific method-based, defense of traditional Chinese culture. Wong Young-tsu condemns Ch'ien's own bias as "19th century traditionalist" in his "A Comment on Ch'ien Mu's Treatise on Chinese Scholarships During the Qing Dynasty" (錢穆論清學史述評) for being unable to view 19th century currents of thoughts with contemporary (20th century) perspectives. It could be argued, however, the opposition is based upon the critics' support of the New Culture Movement's legacies, which Ch'ien explicitly rejected.
Another recurring theme from Ch'ien's critics, from the 1930s onwards, concerns his defense of traditional Chinese political system, headed by a monarch but with the government filled by examinations-based mandarins, as a representative form of government, as a simplistic fantasy.
In his survey, Traditional Government in Imperial China: A Critical Analysis Ch'ien describes the basic constitutive elements of China's traditional government as it evolved. He concentrates upon those dynasties he considers China's most representative: the Han, Tang, Song, Ming and Qing; and critically analyzes and compares their governmental organization, civil service examination system, taxation and defence.
Ch'ien Mu was also criticized for having invested in too many different academic fields. For example, his research on Chinese Literature was considered as "unprofessional". His work on Daoism and Zhuangzi : Zhuangzi Zuan Jian 莊子纂箋 had also drawn him criticisms for long.
Memorial
- New Asia College Ch'ien Mu Library
- Former Residence of Ch'ien Mu in Hongshan 鴻山 of Wuxi (Jiangsu Province)
Notes
- ^ Pt I, Jerry Dennerline Qian Mu and the World of Seven Mansions (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988).
- ^ "About New Asia: History". Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ Chou (2011), p. 182.
- ^ "創校簡史" (PDF). New Asia Middle School. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ "Traditional Government in Imperial China: A Critical Analysis". Archived from the original on 2009-05-07.
- ^ 發展事略：錢穆先生任「錢賓四先生學術文化講座」首屆講者
- ^ Hung-yuk Ip, Tze-ki Hon, Chiu-chun Lee, "The Plurality of Chinese Modernity: A Review of Recent Scholarship on the May Fourth Movement," Modern China 29.4 (2003): 490-509.
References and further reading
- Jerry Dennerline, Qian Mu and the World of Seven Mansions (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988).
- Yu Yingshi, You ji feng chui shuishang lin--jing dao Qian Binsi shi 犹记风吹水上粼－敬悼钱宾四师, collected in Xiandai xueshu yu xueren 现代学术与学人 (Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2006).
- Yan Gengwang 严耕望, Qian Mu Binsi xiansheng yu wo 钱穆宾四先生与我, collected in Zhi shi san shu 治史三书 (Shanghai: People's Publishing House, 2011).
- Chou, Grace Ai-ling (2011). Confucianism, Colonialism, and the Cold War Chinese Cultural Education at Hong Kong's New Asia College, 1949-63. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004217348.