yuèdòuyuē hàn · fú 'ěr sī John Fowleszài小说之家dezuòpǐn!!! | |||
约翰·福尔斯tā de《 shōu cáng jiā》 pēng jī liǎo liè qǔ hé shōu jí shēng wù
fú 'ěr sī hái tí shí jiù kù 'ài dà zì rán， xǐ huān lí qún suǒ jū dú zì yóu xī。 zhè yī xí guàn bǎo chí dào tā chéng nián zhī hòu。 èr zhàn shí tā yìng zhēng rù wǔ， zài huáng jiā hǎi jūn lù zhàn duì fú yì liǎng nián， rèn zhōng wèi。 zài cǐ qī jiān tā bèi sòng wǎng 'ài dīng bǎo dà xué jìn xiū， jìn xiū qī mǎn shí zhèng qiǎo 'èr zhàn jié shù， yīn cǐ tā bìng wèi lǐng lüè zhàn zhēng de jīng xīn dòng bó。 zhàn hòu fú 'ěr sī jìn rù niú jīn dà xué xué xí fǎ guó hé dé yǔ wén xué， duì fǎ guó yǔ yán wén xué de yán jiū duì tā hòu lái de wén xué chuàng zuò yòu shēn yuǎn de yǐng xiǎng。
fú 'ěr sī hěn chóng jìng fǎ guó de cún zài zhù yì zuò jiā 'ài bó tè · jiā miù hé ràng - bǎo 'ěr · sà tè。 tā jiù dú yú niú jīn dà xué shí， tán lùn cún zài zhù yì yǐ jīng chéng wéi zhé xué jiè hé wén xué jiè de shí shàng， zhè liǎng wèi fǎ guó zuò jiā yě zài 'ōu zhōu dà lù yòu xǔ duō zhuī suí zhě。
huò dé niú jīn de wén xué shì xué wèi hòu， fú 'ěr sī dòng shēn qián wǎng fǎ guó， hòu lái yòu qù xī là de yī suǒ zhōng xué jiào yīng yǔ。 xī là de zì rán fēng guāng hé yì guó qíng diào shǐ fú 'ěr sī zháomí， bìng qū shǐ tā cóng shì wén xué chuàng zuò。 zài xī là de sī pèi dé xī dǎo shàng dù guò de zhè liǎng nián duì tā hòu lái de shēng huó hé chuàng zuò dōuyòu qǐ méng hé jué dìng xìng de zuò yòng， tā de《 shī》 jiù shì zhè yī yǐng xiǎng de chǎn wù。
fú 'ěr sī shì yī wèi yè yú bó wù xué jiā， chóng shàng bó 'ài hé gè rén zì yóu。 tā zuì xīn yú yīng guó、 fǎ guó、 xī là de zì rán jǐng sè hé wén huà。 bó 'ài hé zhuī qiú gè rén zì yóu de sī xiǎng shǐ tā qiáng liè dì zēng hèn lǎo bǎn、 lǐng xiù、 tǒng zhì zhě hé zǔ zhì zhě， duì yòng jué duì quán lì kòng zhì bié rén de rén hé shì tādōu shēn 'è tòng jué， bìng yīn cǐ 'ér chuàng zuò liǎo《 shōu cáng jiā》 de gù shì。 zài《 fǎ guó zhōng wèi de nǚ rén》 zhōng， tā zé kè huà liǎo shén mì、 duì zì yóu de xiàng wǎng děng sī xiǎng xíng wéi。
fú 'ěr sī shì dāng dài yīng guó wén tán de yī gè yǒng yú chuàng xīn de zuò jiā， èr zhàn hòu， ōu měi wén tán xīn cháo dié qǐ， ér yīng guó wén tán zé fǎn qí dào 'ér xíng zhī。 yī gǔ fù gǔ de、 chóng shàng shí bā、 shí jiǔ shì jì yīng guó zuò jiā de zuò pǐn de cháo liú zài sì、 wǔ shí nián dài yǒng qǐ。 zhè shì zài pī pàn hòu xiàn dài zhù yì zhī hòu， xiàng lìng wài yī gè jí duān de qīng xié。 duō shù píng lùn jiā duì cǐ pō duō fēi yì， rèn wéi zhè zhǒng fēng qì bǎo shǒu、 xiá 'ài， quē fá xīn yì。
fú 'ěr sī shì liù shí nián dài yīng guó zuò jiā zhú jiàn bǎi tuō chuán tǒng de shù fù de tū chū yī lì。 yòu de píng lùn jiā chēng tā wéi “ hòu xiàn dài zhù yì zuò jiā ”， tā de xiǎo shuō shì“ hòu xiàn dài xiǎo shuō”。 hòu xiàn dài zhù yì de yī gè tè diǎn zài《 fǎ guó zhōng wèi de nǚ rén》 zhōng yòu míng què de biǎo xiàn： tā míng què dì gào sù dú zhě： xiǎo shuō chún shǔ xū gòu， zhǐ shì yī zhǒng wén zì yóu xì huò huàn xiàng， yāo qǐng dú zhě bù rù zhè gè xū gòu shì jiè。 ér《 fǎ guó zhōng wèi de nǚ rén》 yòng shí fēn tiē qiē de wéi duō lì yà shí dài de yǔ yán、 duì huà、 wén tǐ zài xiàn liǎo zhè yī shí dài， fù zhì liǎo zhè yī shí dài de xiǎo shuō。 zài cǐ tóng shí， tā yě gōng kāi shēng míng， zhè bù xiǎo shuō shì chāo xí， shì shuō huǎng。
zuò wéi yī gè cún zài zhù yì zhě， fú 'ěr sī zài tā de zuò pǐn zhōng xuān yáng rén zài yī gè huāng dàn、 chǒu 'è、 lěng kù de xiàn shí shì jiè zhōng wéi huò qǔ cún zài hé zì yóu 'ér xiàn rù de jiāo jí bù 'ān、 fǎng huáng hé tòng kǔ。 tā duì zì yóu hé dú lì de zhuī qiú zài zuò pǐn zhōng biǎo xiàn dé jí qí xiān míng。《 shōu cáng jiā》 zhōng de mǐ lán dá yīn shī qù zì yóu 'ér sǐ qù，《 fǎ guó zhōng wèi de nǚ rén》 zhōng， sà lā wèile bǎo chí zì yóu hé dú lì 'ér jù jué liǎo chá 'ěr sī de qiú hūn。 tóng shí， gāi shū zhōng de shén mì sè cǎi shí fēn nóng zhòng， sà lā de bù kě cè de shén mì guàn chuān liǎo zhěng běn shū， ér zuò zhě chuàng zuò《 fǎ guó zhōng wèi de nǚ rén》 de yuán yóu shì： tā céng jīng kàn jiàn yī gè nǚ rén gū líng líng dì zhàn zài kōng dàng dàng de mǎ tóu jìn tóu， tiào wàng zhe dà hǎi。 zhè gè xíng xiàng fú zài tā de xīn tóu， fú zhī bù qù。 zhè gè xíng xiàng shì shén mì de， yòu dài zhe làng màn， zhè shì yī gè wéi duō lì yà shì de nǚ rén， tā zhàn dé yuǎn yuǎn de bèi duì zhe zuò zhě， yīn cǐ fú 'ěr sī jué dé tā shì yī gè bèi yīng guó wéi duō lì yà shè huì suǒ yí qì de rén， yī gè wéi duō lì yà shí dài de qiǎn zé zhě。 cǐ shí， fú 'ěr sī zhèng zài chuàng zuò lìng yī bù xiǎo shuō， ér zhè gè nǚ rén de xíng xiàng bù duàn dì xí shàng zuò zhě de xīn tóu， tā zhōng yú bù dé bù fàng xià shǒu tóu de gōng zuò， kāi shǐ《 fǎ guó zhōng wèi de nǚ rén》 de chuàng zuò。
fú 'ěr sī de zuò pǐn shì 'èr zhàn hòu de yīng guó xiǎo shuō zhōng yì jūn tū qǐ de jié zuò， tā shǐ dé dāng shí duì yīng guó xiǎo shuō de bǎo shǒu hé xū wěi xìng pō duō wēi cí de píng lùn jiā men guā mù xiāng xiàng。
Birth and family
Fowles was born in Leigh-on-Sea in Essex, England, the son of Gladys May Richards and Robert John Fowles. Robert Fowles came from a family of middle-class merchants of London. Robert's father Reginald was a partner of the firm Allen & Wright, a tobacco importer. Robert's mother died when he was 6 years old. At age 26, after receiving legal training, Robert enlisted in the Honourable Artillery Company and spent three years in the trenches of Flanders during World War I leaving him with memories that he had for the rest of his life. Robert's brother Jack died in the war, leaving a widow and three children. During 1920, the year Robert was demobilized, his father Reginald died. Robert became responsible for five young half-siblings and the children of his brother, and though he had hoped to practice law, the obligation of raising an extended family forced him into the family trade of tobacco importing.
Gladys Richards belonged to an Essex family originally from London as well. The Richards family moved to Westcliff-on-Sea during 1918, as Spanish Flu swept through Europe, for Essex was said to have a healthy climate. Robert met Gladys Richards at a tennis club in Westcliff-on-Sea during 1924. Though she was ten years younger, and he in bad health from the war, they were married a year later on 18 June 1925. Nine months and two weeks later Gladys gave birth to John Robert Fowles.
Early life and education
New College, Oxford, where Fowles attended university.
Fowles spent his childhood attended by his mother and by his cousin Peggy Fowles, 18 years old at the time of his birth, who was his nursemaid and close companion for ten years. Fowles attended Alleyn Court Preparatory School. The work of Richard Jefferies and his character Bevis were Fowles's favorite books as a child. He was an only child until he was 16 years old.
During 1939, Fowles won a position at Bedford School, a two-hour train journey north of his home. His time at Bedford coincided with the Second World War. Fowles was a student at Bedford until 1944. He became Head Boy and was also an athletic standout: a member of the rugby-football third team, the Fives first team and captain of the cricket team, for which he was bowler.
After leaving Bedford School during 1944, Fowles enrolled in a Naval Short Course at Edinburgh University. Fowles was prepared to receive a commission in the Royal Marines. He completed his training on 8 May 1945 — VE Day. Fowles was assigned instead to Okehampton Camp in the countryside near Devon for two years.
During 1947, after completing his military service, Fowles entered New College, Oxford, where he studied both French and German, although he stopped studying German and concentrated on French for his BA. Fowles was undergoing a political transformation. Upon leaving the marines he wrote, "I ... began to hate what I was becoming in life—- a British Establishment young hopeful. I decided instead to become a sort of anarchist."
It was also at Oxford that Fowles first considered life as a writer, particularly after reading existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus. Though Fowles did not identify as an existentialist, their writing, like Fowles', was motivated from a feeling that the world was wrong.
Teaching career
Fowles spent his early adult life as a teacher. His first year after Oxford was spent at the University of Poitiers. At the end of the year, he received two offers: one from the French department at Winchester, the other "from a ratty school in Greece," Fowles said, "Of course, I went against all the dictates of common sense and took the Greek job."
During 1951, Fowles became an English master at the Anargyrios and Korgialenios School of Spetses on the Peloponnesian island of Spetsai, a critical part of Fowles's life, as the island would be where he met his future wife Elizabeth Christy, née Whitton, (d. 1990) wife of fellow teacher Roy Christy, and would later serve as the setting of his novel The Magus. Fowles was happy in Greece, especially outside of the school. He wrote poems that he later published, and became close to his fellow exiles. But during 1953 Fowles and the other masters at the school were all dismissed for trying to institute reforms, and Fowles returned to England.
On the island of Spetsai, Fowles had grown fond of Elizabeth Christy, who was married to one of the other teachers. Christy's marriage was already ending because of the relationship with Fowles, and though they returned to England at the same time, they were no longer in each other's company. It was during this period that Fowles began drafting The Magus. His separation from Elizabeth did not last long. On 2 April 1954 they were married and Fowles became stepfather to Elizabeth's daughter from her first marriage, Anna. After his marriage, Fowles taught English as a foreign language to students from other countries for nearly ten years at St. Godric's College, an all-girls in Hampstead, London.
Literary career
During late 1960, though he had already drafted The Magus, Fowles began working on The Collector. He finished his first draft in a month, but spent more than a year making revisions before showing it to his agent. Michael S. Howard, the publisher at Jonathan Cape was enthusiastic about the manuscript. The book was published during 1963 and when the paperback rights were sold in the spring of that year it was "probably the highest price that had hitherto been paid for a first novel," according to Howard. The success of his novel meant that Fowles was able to stop teaching and devote himself full-time to a literary career. The Collector was also optioned and became a film in 1965.
Against the counsel of his publisher, Fowles insisted that his second book published be The Aristos, a non-fiction collection of philosophy. Afterward, he set about collating all the drafts he had written of what would become his most studied work, The Magus (1965), based in part on his experiences in Greece.
During 1965 Fowles left London, moving to a farm, Underhill, in Dorset, where the isolated farm house became the model for "The Dairy" in the book Fowles was then writing, The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969). The farm was too remote, "total solitude gets a bit monotonous," Fowles remarked, and during 1968 he and his wife moved to Lyme Regis in Dorset, where he lived in Belmont House, also used as a setting for parts of The French Lieutenant's Woman. In the same year, he adapted The Magus for cinema.
The film version of The Magus (1968) was generally considered awful; when Woody Allen was asked whether he'd make changes in his life if he had the opportunity to do it all over again, he jokingly replied he'd do "everything exactly the same, with the exception of watching The Magus." The French Lieutenant's Woman was made into a film during 1981 with a screenplay by the British playwright Harold Pinter (subsequently a Nobel laureate in Literature) and was nominated for an Oscar.
Fowles lived the rest of his life in Lyme Regis. His works The Ebony Tower (1974), Daniel Martin (1977), Mantissa (1981), and A Maggot (1985) were all written from Belmont House. Fowles became a member of the Lyme Regis community, serving as the curator of the Lyme Regis Museum from 1979–1988, retiring from the museum after having a mild stroke. Fowles was involved occasionally in politics in Lyme Regis, and occasionally wrote letters to the editor advocating preservation. Despite this involvement, Fowles was generally considered reclusive. In 1998, he was quoted in the New York Times Book Review as saying, "Being an atheist is a matter not of moral choice, but of human obligation."
Fowles, with his second wife Sarah by his side, died in Axminster Hospital, 5 miles from Lyme Regis on 5 November 2005.
Major works
Many critics now consider his work on the cusp between modernism and postmodernism.