bìlǔ  (1893nián～1938nián)

 shīcí： 《hēi sè de shǐ zhě anthology》   《hēi sè de shǐ zhě》   《bēi cǎn de wǎn cān》   《yáo yuǎn de jiǎo bù》   《shì qù de liàn gē》   《yī gè rén jiān shàng káng zhe miàn bāo zǒu guò ……》   《wǒ jiàng shēng nà tiān》   《jìn gù de 'ài》   《cháo shèng hadj》   《yè zǐ de shén shèng piāo luò》   gèngduōshīgē... yuèdòubā liè huò Cesar Vallejozài诗海dezuòpǐn!!!

　　bìlǔ zuò jiā。 shēng yú běi bù shān qū de shèng dì yà gē · dé · qiū kē， zú yú bā lí。 fù qīn shì xī bān yá rén hòu yì， mǔ qīn shì yìn dì 'ān rén。 zhōng xué wèi bì yè jiù zì móu shēng lù， dāng guò xiāng cūn jiào shī hé chǎng kuàng zhí yuán。 1913 nián rù shěng huì tè lǔ xī lüè chéng zì yóu dà xué zhé xué wén xué xì gōng dú wén xué， liǎng nián hòu gǎi xué fǎ lǜ。 zéngshēn jiā wén xué tuán tǐ běi fāng shè， zǎo qī shī zuò shòu dào gāi tuán tǐ bēi guān zhù yì yǐng xiǎng。 1918 nián dìng jū lì mǎ dāng xīn wén jì zhě， kāi shǐ wén xué chuàng zuò。 tóng nián fā biǎo dì yī bù shī jí《 hēi sè de shǐ zhě》， yòu xiàng zhēng zhù yì hé xiàn dài zhù yì hén jì， yě yòu biǎo xiàn yìn dì 'ān tǔ zhù mín zú jí kǔ de shī jù。 1920 nián yīn sī xiǎng jī jìn bèi bǔ rù yù， shù yuè hòu huò shì。 yù zhōng xiě chéng duǎn piān xiǎo shuō jí《 yīn jiē》 hèshī jí《 tè lǐ 'ěr sài》 zhōng de xǔ duō shī piān。 1923 nián qián wǎng fǎ guó， hòu liú wáng ōu zhōu 。 1927 nián jiā rù xī bān yá gòng chǎn dǎng。 1928、 1929 nián liǎng dù fǎng wèn sū lián。 zài cǐ qī jiān， tā zài bào kān fā biǎo dà liàng wén zhāng， bìng chuàng zuò zhōng piān xiǎo shuō《 wū kuàng》。 1930 nián qù xī bān yá， zài xī bān yá nèi zhàn zhōng tóu rù fǎn fǎ xī sī dǒu zhēng。 shī jí《 xī bān yá， wǒ yǐn bù xià zhè bēi kǔ jiǔ》 jiù shì zhè shí qī de zuò pǐn。 sǐ hòu fā biǎo de lìng yī bù shī jí《 rén lèi de shī piān》 bāo kuò tā zài 1923 nián yǐ hòu chuàng zuò de qí tā suǒ yòu shī gē。
　　
　　 bā liè huò shì lā dīng měi zhōu yòu yǐng xiǎng de shī rén， shī zuò jù yòu xiān míng de lā měi tè sè， bǎ xiàn dài zhù yì yǔ mín zú chuán tǒng jié hé qǐ lái， jī qíng bēn fàng， fēng gé qīng xīn míng kuài。《 tè lǐ 'ěr sài》 duì shī gē xíng shì zuò liǎo xīn de tàn suǒ， tū pò liǎo chuán tǒng de yǔ yán jié gòu hé sī wéi luó ji， chū bǎn bìng wèi yǐn qǐ zhù yì， 1931 nián zài bǎn shí yǐn qǐ wén tán zhòng shì hé zàn shǎng。《 xī bān yá， wǒ yǐn bù xià zhè bēi kǔ jiǔ》 miáo xiě xī bān yá fǎn fǎ xī sī zhàn zhēng， biǎo dá liǎo duì xī bān yá rén mín de rè 'ài hé duì fǎ xī sī de zēng hèn。
　　
　　 zhù yào zuò pǐn yòu shī jí《 hēi sè shǐ zhě》 (1918)、《 tè lǐ 'ěr sài》（ 1922) hé《 rén lèi de shī piān》 (1939) děng。

　　César Abraham Vallejo Mendoza (March 16, 1892 – April 15, 1938) was a Peruvian poet. Although he published only three books of poetry during his lifetime, he is considered one of the great poetic innovators of the 20th century. Always a step ahead of the literary currents, each of his books was distinct from the others and, in its own sense, revolutionary. Clayton Eshleman and José Rubia Barcia's translation of "The Complete Posthumous Poetry of César Vallejo" won the National Book Award for translation in 1979.
　　
　　César Vallejo was born the youngest of eleven children in Santiago de Chuco, a remote village in the Andes of Peru. He studied literature in the Universidad de la Libertad in Trujillo. Lack of funds forced him to withdraw from studies for a time and work at a sugar plantation, the Hacienda Roma, where he saw firsthand the exploitation of agrarian workers, an experience which had an important impact on his politics and aesthetics. Vallejo received a BA in Spanish literature in 1915, the same year that he became acquainted with the bohemia of Trujillo, in particular with APRA co-founders Antenor Orrego and Victor Raul Haya de la Torre.
　　
　　In 1916 Vallejo moved to Lima, where he studied, worked as a schoolteacher, and came into contact with artistic and political avant-gardes. While in Lima, he also managed to produce his first poetry collection, Los Heraldos Negros. Despite its printed publication year of 1918, the book was actually published a year later (see below); it owes much to the influence of the poetry and other writings of fellow Peruvian Manuel González Prada, who had only recently died. Vallejo then suffered a number of calamities in the next few years: he refused to marry a woman with whom he had an affair and thus lost his teaching post, he suffered the death of his mother in 1920, and he went to prison for 105 days for alleged intellectual instigation of a partisan skirmish in his hometown, Santiago de Chuco. In 1922 he published his second volume of poetry, Trilce, still one of the most radically avant-garde collections in the Spanish language. After publishing the short story collections Escalas melografiadas and Fabula salvaje in 1923, the poet emigrated to Europe under the threat of further incarceration and remained there until his death in Paris in 1938.
　　
　　His European years found him living in dire poverty in Paris, with the exception of three trips to the USSR and a couple of years in the early 1930s in exile in Spain. A regular cultural contributor to weeklies in Lima, Vallejo also sent sporadic articles to newspapers and magazines in other parts of Latin America, Spain, Italy, and France. His USSR trips also led to two books of reportage he was able to get published early in the 30s. Vallejo also prepared several theatrical works never performed during his lifetime, among them his drama Colacho Hermanos, o Los Presidentes de America, which shares content with another work he completed during this period, the socialist-realist novel El Tungsteno. He even wrote a children's book, Paco Yunque. After becoming emotionally and intellectually involved in the Spanish Civil War, Vallejo had a final burst of poetic activity in the late 30s, producing two books of poetry (both published posthumously) whose titles and proper organization remain a matter of debate: they were published as Poemas humanos and España, aparta de mí este cáliz. He died on April 15, 1938, of an unknown illness now thought to have been a form of malaria, an event fictionalized in Roberto Bolano's novel Monsieur Pain. Originally buried in the proletarian Montrouge cemetery, Vallejo's remains are now in the Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris.
　　
　　
　　Works
　　
　　Los heraldos negros (1919)
　　Los Heraldos Negros (The black messengers) is a transitional book which blends modernismo, posmodernismo and the beginnings of the avant-garde in the structure and language of its poems. The poet confronts existential anguish, personal guilt, and pain, writing famously, Hay golpes en la vida tan fuertes..., yo no sé ("There are very hard blows in life... I don't know") and Yo nací un día / que Dios estuvo enfermo ("I was born on a day / when God was sick"). The book sold relatively few copies and received few reviews, but was lauded by Vallejo's closest friends and fellow artists. Vallejo gave it to the publishers in 1918, awaiting a promised prologue from the avant-garde writer Abraham Valdelomar, and only gave the go-ahead after the latter's accidental death in early 1919 -- hence the incorrect publication date of 1918 which appears in the edition.
　　
　　
　　Trilce (1922)
　　Trilce, published in 1922, anticipated much of the avant-garde movement that would develop in the 1920s and 30s. Vallejo's book takes language to a radical extreme, inventing words, stretching syntax, using automatic writing and other techniques now known as "surrealist" (though he did this before the Surrealist movement began). The book put Latin America at the center of the Avant-garde. Like James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and Vicente Huidobro's Altazor, Trilce borders on inaccessibility.
　　
　　
　　España, aparta de mí este cáliz (1937)
　　In España, aparta de mí este cáliz (Spain, take away this chalice), Vallejo takes the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) as a living representation of a struggle between good and evil forces, where he advocates for the triumph of mankind symbolised in the salvation of the Second Spanish Republic (1931 – 1939) that was being attacked by fascist allied forces led by General Franco.
　　
　　(Audio recording in media)
　　
　　
　　Poemas humanos (1939)
　　Poemas humanos (Human poems), published by the poet's wife after his death, is a leftist work of political, socially oriented poetry. Although a few of these poems appeared in magazines during Vallejo's lifetime, almost all of them were published posthumously. The poet never specified a title for this grouping, but while reading his body of work his widow found that he had planned a book of "human poems", which is why his editors decided on this title.
　　
　　
　　Plays
　　Vallejo wrote five plays, none of which were staged or published during his lifetime.
　　
　　Mampar is the subject of a critical letter from producer Louis Jouvet which says, in summary, "Interesting, but terminally flawed". The text itself is lost, assumed to have been destroyed by Vallejo.
　　
　　Lock-Out (1930, written in French; a Spanish translation by Vallejo himself is lost) deals with a labour struggle in a foundry.
　　
　　Entre las dos orillas corre el río (1930s) was the product of a long and difficult birth. Titles of earlier versions include Varona Polianova, Moscú contra Moscú, El juego del amor, del odio y de la muerte and several variations on this latter title.
　　
　　Colacho hermanos o Presidentes de América (1934). Satire displaying Peruvian democracy as a bourgeois farce under pressure from international companies and diplomacy.
　　
　　La piedra cansada (1937).
　　
　　
　　Novel
　　El tungsteno (1931). A social realist novel depicting the oppression of native Peruvian miners and their communities by a foreign-owned tungsten mine.
　　
　　Towards the kingdom of the Sciris (1928) is a historic short story dealing with the Incan theme.
　　
　　Fabla Salvage(1924) Literally 'Wild Language', is a short novel which follows the insanity of a character who lives in the Andes.
　　
　　
　　Non Fiction
　　Rusia en 1931, reflexiones al pie del Kremlin (1931) is a journalistic work describing Vallejo's impressions of the new socialist society that he saw being built in Soviet Russia.
　　
　　Rusia ante el II Plan Quinquenal is a second work of Vallejo's chronicles of his travels in Soviet Russia focusing on Stalin's second Five Year Plan. The book, originally written in 1931, was not published until 1965.
　　
　　
　　Selected works available in English
　　The Complete Poetry of César Vallejo (Edited and Translated by Clayton Eshleman. With a Foreword by Mario Vargas Llosa, an Introduction by Efrain Kristal, and a Chronology by Stephen M. Hart) University of California Press. ISBN 0520245520 (shortlisted for the 2008 International Griffin Poetry Prize)
　　
　　The Complete Posthumous Poetry of César Vallejo (Translators: Clayton Eshleman and José Rubia Barcia), University of California Press ISBN 0-520-04099-6
　　
　　Trilce (Translators: Michael Smith, Valentino Gianuzzi). Shearsman Books. ISBN 0907562728
　　
　　The Complete Later Poems 1923-1938 (Translators: Michael Smith, Valentino Gianuzzi). Shearsman Books. ISBN 0907562736
　　
　　The Black Heralds (Translator: Rebecca Seiferle) Copper Canyon Press ISBN 1556591993
　　
　　Trilce (Translator: Rebecca Seiferle) Sheep Meadow Press. ISBN 1-878818-12-0
　　
　　The Black Heralds (Translator: Barry Fogden) Allardyce, Barnett Publishers. ISBN 0907954235
　　
　　The Black Heralds (Translators: Richard Schaaf and Kathleen Ross) Latin American Literary Review Press. ISBN 0935480439
　　
　　Trilce (Translator: Dave Smith) Mishima Books. ISBN 0670730602
　　
　　Autopsy on Surrealism (Translator: Richard Schaaf) Curbstone Press. ISBN 0915306328
　　
　　Cesar Vallejo (Translators: Gordon Brotherstone and Edward Dorn) Penguin. ISBN 0140421890
　　
　　Neruda and Vallejo: Selected Poems (Translators: Robert Bly and James Wright) Beacon Press. ISBN 0807064890
　　
　　I'm going to speak of hope (Translator: Peter Boyle) Peruvian Consulate Publication.
　　
　　Cesar Vallejo: An Anthology of His Poetry (Introduction by James Higgins) The Commonwealth and International Library. ISBN 0080157610
　　
　　Selected Poems of Cesar Vallejo (Translator: H. R. Hays) Sachem Press. ISBN 0937584010
　　
　　The Mayakovsky Case (Translator: Richard Schaaf) Curbstone Press. ISBN 091530631X
　　
　　Tungsten (Translator: Robert Mezey) Syracuse University Press. ISBN 081560226X
　　
　　Songs of Home (Translators: Kathleen Ross and Richard Schaaf) Ziesing Brothers Book Emporium. ISBN 0917488059
　　
　　Spain Take This Cup from Me (Translator: Mary Sarko ) Azul. ISBN 1885214030
　　
　　Spain, Let This Cup Pass from Me (Translator: Alvaro Cardona-Hine) Azul. ISBN 1885214421
　　
　　Trilce (Selections from the 1922 Edition), Vols. 38/39 and 40/41 (Translator: Prospero Saiz) Abraxas Press. ISBN 093286807X
　　
　　
　　Further reading
　　English:
　　
　　César Vallejo: A Critical Bibliography of Research, Stephen M Hart, 2002
　　César Vallejo: The Dialectics of Poetry and Silence, Jean Franco, 1976
　　The Catastrophe of Modernity: Tragedy and the Nation in Latin American Literature, Patrick Dove, 2004
　　The Poem on the Edge of the Word: the Limits of Language and the Uses of Silence, D.C. Niebylski, 1993
　　Vallejo, Xavier Abril, 1958
　　The Poetry and Poetics of Cesar Vallejo: the Fourth Angle of the Circle, Adam Sharman, 1997
　　Wounded Fiction: Modern Poetry and Deconstruction, Joseph Adamson, 1988
　　Homage to Vallejo, Christopher Buckley, 2006
　　Trilce I: a Second Look, George Gordon Wing, 1972
　　Neruda and Vallejo in Contemporary United States Poetry, Mark Jonathan Cramer, 1976
　　Spanish:
　　
　　Ensayos vallejianos / William Rowe., 2006
　　César Vallejo al pie del orbe / Iván Rodríguez Chávez., 2006
　　Alcance filosófico en Cesar Vallejo y Antonio Machado / Antonio Belaunde Moreyra., 2005
　　César Vallejo: estudios de poética / Jesús Humberto Florencia., 2005
　　Poéticas y utopías en la poesía de César Vallejo / Pedro José Granados., 2004
　　César Vallejo: muerte y resurrección / Max Silva Tuesta., 2003
　　César Vallejo, arquitecto de la palabra, caminante de la gloria / Idelfonso Niño Albán., 2003
　　Algunos críticos de Vallejo y otros ensayos vallejianos / César Augusto Angeles Caballero., 2002
　　César Vallejo en la crítica internacional / Wilfredo Kapsoli Escudero., 2001
　　César Vallejo y el surrealismo / Juan Larrea., 2001
　　César Vallejo y la muerte de Dios / Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot., 2000
　　César Vallejo / Víctor de Lama., 2000
　　Recopilación de textos sobre César Vallejo / Raúl Hernández Novás., 2000
　　
　　Miscellany
　　The American Dramatist, actor, and short story writer Sam Shepard writes that Cesar Vallejo is his favorite poet in "Cruising Paradise." His previous book of stories "Motel Chronicles," also begins with an inscription from a Vallejo poem.
　　
　　The Swedish movie Songs from the Second Floor(2000) quotes Cesar Vallejo work as a recurring motif.