| wǎngbǐhào： | wén wǔ dà shèng dà guǎng xiào huáng dì | |||||||||||||
| miàohào： | tài zōng | |||||||||||||
| língmù： | zhāo líng | |||||||||||||
yuèdòulǐ shì mín Li Shiminzài百家争鸣dezuòpǐn!!! yuèdòulǐ shì mín Li Shiminzài诗海dezuòpǐn!!! | ||||||||||||||
shēng zú shí jiān： suí wén dì kāi huáng shí bā nián shí 'èr yuè 'èr shí 'èr rì（ gōng yuán 599 nián） héng héng táng tài zōng zhēnguàn 'èr shí sān nián（ 649 nián） wǔ yuè 'èr shí liù rì（ 50 suì）
miào hào : tài zōng
shì hào： wén huáng dì（ táng gāo zōng jiā shì wén wǔ shèng huáng dì； táng xuán zōng jiā shì wén wǔ dà shèng huáng dì、 wén wǔ dà shèng dà guǎng xiào huáng dì）
lì shǐ dì wèi： mín zú yīng xióng、 tiān kě hàn、 qiān gǔ yī dì
【 táng tài zōng zǎo nián】
táng tài zōng yú suí kāi huáng shí bā nián shí 'èr yuè 'èr shí 'èr rì（ gōng yuán 599 nián） chū shēng yú wǔ gōng bié guǎn， shì táng gāo zǔ lǐ yuān yǔ dòu huáng hòu de cì zǐ。 gōng yuán 614 nián qǔ qī zhǎngsūn shì， wǔ dé jiǔ nián bā yuè 'èr shí yī rì lì wéi huáng hòu， jí zhǎngsūn huáng hòu。
suí dà yè shí yī nián（ 615 nián）， suí yáng dì bèi tū jué shí wàn qí wéi kùn yú yàn mén（ jīn shān xī dài xiàn）， lǐ shì mín yìng mù cóng tún wèi jiāng jūn yún dìng xīng qián wǎng jiù yuán， tí chū xū zhāng jūn róng， zhòu yǐn jīng qí shù shí lǐ， yè yǐ zhēng gǔ xiāng yìng de yí bīng jì。 shí zhí dōng dū jí zhū jùn yuán bīng yì zhì xīn kǒu（ jīn xīn xiàn běi）， pò shǐ tū jué shǐ bì kèhán jiě wéi 'ér qù。 shí sān nián liù yuè， yǔ qí xiōng lǐ jiàn chéng shuài bīng gōng xī hé（ jīn fén yáng）， shǒu zhàn huò shèng， cù shǐ lǐ yuān jué yì xī xiàng guān zhōng。 rèn yòu lǐng jūn dà dū dū， tǒng yòu sān jūn， fēng dūn huáng jùn gōng。 qī yuè suí lǐ yuān zì tài yuán（ jīn tài yuán xī nán） nán xià。 tú zhōng lǐ yuān yī dù dòng yáo， yù hái shī gèng tú hòu jǔ。 shì mín jiān jué zhù zhāng jì xù jìn jūn， tí chū xiān rù xián yáng， hào lìng tiān xià de fāng lüè。 bā yuè， jìn gōng huò yì（ jīn huò zhōu）， xiān shuài qīng qí zhì chéng xià， yòu suí shǒu jiāng sòng lǎo shēng chū zhàn， jì 'ér shuài qí měng chōng qí cè bèi， pèi hé lǐ yuān、 jiàn chéng zhèng miàn gōng jī， zhǎn sòng lǎo shēng， kè qí chéng。 jiǔ yuè， jūn zhì hé dōng（ jīn yǒng jì xī nán）， lì zhù jí sù jìn jūn cháng 'ān（ jīn xī 'ān）， suì fèng mìng shuài qián jūn xī dù huáng hé， shùn lì zhàn lǐng wèi hé yǐ běi dì qū， gè dà zú háo qiáng fēn zhì jūn mén tóu xiào， shù zhī nóng mín qǐ yì jūn yì lái guī fù， bīng lì xùn sù fā zhǎn zhì 13 wàn rén。 shí yī yuè， huì zhū jūn gōng kè cháng 'ān。 lǐ yuān lì dài wáng yáng yòu wéi dì， jí suí gōng dì， gǎi dà yè shí sān nián wéi yì níng yuán nián。 yǐ guāng lù dà fū、 dàjiàng jūn、 tài wèi táng gōng wéi jiǎ huáng yuè、 shǐ chí jié、 dà dū dū nèi wài zhū jūn shì、 shàng shū lìng、 dà chéngxiàng， jìn fēng táng wáng， lǐ shì mín wéi jīng zhào yǐn， gǎi fēng qín gōng， yì níng 'èr nián sān yuè， wéi yòu yuán shuài， xǐ fēng zhào guó gōng。
tóng nián（ 618 nián） wǔ yuè， suí gōng dì shànwèi yú táng， táng wáng jí huáng dì wèi， guó hào dà táng， gǎi yuán wǔ dé。 wǔ dé yuán nián， yǐ zhào gōng shì mín wéi shàng shū lìng、 yòu yì wèi dàjiàng jūn， jìn fēng qín wáng。
táng cháo jiàn lì yǐ hòu， wéi tǒng yī quán guó， xiān hòu jìn xíng liǎo liù cì dà de zhàn yì。 zhè liù gè zhàn yì lǐ shì mín jiù zhǐ huī liǎo sì gè， quán bù qǔ dé liǎo shèng lì， wéi táng wáng cháo lì xià liǎo hè hè zhàn gōng。
dì yī cì shì duì lǒng yòu xuē jǔ fù zǐ jí tuán de zhàn yì， táng wǔ dé yuán nián， xuē jǔ shuài jūn jìn gōng guān zhōng， shuāng fāng zài xiàn shǎn xī cháng wǔ xiàn fā shēng jī zhàn， zài zhè lǐ， lǐ shì mín dǎ liǎo tā yī shēng zhōng wéi yī de yī cì dà bài zhàng， tuì huí cháng 'ān。 dàn bù jiǔ， tā biàn zài qiǎn shuǐ yuán zhī zhàn chè dǐ dǎ bài xuē jūn， xiāo miè liǎo lǒng dōng jí tuán。
dì 'èr cì， liú wǔ zhōu yǐ fù tū jué， nán xià jìn gōng táng cháo， gōng zhàn liǎo jìn yáng， lǐ shì mín bù wèi jiān xiǎn， zhōng yú jī kuì liǎo dí rén zhù lì， bìng chéng shèng zhuī jī， liǎng tiān bù chī fàn， sān tiān bù jiě jiá， chè dǐ xiāo miè liǎo dí jūn， shōu fù liǎo diū shī de tǔ dì。
dì sān cì shì duì wáng shì chōng hé dòu jiàn dé de zhàn yì。 zhè cì zhàn yì guī mó wéi táng tǒng yī zhàn zhēng zhōng zuì dà de。 zài zhè cì zhàn yì zhōng， lǐ shì mín xiān jiāng wáng shì chōng jī bài， wéi kùn zài luò yáng， lìng qí wú liáng cǎo gōng yìng， dài qí zì bì。 jiù zài luò yáng jiāng xià wèi xià zhī shí， hé běi de dòu jiàn dé jūn shí yú wàn zhòng hào chēng sān shí wàn wéi jiù yuán wáng shì chōng， tū rán chū xiàn zài táng jūn bèi hòu， lǐ shì mín lì pái zhòng yì， zài hǔ láo zhī zhàn zhōng dà bài dòu jiàn dé jūn， shēng qín dòu jiàn dé。 luò yáng de wáng shì chōng yě zhǐ dé tóu jiàng， zhè cì lǐ shì mín yī jǔ liǎng kè， qǔ dé liǎo jué dìng xìng de shèng lì。
dì sì cì shì píng dìng liú hēi tà de zhàn yì， liú hēi tà shì dòu jiàn dé de bù xià， tā dǎzháo wéi dòu jiàn dé fù chóu de qí hào， zài hé běi qǐ bīng fǎn táng。 lǐ shì mín zhǐ huī liǎo píng dìng qí dì yī cì qǐ bīng de zhàn yì， jǐn jǐn liǎng gè yuè jiù qǔ dé liǎo shèng lì。（ qí tā liǎng gè zhàn yì shì yóu lǐ xiào gōng zhǐ huī de píng dìng dù fú wēi de jiāng huái jūn hé píng dìng yǐ jiāng líng wéi gēn jù dì de xiāo xǐ de liáng zhèng quán）。
lǐ shì mín zì cǐ wēi wàng rì lóng， yóu qí shì zài hǔ láo zhī zhàn hòu jìn rù cháng 'ān shí， shòu dào bù fēn jūn mín yǐ huáng dì de lǐ yí zhāo dài。 wǔ dé sì nián dōng shí yuè， fēng wéi tiān cè shàngjiàng、 lǐng sī tú、 xiá dōng dào dà xíng tái shàng shū lìng， shí yì zēng zhì 'èr wàn hù。 gāo zǔ yòu xià zhào tè xǔ tiān cè fǔ zì zhì guān shǔ， yǎn rán xíng chéng yī gè xiǎo zhèng fǔ jī gòu。
lǐ shì mín zài zhàn dǒu zhōng zhù zhòng zhàn qián zhēn chá， suī lǚ cì yù xiǎn， dàn měi cì zhàn dǒu dōunéng zuò dào zhī jǐ zhī bǐ， shàn yú zhì zào zhàn jī， dāng dí qiáng wǒ ruò shí， tā jīng cháng yòng“ jiān bì cuò ruì” de zhàn fǎ tuō kuǎ dí rén， zhàn dǒu zhōng shēn xiān shì zú， qīn zì shuài lǐng qí bīng tū jī dí zhèn， shèng lì hòu yǒng zhuī qióng kòu， bù gěi dí rén chuǎn xī zhī jī， yīn cǐ huò dé liǎo měi cì zhàn yì de shèng lì。 zài tǒng yī biān jiāng de zhàn zhēng zhōng， tā yùn chóu wéi wò， jué shèng qiān lǐ， míng yú zhī jiāng， xuǎn bá liáng cái， qǔ dé liǎo zhàn zhēng de shèng lì。 lǐ shì mín yòng tā zhuó yuè de jūn shì cái néng， wéi dà táng dì guó de jiàn lì hé fā zhǎn zuò chū liǎo jù dà de gòng xiàn， tā bù kuì wèiwǒ guó lì shǐ shàng jié chū de jūn shì jiā， tā de hè hè wǔ gōng yě yǒng chuí qīng shǐ！
【 xuán wǔ mén zhī biàn】
xuán wǔ mén zhī biàn fā shēng yú táng gāo zǔ wǔ dé jiǔ nián（ 626 nián）。 617 nián， lǐ yuān zài lǐ shì mín zhī chí xià zài tài yuán qǐ bīng fǎn suí bìng hěn kuài zhàn lǐng cháng 'ān。 618 nián， suí yáng dì bèi yǔ wén huà jí yì shā zhī hòu， lǐ yuān jiàn lì táng cháo， bìng lì shì zǐ lǐ jiàn chéng wéi tài zǐ。 jù shuō tài yuán qǐ bīng shì lǐ shì mín de móu lüè， lǐ yuān céng dāyìng tā shì chéng zhī hòu lì tā wéi tài zǐ。 dàn tiān xià píng dìng hòu， lǐ shì mín gōng míng rì shèng， lǐ yuān què yóu yù bù jué。 lǐ jiàn chéng suí jí lián hé sì dì qí wáng lǐ yuán jí， pái jǐ lǐ shì mín。 lǐ yuān de yōu róu guǎ duàn， yě shǐ cháo zhōng zhèng lìng xiāng hù chōng tū， jiā sù liǎo zhū zǐ de bīng róng xiāng jiàn。 shì nián， lǐ jiàn chéng xiàng lǐ yuān jiàn yì yóu lǐ yuán jí zuò tǒng shuài chū zhēng tū jué， jiè cǐ yào bǎ wò zhù qín wáng de bīng mǎ， yǐ fáng zhǐ lǐ shì mín cuàn duó huáng tài zǐ zhī wèi。 lǐ shì mín zài wēi jí shí kè jué dìng bèi shuǐ yī zhàn， xiān fā zhì rén。 qiǎng xiān yī bù shā sǐ dà gē lǐ jiàn chéng hé sì dì lǐ yuán jí， zhè jiù shì lì shǐ shàng yòu míng de xuán wǔ mén zhī biàn。 xuán wǔ mén shì biàn zhī hòu jǐn jǐn sān tiān lǐ shì mín biàn bèi lì wéi huáng tài zǐ， cóng tā fù qīn shǒu lǐ jiē guò zhèng fǔ de shí jì kòng zhì quán。 bā yuè chū jiǔ， táng gāo zǔ bèi bī tuì wèi， lǐ shì mín biàn zuò liǎo táng wáng cháo de dì 'èr wèi huáng dì。
【 shǐ xué píng jià】
《 xīn táng shū》：
shèn yǐ， zhì zhì zhī jūn bù shì chū yě！ yǔ yòu tiān xià， chuán shí yòu liù wáng， ér shǎo kāng yòu zhōng xīng zhī yè。 tānɡ yòu tiān xià， chuán 'èr shí bā wáng， ér qí shèn shèng zhě， hào chēng sān zōng。 wǔ wáng yòu tiān xià， chuán sān shí liù wáng， ér chéng、 kāng zhī zhì yǔ xuān zhī gōng， qí yú wú suǒ chēng yān。 suī《 shī》《 shū》 suǒ zài， shí yòu jué lüè， rán sān dài qiān yòu qī bǎi yú nián， chuán qī shí yú jūn， qí zhuó rán zhù jiàn yú hòu shì zhě， cǐ liù qī jūn 'ér yǐ。 wū hū， kě wèi nán dé yě！
《 jiù táng shū》 píng jià：
shǐ chén yuē： chén guān wén huáng dì fā jì duō qí， cōng míng shén wǔ。 bá rén wù zé bù sī yú dǎng， fù zhì yè zé xián jìn qí cái。 suǒ yǐ qū tū、 yùchí， yóu chóu dí 'ér yuàn qīng xīn lǚ； mǎ zhōu、 liú jì， zì shū yuǎn 'ér zú wěi jūn héng。 zhōng píng tài jiē， liàng yóu sī dào。 cháng shì lùn zhī： chǔ rùn yún xīng， chóng míng zhōng yuè。 suī yáo、 shùn zhī shèng， bù néng yòng chóu wù、 qióng qí 'ér zhì píng； yī、 lǚ zhī xián， bù néng wéi xià jié、 yīn xīn 'ér chāng shèng。 jūn chén zhī jì， zāo yù sī nán， yǐ zhì jué mù pōu xīn， chóng liú jīn zhuó， liáng yóu zāo zhí zhī yì yě。 yǐ fáng、 wèi zhī zhì， bù yú yú qiū、 kē， suì néng zūn zhù bì mín zhě， zāo shí yě。 kuàng zhōu fā、 zhōu chéng zhī shì xí， wǒ yòu yí yán； jiào hàn wén、 hàn wǔ zhī huī hóng， bǐ duō cán dé。 jì qí tīng duàn bù huò， cóng shàn rú liú， qiānzǎi kě chēng， yī rén 'ér yǐ！
wú jīng zài《 zhēnguàn zhèng yào · xù》 zhōng shuō：“ tài zōng shí zhèng huà， liáng zú kě guān， zhèn gǔ 'ér lái， wèi zhī yòu yě。”
《 zhēnguàn zhèng yào》 jí lùn de zhuàn zhě yuán cháo de gē zhí shuō：“ fū tài zōng zhī yú zhèng xīn xiū shēn zhī dào， qí jiā míng lún zhī fāng， chéng yòu kuì yú 'èr dì sān wáng zhī shì yǐ。 rán qí qū jǐ 'ér nà jiàn， rèn xián 'ér shǐ néng， gōng jiǎn 'ér jié yòng， kuān hòu 'ér 'ài mín， yì sān dài 'ér xià， jué wú 'ér jǐn yòu zhě yě。 hòu zhī rén jūn， zé qí shàn zhě 'ér cóng zhī， qí bù shàn zhě 'ér gǎi zhī， qǐ bù jiāo yòu suǒ yì hū！” zhè lǐ suǒ shuō， tài zōng zài zhèng xīn xiū shēn， qí jiā míng lún fāng miàn， yòu kuì yú 'èr dì sān wáng zhī shì， zhù yào shì zhǐ tài zōng yǔ qí xiōng lǐ jiàn chéng de huáng wèi zhī zhēng。
míng xiàn zōng zài mìng rú chén dìng zhèng zhòng kān《 zhēnguàn zhèng yào》 shí xiě dào：“ tài zōng zài táng wéi yī dài yīng míng zhī jūn， qí jì shì kāng mín， wěi yòu chéng liè， zhuó hū bù kě jí yǐ。 suǒ kě xī zhě， zhèng xīn xiū shēn， yòu kuì yú 'èr dì sān wáng zhī dào， ér zhì wèi chún yě。”
【 fēng gōng wěi jì】
1. tā bù jū yī gé de yòng rén， duì rén cái de shǐ yòng jí lǐng dǎo dá dào liǎo jí gāo de jìng yù；
2. tā dú jù huì yǎn， kàn dào liǎo gè rén lì liàng de bù zú， chōng fēn rèn shí dào jūn wáng rú shí、 liáng chén rú jiàng， fāng yòu měi yù wèn shì， duì dà chén de gè xiàng jìn bù zhī yán huò dá dì yú yǐ cǎi nà；
3. bù dú duàn zhuān xíng、 chū bù què lì liǎo sān quán fēn lì、 hù xiāng jiān dū de zhèng zhì guǎn lǐ zhì dù， guī dìng fǎ lìng shèn zhì bāo kuò zì jǐ（ yǐng xiǎng guó jiā zhèng cè de nà yī bù fēn） zhǐ yì xū mén xià shěng shěn chá fù shǔ hòu fāng kě shēng xiào fā bù， bǎo zhèng liǎo zhèng cè de kě xíng xìng、 jí shí fā xiàn bìng jiū zhèng。 dù jué liǎo bù liáng zhèng cè duì guó jiā jí rén mín de wéi hài yǔ yǐng xiǎng；
4. rèn shí dào rén mìng zhì zhòng、 bù kě wàng shā de fǎ zhèng zhèng cè， guī dìng sǐ xíng xū sān fù zòu（ wài dì wǔ fù zòu） fù shěn pī zhǔn hòu fāng kě xíng xíng， zhè jiù bù nán rèn rén men xiǎng qǐ zhēnguàn sì nián（ 630 nián） quán guó pàn sǐ xíng cái 29 rén、 zhēnguàn liù nián（ 632 nián） quán guó sǐ xíng fàn 390 rén， tài zōng shěn chá shí lìng quán bù 390 rén huí jiā tuán nián、 dài lái nián qiū shōu hòu huí lái fù xíng， jiēguǒ 390 rén jūn zhǔn shí dào lái、 wú yī rén táo wáng。
5. tài zōng cháo wǔ gōng zhī shèng， chú duì gāo jù lì zhàn zhēng shàng méi yòu qǔ dé zhàn lüè shèng lì wài dū qǔ dé liǎo huī huáng de shèng lì（ dōng tū jué、 tǔyùhún、 gāo chāng、 ān xī sì zhèn、 mò běi xuē yán tuó děng）， zhè yǔ dāng shí de guó lì、 jūn duì zhàn dǒu lì、 zhěng tǐ zhàn lüè、 yòng rén xuǎn jiāng yǔ pèi hé mò qì、 guò chéng xié diào yī zhì děng zhòng yào yīn sù shì fēn bù kāi de， yīn cǐ zài zhōng huá lì shǐ shàng de míng jiāng míng xiāngzhòng， zhēnguàn cháo zhàn yòu xiāng dāng de bǐ lì， zài zhōng huá jūn shì shǐ shàng， zhēnguàn cháo de zhàn lì yě duō bèi yǐn yòng；
6. qì tūn tiān xià de“ tiān kě hàn” qì zhì， lǐ shì mín duō cì yǐ shǎo xià duō， jīng diǎn zhī yì jiù shì zài wèi shuǐ dān qí xià tuì tū jué 10 wàn jīng qí， jiù duì bǐ sòng zhēn zōng zài kòu zhǔn yī zài jiān chí hé qǐng qiú xià cái miǎnqiǎng zài dà jūn hù wèi xià dào dá chán zhōu nán chéng， ér yòu yào zhàn zhàn jīng jīng de mǎ shàng yào huí qù shì hé děng de tiān rǎng zhī bié 'ā！
7. xiōng huái dà jú、 sì hǎi yī tǒng de mín zú hé wài jiāo zhèng cè， tài zōng cháo de mín zú hé wài jiāo zhèng cè qǔ dé liǎo huī huáng de shèng lì， sì hǎi zhī nèi zhǐ yào zhī dào zhōng guó de jūn nǔ lì nèi fù， yǐ táng wéi róng， lè bù sī shǔ， tā men bù dàn tóng táng rén yī yàng kě yǐ zì yóu zì zài de shēng cún， hái kě yǐ zuò guān， zhù míng de shǎo shù mín zú jiànglǐng 'ā shǐ nà sī mó、 zhí sī shī lì、 qì xìn hé lì、 hēi chǐ cháng zhī、 nǎi zhì hòu shì de gāo xiān zhī、 lǐ guāng bì děngdōu wéi táng cháo zuò chū liǎo jié chū gòng xiàn， zài tā men shēn shàng zhèng hǎo fǎn yìng chū lǐ shì mín mín zú zhèng cè de guāng huī， xiàn zài de táng rén、 táng rén jiē yě zhèng shí nà shí fán róng fù qiáng、 wēi jiá sì hǎi、 wén lǐ zhī bāng de shēng dòng xiě zhào；
8. wán shàn kē jǔ zhì dù、 dà lì xīng bàn xué xiào、 zhòng shì jiào yù huó dòng、 pǔ jí guān lì xuǎn pìn、 dāng shí de guó zǐ xué、 tài xué zhī shèng、 dì fāng yě yòu bù shǎo xué xiào， rú cǐ cái bù nán xiǎng qǐ dāng shí de jiào huà ní， tóng shí dāng shí de kē jǔ yě guī fàn huà、 kǎo xuǎn gōng píng， yǐ jìn shì kē zuì wéi jié chū， rú cǐ cái yòu tài zōng jiàn xīn kē jìn shì yú guàn 'ér chū， xǐ yán“ tiān xià yīng xióng、 rù zhèn gòu yí”， táng cháo de jiào yù jí kē jǔ wéi zhèng zhì shàng tí gōng yōu xiù rén cái tóng wén huà jīng suǐ héng héng táng shī jí jīng jì fā zhǎn zuò chū jié chū gòng xiàn；
9. gōng shū fǎ、 fù wén cí， tài zōng huáng dì gè rén xiū yǎng jí tiān fù jí gāo， zài shū fǎ tóng wén cí shàng yě pō yòu míng qì， zài tā dà lì hóng yáng hé gǔ lì zhī chí xià， cái yòu táng dài shū fǎ、 wén xué、 yì shù zhī shèng；
10. chàng dǎo lián zhèng、 jié jiǎn、 pǔ sù、 zhòng shì nóng tián shuǐ lì， tài zōng cháo zài lián zhèng jiàn shè fāng miàn shì xiāng dāng chéng gōng de， tā bìng méi yòu xiàng zhū yuán zhāng yī yàng yán chéng tān guān wū lì， ér shì jiàn lì yī gè lián jié fèng gōng、 zūn jì shǒu fǎ de zhōng yāng lǐng dǎo bān zǐ、 zhòng shì dì fāng zhǎngguān xuǎn jǔ， dāng shí cháo tíng zhōng bù shǎo qīng xiāng jiā jìng pín kùn， wēn yàn bó、 dài zhòu、 yú zhì níng、 wèi zhēng、 zhāng xuán sù děng děng， zài jiā shàng liáng hǎo fēng qì de xuān chuán hé xíng zhèng jiān dū， jí shí yù fáng liǎo guān yuán fàn cuò， yīn cǐ dāng shí de guān yuán xiāng dāng fèng gōng shǒu fǎ、 lián jié zì lǜ； tài zōng huáng dì yě bǐ jiào zhù yì jié jiǎn， bù làn yòng mín lì、 zhù yì yǔ mín xiū xī， dāng shí shè huì xíng chéng liǎo yī zhǒng pǔ sù qiú shí de zuò fēng； tài zōng huáng dì yě xiāng dāng zhòng shì nóng yè， jīng guān wài xún huí jīng tài zōng xiān wèn jí cǐ shì， yīn tài zǐ guànlǐ yǔ nóng shí wéi bèi 'ér gēnggǎi；
11. yóu yú shè huì 'ān dìng， shāng yè jīng jì dé dào fā zhǎn， quán guó xīn xīng liǎo xǔ duō shāng yè chéng shì， chéng shì yè yòu xiāng dāng de fā zhǎn， guǎng zhōu、 háng zhōu、 yáng zhōu、 chéng dū、 jiāng líng、 liáng zhōu děng chéng shì jīng jì fā zhǎn xiāng dāng xùn měng， cháng 'ān tóng luò yáng zuò wéi shì jiè jīng jì dà dū huì jiù bù yán 'ér yù liǎo， zhè wéi fēng jiàn jīng jì dēng dǐng diàn dìng liǎo jiān shí de jī chǔ；
12. duì xuán zàng fó xué de zhī chí tóng xī yóu de kěn dìng， dǎ tōng bìng wéi hù hé xī zǒu láng－ sī chóu zhī lù jí dōng lián xīn luó、 rì běn， cù jìn liǎo zhōng xī wén huà jiāo liú yǔ jīng jì fā zhǎn， wén chéng gōng zhù xià jià tǔbō， shǐ tǔbō cóng nú lì zhì shè huì mài rù fēng jiàn shè huì， kāi fā bìng cù jìn liǎo xīzàng de fā zhǎn；
zōng shàng suǒ shù， táng tài zōng lǐ shì mín bù kuì wèiwǒ guó lì shǐ shàng yī wèi wěi dà de zhèng zhì jiā、 shū fǎ jiā、 zhuó yuè de lǐng xiù、 yǐng xiǎng zhōng huá nǎi zhì shì jiè jìn chéng de jié chū rén wù， tā wéi zhōng huá mín zú tóng rén mín zuò chū liǎo jié chū gòng xiàn， liú xià liǎo huī yào qiān gǔ de fēng gōng wěi yè jí jīng shén cái fù， yīn cǐ shòu dào rén men de chóng jìng； zhù dōng yáng xiān shēng suǒ shuō“ tā shì jì kǒng zǐ zhī hòu zhōng guó shǔyīshǔ 'èr de wěi rén”。
【 zhēn guān zhī zhì】
zhēn guān zhī zhì
xíng chéng yuán yīn
dì yī、 suí cháo zhèng zhì zhì dù hé jīng jì fán róng wéi táng cháo jiā qiáng zhōng yāng jí quán hé fā zhǎn jīng jì chuàng zào liǎo tiáo jiàn； ér suí yáng dì bào zhèng、 shē chǐ fǔ huà、 nú yì bǎi xìng、 qióng bīng dú wǔ， pò huài shè huì shēng chǎn， jī huà shè huì máo dùn， dǎo zhì nóng mín qǐ yì。 táng chū tǒng zhì zhě qīn yǎn kàn dào liǎo nóng mín zhàn zhēng wǎ jiě suí cháo de guò chéng， rèn shí dào liǎo guǎng dà nóng mín duì fēng jiàn tǒng zhì wěn dìng de zhòng yào xìng， xī qǔ suí wáng jiào xùn， tiáozhěng tǒng zhì zhèng cè， yǐ huǎn hé jiē jí máo dùn， wěn dìng shè huì zhì xù， huī fù jīng jì。
dì 'èr、 yīn wéi shàng shù yīn sù， táng tài zōng què dìng liǎo“ ān bǎi xìng”、“ zhòng rén cái”、“ qiáng zhèng zhì” de zhì guó sī xiǎng， bìng tōng guò yī xì liè de zhì dù zhèng cè、 cuò shī hé bù xiè de shí jiàn qù shí xiàn。 shǒu xiān， táng tài zōng rèn shí dào liǎo tǒng zhì zhě yǔ rén mín shì“ zhōu yǔ shuǐ” de guān xì， tōng guò tǔ dì fù shuì zhì dù de tiáozhěng yǐ“ ān bǎi xìng”。 èr shì rèn shí dào liǎo zhòng yòng rén cái， xū huái nà jiàn de yì yì， dé rén shàn rèn， cóng jiàn rú liú， yíng zào chū zhèng zhì qīng míng de fēn wéi， bǎo zhèng liǎo jiào wéi kāi míng zhèng què de zhèng zhì、 jīng jì、 mín zú、 wài jiāo、 wén huà shàng de zhèng cè dé yǐ zhì dìng hé shí shī。 sān shì jiā qiáng zhèng zhì， wán shàn sān shěng liù bù zhì hé kē jǔ zhì， yǐ gǒng gù zhōng yāng jí quán， tí gāo xíng zhèng xiàolǜ， kuò dà tǒng zhì jī chǔ。
zhù yì： yòng rén hé nà jiàn， jì shì zhēn guān zhī zhì chū xiàn de yuán yīn， yòu shì zhēn guān zhī zhì de zhòng yào biǎo xiàn。
zài lǐ shì mín tǒng zhì qí jiān， táng cháo guó lì qiáng shèng， bèi chēng wéi zhēn guān zhī zhì。 wǎn nián zhù《 dì fàn》 yī shū yǐ jiào jiè tài zǐ， qí zhōng zǒng jié liǎo tā yī shēng de zhèng zhì jīng yàn， yě duì zì jǐ de gōng guò jìn xíng liǎo píng shù。
tā zài wèi qī jiān， tuī xíng fǔ bīng zhì、 zū yōng tiáozhì hé jūn tián zhì， bìng jī jí tuī xíng kē jǔ zhì。
630 nián， jī bài dōng tū jué， bèi tū jué gè bù zūn wéi“ tiān kě hàn”。 641 nián jià wén chéng gōng zhù gěi tǔbō de sōng zàn gān bù。
649 nián， mìng tài zǐ lǐ zhì dào jīn yè mén dài lǐ guó shì。 lǐ shì mín yú 649 nián 7 yuè jià bēng yú cháng 'ān hán fēng diàn， xiǎng nián 52 suì， zàng yú jīn shǎn xī lǐ quán dōng běi 50 duō lǐ de shān fēng shàng de zhāo líng。 shì hào wéi“ wén huáng dì”。
táng tài zōng shàn yú tīng cóng dà chén de pī píng hé jiàn jiě， wèi zhēng zhí jiàn 200 duō cì zhí chén tā de guò shī。
táng tài zōng hái jīng shàn shū fǎ， yǐ xíng shū xiě bēi， wéi hòu shì bí zǔ。 zhù míng zuò pǐn yòu《 wēn quán míng》《 jìn cí míng》 děng。 sǐ hòu gèng yǐ dōng jìn shū fǎ dà jiā wáng xī zhī suǒ zuò《 lán tíng jí xù》 wéi péi zàng pǐn。
zhēn guān zhī zhì shì zhǐ táng cháo chū qī chū xiàn de tài píng shèng shì。 yóu yú táng tài zōng néng rénrén wéi xián， zhī rén shàn yòng； kāi yán lù， xū xīn nà jiàn， zhòng yòng wèi zhēng děng； bìng cǎi qǔ liǎo yī xiē yǐ nóng wéi běn， jiǎn qīng yáo fù， xiū yǎng shēng xī， lì xíng jié yuē， wán shàn kē jǔ zhì děng zhèng cè， shǐ dé shè huì chū xiàn liǎo 'ān níng de jú miàn。 yǔ hòu lái lǐ lóng jī de“ kāi yuán shèng shì” bìng jiān 'ér lì。
táng tài zōng lǐ shì mín zài wèi 23 nián， shǐ táng cháo jīng jì fā zhǎn， shè huì 'ān dìng， zhèng zhì qīng míng， rén mín fù yù 'ān kāng， chū xiàn liǎo kōng qián de fán róng。 yóu yú tā zài wèi shí nián hào wéi zhēnguàn， suǒ yǐ rén men bǎ tā tǒng zhì de zhè yī duàn shí qī chēng wéi“ zhēn guān zhī zhì”。“ zhēn guān zhī zhì” shì wǒ guó lì shǐ shàng zuì wéi cuǐ càn duó mùdì shí qī。
tài zōng xī qǔ suí cháo miè wáng de yuán yīn， fēi cháng zhòng shì lǎo bǎi xìng de shēng huó。 tā qiáng diào yǐ mín wéi běn， cháng shuō：“ mín， shuǐ yě； jūn， zhōu yě。 shuǐ néng zài zhōu， yì néng fù zhōu。” tài zōng jí wèi zhī chū， xià lìng qīng yáo bó fù， ràng lǎo bǎi xìng xiū yǎng shēng xī。 táng tài zōng 'ài xī mín lì， cóng bù qīng yì zhēng fā yáo yì。 tā huàn yòu qì jí， bù shì hé jū zhù zài cháo shī de jiù gōng diàn， dàn tā yī zhí zài suí cháo de jiù gōng diàn lǐ zhù liǎo hěn jiǔ。
zhēnguàn zhī chū， zài táng tài zōng de dài lǐng xià， jūn chén hé xié， quán guó shàng xià yī xīn， jīng jì hěn kuài dé dào liǎo hǎo zhuǎn。 dào liǎo zhēnguàn bā jiǔ nián， niú mǎ biàn yě， bǎi xìng fēng yī zú shí， yè bù bì hù， dào bù shí yí， chū xiàn liǎo yī piàn xīn xīn xiàng róng de shēng píng jǐng xiàng。
tài zōng zài wèi 20 duō nián， jìn jiàn de guān yuán bù xià 30 yú rén， qí zhōng dà chén wèi zhēng yī rén suǒ jiàn qián hòu 200 yú shì， shù shí wàn yán， jiē qièzhòng shí bì， duì gǎi jìn cháo zhèng hěn yòu bāng zhù。
tài zōng shí fēn zhù zhòng rén cái de xuǎn bá， yán gé zūn xún dé cái jiān bèi de yuán zé。 tài zōng rèn wéi zhǐ yòu xuǎn yòng dà pī jù yòu zhēn cái shí xué de rén， cái néng dá dào tiān xià dà zhì， yīn cǐ tā qiú xián ruò kě， céng xiān hòu ５ cì bān bù qiú xián zhào lìng， bìng zēng jiā kē jǔ kǎo shì de kē mù， kuò dà yìng shì de fàn wéi hé rén shù， yǐ biàn shǐ gèng duō de rén cái xiǎn lù chū lái。 yóu yú táng tài zōng zhòng shì rén cái， zhēnguàn nián jiān yǒng xiàn chū liǎo dà liàng de yōu xiù rén cái， kě wèi shì“ rén cái jǐjǐ， wén wǔ jiān bèi”。 zhèng shì zhè xiē dòng liáng zhī cái， yòng tā men de cōng míng cái zhì， wéi“ zhēn guān zhī zhì” de xíng chéng zuò chū liǎo jù dà de gòng xiàn。
táng tài zōng shí fēn zhù zhòng fǎ zhì， tā céng shuō：“ guó jiā fǎ lǜ bù shì dì wáng yī jiā zhī fǎ， shì tiān xià dōuyào gòng tóng zūn shǒu de fǎ lǜ， yīn cǐ yī qiēdōu yào yǐ fǎ wéi zhǔn。” fǎ lǜ zhì dìng chū lái hòu， táng tài zōng yǐ shēn zuò zé， dài tóu shǒu fǎ， wéi hù fǎ lǜ de huàyī hé wěn dìng。 zài zhēnguàn shí qī， zhēn zhèng dì zuò dào liǎo wáng zǐ fàn fǎ yǔ mín tóng zuì。 zhí fǎ shí tiě miàn wú sī， dàn liàng xíng shí tài zōng yòu fǎn fù sī kǎo， shèn zhī yòu shèn。 tā shuō：“ rén sǐ liǎo bù néng zài huó， zhí fǎ wù bì kuān dà jiǎn yuē。” yóu yú tài zōng de kǔ xīn jīng yíng， zhēnguàn nián jiān fǎ zhì qíng kuàng hěn hǎo， fàn fǎ de rén shǎo liǎo， bèi pàn sǐ xíng de gèng shǎo。 jù zài zhēnguàn sān nián， quán guó pàn sǐ xíng de cái 29 rén， jīhū dá dào liǎo fēng jiàn shè huì fǎ zhì de zuì gāo biāo zhǔn héng héng“ xíng cuò” jí kě yǐ bù yòng xíng fá。
yǐ mín wéi běn de sī xiǎng， guǎng kāi yán lù， xū huái nà jiàn de xiōng jīn； zhòng yòng rén cái， wéi cái shì rèn de zhǔn zé； tiě miàn wú sī， yǐ fǎ bàn shì de qì dù； gòu chéng liǎo zhēn guān zhī zhì de jī běn tè sè， chéng wéi fēng jiàn zhì shì zuì hǎo de bǎng yàng。 shǐ táng cháo zài dāng shí yǔ xī fāng guó jiā xiāng bǐ， wú lùn zài zhèng zhì、 jīng jì， hái shì wén huà shàng dū zǒu zài shì jiè de zuì qián liè。
yī、 shè huì zhì xù kōng qián 'ān dìng
shǐ shū jìzǎi：
zhēnguàn nián jiān“ guān lì duō zì qīng jǐn。 zhì yù wáng gōng、 fēi zhù zhī jiā， dà xìng háo huá zhī wǔ， jiē wèi wēi bǐngjì， wú gǎn qīn qī xì rén。 shāng lǚ yě cì， wú fù dào zéi， líng yǔ cháng kōng， mǎ niú bù yě， wài hù bù bì。 yòu pín zhì fēng rěn， mǐ dǒu sān sì qián， xíng lǚ zì jīng
[《 zhēnguàn cháng gē》 zhōng de lǐ shì mín ( táng guó qiáng shì )]
《 zhēnguàn cháng gē》 zhōng de lǐ shì mín ( táng guó qiáng shì )
shī zhì yú lǐng biǎo， zì shān dōng zhì yú cāng hǎi， jiē bù liáng， qǔ gěi yú lù。 rù shān dōng cūn luò， xíng kè jīng guò zhě， bì hòu jiā gōng dài， huò fā shí yòu zèng yí。 cǐ jiē gǔ xī wèi yòu yě”。
èr、 kāi fàng guó jìng
yóu yú dōng luó mǎ dì guó（ 395 héng 1453） de shuāi luò， xī fāng biàn dé zhī lí pò suì。 dào liǎo suí cháo shí zhōng guó yǐ jīng jǐ yù shì shì jiè shàng zuì qiáng dà de guó jiā liǎo， ér táng dì guó yóu qí shì zhēnguàn shí qī de táng cháo gèng shì dāng shí shì jiè wéi yī de wén míng zuì wéi qiáng shèng de dà yī tǒng dì guó， shǒu dū cháng 'ān shì shì jiè xìng de dà dū huì， gè dì mín shāng lái wǎng bù duàn， jiù xiàng jīn tiān de měi guó niǔ yuē yī yàng。 nà shí de táng dì guó shì shì jiè gè guó rén rén zhì shì xīn mù zhōng de“ yáng guāng dì dài”， gè guó de jié cái jùn shì mào zhe shēng mìng wēi xiǎn yě yào wǎng táng dì guó páo。 lái zì shì jiè gè guó de wài jiāo shǐ jié fēn fēn zàn tàn táng cháo de shèng shì， táng cháo gāo dù fā zhǎn de wén huà， shǐ lái dào táng cháo de gè guó rén， dà duō shù yǐ chéng wéi dà táng rén wéi róng。 bù jǐn shǒu dū cháng 'ān， quán guó gè dì dōuyòu lái zì guó wài de“ qiáo mín” zài dāng dì dìng jū， yóu qí shì xīn xīng de shāng yè chéng shì， jǐn guǎng zhōu yī chéng de xī yáng qiáo mín jiù yòu 'èr shí wàn rén yǐ shàng。 zhēnguàn shí qī de táng wáng cháo wáng cháo shì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng shǎo yòu de wán quán kāi fàng de wáng cháo， bǐ hàn cháo de jǐn xiàn yú mào yì hé chuán jiào hái yào kāi fàng， yǐ zhì yú gè guó gè dì de pǔ tōng lǎo bǎi xìng dōukě yǐ lái dào táng cháo yī dǔ táng dì guó dídí fēng cǎi， táng cháo zhèng fǔ hái zài shè lì liú suǒ（ hé xiàn zài de shǐ guǎn chàbù duō）， pō wéi kāi fàng biān jìng hé guān kǒu。 jí jìn xī shōu wài lái wén huà hé wù zhì wén míng。
táng dì guó chú liǎo jiē shòu dà pī de wài guó yí mín wài， hái jiē shōu yī pī yòu yī pī de wài guó liú xué shēng lái zhōng guó xué xí xiān jìn wén huà， jǐn rì běn de guān pài de gōng fèi liú xué shēng jiù jiē shōu liǎo qī pī， měi pī dōuyòu jǐ bǎi rén。 mín jiān zì fèi liú xué shēng zé yuǎn yuǎn chāo guò cǐ shù。 zhè xiē rì běn liú xué shēng xué chéng guī guó hòu， zài rì běn jìn xíng liǎo dì yī cì xiàn dài huà yùn dòng ――“ dà huà gǎi xīn”， yě jiù shì zhōng guó huà yùn dòng， shàng zhì diǎn zhāng zhì dù， xià zhì fú shì fēng sú， quán bù fǎng xiào dāng shí de zhēnguàn wáng cháo， shǐ chǔyú yuán shǐ bù luò zhuàng tài de rì běn mín zú píng kōng yuè jìn liǎo yī qiān nián。
rì běn mín zú bìng bù gāo míng， tā zhǐ shì shàn yú xué xí 'ér yǐ。 zhè gè bù zǐ bǐ bié rén màn bàn pāi de mín zú yòu yī gè zuì dà de yōu diǎn―― luò hòu dàn bù gù zhí。 dāng wài lái wén míng rù qīn shí， tā zǒng shì xū huái ruò gǔ dì zhù dòng jiē shòu bǐ běn mín zú xiān jìn de wén huà， yòng zuì kuài zuì biàn jié de fāng shì jiē shòu rén lèi wén míng de xiān jìn chéng guǒ， shǐ zì jǐ kuài sù yuè jìn dào xiān jìn mín zú de hángliè。
yī gè mín zú luò hòu bìng bù kě pà， gù zhí cái shì zuì kě pà de！
sān、 zhèng zhì qīng píng
zhōng guó guān chǎng de tān wū bìng jūn shì wú kǒng bù rù de， yǐ zhì zhàn jué dà duō shù de guó réndōu rèn dìng tān wū shì rén lèi shè huì de bù zhì zhī zhèng， zhǐ yào shì yòu“ guān” de dì fāng jiù bì miǎn bù liǎo tān wū。 dāng cóng yīng měi děng guó guī lái de liú xué shēng xiàng tā men de qīn péng hǎo yǒu chén shù zhè xiē guó jiā jī běn shàng xiāo miè liǎo tān wū shí， méi yòu jǐ gè rén bù rèn wéi tā shì zài hú shuō bā dào。 qí shí， tān wū bìng bù shì rén lèi shè huì de pǔ biàn xiàn xiàng， dì qiú shàng jiù yòu bù shǎo wén míng chéng dù jiào gāo de guó jiā jī běn shàng xiāo miè liǎo tān wū。 bù jǐn shì měi lì jiān hé yīng jí lì děng xiàn dài huà qiáng guó， jiù lián zhù yào yóu huá rén zǔ chéng de xīn jiā pō yě jī běn shàng xiāo miè liǎo tān wū。
zhè lǐ suǒ shuō de jī běn shàng xiāo miè liǎo tān wū bìng bù shì shuō wán quán dù jué liǎo tān wū xiàn xiàng， ér shì zhǐ tān wū xíng wéi zài zhěng gè guān chǎng zhōng shǔ jí gè bié de xiàn xiàng， qiě tān wū de shù 'é bù dà（ yī nián de tān wū 'é yī bān bù huì chāo guò cǐ rén yī nián de xīn shuǐ）， chí xù de shí jiān yě bù huì hěn cháng（ lián xù zuò 'àn sān nián yǐ shàng de shǎo zhī yòu shǎo）， dū huì hěn kuài bài lù qiě shòu dào háo bù liú qíng de yán chéng。
zhēnguàn shí qī shì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng jī běn méi yòu tān wū de zhèng zhì， zhè yě xǔ shì lǐ shì mín zuì zhí dé chēng dǎo de zhèng jì。 zài lǐ shì mín tǒng zhì xià de zhōng guó， huáng dì shuài xiān chuí fàn， guān yuán yī xīn wéi gōng， lì zuǒ gè 'ān běn fèn， làn yòng zhí quán hé tān wū dòu zhí de xiàn xiàng jiàng dào liǎo lì shǐ shàng de zuì dī diǎn。 yóu wéi kě guì de shì： lǐ shì mín bìng méi yòu yòng cán kù de xíng fá lái qíng gào tān wū， zhù yào shì yǐ shēn shì fàn hé zhì dìng yī tào jìn kě néng kē xué de zhèng zhì tǐ zhì lái yù fáng tān wū。 zài yī gè jīng míng zì lǜ de tǒng zhì zhě miàn qián， guān lì tān wū de dòng jī hěn xiǎo， tān guān wū lì yě bù róng yì zhǎo dào cáng shēn zhī dì。 fáng fàn tān wū zhù yào qǔ jué yú yī tào kē xué xiū míng de zhèng zhì tǐ zhì， guāng kào shì hòu de dǎ jī zhǐ néng qǔ xiào yú yī shí， bù néng cóng gēn zǐ shàng chǎn chú tān wū lài yǐ zī shēng de shè huì tǔ rǎng。
sì、 fēn quán zhì dù
zhōng guó fēng jiàn tǐ zhì de zhù yào tè zhēng shì quán lì gāo dù jí zhōng， dì fāng fú cóng zhōng yāng， zhōng yāng yòu wéi huáng dì mǎ shǒu shì zhān。 zhè zhǒng zhōng yāng jí quán de zhèng zhì tǐ zhì jí dà dì xiàn zhì liǎo guó mín de chuàng zào xìng、 zhù dòng xìng hé líng huó xìng， qiě jí yì niàng chéng bào zhèng。
zhōng guó fēng jiàn shè huì de zhōng yāng zhèng fǔ zǔ zhì shí xíng“ sān shěng liù bù zhì”， dàn zhēnguàn wáng cháo de sān shěng zhí quán huàfēn zé chū bù tǐ xiàn liǎo xiàn dài huà zhèng zhì tè zhēng―― fēn quán yuán zé。 zhōng shū shěng fā bù mìng lìng， mén xià shěng shěn chá mìng lìng， shàng shū shěng zhí xíng mìng lìng。 yī gè zhèng lìng de xíng chéng， xiān yóu zhū zǎixiàng zài shè yú zhōng shū shěng de zhèng shì táng jǔ xíng huì yì， xíng chéng jué yì hòu bào huáng dì pī zhǔn， zài yóu zhōng shū shěng yǐ huáng dì míng yì fā bù zhào shū。 zhào shū fā bù zhī qián， bì xū sòng mén xià shěng shěn chá， mén xià shěng rèn wéi bù hé shì de， kě yǐ jù jué“ fù shǔ”。 zhào shū quē shǎo fù shǔ， yǐ fǎ jí bù néng bān bù。 zhǐ yòu mén xià shěng“ fù shǔ” hòu de zhào shū cái chéng wéi guó jiā zhèng shì fǎ lìng， jiāo yóu shàng shū shěng zhí xíng。 zhè zhǒng zhèng zhì yùn zuò fāng shì hěn yòu diǎn lèi sì xiàn dài mín zhù guó jiā de“ sān quán fēn lì” zhì， xī fāng zài shí qī shì jì xīng qǐ de fēn quán xué shuō， lǐ shì mín zǎo zài yī qiān duō nián qián jiù yǐ yùn yòng yú zhōng guó de zhèng zhì tǐ zhì， jìn yī bù shuō míng liǎo zhēnguàn wáng cháo de wén míng chéng dù shì hé děng zhī gāo。 zuì wéi nán néng kě guì de shì， lǐ shì mín guī dìng zì jǐ de zhào shū yě bì xū yóu mén xià shěng“ fù shǔ” hòu cái néng shēng xiào， cóng 'ér yòu xiào dì fáng zhǐ liǎo tā zài xīn xuè lái cháo hé xīn qíng bù hǎo shí zuò chū yòu sǔn tā qīng yù de bù shèn zhòng jué dìng。 zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng chū liǎo bā bǎi wǔ shí sān gè dì wáng， zhǐ yòu lǐ shì mín yī rén yōng yòu rú cǐ jié chū zhì huì hé xiōng jīn（ měi guó de kāi guó zǒng tǒng huá shèng dùn yòu diǎn xiàng tā de xué shēng）。
wǔ、 shāng yè fā dá
zhōng guó fēng jiàn wáng cháo lì lái de jīng jì tè zhēng shì“ zhòng nóng yì shāng”， shāng yè zài guó mín jīng jì zhōng suǒ zhàn de bǐ zhòng xiāng dāng dī， shāng rén de dì wèi yě yīn zhī bǐ zhòngtián rén yào dī hǎo jǐ gè děng cì。 zhè yě shì zhōng guó de fēng jiàn jīng jì yī zhí dé bù dào shí zhì xìng fā zhǎn de zhù yào yuán yīn。
zhēnguàn wáng cháo shì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng shǎo yòu de bù qí shì shāng yè de fēng jiàn wáng cháo， bù dàn bù qí shì， hái gěi shāng yè fā zhǎn tí gōng liǎo xǔ duō biàn lì tiáo jiàn， zhè jìn yī bù dì tǐ xiàn liǎo lǐ shì mín jiāng yǎn guāng fàng dào hěn yuǎn。 zài lǐ shì mín zhèng fǔ de chàng dǎo xià， zhēnguàn wáng cháo de shāng yè jīng jì yòu liǎo xùn sù hé cháng zú dì jìn zhǎn， xīn xīng de shāng yè chéng shì xiàng yǔ hòu chūn sǔn bān dì xīng qǐ。 dāng shí shì jiè chū míng de shāng yè chéng shì， yòu yī bàn yǐ shàng jí zhōng zài zhōng guó。 chú liǎo yán hǎi de jiāo zhōu、 guǎng zhōu、 míng zhōu、 fú zhōu wài， hái yòu nèi lù de hóng zhōu（ jiāng xī nán chāng）、 yáng zhōu、 yì zhōu（ chéng dū） hé xī běi de shā zhōu、 liáng zhōu。 shǒu dū cháng 'ān hé péi dū luò yáng zé shì shì jiè xìng de dà dū huì。
zì hàn kāipì de“ sī chóu zhī lù” yī zhí shì lián xì dōng xī fāng wù zhì wén míng de niǔ dài， táng cháo jiāng yù liáo kuò， zài xī yù shè lì liǎo 'ān xī sì zhèn， xī bù biān jiè zhí dá zhōng yà de shí guó（ jīn shǔ hā sà kè sī tǎn）， wéi dōng xī fāng lái wǎng de shāng lǚ tí gōng liǎo 'ān dìng de shè huì zhì xù hé yòu xiào de 'ān quán bǎo zhàng， jiēguǒ sī chóu zhī lù shàng de shāng lǚ bù jué yú tú， pǐn zhǒng fán duō de dà zōng huò wù zài dōng xī fāng shì jiè wǎng lái chuán dì， shǐ sī chóu zhī lù chéng liǎo zhěng gè shì jiè de huáng jīn zǒu láng。
“ zhēn guān zhī zhì” zǒng jié
1 hán yì： zài táng tài zōng tǒng zhì shí qī， shè huì zhì xù bǐ jiào 'ān dìng， jiē jí máo dùn xiāng duì huǎn hé， jīng jì fán róng， guó lì qiáng shèng。 táng tài zōng de nián hào jiào“ zhēnguàn”， lì shǐ shàng bǎ zhè yī shí qī bǐ jiào qīng míng de fēng jiàn tǒng zhì chēng wéi“ zhēn guān zhī zhì”。
2 yuán yīn： 1。 suí táng gēngtì， qí jiān de zhàn zhēng shì rén kǒu jiǎn shǎo yuē 2000 wàn yǐ shàng， zhàn zhēng jié shù， rénshào dì duō， rén xīn sī 'ān， zhè shì zhēn guān zhī zhì chǎn shēng de zuì zhòng yào yuán yīn。
2。 suí kāi chuàng liǎo dà yùn hé yǐ jí kē jǔ， dà yùn hé de láo mín dǎo zhì suí miè wáng， dàn zhè xiē què cù chéng liǎo zhēn guān zhī zhì de chǎn shēng。 kāi chuàng dà yùn hé， bì zài dāng shí， gōng zài qiān qiū。
3。 qián qī de lǐ shì mín jí qǔ suí shī bài de jiào xùn， zhèng rú hàn cháo chū qī jí qǔ qín miè wáng de jiào xùn yī yàng， ràng bǎi xìng xiū yǎng shēng xī， lǐ shì mín zì jǐ yě jī běn néng xū huái cóng jiàn。 dàn shì， wǎn qī de lǐ shì mín biàn liǎo， bù zài nà me xū huái cóng jiàn， bù zài ràng bǎi xìng xiū yǎng shēng xī， ér shì hàodàxǐgōng， zhēng fú gāolí shī bài。 zhè xiē shì zhēn guān zhī zhì bù néng chí jiǔ de yuán yīn。
3 zhèng jì：
dì yī， jīng jì shàng shí xíng jūn tián zhì hé zū yōng tiáozhì， shǐ nóng mín yòu kě néng 'ān dìng shēng chǎn， gēng zuò yòu shí， cù jìn liǎo jīng jì de fā zhǎn。
dì 'èr， zhèng zhì shàng shí xíng sān shěng liù bù zhì hé kē jǔ zhì。 sān shěng liù bù zhì de shí xíng， shǐ zǎixiàng de rén shù bǐ qín hàn shí qī zēng duō， biàn yú huáng dì kòng zhì。
dì sān， táng tài zōng shí qī jiā qiáng liǎo guó nèi hàn zú yǔ shǎo shù mín zú de lián xì， jiā qiáng duì xī běi děng dì qū de guǎn xiá， lìng wài hái jiā qiáng liǎo yǔ yà zhōu gè guó de yǒu hǎo wǎng lái。
dì sì， táng tài zōng shàn yú yòng rén hé nà jiàn， zhè jì shì“ zhēn guān zhī zhì” xíng chéng de yuán yīn zhī yī， yě shì“ zhēn guān zhī zhì” de nèi róng zhī yī。 tā zhòng yòng fáng xuán líng、 dù rú huì、 wèi zhēng、 zhǎngsūn wú jì děng néng chén。
dì wǔ : zhòng shì nóng yè , jiǎn qīng nóng mín fù shuì láo yì ." jiè shē cóng jiǎn ", jié zhì zì jǐ de xiǎng shòu yù wàng ; gé chú " mín shàolì duō " de bì zhèng , lì yú jiǎn qīng rén mín de fù dān .
【 tiān kě hàn zhī lù】
táng cháo shì zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng yī gè zuì yì qì fēng fā de shí dài， zhè gè“ dà yòu hú qì” de cháo dài zhōng， biān jiāng zhàn zhēng zhī pín fán hé zhàn shèng cì shù zhī duō， zài zhōng guó gǔ dài shǐ shàng fēi cháng hǎn jiàn。 suǒ yǐ zhǐ yòu táng cháo cái néng dàn shēng zhuān mén de biān sài shī pài， dàn shēng xiàng“ nián nián zhàn gǔ mái huāng wài” zhè
yàng de shī jù。 ér zhì yú“ hàn jiā jīng zhì mǎn yīn shān , bù qiǎn hú 'ér pǐ mǎ hái， yuàn dé cǐ shēngzhǎng bào guó， hé xū shēng rù yù mén guān？”，“ dà mò fēng chén rì sè hūn， hóng qí bàn juàn chū yuán mén。 qián jūn yè zhàn táo hé běi， yǐ bào shēng qín tǔyùhún”，“ qīng hǎi cháng yún 'àn xuě shān， gū chéng yáo wàng yù mén guān。 huáng shā bǎi zhàn chuān jīn jiá， bù pò lóu lán zhōng bù hái”，“ pú táo měi jiǔ yè guāng bēi， yù yǐn pí pá mǎ shàng cuī。 zuì wò shā chǎng jūn mò xiào， gǔ lái zhēng zhàn jǐ rén huí？” zhè zhǒng háo yán zhuàng yǔ， zé yóu yú hòu shì cháo dài yǎn wǔ xiū wén de fēng qì， shèn zhì chéng wéi liǎo gǔ dài shǐ shàng zhōng guó rén shàng wǔ jīng shén de jué xiǎng。 yóu qí shì zhēnguàn nián jiān， dà táng dì guó sì miàn chū jī， jīn gē tiě mǎ， qì tūn wàn lǐ rú hǔ。
dì yī gè shí qī， táng tài zōng shí qī， quán miàn kuò zhāng， sì miàn chū jī。
zhēnguàn nián jiān shì táng cháo tuò biān zuì měng liè de shí qī， yě shì huò shèng zuì dà de shí qī。 zhēnguàn nián jiān， táng cháo yǐ cì qǔ dé liǎo duì dōng tū jué、 tǔbō、 tǔyùhún、 gāo chāng、 yān qí、 xī tū jué、 xuē yán tuó、 gāo jù lì、 qiūcí shèn zhì kě néng hái bāo kuò yìn dù yòng bīng de shèng lì。 zhè xiē shèng lì diàn dìng liǎo táng cháo 300 nián de jī yè。 jié lì kèhán kǒng pà shì yòu shǐ yǐ lái dì yī gè bèi zhōng guó jūn duì huó zhuō de cǎo yuán dì guó zuì gāo tǒng zhì zhě。 táng jūn chū jī dìng xiāng， tòng jiān tū jué， huó zhuō jié lì kèhán， yě shì táng cháo lì shǐ shàng tuò biān zhàn zhēng zhōng zuì huī huáng de shèng lì。 jié lì kèhán
dì 'èr gè shí qī， zhēng zhàn gāo jù lì
gāo jù lì suī rán xiàng xīn chéng lì de táng cháo cháo gòng， dàn shí jì shàng què duì táng cháo chí huái yòu dí shì tài dù。 dào hòu lái táng cháo dì 'èr dài huáng dì táng tài zōng lǐ shì mín de shí hòu， wéi yuán zhù chǔyú gāo jù lì hé bǎi jì wéi kùn zhōng de xīn luó（《 xīn táng shū》：“（ bǎi jì） yǔ gāolí lián hé fá xīn luó， qǔ sì shí yú chéng。 fā bīng shǒu zhī， yòu móu qǔ táng xiàng chéng， jué gòng dào” , xīn luó gào jí） , bìng tǒng yī bèi gāo jù lì jù yòu de liáo dōng dì qū（ dāng shí de“ liáo dōng” de gài niàn lüè tóng yú hàn cháo sì jùn de fàn wéi， jí zhōng guó dōng běi liáo hé yǐ dōng dì qū yǐ jí cháo xiān bàn dǎo de běi bù）， táng tài zōng zhēng tǎo gāo jù lì， fàng huà gěi xuē yán tuó： wǒ men fù zǐ dōuyào qù dǎ gāo jù lì， cháng 'ān kōng xū， nǐ yào shì xiǎng fàn jiàn zhǐ guǎn fàng mǎ guò lái！ zhè me shēng měng de huà， xuē yán tuó dāng shí jiù xià dé qì duǎn liǎo yī jié（《 jiù táng shū》 zài hòu lái gāo jù lì yòng hòu lì yòu huò xuē yán tuó pàn táng， dàn shì“ yí nán qì shè bù gǎn dòng”）。
zhēnguàn shí jiǔ nián（ 645 nián）， táng jūn xiàng liáo dōng jìn jūn。 táng tài zōng zài lù shàng duì shǒu xià rén shuō， sì fāng jī běn 'ān dìng liǎo， jiù shèng xià zhè yī kuài dì fāng liǎo， chèn zhe wǒ hái méi sǐ， liáng jiāng men hái yòu jīng lì， yī dìng yào jiě jué diào。
xià jì， xú shì jì 'àn dù chén cāng， tū rán chū xiàn zài liáo dōng chéng xià， gāo jù lì shì bīng dà hài。 yíng zhōu dū dū zhāng jiǎn hé yōu xiù jiànglǐng lǐ dào zōng yě shuài bīng jìn rù liáo dōng， jī bài gāo jù lì bīng， zhǎn shǒu shù qiān。 sì yuè， táng jūn gōng pò gāo jù lì gài móu chéng， fú lǔ liǎng wàn duō rén， jiǎo huò liáng shí shí duō wàn shí。 wǔ yuè， lìng yī lù táng jūn cóng shān dōng dù hǎi gōng pò gāo jù lì bēi shā chéng， fú lǔ bā qiān rén。 shàng bǎi nián lái zhōng guó jūn duì dì yī cì dé yǐ zài yālùjiāng biān yuè bīng。
bù jiǔ， lǐ jì hé lǐ dào zōng suǒ bù jìn bī liáo dōng chéng xià。 gāo jù lì jūn shù wàn lái yuán。 yòu rén jiàn yì shuō gāo jù lì jūn duō táng jūn shǎo， yīnggāi jiān shǒu。 kě shì lǐ dào zōng shuō gāo jù lì rén zhàng zhe rén duō yǐ wèiwǒ men bù gǎn ná tā men zěn me yàng， wǒ men jiù shì yào gōng jī tā men， shā shā tā men de ruì qì。 lǐ jì shuō wǒ men bèi pài lái jiù shì fù zé tì huáng shàng sǎo mǎ lù de。 xiàn zài mǎ lù bù gān jìng， wǒ men zěn me néng duǒ ní。 yú shì táng jūn chǔyú liè shì què měng liè chū jī， gāo jù lì bīng shǐ liào bù jí， bèi chōng luàn zhèn xíng dà bài 'ér guī。 táng tài zōng dà jūn bīng dào hòu， bǎ liáo dōng wéi dé shuǐ xiè bù tōng， rì yè gōng dǎ。 chéng zhe guā nán fēng de jī huì， táng tài zōng zhǐ huī shì bīng diǎn rán chéng chí xī nán lóu， shùn fēng fàng huǒ。 gāo jù lì jūn dǐ dǎng bù zhù liǎo， liáo dōng xiàn luò。 táng jūn shā gāo jù lì bīng yī wàn duō rén， fú lǔ yī wàn duō rén， cǐ wài hái yòu bǎi xìng sì wàn duō rén。
gōng kè liáo dōng hòu， táng jūn jì xù xiàng bái yán chéng jìn fā。 wū gǔ chéng pài bīng yī wàn zhī yuán， bèi táng jūn jī tuì（ cǐ zhàn táng jūn zhǐ yòng liǎo 800 rén）。 liù yuè， bái yán chéng bù zhàn 'ér jiàng。 táng jūn jì xù xiàng 'ān shì jìn fā。 gāo jù lì jiànglǐng gāo yán shòu děng rén shuài lǐng mò hé、 gāo jù lì bīng shí wǔ wàn lái jiù yuán， bèi jī bài。 gāo yán shòu xiàng táng jūn qǐ jiàng， lái dào táng jūn jūn yíng， yī jìn mén jiù guì xià， nuó dòng xī gài xiàng qián， bài fú zài dì。（《 zī zhì tōng jiàn》 shàng shuō“ yán shòu、 huì zhēn shuài qí zhòng sān wàn liù qiān bā bǎi rén qǐng jiàng， rù jūn mén， xī xíng 'ér qián， bài fú qǐng mìng。”） táng tài zōng duì tā men shuō：“ dōng yí shàonián， tiào liáng hǎi qū …… zì jīn fù gǎn yǔ tiān zǐ zhàn hū？” gāo yán shòu děng rén“ jiē fú dì bù néng duì”。 táng tài zōng jiāng jiàng jūn zhōng de gāo jù lì jūn guān、 qiú cháng sān qiān yú rén lǔ wǎng zhōng yuán， qí yú gāo jù lì rén xī shù shì fàng。
ān shì chéng xiǎo 'ér jiān， zài chéng zhù yáng wàn chūn de dǐ kàng xià， táng jūn wéi gōng shù yuè bù kè。 zhǎngsūn wú jì yǐ wéi： ‘ tiān zǐ qīn zhēng， yì yú zhū jiāng， bù kě chéng wēi jiào xìng。 jīn jiàn 'ān、 xīn chéng zhī lǔ， zhòng yóu shí wàn， ruò xiàng wū gǔ， jiē niè wú hòu， bù rú xiān pò 'ān shì， qǔ jiàn 'ān， rán hòu cháng qū 'ér jìn， cǐ wàn quán zhī cè yě。 ’”） ér zhè zhǒng fāng shì guò qù yī zhí shì táng jūn kè dí zhì shèng de fǎ bǎo。 zuì zhōng táng tài zōng jué dìng zàn shí tíng zhǐ zhè cì chū zhēng。 9 yuè， táng jūn bān shī。 zhè cì zhēng fá gāo jù lì， gōng kè xuán tù、 héng shān、 gài móu、 mó mǐ、 liáo dōng、 bái yán、 bēi shā、 mài gǔ、 yín shān、 hòu huáng shí chéng， qiān xǐ liáo、 gài、 yán sān zhōu hù kǒu rù zhōng guó qī wàn rén。 xīn chéng、 jiàn 'ān、 zhù bì sān dà zhàn， zhǎn shǒu sì wàn yú jí。 zài táng jūn， zhàn shì zhèn wáng de yuē 2000 rén， sǔn shī zuì dà shì zhàn mǎ， sǔn shī liǎo qī bā chéng。
cǐ zhàn suī zhòngchuāng gāo jù lì， dàn shì zhàn shì kuàng rì chí jiǔ， hào fèi jù dà， zuì zhōng què wèi néng miè wáng gāo jù lì。 yīn cǐ， táng tài zōng rèn wéi zhè zhàn shǔ yú zhàn bài liǎo， tòng xīn dì shuō： rú guǒ wèi zhēng hái huó zhe， kěn dìng bù huì ràng wǒ jìn xíng zhè cì yuǎn zhēng。 dàn zhè zhàn de yì yì hái shì bǐ jiào zhòng dà de。 zhè shì zì sān guó shí qī wú qiū jiǎn gōng pò gāo jù lì tú wáng chéng yǐ lái shàng bǎi nián zhōng guó jūn duì dì yī cì zhēn zhèng zhàn shèng gāo jù lì rén， shōu fù liǎo jīn tiān liáo níng yī dài hěn duō nán běi cháo shí qī bèi gāo jù lì duó qǔ de tǔ dì， wéi jīn hòu táng cháo chè dǐ zhēng fú cháo xiān dǎ xià liǎo jī chǔ。
zhēnguàn 'èr shí 'èr nián（ 648 nián）， dǎo shì yòu gè yìn dù de xiǎo chāqǔ。 wáng xuán cè zuò wéi táng cháo de shǐ zhě qù yìn dù。 zhōng tiān zhú dà chén nà fú dì 'ā luó nà shùn cuàn wèi， jié chí táng shǐ。 wáng xuán cè zhǐ shēn táo dào tǔbō， jiè lái tǔbō jūn hé ní bó 'ěr jūn xiàng yìn dù jìn fā。 lián zhàn sān tiān， yìn dù jūn dà bài。 táng jūn zhǎn shǒu sān qiān yú jí， shuǐ zhōng yān sǐ yìn dù bīng yuē wàn rén。 ā luó nà shùn qì chéng táo páo， fù shǐ jiǎng shī rén zhuī shàng bìng fú lǔ zhī。 cǐ wài lǔ nán nǚ yī wàn 'èr qiān rén， niú mǎ sān wàn yú pǐ。
【 dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng】
táng tài zōng dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng， shì táng tài zōng guān yú dì yuán zhàn lüè wèn tí de lǐ xìng rèn shí， shì táng tài zōng lì yòng táng wáng cháo yǔ zhōu biān shǎo shù mín zú zhèng quán zhī jiān de dì yuán guān xì jí qí zuò yòng fǎ zé móu qǔ hé wéi hù táng wáng cháo lì yì de zhàn lüè sī xiǎng。 táng tài zōng dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng shì zhōng guó gǔ dài dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng de zhòng yào zǔ chéng bù fēn， jì yòu bù tóng yú xī fāng yě bù tóng yú xiàn dài de dú jù tè sè de sī xiǎng nèi róng。
táng tài zōng zài wèi qī jiān guó tǔ guǎng dà， biān jiè xiàn mián yán qū zhé， dì yuán xíng shì fù zá， bìng suí shí jiān tuī yí 'ér fā zhǎn biàn huà。 lì guān zhè yī shí qī táng yǔ zhōu biān suǒ fā shēng de zhū duō dì yuán guān xì， jì yòu yǔ táng jūn shì lì yì yōu guān de， yě yòu yǔ táng zhèng zhì、 wài jiāo lì yì yōu guān de， hái yòu yǔ táng jīng jì lì yì yōu guān de， gèng duō de zé shì jǐ zhǒng lì yì jiān 'ér yòu zhī， cuò zōng fù zá。 táng tài zōng bǐ jiào chéng gōng dì chǔlǐ liǎo yǔ tū jué、 tǔbō、 gāo chāng jí xī yù zhū guó、 gāolí、 xīn luó、 bǎi jì děng guó zhī jiān de guān xì。 táng tài zōng de dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng zhèng shì zài chǔlǐ yǔ zhōu biān dì yuán guān xì de shí jiàn guò chéng zhōng zhú bù chǎn shēng、 fā zhǎn bìng zǒu xiàng chéng shú de。
táng tài zōng dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng jì jù yòu xiān míng de shí dài tè sè， yòu jù yòu tā gè rén de dú yòu tè sè， liǎng zhě qiǎo miào dì róng hé zài yī qǐ， guàn chuān yú tā de dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng de shǐ zhōng。
táng tài zōng dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng de tè sè zhù yào yòu yǐ xià jǐ diǎn： yī shì jī jí jìn qǔ。 zhè shì táng tài zōng dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng de zuì xiǎn zhù de tè sè， yě shì qí sī xiǎng zhōng zuì chéng gōng、 zuì kě qǔ de dì fāng。 táng tài zōng de xióng dà háo mài shì lì dài xǔ duō dì wáng suǒ bù kě bǐ nǐ de， zhè yě shì tā qǔ dé chéng gōng bù kě huò quē de yīn sù。 èr shì líng huó yìng duì。 táng tài zōng zài zhòng dà biàn gù miàn qián bù jīng huāng shī cuò， tā néng gòu yǐ jù kè guān xíng shì hé duì xiàng de biàn huà 'ér biàn huà， cóng 'ér jiào dà chéng duódì bǎo zhèng liǎo jué cè de zhèng què xìng。 sān shì lěng jìng wù shí。 táng tài zōng jiàn yú suí wáng jiào xùn， nǔ lì kè fú yǐ wǎng dì wáng jí gōng jìn lì、 qióng bīng dú wǔ de quē xiàn， zhù yì jié hé xiàn shí xū yào， liàng lì 'ér xíng， zài lěng jìng fēn xī de jī chǔ shàng tuī xíng wù shí zhèng cè。 sì shì cuò zhì yòu xù。 wú lùn shì běi jī tū jué， hái shì xī píng gāo chāng， yóu qí shì jīng lüè xī yù， dōushì xiān jí hòu huǎn、 yóu jìn jí yuǎn， yòu tiáo lǐ、 yòu cì xù dì jìn xíng， cóng zhōng yì kě jiàn táng tài zōng dì yuán zhàn lüè jué cè zhī chéng shú。
táng tài zōng dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng shì qí jūn shì sī xiǎng de zhòng yào zǔ chéng bù fēn， bù jǐn zài lǐ lùn shàng qǔ dé liǎo tū pò， dá dào liǎo yī gè xīn gāo dù， gèng zhòng yào de shì zài shí jiàn zhōng huò dé jù dà chéng gōng， yè jì fěi rán。 shǐ zài：“（ zhēnguàn shí sì nián） táng dì dōng jí yú hǎi， xī zhì yān qí， nán jìn lín yì， běi dǐ dà mò， jiē wéi zhōu xiàn， fán dōng xī jiǔ qiān wǔ bǎi yī shí lǐ， nán běi yī wàn jiǔ bǎi yī shí bā lǐ。”（《 zī zhì tōng jiàn》 táng tài zōng zhēnguàn shí sì nián jiǔ yuè。） táng tài zōng de tū chū chéng jiù zhèng zài yú tā yǐ chāo yuè qián rén de yīng wǔ xióng mài zhī qì bó， chóngxīn kāi tuò liǎo zhōng huá mín zú de jiāng tǔ， wéi hòu lái zhōng guó bǎn tú díquè dìng zuò chū liǎo zhòng dà de gòng xiàn。 ér zhè yī huī huáng yè jì de huò dé， shì yǔ táng tài zōng de dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng mìqiè bù kě fēn de。 jí shǐ jīn tiān kàn lái， táng tài zōng de dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng lǐ miàn yě bù fá kě qǔ zhī chù。
táng tài zōng dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng bāo hán fēng fù de nèi róng， zhù yào yòu yǐ xià jǐ diǎn：
（ yī） zhuóyǎn yú zhēng duó guān zhōng、 gǒng gù“ zhōng guó” de gù běn sī xiǎng。 qí zhōng jū zhòng yù qīng de guān zhōng běn wèi sī xiǎng， nǎi shì táng tài zōng chéng jiù dì yè de“ gēn běn”， yě shì qí dì yuán zhàn lüè sī xiǎng de chū fā diǎn。 tài zōng“ shēn gēn gù běn， zhì 'ān zhōng guó” zhī sī xiǎng， jì yòu chuán tǒng zhèng cè yán xí zhī yīn sù， yòu yòu chū yú dāng shí chū táng zhèng zhì、 jīng jì bèi jǐng kǎo lǜ zhī yīn sù， tè bié shì duì dì yuán yīn sù de kǎo lǜ， wéi gǒng gù zhèng quán、 mìqiè zhōng wài guān xì、 fā zhǎn jīng jì jìn 'ér zēng qiáng guó lì 'ér bù dé bù wéi zhī。
（ èr） yǐ yí zhì yí、 bǎo fān gù yǔ de dì yuán fān píng sī xiǎng， zhù yào tǐ xiàn zài yǐ“ huái ji” zhèng cè suí nà guī fù mín zú， bìng jiāng qí nèi xǐ 'ān zhì zài táng zhōu biān dì qū de yī xì liè xíng wéi shàng， cóng 'ér dá dào lìng qí“ shì zuò fān píng” de mùdì。
táng tài zōng de dì yuán fān píng sī xiǎng zhù yào yòu rú xià liǎng gè nèi róng：
１ zhì nèi shǔ shǎo shù mín zú zhèng quán yú zhōu biān， yǐ zuò fān píng。
２ zài táng zhōu biān dì qū fú zhí qīn táng zhèng quán， yǐ zuò fān píng。
（ sān） zòng héng bǎi hé de dì yuán zhì héng sī xiǎng。
qí zhù yào nèi róng yòu： ① yuǎn jiāo jìn gōng， gè gè jī pò， rú lián xuē yán tuó zhì tū jué。 ② fú ruò yì qiáng， bǎo chí dì qū shì lì jūn héng， rú lián xīn luó gōng gāolí、 bǎi jì yǐ jí lián hé tiě lè zhū bù 'ě zhì xuē yán tuó。 ③ lián jìn kàng yuǎn， fú jìn shè yuǎn， wěn dìng jìn lín yǐ gōng jī huò wēi shè yuǎn fāng zhèng quán， rú lián hé tǔyùhún yǐ duì fù tǔbō。 ④ lìng wài， táng tài zōng hái yòu zhēn duì mǒu yī tè dìng zhèng quán nèi bù zhì dìng de zhì héng sī xiǎng， zhǐ zài fēn huà wǎ jiě qí shì lì， zào chéng nèi bù zhēng quán duó lì， xuē ruò tǒng zhì shí lì， zhè yóu qí tǐ xiàn zài duì xuē yán tuó de wèn tí shàng。
táng tài zōng shí xíng dì yuán zhì héng de cè lüè sī xiǎng jí qí jī běn qíng kuàng dà zhì yòu rú xià jǐ zhǒng：
１ yuǎn jiāo jìn gōng， lā lǒng yǔ gū lì bìng yòng héng héng táng yǔ dōng tū jué、 xuē tíng tuó de dì yuán zhì héng guān xì。
２ fú ruò yì qiáng， bǎo chí dì qū jūn shì。
【 tài zōng zhēng yì】
wǒ mendōu zhī dào， lǐ shì mín yě shì rén， rén wú wán rén， shì rén jiù yòu cuò wù。 zhēnguàn hòu qī， táng tài zōng kāi shǐ yòu liǎo yī xiē biàn huà， xiān cóng nà jiàn kāi shǐ tǐ xiàn chū lái。 zhēnguàn shí nián（ 636 nián）， wèi zhēng fā xiàn tā“ jiàn 'è zhí yán”， zhè shì táng tài zōng zǒu xiàng yī xiē cuò wù de kāi shǐ。
yī shì zhēng fá gāo jù lì， zhè gè bèi mǒu xiē rén rèn wéi shì cuò wù de jǔ dòng， dàn shì， jiù dāng shí xíng shì lái kàn， cǐ zhēng shì bì yào de hé xū yào de。 dì yī， fā dòng zhàn zhēng de zé rèn shì gāo jù lì， gāo jù lì hàn rán jìn gōng táng cháo fù yōng guó xīn luó tiǎo qǐ zhàn duān， wèile wéi hù quán wēi， táng xū yào fā dòng zhàn zhēng lái bǎo hù zì jǐ de fù shǔ guó de lì yì。 dì 'èr， zhàn zhēng zhōng， táng jūn shì zhèng yì hé rén xìng de， zhè yě shì bǎo zhèng táng jūn sǔn shī fēi cháng xiǎo de yī gè wài zài tiáo jiàn， zài táng jūn gōng zhàn de chéng chí zhōng， jūn yōng hù táng jūn。 dàn shì yóu yú wèile bǎo chí zhèng yì xìng hé rén xìng huà， dǎo zhì piān qiú wěn， ér shǐ zhàn qī lā cháng。 dì sān， táng jūn de chè tuì hé hòu xù zhàn zhēng， chōng fēn tǐ xiàn liǎo lǐ shì mín de xiōng huái hé gāo chāo de zhàn lüè sī xiǎng， táng jūn yǐ 2000 rén de sǔn shī xiāo miè gāo jù lì shù shí wàn rén， qiān gǔ hǎn jiàn。 chè tuì zhī shí， dí jiāng chéng qiáng guì bài， yě shí shǔ hǎn jiàn。 táng jūn hòu qī de jūn shì sāo rǎo hé zhèng zhì fēng suǒ， shǐ gāo jù lì de shí lì měi kuàng yù xià， zuì zhōng gāo zōng xiāo miè gāo jù lì。
hái yòu shē chǐ xiàn xiàng de míng xiǎn zēng jiā。 zài zhēnguàn shí liù nián de shí hòu， táng tài zōng xià zhào shuō， tài zǐ suǒ yòng zhī wù qí tā jī guān bù dé xiàn zhì， jiēguǒ zào chéng tài zǐ de yán zhòng làng fèi xiàn xiàng。 táng tài zōng zì jǐ yě kāi shǐ xiū zào gōng diàn， zhēnguàn shí yī nián zài dōng dū luò yáng xiū fēi shān gōng， èr shí yī nián yòu xiū cuì wēi gōng。 zhè xiē shǐ táng tài zōng hòu qī méi yòu qián qī qín jiǎn， dàn shì bǐ xuán zōng， qián lóng děng bù zhī dào yào qiáng duō shǎo bèi。
hái yòu yī gè dà de cuò wù jiù shì cānyù shǐ guān suǒ xiě de qǐ jū zhù dāng zhōng。 zhè shì zhuān mén xiě huáng dì rì cháng shēng huó hé cháo zhèng yán lùn de， huáng dì wú quán gān shè， zhè shì lì lái de chuán tǒng， lì lái de huáng dì dōuméi yòu kàn， zūn zhòng shǐ guān de zhí quán hé dì wèi。 ér shǐ guān yě shì gōng zhèng zhí shū， cóng bù yǎn shì shénme， cóng bù hài pà huáng dì dǎ jī bào fù。 dàn táng tài zōng zhè gè míng jūn què fàn liǎo yī gè pō dà de lì shǐ cuò wù， yǐng xiǎng gān yù liǎo shǐ guān de gōng zhèng xìng。 dāng rán， méi yòu rèn hé wán zhěng zhèng jù biǎo míng tài zōng dà liàng wāi qū lì shǐ。 tóng shí， bù jǐn jǐn shì tài zōng， zì chūn qiū， kàn shǐ zhě hé zhǐ shù bǎi， dǒng hú zhí bǐ， chén shòu suǒ huì， tài shǐ bèi gōng， bù yào shuō qīng cháo de wén zì yù liǎo， lìng wài， xǔ jìng zōng duì lǐ shì mín bìng méi yòu hǎo gǎn， zhè yàng biǎo míng， táng chū lì shǐ yīnggāi jù yòu kě xìn dù de。
táng tài zōng zài zhēnguàn chū qī bù gù dà chén wèi zhēng hé lǐ dà liàng de quàn zǔ， duì guī shùn de běi fāng yóu mù mín zú bù luò yào tǔ dì gěi tǔ dì yào wù zī gěi wù zī， jiēguǒ zhè xiē bù luò xiǎng shòu gòu táng cháo de 'ēn huì hòu wèi kǒu fǎn 'ér yuè lái yuè dà， suǒ xìng jiù pàn luàn liǎo。
hòu lái táng tài zōng yě zì jǐ jiǎn tǎo：“ zhōng guó bǎi xìng， shí tiān xià zhī gēn běn， sì yí zhī rén， nǎi tóng zhī yè， rǎo qí gēn běn yǐ hòu zhī yè， ér qiú jiǔ 'ān， wèi zhī yòu yě。 chū bù nà wèi zhēng yán， suì jué láo fèi rì shèn， jǐ shī jiǔ 'ān zhī dào。”
zhēnguàn 'èr shí nián（ 646 nián）， liáo dōng zhàn yì huí lái shí， táng tài zōng dé bìng， cǐ hòu yī zhí tiáoyǎng， yóu cǐ kāi shǐ fú yòng fāng shì tí liàn de jīn shí dān yào。 xiān qián táng tài zōng hái céng jīng cháo xiào qín huáng hàn wǔ mí liàn fāng shù hé xún qiú dān yào， xiàn zài zì jǐ yě bù yóu zì zhù dì xiàn jìn qù liǎo。 zhēnguàn 'èr shí yī nián（ 647 nián）， táng tài zōng yòu dé liǎo“ fēng jí”， fán zào pà rè， biàn ràng rén zài lí shān dǐng fēng xiū cuì wēi gōng， dì 'èr nián， pài rén cóng zhōng tiān zhú qiú dé fāng shì nà luó 'ěr suō pó mèi， bìng qíng bù duàn 'è huà。 zhēnguàn 'èr shí sān nián（ 649 nián） wǔ yuè jǐ sì（ èr shí liù） rì（ 7 yuè 10 rì） jià bēng yú hán fēng diàn， xiǎng nián wǔ shí 'èr suì。
【 hòu fēi zǐ nǚ】
huáng hòu
zhǎngsūn huáng hòu
táng cháo zhù míng de xián hòu， zhōng guó lì shǐ shàng zuì wěi dà de huáng hòu zhī yī， dāng dài lì shǐ xué jiā píng lùn zuì zhī xìng de huáng hòu。 qín wáng fēi qī jiān， zhòng chén shǔ jiù mò bù gǎn jī， zài huáng hòu wèi， zhì lǐ hòu gōng jǐng jǐng yòu tiáo， duì zhēnguàn zhèng cè lù xiàn pō yòu yǐng xiǎng， zǎo shì， tài zōng huáng 'āi shāng bù yǐ， cháng jǔ mù yuǎn tiào zhāo líng， zì hòu wèi zài lì huáng hòu， huáng hòu shēng yòu zǐ yòu nǚ jìn wáng hé jìn yáng gōng zhù bèi tài zōng qīn zì dài zài shēn biān fǔ yǎng， tài zōng bēng， yǔ huáng hòu tóng zàng yī xué， kāi chuàng dì hòu hé xué xiān lì。
yòu rén shuō： yī gè wěi dà de nán rén bèi hòu zhàn zhe yī gè wěi dà de nǚ xìng。 táng tài zōng dà zhì tiān xià， shèng jí yī shí， chú liǎo yǐ kào tā shǒu xià de yī dà pī móu chén wǔ jiāng wài， yě yǔ tā xián shū wēn liáng de qī zǐ zhǎngsūn huáng hòu de fǔ zuǒ shì fēn bù kāi de。
fēi pín
wéi guì fēi zì zé
yáng guì fēi yáng fēi， shēng zhào wáng lǐ fú， wéi yǔ suí yáng dì nǚ yáng fēi qū bié bèi xiàn dài rén chēng xiǎo yáng fēi， guì fēi yìng wéi sǐ hòu zhuī fēng。
xú xián fēi xú huì， dì bēng， āi mù chéng jí， bù kěn jìn yào， yuē：“ dì yù wǒ hòu， dé xiān gǒu mǎ shì yuán qǐn， wú zhì yě。” fù wéi shī、 lián zhū yǐ jiàn yì。 yǒng huī yuán nián zú， nián 'èr shí sì， zèng xián fēi， péi zàng zhāo líng shí shì。
yàn dé fēi yàn fēi
yáng fēi suí yáng dì nǚ
yīn fēi hòu jiàng wéi pín
wéi zhāo róng wéi ní zǐ
yáng jié yú yáng gōng dào dì sān nǚ
xiāo měi rén xiāo shuò dì 'èr nǚ
cuī cái rén cuī hóng dào cháng nǚ
xiāo cái rén xiāo kēng dì 'èr nǚ
wǔ cái rén wǔ zé tiān
yáng shì lǐ yuán jí zhī qī
wáng shì
zǐ
tài zǐ lǐ chéng qián（ mǔ zhǎngsūn huáng hòu , tài zōng huáng zǐ zhōng zuì wéi biāo hàn cōng yíng zhě， yīn móu fǎn bèi fèi）
chǔ wáng lǐ kuān（ mǔ bù xiáng， zǎo hōng） lǐ kuān， guò jì shū fù chǔ 'āi wáng lǐ zhì yún。 zǎo shì。 zhēnguàn chū zhuī fēng， wú hòu， guó chú。
wú wáng lǐ kè（ mǔ suí yáng dì zhī nǚ yáng fēi） yòu wén wǔ cái， táng gāo zōng shí qī bèi yuān shā。
wèi wáng lǐ tài（ mǔ zhǎngsūn huáng hòu， tài zōng huáng zǐ zhōng zuì wéi bó xué zhě， zuì shòu chǒng 'ài zhě， yīn zhēng huáng wèi bèi biǎn， gāo zōng nián jiān bèi shòu zūn chóng）（ 619 nián― 652 nián） zì huì bāo， yǒng huī sān nián（ 652 nián） sǐ yú yún xiāng xiàn， shí nián 34 suì。
qí wáng lǐ yòu（ mǔ yīn fēi， hòu fèi wéi shù rén）
shǔ wáng lǐ yīn（ mǔ suí yáng dì nǚ yáng fēi， lǐ kè tóng mǔ dì， lǐ shì mín chēng qí bù rú qín shòu。 lǐ kè bèi hài， xǐ jū bā zhōu。）
jiǎng wáng lǐ yùn（ mǔ wáng shì）
yuè wáng lǐ zhēn（ mǔ yàn fēi）
gāo zōng lǐ zhì（ yuán wéi jìn wáng， mǔ zhǎngsūn huáng hòu， huáng zǐ zhōng wéi yī bèi tài zōng qīn zì fǔ yǎng zhǎngdà zhě）
jì wáng lǐ shèn（ mǔ wéi fēi）
jiāng shāng wáng lǐ 'áo（ mǔ yàn fēi， zǎo hōng）
dài wáng lǐ jiǎn（ mǔ bù xiáng， zǎo hōng）
zhào wáng lǐ fú（ mǔ yáng fēi）
cáo wáng lǐ míng（ mǔ yáng shì）
nǚ
xiāng chéng gōng zhù
rǔ nán gōng zhù lǐ yǔ
nán píng gōng zhù
suì 'ān gōng zhù
cháng lè gōng zhù lǐ lì zhì（ mǔ zhǎngsūn huáng hòu， chū jià shí yīn tài zōng yào gěi de jià zhuāng bèi yú cháng gōng zhù 'ér bèi wèi zhēng jiàn）
yù zhāng gōng zhù（ zhǎngsūn huáng hòu yǎng nǚ）
bā líng gōng zhù（ xià jià chái lìng wǔ）， xià jià chái shào yǔ píng yáng gōng zhù zhī zǐ chái lìng wǔ， yǒng huī sì nián yǔ fáng yí 'ài móu fǎn， bèi táng gāo zōng cì sǐ。 xiǎn qìng zhōng zhuī zèng wéi běi jǐng gōng zhù
pǔ 'ān gōng zhù
dōng yáng gōng zhù
lín chuān gōng zhù lǐ mèng jiāng（ mǔ wéi guì fēi）
qīng hé gōng zhù lǐ jìng
lán líng gōng zhù lǐ shū
jìn 'ān gōng zhù
ān kāng gōng zhù（ guān yú 'ān kāng gōng zhù， táng shǐ zhǐ yòu yī jù huà：“ ān kāng gōng zhù， xià jià dú gū móu。”）
xīn xīng gōng zhù
chéng yáng gōng zhù（ mǔ zhǎngsūn huáng hòu）
gāo yáng gōng zhù（ hé pǔ gōng zhù）
jīn shān gōng zhù
jìn yáng gōng zhù lǐ míng dá（ mǔ zhǎngsūn huáng hòu， gōng zhù zhōng wéi yī bèi tài zōng qīn zì fǔ yǎng zhǎngdà zhě， wéi tài zōng zuì wéi xǐ 'ài de nǚ 'ér， duō shòu zhòng chén xǐ 'ài， zǎo hōng， yòu qí mǔ fēng）
cháng shān gōng zhù
xīn chéng gōng zhù（ mǔ zhǎngsūn huáng hòu， chū fēng héng shān gōng zhù）
【 zhù yào shī zuò】
【 cì fáng xuán líng】
tài yè xiān zhōu jiǒng， xī yuán yǐn shàng cái。 wèi xiǎo zhēng chē dù， jī míng guān zǎo kāi。
【 cì xiāo yǔ】
jí fēng zhī jìngcǎo， bǎn dàng shí chéng chén。 yǒng fū 'ān shí yì， zhì zhě bì huái rén。
【 liáo chéng wàng yuè】
xuán tù yuè chū míng， chéng huī zhào liáo jié。 yìng yún guāng zàn yǐn， gé shù huā rú zhuì。
bó mǎn guì zhī yuán， lún kuī jìng cǎi quē。 lín chéng què yǐng sàn， dài yùn chóngwéi jié。
zhù bì fǔ wán dū， zhù guān yāo fēn miè。
【 yǐn mǎ cháng chéng kū xíng】
sài wài bēi fēng qiē， jiāo hé bīng yǐ jié。 hàn hǎi bǎi zhòng bō， yīn shān qiān lǐ xuě。
jiǒng shù wēi fēng huǒ， céng luán yǐn gāo jié。 yōu yōu juàn pèi jīng， yǐn mǎ chū cháng chéng。
hán shā lián qí jì， shuò chuī duàn biān shēng。 hú chén qīng yù sài， qiāng dí yùn jīn zhēng。
jué mò gān gē jí， chē tú zhèn yuán xí。 dū wèi fǎn lóng duī， jiāng jūn xuán mǎ yì。
yáng huī fēn wù jìng， jì shí gōng míng lì。 huāng yì yī róng yī， líng tái kǎi gē rù。
【 jīng pò xuē jǔ zhàn dì】
xī nián huái zhuàng qì， tí gē chū zhàng jié。 xīn suí lǎng rì gāo， zhì yǔ qiū shuāng jié。
yí fēng jīng diàn qǐ， zhuǎn zhàn cháng hé jué。 yíng suì luò xīng chén， zhèn juàn héng yún liè。
yī huī fēn lì jìng， zài jǔ jīng ní miè。 yú cí fǔ jiù yuán， zhǔmù zhù huá xuān。
chén shā wú gù jì， jiǎn zào yòu cán hén。 làng xiá chuān shuǐ jìng， fēng wù bào lián hūn。
shì tú jí liú yì， rén shì shū jīn xī。 cháng xiǎng tiào qián zōng， fǔ gōng liáo zì shì。
【 hái shǎn shù huái】
kǎi rán fǔ cháng jiàn， jì shì qǐ yāo míng。 xīng qí fēn diàn jǔ， rì yǔ sù tiān xíng。
biàn yě tún wàn qí， lín yuán zhù wǔ yíng。 dēng shān huī wǔ jié， bèi shuǐ zòng shén bīng。
zài xī róng gē dòng， jīn lái yǔ zhòu píng。
【 chū liè】
chǔ wáng yún mèng zé， hàn dì cháng yáng gōng。 qǐ ruò yīn nóng xiá， yuè wǔ chū huán sōng。
sān qū chén ruì zú， qī cuì liè cái xióng。 hán yě shuāng fēn bái， píng yuán shāo huǒ hóng。
diāo gē xià fú jiàn， yǔ qí lǜ chén gōng。 bù shòu qián yōu hè， jīng qín sàn cuì kōng。
cháng yān huì luò jǐng， guàn mù zhèn yán fēng。 suǒ wéi chú mín mò， fēi shì yuè lín cóng。
【 yuán rì】
gāo xuān 'ài chūn sè， suì gé mèi cháo guāng。 tóng tíng fēi cǎi pèi， cuì huǎng yào míng dāng。
gōng jǐ lín sì jí， chuí yī yù bā huāng。 shuāng jǐ liè dān bì， sī zhú yùn cháng láng。
mù yǐ xūn fēng mào， kāng zāi dì dào chāng。 jì wén zūn hòu guǐ， xún gǔ jiàn qián wáng。
cǎo xiù gù chūn sè， méi yàn xī nián zhuāng。 jù chuān sī yù jì， zhōng yǐ jì zhōu háng。
【 xǐ xuě】
bì hūn cháo hé wù， dān juàn míng tāo xiá。 jié yè fán yún sè， níng qióng biàn xuě huá。
guāng lóu jiǎo ruò fěn， yìng mù jí yí shā。 fàn liǔ fēi fēi xù， zhuāng méi piàn piàn huā。
zhào bì tái yuán yuè， piāo zhū bó chuān lù。 yáo jié duǎn cháng jiē， yù cóng gāo xià shù。
yìng tóng guī lěi bái， yíng fēng lián bào sù。 duàn xù qì jiāng chén， pái huái suì yún mù。
huái zhēn kuì yǐn dé， biǎo ruì zhù fēng nián。 ruǐ jiān fēi jìn yuàn， hè chù wǔ yī chuān。
tǎng yǒng yōu lán qū， tóng huān huáng zhú piān。
【 biān nián jì shì】
zhēnguàn yuán nián（ liù 'èr qī） zhēngyuè chū yī， gǎi yuán zhēnguàn。
zhēnguàn yuán nián（ liù 'èr qī） zhēngyuè， táng tài zōng xià zhì， lìng jīn hòu zhōng shū shěng、 mén xià shěng yǐ jí sān pǐn yǐ shàng guān rù gé shāng yì guó jiā dà shì， dōuyào yòu jiàn guān gēn suí， yù yòu bù dāng zhī chù， jiàn guān lì kè jìn jiàn。
zhēnguàn yuán nián（ liù 'èr qī） zhēngyuè， táng tài zōng mìng lì bù shàng shū zhǎngsūn wú jì děng yǔ xué shì、 fǎ guān děng rén chóngxīn yì dìng lǜ lìng。 fàng kuān jiǎo xíng wǔ shí tiáo wéi kǎn duàn yòu zhǐ， táng tài zōng réng xián zhè zhǒng ròu xíng tài cán kù， shǔ wáng fǎ cáo cān jūn péi hóng xiàn qǐng zài gǎi wéi jiā yì liú， xǐ sān qiān lǐ， jū zuò sān nián。 zhào cóng zhī。
zhēnguàn yuán nián（ liù 'èr qī） táng tiān jié jiāng jūn、 yàn jùn wáng lǐ yì jù jīng zhōu fǎn。
zhēnguàn yuán nián（ liù 'èr qī） èr yuè， bìng shěng quán guó de zhōu xiàn， jiāng quán guó fēn wéi shí dào， jí guān nèi dào、 hé nán dào、 hé dōng dào、 hé běi dào、 shān nán dào、 lǒng yòu dào、 huái nán dào、 jiāng nán dào、 jiàn nán dào、 lǐng nán dào， fèi jùn wéi zhōu， gù měi dào gè xiá ruò gān zhōu。
zhēnguàn yuán nián（ liù 'èr qī） shí yuè lǐng nán qiú cháng féng 'àng qiǎn zǐ rù cháo
zhēnguàn yuán nián（ liù 'èr qī） mò， lì bù shì láng liú lín fǔ zòu qǐng yǐ hòu sì shí tīng xuǎn， suí jué zhù nǐ， rén yǐ wéi biàn。 tài zōng zhào mìng yī bù fēn rén dào luò zhōu cān xuǎn。 tài zōng shuō“ guān zài dé rén， bù zài yuán duō。” mìng fáng xuán líng bìng shěng zhōng yāng guān yuán， zhǐ liú xià wén wǔ guān 'é liù bǎi sì shí sān rén。
zhēnguàn 'èr nián（ liù 'èr bā）， zhào gè dì zhì yì cāng。 xuē yán tuó shǒu lǐng yí nán shòu táng fēng wéi kèhán， jiàn hàn tíng yú mò běi。
zhēnguàn 'èr nián（ liù 'èr bā） sān yuè， dà lǐ shǎo qīng hú yǎn xiàng tài zōng shàng bào měi yuè qiú tú de zhàng mù。 tài zōng mìng lìng hòu dà bì zuì yóu zhōng shū、 mén xià shěng sì pǐn yǐ shàng guān hé shàng shū shěng yì dìng， yǐ miǎn yuān làn。 jiē zhe yòu zhú gè dài jìn qiú tú， lún dào qí zhōu cì shǐ zhèng shàn guǒ shí， tài zōng rèn wéi shàn guǒ suī yòu zuì， guān pǐn bù dī， bù yìng yǔ yú qiú tú zhī liè。 yú shì， yòu mìng yǐ hòu sān pǐn yǐ shàng guān fàn zuì， bù yòng dài jìn， kě zài tài jí gōng chéng tiān mén zuǒ yòu cháo táng tīng pàn jué。
zhēnguàn 'èr nián（ liù 'èr bā）， guān nèi fā shēng hàn zāi， bǎi xìng quē liáng， yòu xǔ duō rén mài 'ér mài nǚ yǐ huàn qǔ yī liáng。 sì yuè， tài zōng zhào chū yù fǔ jīn bó shú huí bèi mài 'ér tóng， jiāo hái fù mǔ。 yòu yīn qù nián jiǔ yǔ， jīn nián yòu zāo shòu hàn zāi、 huáng zāi， dà shè tiān xià。
zhēnguàn 'èr nián（ liù 'èr bā） sì yuè， tū lì pài shǐ lái táng qǐng qiú yuán zhù。 tài zōng zhào jí dà chén tǎo lùn， bīng bù shàng shū dù rú huì qǐng chū bīng gōng tū jué。 zhēnguàn sān nián（ liù 'èr jiǔ） shí 'èr yuè， tū lì kèhán rù cháo， tài zōng rèn mìng tā wéi yòu wèi dàjiàng jūn， cì jué běi píng jùn wáng。
zhēnguàn 'èr nián（ liù 'èr bā） jiǔ yuè， zhōng shū shè rén lǐ bǎi yào qǐng zài chū gōng rén。 táng tài zōng mìng shàng shū zuǒ chéng dài zhòu hé jǐshìzhōng dù zhèng lún zài yè tíng xī mén jiǎn xuǎn gōng rén， qián hòu fàng chū gōng nǚ yòu dá sān qiān yú rén。
zhēnguàn 'èr nián（ liù 'èr bā） mò， pài qiǎn yóu jī jiāng jūn qiáo shī wàng cóng xiǎo lù dài zhe cè shū bài yí nán wéi zhēn zhū pí gā kèhán， cì gěi tā gǔ dào。 yí nán fēi cháng gāo xīng， pài shǐ rù gòng。
zhēnguàn sān nián（ liù 'èr jiǔ） sān yuè， tài zōng yǐ fáng xuán líng wéi zuǒ pú shè， dù rú huì wéi yòu pú shè， yǐ shàng shū yòu chéng wèi zhēng shǒu mì shū jiān， jūn cānyù cháo zhèng。 fáng xuán líng shàn móu lüè， dù rú huì shàn jué duàn， wéi táng cháo míng xiāng， bìng chēng“ fáng dù”。
táng cháo chū nián， fán guó jiā jūn zhèng dà shì， zhōng shū shè rén gè yǐ zì jǐ de jiàn jiě， qiān shǔ zì jǐ de míng zì， bèi chēng zuò wǔ huā pàn shì。 yóu zhōng shū shì láng、 zhōng shū lìng shěn chá， yóu jǐshìzhōng、 huáng mén shì láng jiàozhèng。 zhēnguàn sān nián（ liù 'èr jiǔ） sì yuè， táng tài zōng chóngxīn shēn míng jiù de zhì dù， yú shì hěn shǎo fā shēng cuò shì。
zhēnguàn sān nián（ liù 'èr jiǔ） dà hàn， tài zōng zhào qiú zhí yán， cháng hé dài mǎ zhōu xiàng tài zōng tí liǎo 'èr shí duō tiáo yì jiàn。 tài zōng dà xǐ， zhāo mǎ zhōu rù jiàn， lìng tā sù zhí mén xià shěng， bù jiǔ yǐ mǎ zhōu wéi jiān chá yù shǐ， zhōng zhì bài xiāng。
zhēnguàn sān nián（ liù 'èr jiǔ） bā yuè， mìng bīng bù shàng shū lǐ jìng wéi xíng jūn zǒng guǎn、 zhāng gōng jǐn wéi fù zǒng guǎn， qián qù zhēng tǎo tū jué。 tū jué sì jīn jiǔ rén dài lǐng sān qiān qí bīng jiàng táng， bá yě gǔ、 pú gǔ、 xī děng qiú cháng yě shuài bù zhòng jiàng táng。
zhēnguàn sān nián（ liù sān líng） rùn shí 'èr yuè， dōng xiè qiú cháng xiè yuán shēn、 nán xiè qiú cháng xiè qiáng cháo táng。 dōng xiè、 nán xiè shì nán mán de fēn zhī， fēn bù zài qián xī。 táng tài zōng xià zhào yǐ dōng xiè zhī dì wéi yìng zhōu（ jīn guì zhōu dé jiāng xiàn zhēnguàn sān nián（ liù sān líng） rùn shí 'èr yuè， zāng kē qiú cháng xiè néng yǔ jí yǎn zhōu mán xiàng táng rù gòng。 tài zōng zhào yǐ zāng kē zhī dì wéi zāng zhōu。 dǎng xiàng qiú cháng xì fēng bù lài jiàng táng， táng yǐ qí dì wéi guǐ zhōu jìng）， nán xiè zhī dì wéi zhuāng zhōu（ jīn guì zhōu jìng nèi）， lì shǔ yú qián zhōu dū dū
zhēnguàn sì nián（ liù sān líng） zhēngyuè， lǐ jì zài bái dào bài tū jué， lǐ jìng zài yīn shān dà bài jié lì kèhán。
zhēnguàn sì nián（ liù sān líng） zhēngyuè， lǐ jìng shuài sān qiān qí zì mǎ yì jìn zhù 'è yáng lǐng， yè xí dìng xiāng， dà bài tū jué。 jié lì kèhán dà jīng， qiān yá zhàng yú qì kǒu。 jié lì de qīn xìn kāng sū mì yǐ suí yáng dì hòu xiāo shì jí qí sūn yáng zhèng dào jiàng táng。
zhēnguàn sì nián（ liù sān líng） sān yuè， gè zú jūn cháng dū dào cháng 'ān qǐng táng tài zōng chēng tiān kèhán， táng tài zōng xiào dào：“ wǒ wéi dà táng tiān zǐ， nán dào yòu wéi kèhán zhī shì má？” dàn cǐ hòu táng tài zōng cì gěi xī běi gè zú jūn cháng de xǐ shū dū yòng“ tiān kě hàn” de chēng hào。
zhēnguàn sì nián（ liù sān líng） sān yuè， táng xíng jūn fù zǒng guǎn zhāng bǎo xiāng tū zhì sū ní shī bīng yíng， fú jié lì， sòng wǎng cháng 'ān。
zhēnguàn sì nián（ liù sān líng） jiǔ yuè， yī wú chéng zhù dào cháng 'ān cháo táng。 xiān shì yī wú nèi shǔ， suí yú qí dì shè zhì yī wú jùn； suí mò， chéng zhù xiàng tū jué chēng chén。 jié lì bèi táng gōng miè hòu， yī wú chéng zhù shuài tā suǒ shǔ de qī chéng jiàng táng， táng cháo zài yī wú shè zhì xī yī zhōu（ jīn xīn jiāng hā mì）。
tài zōng yuè dú zhōng yī zhù zuò《 míng táng zhēn jiǔ shū》 hòu， rèn wéi rén de wǔ zàng dū guī jié zài bèi bù。 yú shì yú zhēnguàn sì nián（ liù sān líng） shí yī yuè xià lìng， cǐ hòu shěn xùn fàn rén， bù dé biān jī bèi bù。
zhēnguàn sì nián（ liù sān líng）， quán guó fēng shōu， liú sàn dào gè dì de bǎi xìng huí guī gù lǐ， mǐ měi dǒu bù chāo guò sān、 sì qián， yī nián jǐn pàn chù liǎo 'èr shí jiǔ rén sǐ xíng。
zhēnguàn sì nián（ liù sān líng） bā yuè， rì běn qiǎn shǐ quǎn shàng sān tián sì（ yì zuò yù tián qiāo）、 yào shī huì rì děng lái táng， shì wéi rì běn dì yī cì qiǎn táng shǐ。
zhēnguàn wǔ nián（ liù sān yī）， kāi dǎng xiàng zhī dì wéi shí liù zhōu。 rì běn dì yī cì qiǎn táng shǐ quǎn shàng yù tián qiāo děng zhì táng（ fèng shǐ zài shàng nián）。 lín yì、 xīn luó dū qiǎn shǐ dào táng。
zhēnguàn wǔ nián（ liù sān yī） shí 'èr yuè chū 'èr rì， táng tài zōng zhì：“ pàn jué sǐ zuì， yào zài liǎng tiān nèi wǔ cì shēn zòu， xià gè zhōu de yào sān cì shēn zòu； xíng xíng dāng tiān， shàng shí jú bù dé jìn jiǔ ròu， nèi jiào fāng jí tài cháng sì bù dé zòuyuè。 mén xià shěng hái yào zài jiǎn chá， yòu yǐ fǎ yīngdāng sǐ 'ér chǔjìng kān lián zhě， lìng wài xiě zhuàng shàng zòu。” wǔ cì shēn zòu shì zhǐ xíng xíng qián liǎng tiān dào xíng xíng zhī rì gòng shàng zòu wǔ cì， rén mìng guān tiān， yǐ shì shèn zhòng。 zhǐ yòu fàn 'è nì zuì（ suí lì“ shí 'è bù shè” zhī kē， táng chéng zhī） de rén zhǐ zòu yī cì。
zhēnguàn liù nián（ liù sān 'èr）， tài zōng nǎi zhǐ。 zēng zhì sān shī guān（ tài shī、 tài fù、 tài bǎo）。 tài zōng yǔ shì chén lùn 'ān wēi zhī běn。 zhǎngsūn hòu hè tài zōng xǐ dé jiàn chén， yān qí wáng qiǎn shǐ rù gòng， táng tài zōng pài hóng lú shǎo qīng liú shàn yīn qián qù cè lì ní shú wéi xī lì bì duō lù kèhán。
zhēnguàn liù nián（ liù sān 'èr） shí yī yuè， qì bì（ tiě lè shí wǔ bù zhī yī） bù luò qiú cháng qì bì hé lì shuài suǒ bù liù qiān yú jiā dào shā zhōu（ jīn gān sù dūn huáng xī） xiàng táng zhèng fǔ guī jiàng。
zhēnguàn qī nián（ liù sān sān）， tài zōng shè sǐ qiú， lǐ chún fēng zào hún tiān huáng dào yí。
zhēnguàn bā nián（ liù sān sì）， lǐ jìng děng fù zhū dào chá qíng。
zhēnguàn jiǔ nián（ liù sān wǔ）， táng gāo zǔ lǐ yuān jià bēng， xiǎng nián 70 suì， táng píng tǔyùhún。
zhēnguàn shí nián（ liù sān liù）， táng jiàn nán běi yá。
zhēnguàn shí nián（ liù sān liù） liù yuè 'èr shí yī rì， tài zōng huáng hòu zhǎngsūn shì zú， xiǎng nián sān shí qī suì。
zhēnguàn shí yī nián（ liù sān qī） bā yuè， shì yù shǐ mǎ zhōu shàng shū cháo tíng， jiàn yì zhèng fǔ yìng zhòng shì zhōu xiàn dì fāng guān lì de xuǎn rèn。 tài zōng wén zòu， shēn yǐ wéi shì， jué dìng yǐ hòu cì shǐ yóu tā qīn xuǎn， xiàn lìng zé yóu jīng guān wǔ pǐn yǐ shàng gè jǔ yī rén。
zhēnguàn shí 'èr nián（ liù sān bā） lì xuē yán tuó xiǎo kě hàn， tài zōng jiàn bǎi qí。
zhēnguàn shí sān nián（ liù sān jiǔ） tài zōng tíng shì xí cì shǐ。
zhēnguàn shí sì nián（ liù sì líng） liú guǐ guó qiǎn shǐ rù gòng， hóu jūn jí miè gāo chāng， táng zhì 'ān xī dū hù fǔ yú jiāo hé， lǐ guān gǎi lǐ zhì， táng wén chéng gōng zhù rù cáng。
zhēnguàn shí wǔ nián（ liù sì yī） táng fān hé qīn， xí jūn mǎi píng tǔyùhún zhī luàn， cè fēng bǎi jì wáng， lǐ shì jì bài xuē yán tuó。
zhēnguàn shí liù nián（ liù sì 'èr） wèi wáng tài shàng《 kuò dì zhì》， tài zōng xǐ sǐ zuì zhě shí xī zhōu， jìn zì shāng zhī tǐ， guō xiào kè bài xī tū jué duō lù kèhán。
zhēnguàn shí qī nián（ liù sì sān） wèi zhēng zú， xiǎng nián 64 suì。 zhēng gāo jù lì， lǐ shì mín mìng huà gōng chén xiàng yú líng yān gé， tài zǐ lǐ chéng qián zào fǎn， bèi fèi， lì jìn wáng lǐ zhì wéi huáng tài zǐ。
zhēnguàn shí bā nián（ liù sì sì） tài zōng qīn zhēng gāo jù lì。
zhēnguàn shí jiǔ nián（ liù sì wǔ） tiě lè jiǔ xìng dà shǒu lǐng shuài zhòng jiàng táng。 xuán zàng qǔ jīng huí guó， zhāng liàng、 chéng míng zhèn bá gāolí bēi shā chéng， lǐ shì jì gōng gāolí liáo dōng chéng， qì bì hé lì děng yǒng jī gāolí， gāolí bái yán chéng jiàng， tài zōng pò gāolí 'ān shì jiù bīng， tài zōng xià zhào cóng gāolí bān shī。
zhēnguàn 'èr shí nián（ liù sì liù） xuē tíng tuó duō mó zhī jiàng táng， chì lè zhū bù cháo táng。
zhēnguàn 'èr shí yī nián（ liù sì qī） táng fā bīng gōng qiūcí， tài zōng kū gāo shì lián， gǔ lì gān rù gòng， wáng bō lì zào chuán gōng gāolí， tū jué chē bí kèhán xiàng táng cháo rù gòng， xī zhào qiú cháng zhào mó nèi fù。
zhēnguàn 'èr shí 'èr nián（ liù sì bā） xuē wàn chè děng shuài jūn jī gāolí， lǐ bǎi yào zú， jié gǔ rù cháo， sōng wài mán fù táng， qì dān shǒu lǐng qū jù nèi fù， ā shǐ nà hè lǔ jiàng táng， wáng xuán cè pò zhōng tiān zhú， fáng xuán líng bìng shì， xiǎng nián 70 suì。
zhēnguàn 'èr shí sān nián（ liù sì jiǔ） tú mò zhī děng mán nèi fù。
zhēnguàn 'èr shí sān nián（ liù sì jiǔ） wǔ yuè， táng tài zōng bìng wēi。 lín zhōng qián， tā zhào jiàn zhǎngsūn wú jì hé chǔ suì liáng， ràng tā men fǔ zuǒ tài zǐ zhì tīng zhèng。 tóng yuè jǐ sì rì， tài zōng jià bēng yú cuì wēi gōng hán fēng diàn， xiǎng nián 52 suì。 tài zǐ lǐ zhì jí wèi， shì wéi táng gāo zōng。 tā shì lì shǐ shàng zuì wéi wěi dà de huáng dì zhī yī。
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chǔ suì liáng (644 nián -647 nián， 648 nián -649 nián )
xǔ jìng zōng (645 nián )
gāo jì fǔ (645 nián )
zhāng xíng chéng (645 nián )
cuī rén shī (648 nián )
In 630, Emperor Taizong sent his general Li Jing against Eastern Tujue -- to which Tang had once submitted -- defeating and capturing its Jiali Khan Ashina Duobi and destroying Eastern Tujue power. This made Tang the dominant power in eastern Asia, and Emperor Taizong subsequently took the title of "Heavenly Khan" (天可汗). Throughout the rest of Chinese history, Emperor Taizong's reign was regarded as the exemplary model against which all other emperors were measured, and his "Reign of Zhen'guan" (貞觀之治) was considered one of the golden ages of Chinese history and became required study for future crown princes. Indeed, the greatest praise that one of his better-regarded successors, Emperor Xuānzong, received, was the epithet "Little Taizong" (小太宗). The modern Chinese historian Bo Yang, for example, opined that Emperor Taizong achieved his greatness by accepting criticism that others would find difficult to accept and trying hard not to abuse his absolute power (using Emperor Yang of Sui as a negative example as well as employing the capable chancellors Fang Xuanling, Du Ruhui, and Wei Zheng. Bo also opined that Emperor Taizong's wife Empress Zhangsun served as a capable assistant to him as well.
Background
Li Shimin was born in 599 at Wugong (武功, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). His father Li Yuan the Duke of Tang was a general of the Sui Dynasty and a nephew, by marriage, to Sui's founding emperor Emperor Wen, as Li Shimin's grandmother Duchess Dugu was a sister of Empress Dugu Qieluo -- both were daughters of Dugu Xin (獨孤信), a major general during Sui's predecessor dynasty Northern Zhou. Li Shimin's mother was Li Yuan's wife Duchess Dou, who was a daughter of Dou Yi (竇毅) the Duke of Shenwu and Dou Yi's wife, Northern Zhou's Princess Xiangyang. Duchess Dou bore Li Yuan four sons -- an older brother to Li Shimin, Li Jiancheng, and two younger brothers, Li Xuanba (李玄霸, who would die in 614) and Li Yuanji -- and at least one daughter. Li Yuan named Li Shimin "Shimin" as a shortened form of the phrase "save the earth and pacify the people" (濟世安民, jishi anmin). Li Shimin apparently showed talent early in his life, and in 613, the official Gao Shilian, impressed with him, gave him a niece (the later Empress Zhangsun) in marriage as his wife; he was 14 and she was 12. In 615, when Emperor Wen's son and successor Emperor Yang was ambushed by Eastern Tujue forces at Yanmen (雁門, in modern Xinzhou, Shanxi), a general call was made for men to join the army to help rescue the emperor. Li Shimin answered that call and served under the general Yun Dingxing (雲定興), apparently doing so with distinction. In 616, when Li Yuan was put in charge of the important city of Taiyuan (太原, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), Li Shimin followed his father to Taiyuan, while leaving at least three other sons -- Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji, and Li Zhiyun (李智雲, by Li Yuan's concubine Lady Wan) -- at the ancestral home Hedong (河東, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi).
Participation in the rebellion against Sui rule
Emperor Yang was soon dissatisfied with Li Yuan and Wang Rengong (王仁恭), the governor of Mayi Commandery (馬邑, roughly modern Shuozhou, Shanxi), over their inability to stop Eastern Tujue incursions and the growing strengths of agrarian rebels, particularly the Eastern Tujue-support Liu Wuzhou the Dingyang Khan, who soon rose against Wang and killed him and soon captured Emperor Yang's secondary palace near Taiyuan. Li Yuan also became fearful that there had been prophecies throughout the empire that the next emperor would be named Li -- and that Emperor Yang had killed another official, Li Hun (李渾) and Li Hun's clan over his fears that Li Hun's nephew Li Min (李敏, the son-in-law of Emperor Yang's sister Yang Lihua the Princess Leping).
in fear, Li Yuan considered rebellion, and at that point, he did not know that Li Shimin had also been doing so -- secretly discussing such plans with Li Yuan's associates Pei Ji and Liu Wenjing. Once Li Shimin's plans matured, he had Pei inform Li Yuan of them -- and also had Pei warn Li Yuan that it it were revealed that Li Yuan had had sexual relations with some of Emperor Yang's ladies in waiting at the secondary Jinyang Palace (晉陽宮, which Pei was in charge with and had allowed Li Yuan to do so), all of them would be slaughtered. Li Yuan agreed to rebel, and after secretly summoning Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji from Hedong and his son-in-law Chai Shao (柴紹) from the capital Chang'an, he declared a rebellion, claiming to want to support Emperor Yang's grandson Yang You the Prince of Dai, nominally in charge at Chang'an with Emperor Yang at Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), as emperor. He made both Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin major generals and advanced southwest, toward Chang'an. He created Li Shimin the Duke of Dunhuang.
However, when Li Yuan arrived near Hedong, his army was bogged down by the weather, and with food running out, there were rumors that Eastern Tujue and Liu Wuzhou would attack Taiyuan. Li Yuan initially ordered retreat, but at the earnest opposition by Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin, continued to advance. After defeating Sui forces at Huoyi (霍邑, also in modern Yuncheng), he decided to leave a small contingent to watch over Hedong while advancing across the Yellow River into Guanzhong (i.e., the Chang'an region). Once he did, he headed for Chang'an himself, while sending Li Jiancheng to capture the territory around the Tong Pass region to prevent Sui forces at Luoyang from reinforcing Chang'an and Li Shimin north of the Wei River to capture territory there. Meanwhile, Li Shimin's sister (Chai's wife) had also risen in rebellion in support of him, and she was able to gather a sizeable army and capture some cities. She joined forces with Li Shimin and her husband Chai Shao. Soon, Li Yuan reconsolidated his forces and put Chang'an under siege. In winter 617, he captured Chang'an and declared Yang You emperor (as Emperor Gong). He had himself made regent (with the title of grand chancellor) and created the Prince of Tang. (Meanwhile, most of Sui territory did not recognize Emperor Gong as emperor and continued to recognize Emperor Yang as emperor and not as retired emperor.) He created Li Shimin the Duke of Qin.
Li Yuan's control of the Chang'an region became almost immediately contested by the rebel ruler Xue Ju the Emperor of Qin, who sent his son Xue Rengao toward Chang'an. Li Yuan sent Li Shimin to resist Xue Rengao, and Li Shimin defeated Xue Rengao at Fufeng (扶風, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), temporarily causing Xue Ju to toy with the idea of surrendering to Li Yuan, although Xue was subsequently dissuaded by his strategist Hao Yuan (郝瑗) from doing so.
In spring 618, with Sui's eastern capital Luoyang (where the officials in charge did not recognize Li Yuan's authorities) under attack by the rebel ruler Li Mi the Duke of Wei, Li Yuan sent Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin to Luoyang, ostensibly to aid the Sui forces at Luoyang but instead intending to test whether Luoyang might submit to him. The officials at Luoyang rebuffed his attempt at rapproachment, and Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin, not wanting to fight either them or Li Mi for control of Luoyang at this stage, withdrew. Li Yuan subsequently changed Li Shimin's title to Duke of Zhao.
In summer 618, when news arrived at Chang'an that Emperor Yang had been killed at Jiangdu in a coup led by the general Yuwen Huaji, Li Yuan had Emperor Gong yield the throne to him, establishing Tang Dynasty as its Emperor Gaozu. He created Li Jiancheng crown prince but created Li Shimin the Prince of Qin, also making him Shangshu Ling (尚書令), the head of the executive bureau of the government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng) and a post considered one for a chancellor, while continuing to have Li Shimin serve as a major general as well.
During Emperor Gaozu's reign
The campaign to reunify the empire
The first thing that Li Shimin had to deal with was another incursion by Xue Ju, as Xue attacked Jing Prefecture (涇州, roughly modern Pingliang, Gansu) and Emperor Gaozu sent Li Shimin to resist Xue. Li Shimin established his defenses and refused to engage Xue to try to wear Xue Ju out, but at that time, he was afflicted with malaria, and he let his assistants Liu Wenjing and Yin Kaishan (殷開山) take command, ordering them not to engage Xue Ju. Liu and Yin, however, did not take Xue Ju seriously, and Xue Ju ambushed them at Qianshui Plain (淺水原, in modern Xianyang), crushing Tang forces and inflicting 50%-60% casualties. Li Shimin was forced to withdraw back to Chang'an, and Liu and Yin were removed from their posts. (This would be Li Shimin's only defeat recorded in historical records until the Goguryeo campaign of 645.) Xue Ju, in light of his victory, was ready to launch an assault on Chang'an itself, under Hao Yuan's advice, but suddenly died of an illness in fall 618 and was succeeded by Xue Rengao. Emperor Gaozu then sent Li Shimin against Xue Rengao. Three months after Xue Rengao took the throne, Li Shimin engaged him, and after a fierce battle between Li Shimin and Xue Rengao's major general Zong Luohou (宗羅睺), Li Shimin crushed Zong's forces, and then attacked Xue Rengao. Xue Rengao was forced to withdraw into the city of Gaozhi (高墌, in modern Xianyang as well), and once he did, his soldiers began surrendering to Li Shimin in mass. Xue Rengao was himself forced to surrender. Li Shimin had him delivered to Chang'an, where he was executed. Around new year 619, Emperor Gaozu made Li Shimin Taiwei (太尉, one of the Three Excellencies) and made him in charge of Tang operations east of the Tong Pass.
In spring 619, Liu Wuzhou launched a major offensive against Tang. He captured Taiyuan in summer 619, forcing Li Yuanji, who had been in charge there, to flee, and then continued his offensive south. Emperor Gaozu sent Pei Ji against him, but by winter 619, Liu had crushed Pei's forces and taken over nearly all of modern Shanxi. Emperor Gaozu, shocked at the development, considered abandoning the region altogether. Li Shimin opposed doing so and offered to lead the army against Liu. Emperor Gaozu agreed and commissioned him with an army. He crossed the Yellow River and approached LIu's major general Song Jin'gang (宋金剛) but did not engage him, choosing to try to wear Song out, only having his subordinates Yin Kaishan and Qin Shubao engage the other Dingyang generals Yuchi Jingde and Xun Xiang (尋相) in relatively low-level engagements. Eventually, in spring 620, when Liu and Song ran out of food supplies, they retreated, and Li Shimin gave chase, dealing Song a major defeat. Yuchi and Xun surrendered, and after Li Shimin chased further, both Liu and Song fled to Eastern Tujue. All of Dingyang territory fell into Tang hands.
In summer 620, Emperor Gaozu again commissioned Li Shimin against a major enemy -- the former Sui general Wang Shichong, who had Sui's last emperor, Emperor Yang's grandson Yang Tong, yield the throne to him in 619, establishing a new state of Zheng as its emperor. When Li Shimin arrived at the Zheng capital Luoyang, Wang offered peace, but Li Shimin rebuffed him and put Luoyang under siege. Meanwhile, his subordinates took Zheng cities one by one. By winter 620, most of Zheng territory, other than Luoyang and Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), defended by Wang Shichong's nephew Wang Honglie (王弘烈), had submitted to Tang. Wang sought aid Dou Jiande the Prince of Xia, who controlled most of modern Hebei. Dou, reasoning that if Tang were able to destroy Zheng, his own Xia state would be corner, agreed. He sent his official Li Dashi to try to persuade Li Shimin to withdraw, but Li Shimin detained Li Dashi and gave no response. Meanwhile, during the campaign, Li Shimin chose some 1,000 elite soldiers, clad in black uniform and black armor, commanded by himself, to serve as advance forward troops, with Qin, Cheng Zhijie (程知節), Yuchi, and Zhai Zhangsun (翟長孫) as his assistants.
Main article: Battle of Hulao
By spring 621, Luoyang was in desperate situation, and Xia forces had not yet arrived, but Tang troops had also suffered serious casualties, as Luoyang's defenses, aided by powerful bows and catapults, were holding. Emperor Gaozu, hearing that Dou had decided to come to Wang's aid, ordered Li Shimin to withdraw, but Li Shimin sent his secretary Feng Deyi to Chang'an to explain to Emperor Gaozu that if he did withdraw, Wang would recover and again be a major threat in the future. Emperor Gaozu agreed and allowed Li Shimin to continue to siege Luoyang. When Xia forward troops arrived first, Li Shimin surprised and defeated them, and then sent Dou a letter suggesting that he withdraw. Dou would not do so, and, against the advice of his wife Empress Cao and secretary general Ling Jing (凌敬) that he should instead attack Tang's prefectures in modern southern Shanxi, he marched toward Luoyang. Anticipating Dou's maneuver, Li Shimin left a small detachment, commanded by Li Yuanji, at Luoyang, while marching east himself, taking up position at the strategic Hulao Pass. When the armies engaged at Hulao, Li Shimin defeated Dou and captured him. He took Dou back to Luoyang and displayed him to Wang Shichong. Wang, in fear, considered abandoning Luoyang and fleeing south to Xiangyang, but as his generals pointed out that his only hope was Dou, he surrendered. Xia forces, after initially fleeing back to the Xia capital Ming Prefecture (洺州, in modern Handan, Hebei), also surrendered. Zheng and Xia territory were Tang's. Li Shimin returned to Chang'an in a grand victory procession, and, to reward Li Shimin, Emperor Gaozu awarded both him and Li Yuanji three mints so that they could mint money of their own. He also bestowed on Li Shimin the special title of "Grand General of Heavenly Strategies" (天策上將, Tiance Shangjiang). Meanwhile, Li Shimin's staff, already full of generals and strategists, were now being supplemented with a number of literary men.
The former Xia territory did not remain in Tang hands for long, as in winter 621, the Xia general Liu Heita rose against Tang rule, claiming to be avenging Dou, whom Emperor Gaozu had executed after Li Shimin took him back to Chang'an. He was allied with Xu Yuanlang, a former agrarian rebel general who was nominally under Wang Shichong and who had submitted to Tang after Wang's defeat. Liu dealt successive defeats to Emperor Gaozu's cousin Li Shentong (李神通) the Prince of Huai'an, Li Xiaochang (李孝常) the Prince of Yi'an, and Li Shiji. Emperor Gaozu sent Li Shimin and Li Yuanji against Liu. In 622, after some indecisive battles with Liu, who had by that point taken over almost all of former Xia territory and claimed the title of Prince of Handong, Li Shimin defeated Liu by flooding his army with water from the Ming River (洺水, flowing near Ming Prefecture), and Liu fled to Eastern Tujue. Li Shimin then headed east and attacked Xu, defeating him. After leaving Li Shiji, Li Shentong, and Ren Gui (任瓌) to continue to attack Xu, Li Shimin returned to Chang'an.
The struggle against Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji
Main article: Incident at Xuanwu Gate
By this point, Li Shimin and his older brother Li Jiancheng, who was created crown prince in 618, reportedly after Emperor Gaozu first offered the position to Li Shimin due to his contributions, were locked in an intense rivalry, as Li Shimin's accomplishments caused people to speculate that he would displace Li Jiancheng as crown prince, and Li Jiancheng, while an accomplished general himself, was overshadowed by his younger brother. The court became divided into a faction favoring the Crown Prince and a faction favoring the Prince of Qin. The rivalry was particularly causing problems within capital, as the commands of the Crown Prince, the Prince of Qin, and the Prince of Qi (i.e., Li Yuanji) were said to have the same force as the emperor's edicts, and the officials had to carry conflicting orders out by acting on the ones that arrived first. Li Shimin's staff was full of talented men, but Li Jiancheng was supported by Li Yuanji, as well as Emperor Gaozu's concubines, who had better relationships with Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji than they did with Li Shimin.
Late in 622, when Liu Heita returned to former Xia domain after receiving aid from Eastern Tujue, defeating and killing Li Shimin's cousin Li Daoxuan (李道玄) the Prince of Huaiyang, he again regained most of former Xia territory. Li Jianheng's staff members Wang Gui and Wei Zheng suggested that Li Jiancheng needed to enhance his own reputation in battle, and so Li Jiancheng volunteered for the mission. Emperor Gaozu thus sent Li Jiancheng, assisted by Li Yuanji, to attack Liu. Li Jiancheng defeated Liu around the new year 623, and Liu was subsequently betrayed by his own official Zhuge Dewei (諸葛德威) and delivered to Li Jiancheng. Lli Jiancheng killed Liu and returned to Chang'an in triumph. China was, by this point, roughly united under Tang rule.
For the next few years, the rivalry intensified, although during the meantime both Li Jiancheng and Li Shimin served as generals when Eastern Tujue made incursions. In 623, when the general Fu Gongshi rebelled at Danyang (丹楊, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu), Emperor Gaozu briefly commissioned Li Shimin to attack Fu, but soon cancelled the order and sent Li Shimin's cousin Li Xiaogong the Prince of Zhao Commandery instead.
In 624, when Li Jiancheng was found to have, against regulations, tried to add soldiers to his guard corps, Emperor Gaozu was so angry that he put Li Jiancheng under arrest. In fear, Li Jiancheng's guard commander Yang Wen'gan (楊文幹) rebelled. Emperor Gaozu sent Li Shimin against Yang, offering to make him crown prince after he returned. After Li Shimin left, however, Feng Deyi (now a chancellor), Li Yuanji, and the concubines all spoke on Li Jiancheng's behalf, and after Li Shimin returned, Emperor Gaozu did not depose Li Jiancheng, but instead blamed the discord between him and Li Shimin on Li Jiancheng's staff members Wang Gui and Wei Ting (韋挺) and Li Shimin's staff member Du Yan, exiling them to Xi Prefecture (巂州, roughly modern Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan).
Later that year, Emperor Gaozu, troubled by repeated Eastern Tujue incursions, seriously considered burning Chang'an to the ground and moving the capital to Fancheng (樊城, also in modern Xiangfan), a suggestion that Li Jiancheng, Li Yuanji, and Pei Ji agreed with. Li Shimin opposed, however, and the plan was not carried out. Meanwhile, Li Shimin himself was sending his confidants to Luoyang to build up personal control of the army there. After an incident in which Li Shimin suffered a severe case of food poisoning after feasting at Li Jiancheng's palace -- an event that both Emperor Gaozu and Li Shimin apparently interpreted as an assassination attempt -- Emperor Gaozu considered sending Li Shimin to guard Luoyang to prevent further conflict, but Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, after consulting each other, believed that this would only give Li Shimin an opportunity to build up his personal power there, and therefore opposed it. Emperor Gaozu therefore did not carry out the plan. Meanwhile, the rivalry continued. Traditional historical accounts also indicated that at one point, when Li Shimin visited Li Yuanji's mansion, Li Yuanji wanted to assassinate Li Shimin, but Li Jiancheng, who could not resolve to kill a brother, stopped the plot. There was yet another incident in which Li Jiancheng, knowing that a horse threw its rider easily, had Li Shimin ride it, causing Li Shimin to fall off from it several times.
By 626, Li Shimin was fearful that he would be killed by Li Jiancheng, and his staff members Fang Xuanling, Du Ruhui, and Zhangsun Wuji were repeatedly encouraging Li Shimin to attack Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji first -- while Wei Zheng was encouraging Li Jiancheng to attack Li Shimin first. Li Jiancheng persuaded Emperor Gaozu to remove Fang and Du, as well as Li Shimin's trusted guard officers Yuchi Jingde and Cheng Zhijie, from Li Shimin's staff. Zhangsun, who remained on Li Shimin's staff, continued to try to persuade Li Shimin to attack first.
In summer 626, Eastern Tujue was making another attack, and under Li Jiancheng's suggestion, Emperor Gaozu, instead of sending Li Shimin to resist Eastern Tujue as he first was inclined, decided to send Li Yuanji instead. Li Yuanji was given command of much of the army previously under Li Shimin's control, further troubling Li Shimin, who believed that with the army in Li Yuanji's hands, he would be unable to resist an attack. Li Shimin had Yuchi summon Fang and Du back to his mansion secretly, and then on one night submitted an accusation to Emperor Gaozu that Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji were committing adultery with Emperor Gaozu's concubines. Emperor Gaozu, in response, issued summonses to Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji for the next morning, convening the senior officials Pei Ji, Xiao Yu, and Chen Shuda to examine Li Shimin's accusations. As Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji approached the central gate leading to Emperor Gaozu's palace, Xuanwu Gate (玄武門), Li Shimin carried out the ambush he had set. He personally fired an arrow that killed Li Jiancheng. Subsequently, Yuchi killed Li Yuanji. Li Shimin's forces entered the palace and, under the intimidation of Li Shimin's forces, Emperor Gaozu agreed to create Li Shimin crown prince. Li Jiancheng's and Li Yuanji's sons were killed, and Li Shimin took Li Yuanji's wife Princess Yang as a concubine. Two months later, with Li Shimin firmly in control of power, Emperor Gaozu yielded the throne to him (as Emperor Taizong).
Early reign
One of the first actions that Emperor Taizong carried out as emperor was releasing a number of ladies in waiting from the palace and returning them to their homes, so that they could be married. He created his wife Princess Zhangsun as empress, and their oldest son Li Chengqian as crown prince.
Emperor Taizong was also immediately faced a crisis, as Eastern Tujue's Jiali Khan Ashina Duobi, along with his nephew the subordinate Tuli Khan Ashina Shibobi (阿史那什鉢苾), launched a major incursion toward Chang'an, and just 19 days after Emperor Taizong took the throne, the two khans were just across the Wei River from Chang'an. Emperor Taizong was forced to, accompanied by Gao Shilian and Fang Xuanling, meet Ashina Duobi across the river and personally negotiate peace terms, including tributes to Eastern Tujue, before Ashina Duobi withdrew.
Late in 626, Emperor Taizong ranked the contributors to Tang rule and granted them titles and fiefs, naming among the first rank of contributors Zhangsun Wuji, Fang, Du Ruhui, Yuchi Jingde, and Hou Junji. When Li Shentong, as his distant uncle, objected to being ranked under Fang and Du, Emperor Taizong personally explained how Fang and Du's strategies allowed him to be successful, and this managed to get the other objectors to quiet down, as Emperor Taizong was even willing to rank low such an honored individual as Li Shentong. Emperor Taizong also buried Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji with honors due imperial princes and had their staff members attend the funeral processions. Meanwhile, he appeared to began to reshuffle government further -- which he had already begun after being created crown prince -- by dismissing his father's trusted advisors Xiao Yu and Chen Shuda, making his own trusted advisors chancellors. (Xiao, however, was soon restored to being chancellor, although his career during Emperor Taizong's reign would see repeated dismissals and repeated restorations.) However, he also began to greatly pay attention to the officials' submissions and their criticism of imperial governance, making changes where he saw needed. He also particularly began to trust Wei Zheng, accepting much advice from Wei as far as his personal conduct was concerned. He was also willing to demote his own trusted advisors, as he demoted Gao after finding that Gao had held back submissions from his deputy Wang Gui. Viewing Sui's Emperor Yang as a negative example, he frequently solicited criticism, rewarding those officials willing to offer them, particularly Wei and Wang Gui.
Also in 627, the general Li Yi the Prince of Yan -- a late-Sui warlord who later submitted to Tang, who associated with Li Jiancheng -- fearing that Emperor Taizong would eventually take action against him, rebelled at Bin Prefecture (豳州, in modern Xianyang), but was quickly crushed by the official Yang Ji (楊岌) and killed in flight. Later that year, when Emperor Gaozu's cousin Li Youliang (李幼良) the Prince of Changle, the commandant at Liang Prefecture (涼州, roughly modern Wuwei, Gansu), was accused of allowing his staff to oppress the people and to trade with Qiang and Xiongnu tribesmen, Emperor Taizong sent the chancellor Yuwen Shiji (Yuwen Huaji's brother) to investigate, and in fear, Li Youliang's staff members plotted to hold him hostage and rebel. When this was discovered, Emperor Taizong forced Li Youliang to commit suicide. Late in the year, Wang Junkuo (王君廓), the commandant at You Prefecture (幽州, roughly modern Beijing), also rebelled, but was defeated quickly and killed in flight. However, although there were also reports that Feng Ang (馮盎), a warlord in the modern Guangdong region, was rebelling, Emperor Taizong, at Wei's suggestion, sent messengers to comfort Feng, and Feng submitted.
Also in 627, Emperor Taizong, seeing that there were too many prefectures and counties, consolidated and merged many of them, and further created another level of local political organization above prefectures -- the circuit (道, dao) -- dividing his state into 10 circuits.
In 628, with Ashina Duobi and Ashina Shibobi having a fallout, Ashina Shibobi submitted to Emperor Taizong, as did the chieftains of Khitan tribes, who had previously submitted to Eastern Tujue. With Eastern Tujue in turmoil, Ashina Duobi was no longer able to protect the last late-Sui rebel ruler who along remained standing against Tang pressure -- Liang Shidu the Emperor of Liang, and in summer 628, with the Tang generals Chai Shao and Xue Wanjun (薛萬均) sieging the Liang capital Shuofang (朔方, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi), Liang Shidu's cousin Liang Luoren (梁洛仁) killed Liang Shidu and surrendered, finally uniting China. With Eastern Tujue weakened, Eastern Tujue's vassal Xueyantuo also broke away and formed its own khanate, and Emperor Taizong entered into an alliance with Xueyantuo's leader Yi'nan (夷男), creating Yi'nan the Zhenzhupiqie Khan (真珠毗伽可汗, or Zhenzhu Khan in short).
In late 629, believing the time ripe for a major attack on Eastern Tujue, Emperor Taizong commissioned the general Li Jing with overall command of a multi-pronged army, assisted by the generals Li Shiji, Chai, and Xue Wanche (薛萬徹, Xue Wanjun's brother), attacking Eastern Tujue at multiple points. The army was successful in its attacks, forcing Ashina Duobi to flee, and by late spring 630, Ashina Duobi had been captured, and Eastern Tujue chieftains all submitted to Tang. Emperor Taizong spared Ashina Duobi but detained him at Chang'an, and he considered what to do with the Eastern Tujue people. The main opposing views were from the chancellors Wen Yanbo (who advocated leaving the Eastern Tujue people within borders to serve as a defense perimeter) and Wei (who advocated leaving them outside the borders). Emperor Taizong accepted Wen's suggestion and established a number of prefectures to accomodate the Eastern Tujue people, still leaving them governed by their chieftains, without creating a new khan to govern them.
In 631, Emperor Taizong established a feudal scheme, where the contributors to his reign were given, in addition to their current posts, additional posts as prefectural governors, to be passed on to their descendants. Soon, however, receiving much opposition to the plan, the strongest of which came from Zhangsun Wuji, Emperor Taizong cancelled the scheme.
After the conquest of Eastern Tujue, Emperor Taizong's officials repeatedly requested that he carry out sacrifices to heaven and earth at Mount Tai, and Emperor Taizong, while at times tempted by the proposal, was repeatedly dissuaded from doing so by Wei, who pointed out the expenses and the labors that would be imposed on the people as a result, and also that this would open China's borders to attack.
Middle reign
In 634, Emperor Taizong sent 13 high level officials, including Li Jing and Xiao Yu, to examine the circuits to see whether the local officials were capable, to find out whether the people were suffering, to comfort the poor, and to __select__ capable people to serve in civil service. (Li Jing initially recommended Wei, but Emperor Taizong declined sending Wei, stating that Wei needed to stay to point out his faults and that he could not afford to have Wei away even for a day.)
Around this time, Tang was having increasing conflicts with Tuyuhun, whose Busabo Khan Murong Fuyun, under instigation by his strategist the Prince of Tianzhu, had been repeatedly attacking Tang prefectures on the borders. At one point, Murong Fuyun sought to have a Tang princess marry his son Murong Zunwang (慕容尊王), but the marriage negotiations broke down over Emperor Taizong's insistence that Murong Zunwang come to Chang'an for the wedding. In summer 634, Emperor Taizong had the generals Duan Zhixuan and Fan Xing (樊興) lead forces against Tuyuhun, but with Tuyuhun's forces highly mobile and avoiding direct confrontation, Duan, while not defeated, could not make major gains. Once Duan withdrew, Tuyuhun resumed hostilities. In winter 634, with the Tufan king Songts?n Gampo making overtures to marry a Tang princess as well, Emperor Taizong sent the emissary Feng Dexia (馮德遐) to Tufan with an eye toward an alliance against Tuyuhun. In winter 634, he commissioned Li Jing, assisted by the other generals Hou Junji, Li Daozong, Li Daliang (李大亮), Li Daoyan (李道彥), and Gao Zengsheng (高甑生), to attack Tuyuhun. In 635, Li Jing's forces crushed Tuyuhun forces. Murong Fuyun was killed by his own subordinates, and his son Murong Shun killed the Prince of Tianzhu and surrendered. Emperor Taizong created Murong Shun the new khan, although Murong Shun was soon assassinated. Emperor Taizong then created Murong Shun's son Murong Nuohebo as the new khan.
Also in 635, Emperor Gaozu died, and Emperor Taizong, observing a mourning period, briefly had Li Chengqian serve as regent, and after he resumed his authorities less than two months later, he still authorized Li Chengqian to thereafter rule on minor matters.
In spring 636, Emperor Taizong commissioned his brothers and sons as commandants and changed their titles in accordance with the commands that they received, sending them to their posts -- with the exception of his son Li Tai the Prince of Wei, who by this point was beginning to be highly favored by him. He further allowed Li Tai to engage literary men to serve as his assistants, as Li Tai favored literature. From this point on, Li Tai would be so favored that there began to be talks that Emperor Taizong might let him displace Li Chengqian, whose favors began to wane.
In fall 636, Empress Zhangsun died. Emperor Taizong mourned her bitterly and personally wrote the text of her monument.
In summer 637, Emperor Taizong recreated the feudal scheme that he had considered and abandoned in 631, creating 35 hereditary prefect posts. (By 639, however, the system was again abandoned after much opposition.)
Sometime before 638, Emperor Taizong, disgusted with the traditional noble clans of Cui, Lu, Li, and Zheng and believing that they were abusing their highly honored names, commissioned Gao Shilian, Wei Ting, Linghu Defen (令狐德棻), and Cen Wenben to compile a work later to be known as the Records of Clans (氏族志), with the intent of dividing the clans into nine classes based on their past contributions, good deeds, and ill deeds. In an initial draft that Gao submitted, he nevertheless ranked the branch of the Cui clan that the official Cui Min'gan (崔民幹) belonged to as the highest, a decision that Emperor Taizong rebuked, as he pointed out that Gao was merely again looking at tradition and not the recent contributions. He therefore personally intervened in revising the work, reducing Cui's clan to the third class.
In fall 638, Tufan's Songts?n Gampo, displeased that Emperor Taizong had declined to give him a Tang princes in marriage and believing that Murong Nuohebo had persuaded Emperor Taizong to decline the marriage proposal, launched a major attack on Tuyuhun and then on several Tang prefectures, putting Song Prefecture (松州, roughly modern Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan) under siege. Emperor Taizong commissioned Hou, assisted by Zhishi Sili (執失思力), Niu Jinda (牛進達), and Liu Jian (劉簡), to counterattack, and Niu, who commanded the forward forces, defeated Tufan forces at Song Prefecture. Songs?n Gampo withdrew and sued for peace, but still sought to marry a Tang princess. Emperor Taizong agreed this time.
Also in 638, believing that Xueyantuo was growing increasingly strong and difficult to control, Emperor Taizong granted Yi'nan's sons Bazhuo and Jialibi (頡利苾) both lesser khan titles, to try to create dissensions between them.
In summer 639, Ashian Jiesheshuai (阿史那結社率), the younger brother of Ashina Shibobi, whom Emperor Taizong did not favor and gave little recognition to, formed a conspiracy with Ashina Shibobi's son Ashina Hexiangu (阿史那賀暹鶻) to assassinate Emperor Taizong. They had planned to wait for Li Zhi the Prince of Jin to depart from the palace in the morning and use that opportunity to attack the palace. On the day they planned, however, Li Zhi did not leave the palace, and Ashina Jiesheshuai attacked anyway but was quickly defeated, captured, and executed. After this incident, however, the officials began advocating sending the Tujue people away from the heart of the state. In fall 639, Emperor Taizong created a Tujue prince who had served him faithfully, Li Simo (李思摩, né Ashina Simo) as the khan of a newly recreated Eastern Tujue state (as Qilibi Khan), giving him all of the Tujue and Xiongnu who had surrendered as his subordinates, to be settled north of the Great Wall and the Yellow River. However, the Tujue people were fearful of Xueyantuo and initially refused to head to their new location. Emperor Taizong issued an edict to Yi'nan that he and Li Simo keep their peace and not attack each other, and after receiving from Yi'nan the assurance that he would not attack, the Tujue people advanced to the new location.
Meanwhile, Qu Wentai (麴文泰), the king of Gaochang, who had previously been submissive to Tang, had become increasingly hostile to Tang, allying with Western Tujue. In 640, Emperor Taizong commissioned Hou, assisted by Xue Wanjun, to launch a major attack on Gaochang. As they approached Gaochang, Qu Wentai died in fear and was succeeded by his son Qu Zhisheng (麴智盛). Qu Zhisheng offered to submit, but Hou demanded a surrender, which Qu Zhisheng refused. However, Hou put Gaochang under siege, and with aid from Western Tujue not arriving, Qu Zhisheng surrendered. Wei suggested that Emperor Taizong allow Qu Zhisheng to remain king, pointing out that the monetary and human costs would be high to keep a permanent garrison at Gaochang, but Emperor Taizong disagreed, and he converted Gaochang into two prefectures and annexed it into his state.
In winter 640, Songs?n Gampo sent his prime minister Ludongzan (祿東贊) as an emissary to Tang, offering tributes and again requesting marriage. Emperor Taizong created a daughter of a clansman as the Princess Wencheng, and in 641 sent Li Daozong to accompany Princess Wencheng to Tufan to preside over the wedding.
in winter 641, believing that Emperor Taizong was about to carry out sacrifices to heaven and earth at Mount Tai and would be unable to aid Eastern Tujue, Yi'nan launched a major attack on Eastern Tujue, commanded by his son Dadu (大度). Li Simo was forced to retreat inside the Great Wall. Emperor Taizong commissioned Li Shiji, assisted by Zhang Jian (張儉), Li Daliang, Zhang Shigui (張士貴), and Li Xiyu (李襲譽), to attack Xueyantuo. Li Shiji soon defeated Dadu at Nuozhen River (諾真水, flowing through modern Baotou, Inner Mongolia), and Dadu fled.
Late reign
By 642, it was clear that Li Tai had ambitions on replacing his brother Li Chengqian, and the governmental officials began to be divided into pro-Li Chengqian and pro-Li Tai factions. After urging by Wei Zheng and Chu Suiliang to take actions that would clarify that Li Chengqian's position was secure, Emperor Taizong attempted to do so by making repeated statements to that effect, but his continued favoring of Li Tai led to continued speculation among officials.
Also by 642, Xueyantuo had posed a sufficiently serious threat (albeit still formally submissive) that Emperor Taizong saw two alternatives -- destroying it by force or forming into a heqin relationship by marrying one of his daughters to Yi'nan. This particularly became an issue after the Tang general Qibi Heli (契苾何力), the chieftain of the Qibi Tribe, was kidnapped by his own subordinates and taken to Xueyantuo. In order to ransom Qibi, Emperor Taizong made a promise to eventually give his daughter Princess Xinxing to Yi'nan in marriage, and Yi'nan released Qibi.
in winter 642, an event that would eventuall precipitate wars between Tang and Goguryeo -- happened in Goguryeo. According to Chinese accounts Gao Jianwu/Go Geonmu (King Yeongnyu), the king of Goguryeo, was apprehensive about his general Yeon Gaesomun and was plotting with his other officials to kill Yeon. When Yeon received the news, he started a coup and killed the king and the high level officials. He declared King Yeongnyu's nephew Gao Zang/Go Jang (King Bojang) king, while taking power himself with the title of Mangniji (莫離支/???, regent). When Emperor Taizong received the news, there were suggestions that an attack be launched against Goguryeo, suggestions that Emperor Taizong initially declined.
In spring 643, Wei died, and Emperor Taizong mourned him bitterly, authoring Wei's monument himself and, prior to Wei's death, promising to give his daughter Princess Hengshan in marriage to Wei's son Wei Shuyu (魏叔玉). Later in spring, Emperor Taizong commissioned 24 portraits at Lingyan Pavilion to commemorate the 24 great contributors to his reign.
Also in 643, Emperor Taizong would see major turmoil among his own closest family. In spring 643, his son Li You (李祐) the Prince of Qi, angry over restrictions that his secretary general Quan Wanji (權萬紀) had often placed on him, killed Quan and declared a rebellion. Emperor Taizong sent Li Shiji against Li You, but before Li Shiji could engage Li You, Li You was captured by his own subordinate Du Xingmin (杜行敏) and delivered to Chang'an, where Emperor Taizong ordered him to commit suicide and executed 44 of his associates.
The death of Li You drew out news of another plot. Li Chengqian, who had been fearful that Emperor Taizong would eventually remove him and replace him with Li Tai, had begun to conspire with Hou Junji, Li Yuanchang (李元昌) the Prince of Han (Emperor Taizong's brother), the general Li Anyan (李安儼), and his brothers-in-law Zhao Jie (趙節) and Du He (杜荷, Du Ruhui's son) to overthrow Emperor Taizong. During the investigations in the aftermaths of Li You's rebellion, one of the co-conspirators, Li Chengqian's guard Gegan Chengji (紇干承基), was implicated by association, and in order to save himself, he revealed Li Chengqian's plot. Emperor Taizong was shocked by the news, and he appointed Zhangsun Wuji, Fang Xuanling, Xiao Yu, and Li Shiji, along with the officials in charge of the supreme court and the legislative and examination bureaus of the government to carry out a joint investigation. At the suggestion of the mid-level official Lai Ji, Emperor Taizong deposed, but did not kill, Li Chengqian, while ordering Li Yuanchang to commit suicide and executing Hou, Li Anyan, Zhao, and Du.
After Li Chenqian was deposed, Emperor Taizong briefly promised Li Tai that he would be made crown prince. However, as the investigations continued, Emperor Taizong came to the belief that Li Chengqian's downfall was driven by Li Tai's machinations, and therefore resolved to depose Li Tai as well. At Zhangsun's suggestion, Emperor Taizong created a younger son, Li Zhi the Prince of Jin (who, like Li Chengqian and Li Tai, were born of Empress Zhangsun), crown prince, who was considered kinder and gentler, while exiling Li Chengqian and Li Tai. (Starting later that year, however, Emperor Taizong began to have doubts as to whether Li Zhi's personality was sufficiently strong to serve as emperor, and he toyed with the idea of making another son, Li Ke the Prince of Wu, a son of his concubine Consort Yang (Emperor Yang of Sui's daughter), crown prince, but did not do so due to strong opposition by Zhangsun Wuji.)
Meanwhile, coming to the belief that he made an ill-advised promise to Yi'nan to give him Princess Xinxing in marriage, Emperor Taizong demanded a large amount of bride price -- 50,000 horses, 10,000 cows and camels, and 100,000 sheep -- a price that Yi'nan agreed to, but could not immediately collect and deliver. Emperor Taizong used it as an excuse to cancel the marriage agreement. Meanwhile, as as Wei Zheng had, prior to his death, recommended Hou and Li Chengqian's staff member Du Zhenglun as chancellors, Emperor Taizong came to suspect that Wei was part of the plot as well. He destroyed the monument he had authored for Wei and cancelled the betrothal between Wei Shuyu and Princess Hengshan.
In 644, with Yanqi's king Long Tuqizhi (龍突騎支), who had assisted the Tang campaign to conquer Gaochang, turning against Tang and allying with Western Tujue, Emperor Taizong sent the general Guo Xiaoke (郭孝恪), the commandant at Anxi (安西, i.e., Gaochang) to launch a surprise attack on Yanqi. Guo caught Long Tuqizhi by surprise and captured him, making his brother Long Lipozhun (龍栗婆準) regent. (The Western Tujue viceroy Ashina Quli (阿史那屈利) subsequently captured Long Lipozhun and briefly occupied Yanqi, although he then, not wanting a direct confrontation with Tang, withdrew, and the Yanqi nobles made Long Tuqizhi's cousin Long Xuepoanazhi (龍薛婆阿那支) king.)
Also in 644, with Goguryeo attacking Silla and Silla requesting aid, Emperor Taizong decided to prepare for a campaign to conquer Goguryeo. He arrested the emissaries that Yeon sent to the Tang court, accusing them of disloyalty to King Yeongnyu. By winter 644, the mobilization was in full force. (Apparently because of Tang's preparation to attack Goguryeo, however, the reconstituted Eastern Tujue people, fearing an attack from Xueyantuo at a time that Tang would be ill-equipped to assist, panicked and abandoned their khan Li Simo, fleeing into Tang territory. Emperor Taizong reabsorbed the Eastern Tujue people into Tang, while making Li Simo a general in his army.)
In spring 645, Emperor Taizong departed from Luoyang and led the troops northeast, behind forward forces commanded by Li Shiji and Li Daozong. By summer 645, Tang forces had captured Liaodong (遼東, in modern Liaoyang, Liaoning), and headed southeast toward the Goguryeo capital Pyongyang. Emperor Taizong defeated a large force commanded by the Gogureyo generals Gao Yanshou (高延壽) and Gao Huizhen (高惠真) and then put Anshi (安市, in modern Anshan, Liaoning) under siege. However, the capable defense put up by Anshi's commanding general (whose name is not recorded in history but traditionally is believed to be Yang Manchun) stymied Tang forces and, in late fall, with winter fast approaching and his food supplies running out, Emperor Taizong withdrew. He much regretted launching the campaign and made the comment, "If Wei Zheng were still alive, he would never have let me launch this campaign." He reerected the monument he authored for Wei and summoned Wei's wife and children to meet him, treating them well. He also began to suffer from an illness or injury -- which might have been inflicted during the Gogureyo campaign -- an ilnness that he would never appear to completely recover from.
Meanwhile, in the aftermaths of the Goguryeo campaign, Xueyantuo's Duomi Khan Bazhuo (拔灼, son of Yi'nan, who had died earlier in 645) launched attacks against Tang's border prefectures, with largely inconclusive results. In spring 646, the Tang generals Qiao Shiwang (喬師望) and Zhishi Sili counterattacked, defeating Bazhuo's forces, causing him to flee. His vassals Huige, Pugu (僕骨), and Tongluo (同羅) tribes took the opportunity to rebel and attack him. Hearing this, Emperor Taizong launched a major attack, commanded by Li Daozong, Ashina She'er (阿史那社爾), Zhishi, Qibi, Xue Wanche, and Zhang Jian, against Xueyantuo. With Xueyantuo under attack from multiple sides, Bazhuo was killed by Huige forces, and the remaining Xueyantuo people fled and supported Bazhuo's cousin Duomozhi (咄摩支) as Yitewushi Khan, but soon offered to submit to Tang. Emperor Taizong sent Li Shiji toward Duomozhi's location, with the direction to either accept his submission or destroy him. Duomozhi surrendered and was taken to Chang'an, ending Xueyantuo's rule over the region. The other tribes formerly submissive to Xueyantuo offered Emperor Taizong the title of "Heavenly Khan" and thereafter largely became submissive to Tang. Tang nominally established seven command posts and six prefectures over the region. (Huige's khan Yaoluoge Tumidu (藥羅葛吐迷度), while submissive to Tang, for some time tried to take control over the region himself, but was subsequently assassinated in 648, and there would be no other organized attempt by Huige to take over the region until for about another century.)
After the victory over Xueyantuo, Emperor Taizong again turned his attention toward to Goguryeo, cutting off relations once more and considering another campaign. Under suggestions by some of his officials, he decided to launch harassment campaigns against Goguryeo's northern region on a yearly basis, to weaken Goguryeo gradually. The first of these campaigns was launched in spring 647, with Niu Jinda and Li Shiji in command, and would reoccur.
In 648, Emperor Taizong launched another campaign, commanded by Ashina She'er, aimed at Qiuzi (龜玆, in modern Akesu Prefecture, Xinjiang]), but first attacking Yanqi and killing Long Xuepoanazhi and replacing him with his cousin Long Xiannazhun (龍先那準). Ashina She'er advanced on Qiuzi and captured its king Bai Helibushibi (白訶黎布失畢), making his brother king instead.
By summer of 649, Emperor Taizong was seriously ill -- with some believing that his illness was caused by his taking pills given him by alchemists. Believing Li Shiji to be capable but fearing that he would not be submissive to Li Zhi, he demoted Li Shiji out of the capital to be the commandant at remote Die Prefecture (疊州, roughly modern Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu), with instructions to Li Zhi that if if Li Shiji hesitated, to execute him immediately, and if he did not, to recall him after Emperor Taizong's death and make him chancellor. Li Shiji, when receiving the order and realizing that his life was at stake, immediately departed for Die Prefecture. (After Emperor Taizong's death, Li Zhi would indeed recall Li Shiji and make him chancellor.) Soon thereafter, Emperor Taizong, after entrusting Li Zhi to Zhangsun Wuji and Chu, died at his summer palace Cuiwei Palace (翠微宮). His death was initially kept a secret, and three days later, after his casket had been returned to Chang'an, his death was announced, and Li Zhi took the throne as Emperor Gaozong.
Taizong "reign" 616-649 Colors show the succession of Taizong (Tang) conquest in Asia: Shanxi (617: his father is governor, Taizong encouraged him to revolt.) Sui's Empire Protector (618). Tang dynasty 618. Controlled all of Sui's China by 622-626. Submit the Oriental Turks territories (630-682) Tibetan's King recognizes China as their emperor (641-670) Submit the Occidental Turks territories (642-665) (idem) add the Oasis (640-648: northern Oasis; 648: southern Oasis) [Not shown in the map: Conquest of Korea by his son (661-668)] The two darkest area are truly the Chinese empire, the 3 lightest area are temporaly vasalised. Borders are not factual, they are indicatives.
Taizong "reign" 616-649
Colors show the succession of Taizong (Tang) conquest in Asia:
Shanxi (617: his father is governor, Taizong encouraged him to revolt.) Sui's Empire Protector (618). Tang dynasty 618. Controlled all of Sui's China by 622-626. Submit the Oriental Turks territories (630-682) Tibetan's King recognizes China as their emperor (641-670) Submit the Occidental Turks territories (642-665) (idem) add the Oasis (640-648: northern Oasis; 648: southern Oasis) [Not shown in the map: Conquest of Korea by his son (661-668)] The two darkest area are truly the Chinese empire, the 3 lightest area are temporaly vasalised. Borders are not factual, they are indicatives.
The Sui dynasty tried to invade Goguryeo in 598, 612, 613 & 614. Taizong campaign was in 645. Gaozong's campaigns were in 661, 667 & 668. (Map: end of the 5th)
The Sui dynasty tried to invade Goguryeo in 598, 612, 613 & 614. Taizong campaign was in 645. Gaozong's campaigns were in 661, 667 & 668. (Map: end of the 5th)
Era name
* Zhen'guan (貞觀 zhēn guān) 627-649
Chancellors during reign
* Xiao Yu (626, 627, 630, 643-646)
* Chen Shuda (626)
* Feng Deyi (626-627)
* Yuwen Shiji (626-627)
* Gao Shilian (626-627, 638-647)
* Fang Xuanling (626-643, 643-648)
* Zhangsun Wuji (627-628, 645-649)
* Du Yan (627-628)
* Du Ruhui (628-629)
* Li Jing (628-634)
* Wang Gui (628-633)
* Wei Zheng (629-642)
* Wen Yanbo (630-637)
* Dai Zhou (630-633)
* Hou Junji (630-632, 632-643)
* Yang Shidao (636-643, 645)
* Liu Ji (639-645)
* Cen Wenben (642-645)
* Li Shiji (643-649)
* Zhang Liang (643-646)
* Ma Zhou (644-648)
* Chu Suiliang (644-647, 648-649)
* Xu Jingzong (645)
* Gao Jifu (645)
* Zhang Xingcheng (645)
* Cui Renshi (648)
Family
* Father
o Emperor Gaozu of Tang
* Mother
o Duchess Dou, Emperor Gaozu's wife, daughter of Dou Yi (竇毅) the Duke of Shenwu during Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasty and the Princess Xiangyang daughter of Yuwen Tai, posthumously honored as Empress Taimushunsheng
* Wife
o Empress Zhangsun (created 626, d. 636), mother of Crown Princes Chengqian and Zhi, Prince Tai, and Princesses Changle, Jinyang, and Xincheng
* Major Concubines
o Consort Xu Hui (徐惠) (627-650), titled Chongrong (充容), posthumously honored Xianfei (賢妃)
o Consort Yang, daughter of Emperor Yang of Sui, mother of Princes Ke and Yin
o Consort Yin, mother of Prince You
o Consort Wang, mother of Prince Yun
o Consort Yan, mother of Princes Zhen and Xiao
o Consort Wei, mother of Prince Shen and Princess Linchuan
o Consort Yang, mother of Prince Fu
o Consort Yang, formerly wife and princess of Li Yuanji the Prince of Qi, mother of Prince Ming
o Consort Wu, later wife and empress of Emperor Gaozong, later Emperor of Zhou, commonly known as Wu Zetian
* Sons
o Li Chengqian (李承乾), initially the Prince of Changshan (created 620), later the Prince of Zhongshan (created 622), later the Crown Prince (created 626), later reduced to commoner rank (deposed 643), posthumously honored as Prince Min of Changshan
o Li Kuan (李寬) (d. 620?), posthumously created the Prince of Chu
o Li Ke (李恪), initially the Prince of Changsha (created 620), later the Prince of Han, later the Prince of Shu (created 628), later the Prince of Wu (created 636, forced to commit suicide 653), posthumously created the Prince of Yulin
o Li Tai (李泰), initially the Prince of Yidu (created 620), later the Prince of Wei (created 621), later the Prince of Yue (created 628), later the Prince of Wei (created 636), later demoted to the Prince of Donglai (demoted 643), later the Prince of Shunyang (created 643), later Prince Gong of Pu (created 647)
o Li You (李祐), initially the Prince of Yiyang (created 625), later the Prince of Chu, later the Prince of Yan (created 628), later the Prince of Qi (created 636, forced to commit suicide 653)
o Li Yin (李愔), initially the Prince of Liang (created 631), later the Prince of Shu (created 636), later reduced to commoner rank (deposed 653), later the Prince of Peiling (d. 667), posthumously created Prince Dao of Shu
o Li Yun (李惲), initially the Prince of Tan (created 631), later the Prince of Jiang (created 636, committed suicide 674)
o Li Zhen (李貞), initially the Prince of Han (created 631), later the Prince of Yue (created 636, committed suicide 688)
o Li Zhi (李治), initially the Prince of Jin (created 631), later the Crown Prince (created 643), later Emperor Gaozong of Tang
o Li Shen (李慎), initially the Prince of Shen (created 631), later the Prince of Ji (created 636), later reduced to commoner rank (deposed and d. 688)
o Li Xiao (李囂), Prince Shang of Jiang (created 631, d. 632)
o Li Jian (李簡), the Prince of Dai (created and d. 631)
o Li Fu (李福), the Prince of Zhao (created 639, d. 670)
o Li Ming (李明), initially the Prince of Chao (created 647), later demoted to Prince of Lingling (demoted 680 or 681, forced to commit suicide 682)
* Daughters
o Princess Xiangcheng (d. 651)
o Princess Runan
o Princess Nanping
o Princess Sui'an
o Princess Changle
o Princess Yuzhang
o Princess Baling (forced to commit suicide 653), posthumously created the Princess Bijing
o Princess Pu'an
o Princess Dongyang
o Princess Linchuan (d. 682)
o Li Jing (李敬), the Princess Qinghe (d. 664)
o Li Shu (李淑), the Princess Lanling
o Princess Jin'an
o Princess Ankang
o Princess Xingxing
o Princess Chengyang
o Princess Gaoyang (forced to commit suicide 653), posthumously created the princess Hepu
o Princess Jinshan
o Li Mingda (李明達), the Princess Jinyang
o Princess Changshan (d. 656)
o Princess Xincheng
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